Schizophrenie und akute vorübergehende Psychosen | Request PDF
In diesem Kapitel sind Psychosen zusammengefasst, die nicht im engeren Sinne körperlich begründbar sind und die weder schizophrenen noch affektiven Störungen ...
Schizophrenie und akute vorübergehende Psychosen \| Request PDF

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# Schizophrenie und akute vorübergehende Psychosen

- September 2014

DOI: [10.32745/9783954661558-2](http://dx.doi.org/10.32745/9783954661558-2)

- In book: Krankheit und Kultur: Einführung in die kulturvergleichende Psychiatrie (pp.17-36)

Authors:

[![Thomas Stompe at Medical University of Vienna](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)](profile/Thomas-Stompe)

[Thomas Stompe](profile/Thomas-Stompe)

- [Medical University of Vienna](https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Medical-University-of-Vienna)

[![Wielant Machleidt at Hannover Medical School](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)](profile/Wielant-Machleidt)

[Wielant Machleidt](profile/Wielant-Machleidt)

- [Hannover Medical School](https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Hannover_Medical_School)

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[References (48)](publication/368113519_Schizophrenie_und_akute_vorubergehende_Psychosen#references)

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## References (48)

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[Reported Stigma and Discrimination by People with a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia – CORRIGENDUM](publication/289691473_Reported_Stigma_and_Discrimination_by_People_with_a_Diagnosis_of_Schizophrenia_-_CORRIGENDUM)

Article

Full-text available

- Dec 2011

- [![Diana Rose](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Diana Rose](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diana-Rose)
- [![Rosalind Willis](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Rosalind Willis](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rosalind-Willis)
- [![Elaine Brohan](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Elaine Brohan](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elaine-Brohan)
- [G Thornicroft](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/G-Thornicroft-2080333418)

Aims. This article examines the extent of stigma and discrimination as reported by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The hypothesis is that when people express in their own words the discrimination they experience such discrimination will be found to be widespread. Methods. Seventy-five people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia from 15 different countries were interviewed with a mixed methods instrument to assess reported discrimination. The data were analysed for frequency counts and then a thematic analysis was performed. A conceptual map is provided. Results. The study was a cross-cultural one but, contrary to expectations, few transnational differences were found. The main hypothesis was supported. Conversely, we found that when participants reported ‘positive discrimination’, this could as easily be conceptualised as being treated similarly to how others in society would expect to be treated. Conclusion. Negative discrimination is ubiquitous and sometimes connotatively very strong, with reports of humiliation and abuse. ‘Positive discrimination’ conversely indicates that people with a mental illness diagnosis expect discrimination and are grateful when it does not occur. The literature on self-stigma is discussed and found wanting. Similarly, the theory that contact with mentally ill people reduces stigma and discrimination is not fully supported by our results.

[View](publication/289691473_Reported_Stigma_and_Discrimination_by_People_with_a_Diagnosis_of_Schizophrenia_-_CORRIGENDUM)

Show abstract

[A Comparison of Psychiatric Symptoms Between Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans With Schizophrenia](publication/31331342_A_Comparison_of_Psychiatric_Symptoms_Between_Anglo-Americans_and_Mexican-Americans_With_Schizophrenia)

Article

Full-text available

- Feb 2000
- SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL

- [![Amy Weisman](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Amy Weisman](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amy-Weisman-2)
- [![Steven R Lopez](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Steven R Lopez](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steven-Lopez-6)
- [![Joseph Ventura](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Joseph Ventura](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph-Ventura)
- [Sun Hwang](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Sun-Hwang-39401065)

Culture is widely thought to influence the form, content, and extent of symptoms experienced and expressed by the mentally ill. However, little is known about how specific cultural groups differ in their symptomatic presentation of mental illness. Using data derived from the Present State Exam, the current study compared 63 Anglo-American and 53 Mexican-American patients with schizophrenia on ten psychiatric symptoms. A series of logistic regressions offered several interesting findings. For instance, as hypothesized, Mexican-American patients were more likely to report physical symptoms than their Anglo-American counterparts. Also in line with expectations, Anglo-American patients reported experiencing a greater frequency of several psychiatric symptoms such as persecutory delusions, nervous tension, and blunted affect. Results from this study suggest that the presentation of even a very biologically determined disorder such as schizophrenia can be shaped by sociocultural factors. Specific aspects of Anglo-American and Latino cultures that may influence symptom patterns in patients suffering from schizophrenia are discussed.

