Technology for Telescopes | ESO Deutschland - Eso.org
Seit der Erfindung vor 400 Jahren haben sich astronomische Teleskope von kleinen, manuell auszurichtenden Geräten für visuelle Beobachtungen hin zu großen, ...
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      - [The VST mirrors](/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/)
      - [OmegaCAM](/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/)
      - [Die VST-Durchmusterungen](/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/)
  - [SPECULOOS](/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/)
  - [NGTS](/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/)
  - [Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory](/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ctao/)
- [La Silla Observatory](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/)
  - [Schwedisch–ESO Submillimetre Telescope](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/)
    - [SIMBA](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/)
  - [New Technology Telescope](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/)
    - [EFOSC2](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/)
    - [EMMI](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/)
    - [IRSPEC](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/)
    - [SOFI](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/)
    - [SOXS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/)
    - [SUSI and SUSI2](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/)
  - [3,6-Meter-Teleskop der ESO](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/)
    - [ADONIS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/)
    - [CASPEC](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/)
    - [IRSPEC](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/)
    - [HARPS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/)
    - [MEFOS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/)
    - [NIRPS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/)
    - [OPTOPUS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/)
    - [TIMMI/2](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/)
    - [Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/)
    - [Standard Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/)
    - [Infrared Specklegraph](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/)
    - [Infrared Speckle Interferometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/)
    - [EFOSC](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/)
  - [MPG/ESO 2,2-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/)
    - [FEROS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/)
    - [GROND](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/)
    - [IRAC & IRAC2](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/)
    - [PISCO](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/)
    - [WFI](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/)
    - [Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/)
  - [Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/)
    - [CORALIE](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/)
  - [Rapid Eye Mount-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/)
  - [TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/)
  - [Dänisches 1,54-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/)
    - [CORAVEL](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/)
    - [DFOSC](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/)
    - [CCD camera](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/)
    - [Hβ Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/)
    - [Two-Channel Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/)
    - [Four-Channel Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/)
    - [Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/)
  - [Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/)
  - [1-Meter-Schmidtteleskop der ESO](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/)
  - [1,52-Meter-Teleskop der ESO](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/)
    - [Boller and Chivens Spectrograph](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/)
    - [Coudé Spectrograph](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/)
    - [ECHELEC](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/)
    - [RV Cass Spectrograph](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/)
  - [1-Meter-Teleskop der ESO](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/)
    - [FIDEOS](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/)
    - [Infrared Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/)
    - [Single-Channel Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/)
  - [0,5-Meter-Teleskop der ESO](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/)
    - [Single-Channel Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/)
    - [Double-Channel Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/)
  - [Coudé-Hilfsteleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/)
    - [CES](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/)
  - [MarLy 1-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/)
  - [Niederländisches 0,9-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/)
    - [Walraven Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/)
  - [Schweizer T70-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/)
  - [Bochumer 0,61-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/)
    - [Bochum Scanner](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/)
    - [Bochum Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/)
  - [Dänisches 0,5-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/)
    - [Two-Channel Hβ Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/)
    - [Four-Channel uvby Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/)
    - [Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/)
  - [Grand Prisme Objectif](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/)
  - [Schweizer 0,4-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/)
  - [Marseiller 0,36-Meter-Teleskop](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/)
  - [GRB-Monitor](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/)
  - [MASCARA](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/)
  - [BlackGEM](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/)
  - [ExTrA](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/)
  - [Test-Bed Telescope](/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/)
- [APEX](/public/teles-instr/apex/)
  - [APEX–2A](/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/)
  - [ArTéMiS](/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/)
  - [ASZCa](/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/)
  - [CHAMP+](/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/)
  - [CONCERTO](/public/teles-instr/apex/concerto/)
  - [FLASH](/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/)
  - [FLASH+](/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/)
  - [LABOCA](/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/)
  - [MPI\_1.1THz](/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/)
  - [P-ArTéMiS](/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/)
  - [PI230](/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/)
  - [PolKa](/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/)
  - [SABOCA](/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/)
  - [SEPIA](/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/)
  - [SHeFI](/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/)
- [ALMA](/public/teles-instr/alma/)
  - [Antennen](/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/)
  - [Transporter](/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/)
  - [Interferometrie](/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/)
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  - [Integral Field Units](/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/)
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  - [Spectroscopy](/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/)
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# Technologien für Teleskope

