Maori | History, Traditions, Culture, Language, & Facts - Britannica
This historical account provides the basis for traditional Māori social organization and is generally supported by archaeological discoveries, ...
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[Māori](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maori)

Table of Contents


- [Introduction](/topic/Maori)

- [Traditional history and first contact](/topic/Maori#ref283775)

- [The rise of the King Movement](/topic/Maori#ref283776)

- [Māori versus Pākehā](/topic/Maori#ref283777)

- [Māori culture in the 21st century](/topic/Maori/Maori-culture-in-the-21st-century)


[References & Edit History](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maori/additional-info) [Related Topics](/facts/Maori)

[Images](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maori/images-videos)

[![Māori performing kapa haka](https://cdn.britannica.com/02/94802-004-D444FEFF/Maori-kapa-haka-Wellington-New-Zealand.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/02/94802-050-ABBF25E0/Maori-kapa-haka-Wellington-New-Zealand.jpg)[![Māori woman, c. 1890–1920](https://cdn.britannica.com/54/146854-004-06D3E976/Maori-woman-NZ-Rotorua-1920.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/54/146854-050-9D026CDF/Maori-woman-NZ-Rotorua-1920.jpg)[![Tūkāroto Matutaera Pōtatau Te Wherowhero Tāwhiao](https://cdn.britannica.com/53/146853-004-E7225FEE/Potatau-Te-Wherowhero-Tawhiao-Tukaroto-Matutaera-Maori.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/53/146853-050-82300522/Potatau-Te-Wherowhero-Tawhiao-Tukaroto-Matutaera-Maori.jpg)[![Māori meetinghouse](https://cdn.britannica.com/57/146857-004-CE3528A5/meetinghouse-Maori-South-Island-New-Zealand.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/57/146857-050-D8B4B7F1/meetinghouse-Maori-South-Island-New-Zealand.jpg)[![Detail of a carving on a Maori meetinghouse in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand.](https://cdn.britannica.com/58/146858-004-7F2E774D/Detail-carving-meetinghouse-Maori-region-New-Zealand.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/58/146858-050-7B579239/Detail-carving-meetinghouse-Maori-region-New-Zealand.jpg)[![Māori hei-tiki neck ornament](https://cdn.britannica.com/32/11132-004-7A18B21D/Maori-hei-tiki-ornament-nephrite-neck-British-Museum.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/32/11132-004-7A18B21D/Maori-hei-tiki-ornament-nephrite-neck-British-Museum.jpg)[![Maori carving at Rotorua, New Zealand.](https://cdn.britannica.com/62/146862-004-87B4CCDC/Maori-Rotorua-New-Zealand.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/62/146862-050-8CFF93C9/Maori-Rotorua-New-Zealand.jpg)[![carvings; Māori meetinghouse, New Zealand](https://cdn.britannica.com/61/146861-004-1DD7A747/Carvings-front-meetinghouse-Maori-New-Zealand.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/61/146861-050-80430418/Carvings-front-meetinghouse-Maori-New-Zealand.jpg)[![Maori masks, New Zealand.](https://cdn.britannica.com/56/146856-159-8DB9CC57/Maori-masks-New-Zealand.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/56/146856-050-64468779/Maori-masks-New-Zealand.jpg)[![Māori meetinghouse, New Zealand](https://cdn.britannica.com/61/95861-004-11376E93/meetinghouse-Maori-village-Ohinemutu-Rotorua-New-Zealand.jpg)](https://cdn.britannica.com/61/95861-050-23DC575F/meetinghouse-Maori-village-Ohinemutu-Rotorua-New-Zealand.jpg)

For Students


[![](https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-124/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.124.51)](/summary/Maori)

[Māori summary](/summary/Maori)

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Contents


[Geography & Travel](/browse/Geography-Travel)[Human Geography](/browse/Human-Geography)[Peoples of Australia & Oceania](/browse/Peoples-of-Australia-and-Oceania)

# Māori

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- [Minority Rights Group International - Maori in New Zealand](https://minorityrights.org/communities/maori/)
- [Ancient Origins - The Maori: A Rich and Cherished Culture at the World’s Edge](https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/maori-0011250)
- [Teara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand - Māori](https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori)
- [Joshua Project - Maori](https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13522)

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• [Article History](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maori/additional-info#history)


Table of Contents


[![Māori performing kapa haka](https://cdn.britannica.com/02/94802-050-ABBF25E0/Maori-kapa-haka-Wellington-New-Zealand.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop)](https://cdn.britannica.com/02/94802-050-ABBF25E0/Maori-kapa-haka-Wellington-New-Zealand.jpg)

Māori performing kapa haka

[See all media](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maori/images-videos)

Key People: [Alfred Domett](/biography/Alfred-Domett)[Wiremu Kīngi](/biography/Wiremu-Kingi)[Āpirana Ngata](/biography/Apirana-Ngata)[Māui Pōmare](/biography/Maui-Pomare)[Anne Salmond](/biography/Anne-Salmond)_(Show more)_

Related Topics: [New Zealand](/place/New-Zealand)[haka](/art/haka)[Hauhau](/topic/Hauhau)[Ngai Tahu](/topic/Ngai-Tahu)[kapa haka](/art/kapa-haka)_(Show more)_

[See all related content →](/facts/Maori)

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## Recent News

Sep. 5, 2024, 1:55 AM ET (AP)


[A Māori king who urged racial unity in New Zealand is laid to rest and a new queen rises](/news/363450/39e90f1feecf70690c01f55ae46c2f46)

Aug. 29, 2024, 11:29 PM ET (AP)


[New Zealand's Māori King dies after 18-year reign](/news/363450/1b00b8ca7713647c06581689ce2b3108)

[![](https://cdn.britannica.com/54/146854-050-9D026CDF/Maori-woman-NZ-Rotorua-1920.jpg?w=300)](https://cdn.britannica.com/54/146854-050-9D026CDF/Maori-woman-NZ-Rotorua-1920.jpg)

[Māori woman, c. 1890–1920](https://cdn.britannica.com/54/146854-050-9D026CDF/Maori-woman-NZ-Rotorua-1920.jpg) A Māori woman from Rotorua, New Zealand, c. 1890–1920.(more)

**Māori**, member of a Polynesian people of [New Zealand](https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Zealand).