[View](publication/31331342_A_Comparison_of_Psychiatric_Symptoms_Between_Anglo-Americans_and_Mexican-Americans_With_Schizophrenia)

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[Cross-cultural Differences in the Short-term Prognosis of Schizophrenic Psychoses](publication/31048178_Cross-cultural_Differences_in_the_Short-term_Prognosis_of_Schizophrenic_Psychoses)

Article

Full-text available

- Feb 1978
- SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL

- [![Norman Sartorius](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Norman Sartorius](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman-Sartorius)
- [![Assen Jablensky](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Assen Jablensky](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Assen-Jablensky)
- [Robert Shapiro](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Robert-Shapiro-17970468)

Results of the 2-year followup of the patients included in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (World Health Organization 1973) indicate that patients diagnosed schizophrenic on the basis of standardized assessments and clearly specified criteria demonstrated very marked variations of course and outcome over a 2-year period. Schizophrenic patients in the centers in developing countries had, on the average, considerably better course and outcome than schizophrenic patients in the centers in developed countries. Part of the variation of course and outcome was related to sociodemographic (e.g., social isolation and marital status) and clinical (e.g., type of onset and precipitating factors) predictors, but another larger part remained statistically unexplained. This suggests that variables usually used to describe psychopathology, the environment, and history of psychiatric patients in European and North American cultures may not account for cross-cultural differences. Clinical diagnosis on initial evaluation appeared to be a good predictor of subsequent symptomatology, but not of the length of the episodes, the total time during which the patient would be psychotic, pattern of course, or the degree of social impairment. A 5-year followup of the IPSS patients has also been completed, and the collected data are being analyzed.

[View](publication/31048178_Cross-cultural_Differences_in_the_Short-term_Prognosis_of_Schizophrenic_Psychoses)

Show abstract

[Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional survey](publication/23931482_Global_pattern_of_experienced_and_anticipated_discrimination_against_people_with_schizophrenia_A_cross-sectional_survey)

Article

Full-text available

- Feb 2009
- LANCET

- [Graham Thornicroft](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Graham-Thornicroft-38243468)
- [![Elaine Brohan](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Elaine Brohan](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elaine-Brohan)
- [![Diana Rose](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Diana Rose](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diana-Rose)
- [Morven Leese](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Morven-Leese-38506251)

Many people with schizophrenia experience stigma caused by other people's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour; this can lead to impoverishment, social marginalisation, and low quality of life. We aimed to describe the nature, direction, and severity of anticipated and experienced discrimination reported by people with schizophrenia.
We did a cross-sectional survey in 27 countries, in centres affiliated to the INDIGO Research Network, by use of face-to-face interviews with 732 participants with schizophrenia. Discrimination was measured with the newly validated discrimination and stigma scale (DISC), which produces three subscores: positive experienced discrimination; negative experienced discrimination; and anticipated discrimination.
Negative discrimination was experienced by 344 (47%) of 729 participants in making or keeping friends, by 315 (43%) of 728 from family members, by 209 (29%) of 724 in finding a job, 215 (29%) of 730 in keeping a job, and by 196 (27%) of 724 in intimate or sexual relationships. Positive experienced discrimination was rare. Anticipated discrimination affected 469 (64%) in applying for work, training, or education and 402 (55%) looking for a close relationship; 526 (72%) felt the need to conceal their diagnosis. Over a third of participants anticipated discrimination for job seeking and close personal relationships when no discrimination was experienced.
Rates of both anticipated and experienced discrimination are consistently high across countries among people with mental illness. Measures such as disability discrimination laws might, therefore, not be effective without interventions to improve self-esteem of people with mental illness.

[View](publication/23931482_Global_pattern_of_experienced_and_anticipated_discrimination_against_people_with_schizophrenia_A_cross-sectional_survey)

Show abstract

[Two year follow up of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia](publication/22248425_Two_year_follow_up_of_the_patients_included_in_the_WHO_International_Pilot_Study_of_Schizophrenia)

Article

Full-text available

- Sep 1977

- [![Norman Sartorius](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Norman Sartorius](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman-Sartorius)
- [![Assen Jablensky](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Assen Jablensky](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Assen-Jablensky)
- [R. W. Shapiro](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/R-W-Shapiro-2084407287)

Synopsis
Over 90% of the 1202 patients investigated in the 9 centres collaborating in the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia were traced 2 years after the initial examination and on the average over 75% of them were re-examined, using standardized instruments and methods. Results indicate that patients diagnosed as schizophrenic on the basis of standardized assessments and clearly specified diagnostic criteria demonstrated very marked variations of course and outcome over a 2-year period. Schizophrenic patients in the centres in developing countries had considerably better course and outcome than schizophrenic patients in the centres in developed countries.

[View](publication/22248425_Two_year_follow_up_of_the_patients_included_in_the_WHO_International_Pilot_Study_of_Schizophrenia)

Show abstract

[WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia1](publication/18508819_WHO_International_Pilot_Study_of_Schizophrenia1)

Article

Full-text available

- Dec 1972

- [![Norman Sartorius](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Norman Sartorius](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman-Sartorius)
- [Robert Shapiro](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Robert-Shapiro-17970468)
- [M Kimura](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/M-Kimura-47546685)
- [K Barrett](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/K-Barrett-46596996)

Synopsis
The results are described of a transcultural psychiatric study of schizophrenia undertaken by WHO in nine countries. The study proved that such a collaboration was feasible, that it was possible to develop research procedures for international use, and that similar types of schizophrenia could be found in each of the countries involved. One thousand two hundred and two patients were studied and over 2 million items of information obtained.