[![](http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/news/esopia00066teles.jpg)](http://www.eso.org/public/images/esopia00066teles/) Seit der Erfindung vor 400 Jahren haben sich astronomische Teleskope von kleinen, manuell auszurichtenden Geräten für visuelle Beobachtungen hin zu großen, anspruchsvollen, computergesteuerten Instrumenten mit kompletter Digitalausgabe entwickelt. Während dieser Entwicklung waren stets zwei Eigenschaften von besonderer Wichtigkeit: die Lichtsammelleistung, beziehungsweise der Durchmesser des Teleskopspiegels (der es erlaubt, lichtschwächere und weiter entfernte Objekte zu detektieren), und die Bildschärfe, beziehungsweise Winkelauflösung (die notwendig ist, kleinere und schwächere Objekte erkennen zu können).

Die ESO hat in ihrer weltweit führenden Position in der Astronomie einige fortschrittliche Technologien entwickelt, die die Konstruktion von immer größeren Teleskopspiegeln bei gleichbleibender optischer Genauigkeit ermöglicht haben.

Die ESO hat die Technik der [Aktiven Optik](/public/germany/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/) entwickelt, die mittlerweile in den meisten modernen Großteleskopen verwendet wird. Die Technik erlaubt die Erhaltung der optimalen Bildqualität durch die Paarung flexibler Spiegel mit Aktuatoren, die aktiv die Spiegelform während Beobachtungen anpassen.

[![](http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/news/eso0833a.jpg)](http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0833a/) Je größer ein Spiegel, desto höher ist die theoretisch erreichbare Auflösung. Selbst an den besten Astronomie-Standorten können bodenegbundene Teleskope, die im sichtbaren Bereich arbeiten, jedoch aufgrund der atmosphärischen Turbulenzen keine bessere Bildschärfe als Teleskope mit einem Durchmesser von 20 bis 40 cm erreichen. Für ein 4-Meter-Teleskop setzen die atmosphärischen Verzerrungen die Auflösung um mehr als eine Größenordnung herab verglichen mit dem, was theoretisch möglich wäre. Die Lichtintensität im Zentrum des Bildes von einem Stern ist um einen Faktor von 100 oder mehr geringer. Einer der wichtigsten Gründe für den Start des Hubble Space Telescope der NASA/ESA war es, diese Bildverschlechterung zu verhindern. Der Effekt der Atmosphäre kann in modernen Teleskopen durch die Technik der [Adaptiven Optik](/public/germany/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/) kompensiert werden. Das VLT hat die flächendeckende Einführung der Adaptiven Optik angeführt, die schließlich die bodengebundene Astronomie revolutioniert hat.

Durch die Kombination des Lichtes, das mit zwei oder mehr Teleskopen gesammelt wurde, kann mithilfe einer Technik, die unter der Bezeichnung [Interferometrie](/public/germany/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/) bekannt ist, die Auflösung gegenüber einem einzelnen Teleskop deutlich gesteigert werden. Die ESO war ein Pionier auf diesem Gebiet mit dem Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) am Paranal-Observatorium.

[![](http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/news/vistaimage.jpg)](http://www.eso.org/public/images/vistaimage/) Zusätzlich zu den atmosphärischen Turbulenzen können die Teleskope selbst zu Fehlern in astronomischen Beobachtungen führen. Fabrikationsfehler und Unregelmäßigkeiten in der Ausstattung, die von Spiegeln bis zu strukturellen Komponenten reichen, können den Blick in den Kosmos beeinträchtigen. Über die Jahre haben Ingenieure eine Reihe von Verbesserungen entwickelt, die Fehler durch Abnutzung minimieren, die durch die mechanische Bewegung des Teleskops und Wärmeschäden entstehen. Die Berechnung der optimalen Spiegelform  und das Polieren wurden zusammen mit der Konstruktion von steiferen Trägerstrukturen und Spiegeln zur Reduktion von Deformationen verbessert. Glas mit geringer Wärmeausdehnung hat außerdem zu geringeren Spiegelverformungen bei Temperaturvariationen geführt. Um die kleinen aber merklichen Turbulenzen innerhalb der Teleskopkuppel zu reduzieren, wird der Wärmeverlust von Motoren und elektronischer Ausrüstung während der Nacht eingedämmt und die Kuppel, die das Teleskop vor Wind schützt, tagsüber gekühlt.

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