[View](publication/18508819_WHO_International_Pilot_Study_of_Schizophrenia1)

Show abstract

[Long-term follow-up of schizophrenia in 16 countries. A description of the International Study of Schizophrenia conducted by the World Health Organization](publication/14298190_Long-term_follow-up_of_schizophrenia_in_16_countries_A_description_of_the_International_Study_of_Schizophrenia_conducted_by_the_World_Health_Organization)

Article

Full-text available

- Oct 1996

- [![Norman Sartorius](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Norman Sartorius](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman-Sartorius)
- [![Walter Gulbinat](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Walter Gulbinat](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Walter-Gulbinat)
- [G. Harrison](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/G-Harrison-2037116350)
- [![Carole Siegel](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Carole Siegel](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carole-Siegel)

An unexpected finding of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1967, was that patients in countries outside Europe and the United States have a more favourable short- and medium-term course of the disease than those seen in developed countries. Since then, WHO has intensified its schizophrenia research programme and has initiated a set of international studies that have confirmed these initial findings and explored possible reasons for such differences in the course and outcome of schizophrenia. While such work has provided important findings and has generated additional pertinent hypotheses, it did not explain the differences in outcome. The present paper describes a new initiative in which approximately 2500 subjects involved in previous WHO multicentre schizophrenia studies are being followed up for between 15 and 25 years after initial examination. Nineteen research centres in 16 countries are taking part in this work. The research methodology is described.

[View](publication/14298190_Long-term_follow-up_of_schizophrenia_in_16_countries_A_description_of_the_International_Study_of_Schizophrenia_conducted_by_the_World_Health_Organization)

Show abstract

[Schizophrenic delusions in Seoul, Shanghai and Taipei : A transcultural study](publication/12045359_Schizophrenic_delusions_in_Seoul_Shanghai_and_Taipei_A_transcultural_study)

Article

Full-text available

- Mar 2001

- [Kwang Iel Kim](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Kwang-Iel-Kim-64529874)
- [![Hai-Gwo Hwu](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Hai-Gwo Hwu](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hai-Gwo-Hwu)
- [Liang Dong Zhang](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Liang-Dong-Zhang-64908495)
- [![Yong Chon Park](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Yong Chon Park](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yong-Park)

In this transcultural study of schizophrenic delusions among patients in Seoul, Shanghai and Taipei, we discovered that both the frequency and content of delusions differed among the three groups; and that these differences could perhaps be explained by varying sociocultural and political situations. Delusional themes that are sensitive to sociocultural or political situations include guilt, love/sex, religion, somatic damage, economy/business and politics. Delusions regarding longevity, love/sex, dysmorphophobia/dysosmophobia, religion or supernatural matters, and espionage/spy stories were most frequent in Seoul patients. Those in Taipei predominantly had delusions about possession, religion or supernatural matters, hypnotism, and mass media/computers. Shanghai patients often had delusions of poisons, being prickled by poisoned needles, their brain and viscera extracted and being a family member of political authorities.

[View](publication/12045359_Schizophrenic_delusions_in_Seoul_Shanghai_and_Taipei_A_transcultural_study)

Show abstract

[A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia](publication/7826276_A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Prevalence_of_Schizophrenia)

Article

Full-text available

- Jun 2005
- [PLOS MED](journal/PLOS-Medicine-1549-1676)

- [![Sukanta Saha](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Sukanta Saha](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sukanta-Saha-9)
- [David Chant](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/David-Chant-39213488)
- [Joy Welham](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Joy-Welham-2079753443)
- [John J McGrath](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/John-J-McGrath-39893849)

Understanding the prevalence of schizophrenia has important implications for both health service planning and risk factor epidemiology. The aims of this review are to systematically identify and collate studies describing the prevalence of schizophrenia, to summarize the findings of these studies, and to explore selected factors that may influence prevalence estimates.
Studies with original data related to the prevalence of schizophrenia (published 1965-2002) were identified via searching electronic databases, reviewing citations, and writing to authors. These studies were divided into "core" studies, "migrant" studies, and studies based on "other special groups." Between- and within-study filters were applied in order to identify discrete prevalence estimates. Cumulative plots of prevalence estimates were made and the distributions described when the underlying estimates were sorted according to prevalence type (point, period, lifetime, and lifetime morbid risk). Based on combined prevalence estimates, the influence of selected key variables was examined (sex, urbanicity, migrant status, country economic index, and study quality). A total of 1,721 prevalence estimates from 188 studies were identified. These estimates were drawn from 46 countries, and were based on an estimated 154,140 potentially overlapping prevalent cases. We identified 132 core studies, 15 migrant studies, and 41 studies based on other special groups. The median values per 1,000 persons (10%-90% quantiles) for the distributions for point, period, lifetime, and lifetime morbid risk were 4.6 (1.9-10.0), 3.3 (1.3-8.2), 4.0 (1.6-12.1), and 7.2 (3.1-27.1), respectively. Based on combined prevalence estimates, we found no significant difference (a) between males and females, or (b) between urban, rural, and mixed sites. The prevalence of schizophrenia in migrants was higher compared to native-born individuals: the migrant-to-native-born ratio median (10%-90% quantile) was 1.8 (0.9-6.4). When sites were grouped by economic status, prevalence estimates from "least developed" countries were significantly lower than those from both "emerging" and "developed" sites (p = 0.04). Studies that scored higher on a quality score had significantly higher prevalence estimates (p = 0.02).
There is a wealth of data about the prevalence of schizophrenia. These gradients, and the variability found in prevalence estimate distributions, can provide direction for future hypothesis-driven research.

[View](publication/7826276_A_Systematic_Review_of_the_Prevalence_of_Schizophrenia)

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[Is the outcome of schizofrenia really better in developing countries?](publication/6975192_Is_the_outcome_of_schizofrenia_really_better_in_developing_countries)

Article

Full-text available

- Jul 2006

- [![Vipin Patel](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Vipin Patel](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vipin-Patel)
- [![Alex Cohen](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Alex Cohen](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alex-Cohen-3)
- [![Rangawsamy Thara](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Rangawsamy Thara](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rangawsamy-Thara)
- [![Oye Gureje](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Oye Gureje](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oye-Gureje)

That schizophrenia has a better prognosis in non-industrialized societies has become an axiom in international psychiatry; the evidence most often cited comes from three World Health Organization (WHO) cross-national studies. Although a host of socio-cultural factors have been considered as contributing to variation in the course of schizophrenia in different settings, we have little evidence from low-income countries that clearly demonstrates the beneficial influence of these variables. In this article, we suggest that the finding of better outcomes in developing countries needs re-examination for five reasons: methodological limitations of the World Health Organization studies; the lack of evidence on the specific socio-cultural factors which apparently contribute to the better outcomes; increasing anecdotal evidence describing the abuse of basic human rights of people with schizophrenia in developing countries; new evidence from cohorts in developing countries depicting a much gloomier picture than originally believed; and, rapid social and economic changes are undermining family care systems for people with schizophrenia in developing countries. We argue that the study of the long-term course of this mental disorder in developing countries is a major research question and believe it is time to thoroughly and systematically explore cross-cultural variation in the course and outcome of schizophrenia.

[View](publication/6975192_Is_the_outcome_of_schizofrenia_really_better_in_developing_countries)

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[Questioning an Axiom: Better Prognosis for Schizophrenia in the Developing World?](publication/5938711_Questioning_an_Axiom_Better_Prognosis_for_Schizophrenia_in_the_Developing_World)

Article

Full-text available

- Apr 2008
- SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL

- [![Alex Cohen](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Alex Cohen](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alex-Cohen-3)
- [![Vipin Patel](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Vipin Patel](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vipin-Patel)
- [![Rangawsamy Thara](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Rangawsamy Thara](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rangawsamy-Thara)
- [![Oye Gureje](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Oye Gureje](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oye-Gureje)

That schizophrenia has a better course and outcome in developing countries has become an axiom in international psychiatry. This is based primarily on a series of cross-national studies by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, increasing evidence from other research indicates a far more complex picture.
Literature review and tabulation of data from 23 longitudinal studies of schizophrenia outcomes in 11 low- and middle-income countries.
We reviewed the evidence about the following domains: clinical outcomes and patterns of course, disability and social outcomes (marital and occupational status, in particular), and untreated samples and duration of untreated psychosis. Outcomes varied across the studies and the evidence suggests a need to reexamine the conclusions of the WHO studies. Additionally, assessments of outcomes should take excess mortality and suicide into account.
It is time to reexamine presumed wisdom about schizophrenia outcomes in low- and middle-income countries.

[View](publication/5938711_Questioning_an_Axiom_Better_Prognosis_for_Schizophrenia_in_the_Developing_World)

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[Bouffées délirantes en psychiatrie africaine](publication/283681484_Bouffees_delirantes_en_psychiatrie_africaine)

Article

- Jan 1965

- [H. Collomb](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/H-Collomb-2084288229)

[View](publication/283681484_Bouffees_delirantes_en_psychiatrie_africaine)

[CULTURAL-FACTORS IN CLINICAL-ASSESSMENT](publication/279008001_CULTURAL-FACTORS_IN_CLINICAL-ASSESSMENT)

Article

- Aug 1987

- [![Joseph Westermeyer](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Joseph Westermeyer](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph-Westermeyer-2)

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[Delusions of Guilt: The Attitude of Christian and Muslim Schizophrenic Patients Toward Good and Evil and the Responsibility of Men](publication/244889101_Delusions_of_Guilt_The_Attitude_of_Christian_and_Muslim_Schizophrenic_Patients_Toward_Good_and_Evil_and_the_Responsibility_of_Men)

Article

- Jul 2006

- [![Thomas Stompe](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Thomas Stompe](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas-Stompe)
- [![Susanne M Bauer](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Susanne M Bauer](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susanne-Bauer-7)
- [![Gerhard Ortwein-Swoboda](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Gerhard Ortwein-Swoboda](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gerhard-Ortwein-Swoboda)
- [S. Gschaider](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/S-Gschaider-2017811771)

This article explores a cultural comparative study on schizophrenia which included 1006 subjects from Austria, Poland, Lithuania, Pakistan, Nigeria and Ghana. The data analyzed is based on the religious roots of social unconsciousness as it relates to the pathogenesis of delusions of guilt. In contrast to 15.5% of the Roman Catholic patients who participated in this study, only 3.8% of Muslim patients reported on this delusional theme. Following the lines of religious and philosophical ideas of “Good and Evil” and the responsibility of men in Christianity and Islam we developed a model which may help to explain the lack of certain psychotic phenomena like negative delusional identities and ontological guilt in Muslim patients.

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[The “Truman Show” delusion: Psychosis in the global village](publication/225068181_The_Truman_Show_delusion_Psychosis_in_the_global_village)

Article

- May 2012
- Cognit Neuropsychiatry

- [Joel Gold](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Joel-Gold-2164556920)
- [Ian Gold](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Ian-Gold-84451630)

Introduction:
We report a novel delusion, primarily persecutory in form, in which the patient believes that he is being filmed, and that the films are being broadcast for the entertainment of others.

Methods:
We describe a series of patients who presented with a delusional system according to which they were the subjects of something akin to a reality television show that was broadcasting their daily life for the entertainment of others. We then address three questions, the first concerning how to characterise the delusion, the second concerning the role of culture in delusion, and the third concerning the implications of cultural studies of delusion for the cognitive theory of delusion.

Results:
Delusions are both variable and stable: Particular delusional ideas are sensitive to culture, but the broad categories of delusion are stable both across time and culture. This stability has implications for the form a cognitive theory of delusion can take.

Conclusions:
Cultural studies of delusion have important contributions to make to the cognitive theory of delusion.

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[Recent Developments in Expressed Emotion and Schizophrenia](publication/21563302_Recent_Developments_in_Expressed_Emotion_and_Schizophrenia)

Article

- Jun 1992

- [![David J. Kavanagh](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)David J. Kavanagh](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Kavanagh-5)

Expressed emotion (EE) has substantial scientific support as a predictor of relapse of positive symptoms. The median relapse rate in a high-EE environment is 48%, compared with 21% in a low-EE environment. This effect does not seem to be due to confounding with other variables, but it is subject to limitations in its scope of application. EE probably determines relapse through its effect on emotions and symptom control. A stress-vulnerability model of relapse is advanced that incorporates biological factors as well as cycles of mutual influence between symptomatic behaviour, life events, and EE. Aversive types of behaviour in patients and their relatives are seen as understandable reactions to stress that are moderated by social perceptions and coping skills. Families have made positive achievements, including the provision of non-invasive support.

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[Factors Associated with the Course and Outcome of Schizophrenia in India Results of a Two-Year Multicentre Follow-Up Study](publication/20469030_Factors_Associated_with_the_Course_and_Outcome_of_Schizophrenia_in_India_Results_of_a_Two-Year_Multicentre_Follow-Up_Study)

Article

- May 1989

- [Abraham Verghese](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Abraham-Verghese-59058396)
- [J K John](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/J-K-John-63694745)
- [![Steffy Rajkumar](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Steffy Rajkumar](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steffy-Rajkumar)
- [J K Trivedi](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/J-K-Trivedi-2127647384)

The paper describes the two-year follow-up results from 323 out of 386 patients fulfilling a modified version of Feighner's criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia, in Lucknow, Vellore, and Madras. There was remission in 66% of cases. Short duration of illness, consistent compliance with medication, positive attitudes of relatives and neighbours, absence of economic difficulties, increase in religious activities on the part of patients, a rural background, and a non-schizoid pre-morbid personality were associated with good outcome. Features of depression, dangerous behaviour, and absence of agitation were associated with poor outcome.

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[Clinical Course and Outcome of Schizophrenia in Cali, Colombia A 10Year Follow-up Study](publication/20361232_Clinical_Course_and_Outcome_of_Schizophrenia_in_Cali_Colombia_A_10Year_Follow-up_Study)

Article

- Nov 1989

- [CARLOS A. LEÓN](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/CARLOS-A-LEON-2163220092)

The present paper is a very succinct description of the findings from the 10-year follow-up of a group of 101 patients from Cali, Colombia who were included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. It is based on a prospective study conducted with the use of standardized instruments and with clinical evaluations performed by the same examiners at the beginning and end phases. A classification of the varieties of clinical course observed throughout the 10-year period is presented, as well as a description of several aspects of the social and clinical condition of cases at the time of the last observation. The possibility of finding predictors of the outcome of the disorder is explored through the use of multivariate methods, and a series of comments and conclusions is formulated.

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[The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia in Papua New Guinea](publication/18349696_The_Epidemiology_of_Schizophrenia_in_Papua_New_Guinea)

Article

- Jun 1974

- [![Fuller Torrey](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Fuller Torrey](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fuller-Torrey)
- [BARBARA B. TORREY](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/BARBARA-B-TORREY-2243963194)
- [BURTON G. BURTON-BRADLEY](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/BURTON-G-BURTON-BRADLEY-60725849)

The epidemiology of 478 cases of schizophrenia, acute psychosis, and manic depressive psychosis was examined in Papua New Guinea for the years 1970 through 1973. Factors such as bias, referral habits of doctors, community tolerance, disease, accessibility to medical care, and migration are discussed as possible explanations for the sharply different patterns of prevalence of schizophrenia in certain areas of the country. The authors conclude, however, that these factors are not sufficient to explain the differences and that concomitants of Western civilization such as certain viruses must also be considered as possible etiological agents.

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[Frequency and clinical significance of delusions across cultures](publication/16731104_Frequency_and_clinical_significance_of_delusions_across_cultures)

Article

- Aug 1984

- [![David M Ndetei](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)David M Ndetei](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Ndetei2)
- [A Vadher](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/A-Vadher-33374860)

The pattern of delusions in a cross-cultural hospital population was studied. It was found that there were cultural differences in persecutory, grandiose and religious, and sexual and fantastic delusions, accounted for mainly by the relatively higher frequencies in the African and West Indian cultural groups. These phenomena can be understood in terms of the cultural backgrounds of these groups. It is further argued that similarly defined persecutory delusions have a wide clinical significance that goes beyond schizophrenia in some cultural groups.

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[A comparative cross-cultural study of the frequencies of hallucination in schizophrenia](publication/16672727_A_comparative_cross-cultural_study_of_the_frequencies_of_hallucination_in_schizophrenia)

Article

- Jan 1985

- [![David M Ndetei](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)David M Ndetei](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Ndetei2)
- [A Vadher](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/A-Vadher-33374860)

The frequencies of auditory, visual and olfactory hallucinations as defined by Wing et al. were studied in schizophrenic patients of various groups treated in the same hospital. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made by the use of the Syndrome Check List. It was found that there were some cultural differences in the frequencies of hallucinations, these being higher in the African, West Indian and Asian culture groups than in the English and other groups. The possible clinical significance of these variations are discussed.

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[Hallucinations in Kenyan schizophrenic patients](publication/16339732_Hallucinations_in_Kenyan_schizophrenic_patients)

Article

- Apr 1983

- [![David Ndetei](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)David Ndetei](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Ndetei-3)
- [A Singh](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/A-Singh-60457680)

Eighty Kenyan 'psychotic' patients were screened using the New Haven Schizophrenic Index (NHSI) and were all studied for hallucinations using standardised definitions. Fifty-one of the patients were NHSI positive and the rest NHSI negative. Sixty-one percent of the NHSI positive had hallucinations in one or more modalities as compared with 31% of the NHSI negative group. Of the NHSI positive 51% had auditory hallucinations directly to the patient, 43% had visual hallucinations and 25% had olfactory hallucinations. These results are compared and contrasted with the very few similar observations made elsewhere.

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[Study of delusions in Kenyan schizophrenic patients diagnosed using a set of research diagnostic criteria](publication/16061918_Study_of_delusions_in_Kenyan_schizophrenic_patients_diagnosed_using_a_set_of_research_diagnostic_criteria)

Article

- Oct 1982

- [![David Ndetei](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)David Ndetei](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Ndetei-3)
- [A Singh](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/A-Singh-60457680)

Eighty 'psychotic' Kenyan patients of African origin were screened using the New Haven Schizophrenic Index (NHSI). Fifty-one of these (64%) were found positive. Delusions were found to be significantly more common (P less than 0.001) in the NHSI positive group than in the negative group. Sex and age had no effect on the distribution of delusions in general but level of education did. These findings are compared and contrasted with findings of similar investigations and some of their implications are discussed.

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[Ten-year course of schizophrenia - The Madras longitudinal study](publication/15327264_Ten-year_course_of_schizophrenia_-_The_Madras_longitudinal_study)

Article

- Dec 1994

- [![Rangawsamy Thara](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Rangawsamy Thara](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rangawsamy-Thara)
- [![Makonye Henrietta](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Makonye Henrietta](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Makonye-Henrietta)
- [A Joseph](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/A-Joseph-2141589494)
- [William W. Eaton](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/William-W-Eaton-38901481)

Ninety first-episode patients fulfilling ICD-9 criteria for schizophrenia were followed up prospectively for 10 years. Complete assessments were possible on 76. The pattern of illness was good in 67% of the cases, and the commonest patterns was one with recurrent episodes. Predictors of poor course and longer time spent in psychosis were identified. All positive and negative symptoms showed a steep decline at the end of 10 years. The results are discussed in the context of longitudinal research on the course of schizophrenia in developing countries.

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[Long-Term Outcome of Treated Schizophrenia in a Nigerian Cohort: Retrospective Analysis of 7Year Follow-Ups](publication/14837948_Long-Term_Outcome_of_Treated_Schizophrenia_in_a_Nigerian_Cohort_Retrospective_Analysis_of_7Year_Follow-Ups)

Article

- Sep 1993

- [![Jude U Ohaeri](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Jude U Ohaeri](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jude-U-Ohaeri)

Consecutive case records of 142 patients (55 males and 87 females) who fulfilled stringent criteria for schizophrenia, and attended the psychiatric facilities at the Ibadan teaching hospital for at least 7 consecutive years were studied in detail in order to determine outcome in a period of follow-up that ranged from 7 to 26 years (mean +/- SD, 13.3 +/- 4.6 years). A unique history of stability of staff and research record keeping, as well as the fact that relatives frequently accompany patients to hospital, enhanced the reliability and validity of documents. Using outcome criteria that included the presence of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and social adjustment in the past 12 months, it was found that 72 (50.7%) patients were in the good outcome group, while 34 (23.9%) and 36 (25.4%) had moderate and poor outcome, respectively. The social and clinical characteristics of the patients were similar to those of participants in World Health Organization prospective studies in this country. Whereas there was a nonsignificant trend for more females to be without psychotic symptoms, the males performed significantly better in social adjustment outcome measures. In contrast with reports from the Western world, patients with acute onset and episodic course were a common feature of the cohort. The results support previous reports indicating fairly good outcome of schizophrenia in developing countries.

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[Transcultural study of schizophrenic delusions. Tokyo versus Vienna and Tübingen (Germany)](publication/13717996_Transcultural_study_of_schizophrenic_delusions_Tokyo_versus_Vienna_and_Tubingen_Germany)

Article

- Feb 1998

- [Masato Tateyama](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Masato-Tateyama-65672977)
- [Masahiro Asai](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Masahiro-Asai-64929291)
- [Motohide Hashimoto](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Motohide-Hashimoto-2001699033)
- [![Siegfried Kasper](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Siegfried Kasper](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Siegfried-Kasper)

Schizophrenic delusions of 324 inpatients in Tokyo, 101 in Vienna, and 150 in Tübingen (Germany) were compared according to the same classifications. Among the three areas, about 80% of the patients had equally 'negative' delusions (injury and/or belittlement), and about one-fourth had 'positive' delusions of grandeur. Transcultural influences were found in the detailed contents of the 'negative' delusions; specific and direct themes of persecutory delusion, i.e., delusions of poisoning, and religious themes of guilt/sin were conspicuous in Europe, while amorphous delusions of reference such as 'being slandered' were predominant in Japan. The latter may derive from the group-oriented self in Japanese 'shame culture'.

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[Are we witnessing the disappearance of catatonic schizophrenia?](publication/11375450_Are_we_witnessing_the_disappearance_of_catatonic_schizophrenia)

Article

- May 2002
- COMPR PSYCHIAT

- [![Thomas Stompe](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Thomas Stompe](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas-Stompe)
- [![Gerhard Ortwein-Swoboda](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Gerhard Ortwein-Swoboda](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gerhard-Ortwein-Swoboda)
- [Kristina Ritter](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Kristina-Ritter-38943098)
- [Alexander Friedmann](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Alexander-Friedmann-60159366)

The decrease in the frequency of diagnosed catatonic subtypes among schizophrenic disorders as a whole during the last 50 years has long been regarded as an established fact. Until now the factors responsible for this development have been under discussion. As it is not clear if there is a true decrease or an ostensible one due to other factors such as changed diagnostic habits or neuroleptic treatment, we examined 174 consecutively admitted schizophrenic patients from three different psychiatric institutions diagnosed according to DSM-IV and Leonhard's criteria. It turned out that-depending on the diagnostic system-the rates of diagnosed catatonias were 10.3% (DSM-IV) and 25.3% (Leonhard's criteria). Comparison of the two original Leonhard cohorts (1938 to 1968, 1969 to 1986) with our own (1994 to 1999) shows a decrease in the frequency of catatonias from 35% to 25%, which-albeit statistically significant-is much less pronounced than in studies that used a narrower definition of catatonia. Here, besides sociocultural developments, the use of neuroleptics seems to effect the decrease in the frequency of catatonias in two ways: on one hand, they cause a decrease of hyperkinesia, excitement, or impulsivity; while on the other hand, they themselves produce motor abnormalities like rigidity, effects that favor the attribution of motoric symptoms to neuroleptics.

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[Effect of Culture and Environment on the Phenomenology of Delusions and Hallucinations](publication/11203975_Effect_of_Culture_and_Environment_on_the_Phenomenology_of_Delusions_and_Hallucinations)

Article

- Jul 2002
- INT J SOC PSYCHIATR

- [![Kausar Suhail](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Kausar Suhail](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kausar-Suhail)
- [R Cochrane](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/R-Cochrane-49137762)

The present study was conducted to compare the influence of culture and immediate environment on the phenomenology of schizophrenic symptoms by examining the actual content of delusions and hallucinations in three groups of schizophrenic patients.
Pakistanis living in Britain (BP; N = 53), Pakistanis in Pakistan (PP; N = 98) and British White (BW; N = 50). The content of the patients' delusions and hallucinations was obtained from medical records and key-workers' reports from All-Saints Hospital, Birmingham and two psychiatric units in Lahore. All references to delusions and hallucinations were coded in accordance with the classification scheme developed for the Present State Examination (Wing et al., 1974).
Comparisons indicated greater differences in phenomenology of delusions and hallucinations between the Pakistani pair (BP vs. PP) than between the British groups (BP vs. BW). The findings suggested a stronger influence of the immediate environment on the pathogenesis of delusions and hallucinations.
The results are discussed with reference to the cultural and religious values of the ethnic groups.

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[Mental Disorder in Rural Ghana](publication/9945627_Mental_Disorder_in_Rural_Ghana)

Article

- Nov 1958

- [M J FIELD](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/M-J-FIELD-31175806)

In rural Ghana new shrines continue to be founded in response to a search for security begun about 40 years ago.
The commonest mental illnesses seen at these shrines are depression, acute trans ient fear-psychosis, and schizophrenia. Obsessive-compulsive states are rare but do.
Potential schizophrenics are specially vulnerable to transient fear-psychosis.
The making of bad magic against others is a schizoid type of aggression especially prone to occur in developing schizophrenia.
The incidence of chronic scbizophrema in a rural population of 4,000 was found to be about 1 per cent.
The incidence of literacy among schizophrenics was found to be about 40 per cent. as against 10 per cent. among the general population.
The incidence of first-cousin marriage among the parents of schizophrenics was found to be about 40 per cent. as against 19 per cent. among the general population.
Among supplicants at shrines, dreams are deemed highly important. Persons in similar anxiety-charged situations often have identical dreams of traditional content. Most dreams sum up the dreamer's overt situation in parabolic metaphor.
Hysterical dissociation (spirit possession) is part of the technique of priests, these being well adjusted, non-hysterical personalities. It is used therapeutically by some African-controlled Christian communities.
It is postulated that some kinds of magical ritual, animal totemism, and the male ficent powers attributed to witches were originated, historically, by schizophrenics and depressives.

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[Crosscultural inquiry into the symptomatology of schizophrenia](publication/9781202_Crosscultural_inquiry_into_the_symptomatology_of_schizophrenia)

Article

- Jan 1961

- [E D WITTKOWER](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/E-D-WITTKOWER-2077539)
- [H. B. M. Murphy](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/H-B-M-Murphy-2176235)
- [J FRIED](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/J-FRIED-2077538)
- [H ELLENBERGER](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/H-ELLENBERGER-2176236)

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["Internet delusions": The impact of technological developments on the content of psychiatric symptoms](publication/6877927_Internet_delusions_The_impact_of_technological_developments_on_the_content_of_psychiatric_symptoms)

Article

- Feb 2006
- ISR J PSYCHIATR REL

- [Vladimir Lerner](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Vladimir-Lerner-38310408)
- [Igor Libov](https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Igor-Libov-39699138)
- [![Ely Witztum](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVR42mN89OjNfwAJDwOxHEacwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)Ely Witztum](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ely-Witztum)

The inclusion of computers and the Internet in our daily lives has become an increasingly pervasive phenomenon. Naturally, this phenomenon found its reflection in the quick inclusion of these technologies in the content of delusions. There have already been a few reports describing patients with Internet delusions. In this report, we describe two patients and their social background who were without previous psychiatric history and whose first psychosis involved delusions surrounding the Internet. Our opinion is that Internet delusions do not represent a new diagnostic entity, but rather modified delusions of persecution, broadcasting and control.

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The African Mind in Health and Disease. A Study of Ethnopsychiatry. World Health Organization Press Geneva Cochrane R, Bal S (1987) Migration and schizophrenia: an examination of five hypotheses

- Jan 1953
- 181-191

- J C Carothers

Carothers JC (1953) The African Mind in Health and Disease. A Study of Ethnopsychiatry. World Health
Organization Press Geneva
Cochrane R, Bal S (1987) Migration and schizophrenia: an examination of five hypotheses. Soc Psychiatry 22,
181-191

Prevalence of schizophrenia in the Pacific island populations of Micronesia

- Jan 1972
- J PSYCHIATR RES
- 103-111

- J E Cooper
- R E Kendell
- B I Gurland
- L Sharpe
- Irm Copeland
- R Simon

Cooper JE, Kendell RE, Gurland BI, Sharpe L, Copeland IRM, Simon R (1972) Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York
and London. Oxford University Press London
Dale PW (1981) Prevalence of schizophrenia in the Pacific island populations of Micronesia. J Psychiatr Res 16,
103-111

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