## Traditional history and first contact

Their traditional history describes their origins in terms of waves of migration that culminated in the arrival of a “great fleet” in the 14th century from Hawaiki, a mythical land usually identified as Tahiti. This historical account provides the basis for traditional Māori social organization and is generally supported by archaeological discoveries, which have dated Māori arrival in New Zealand to about 1300 ce. Members of each tribe ( _iwi_) recognized a common ancestry (which might be traced through either or both parents) and common [allegiance](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allegiance) to a chief or chiefs ( _[ariki](https://www.britannica.com/topic/arika)_). Traditionally, at the day-to-day level, the most important social groups were the _hapū_ (subtribe), which was the primary landholding group and the one within which marriage was preferred, and the _whānau_, or [extended family](https://www.britannica.com/topic/extended-family).

This social order was in force when [Abel Tasman](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abel-Tasman), the first European contact, arrived off the coast of New Zealand in December 1642. He did battle with a group of Māori on [South Island](https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Island-New-Zealand) and left the area largely unexplored. In 1769–70 Capt. [James Cook](https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Cook) circumnavigated the two major islands and wrote about the intelligence of the Māori and the suitability of New Zealand for colonization. Whalers, sealers, and other Europeans seeking profit were initially welcomed by the Māori. With the introduction of muskets, disease, Western agricultural methods, and missionaries, however, Māori [culture](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture) and social structure began to disintegrate. By the late 1830s New Zealand had been joined to Europe, and European settlers landed by the score.

## The rise of the [King Movement](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maori-King-Movement)

After the British assumed formal control of New Zealand in 1840, European settlement and government began to alarm the Māori, especially in [North Island](https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Island). In 1845 some Māori chieftains began ravaging the [Bay of Islands](https://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Islands) and other areas of the far north (in what has sometimes been called the [First Māori War](https://www.britannica.com/topic/New-Zealand-Wars)), and they were not finally suppressed until 1847, by colonial forces under Gov. [Sir George Grey](https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Grey). His victories brought a peace that lasted from 1847 to 1860.

[![](https://cdn.britannica.com/53/146853-050-82300522/Potatau-Te-Wherowhero-Tawhiao-Tukaroto-Matutaera-Maori.jpg?w=300)](https://cdn.britannica.com/53/146853-050-82300522/Potatau-Te-Wherowhero-Tawhiao-Tukaroto-Matutaera-Maori.jpg)

[Tūkāroto Matutaera Pōtatau Te Wherowhero Tāwhiao](https://cdn.britannica.com/53/146853-050-82300522/Potatau-Te-Wherowhero-Tawhiao-Tukaroto-Matutaera-Maori.jpg) Tūkāaroto Matutaera Pōtatau Te Wherowhero Tāwhiao, the second Māori king (1860–94).(more)

The so-called King Movement was a response to the increasing threat to Māori land. In 1857 several tribes of the Waikato area of North Island elected as king Te Wherowhero, who reigned as [Pōtatau I](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Potatau-I). In addition to electing a king, they established a council of state, a [judicial system](https://www.britannica.com/topic/judiciary), and a police organization, all of which were intended to support Māori resolve to retain their land and to stop the intertribal warfare over the issue. Not all Māori accepted the authority of the king, but the majority shared with the King Movement the resolve not to sell the land.

Until 1860 the Māori still owned most of the land of North Island, but a large increase in the number of immigrants in the 1850s led to demands for greatly increased land purchase by the government. Many Māori were determined not to sell. In 1859 Te Teira, a Māori of the Taranaki area, sold his Waitara River land to the colonial government without the [consent](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/consent) of his tribe, precipitating the [First Taranaki War](https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Taranaki-War) (1860–61). Only the extremist wing of the King Movement joined in the First Taranaki War.

## Māori versus Pākehā

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The war consisted essentially of a series of generally successful sieges of [Māori](https://www.britannica.com/topic/New-Zealand-Wars) _pā_ s (fortified villages) by British troops and militia. The British were defeated during an attack (June 1860) on Puketakauere _pā_ when the Māori executed a surprise counterattack, but the Māori were defeated at Ōrongomai in October and Maahoetahi in November. The war ended in a truce after the surrender of the Te Arei _pā_ in late March 1861. The Māori remained in possession of the European-owned Tataraimaka block of land.

The fighting resumed in the Second Taranaki War in April 1863 after Governor Grey built an attack road into the Waikato area and drove the Taranaki Māori from the Tataraimaka block. While fighting raged in Taranaki once again, the [Waikato War](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Waikato-War) began in July 1863, and the [Waikato River](https://www.britannica.com/place/Waikato-River) region, the centre of the King Movement tribes, became the main target of the Europeans. Once again the war was decided by [sieges](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/sieges) of Māori _pā_ s, but the Māori also began to employ guerrilla tactics. British troops were aided by gunboats and forest ranger units made up of colonial volunteers. The Europeans won notable victories at Meremere in October 1863 and at Rangiriri in November. The fall of the Orakau _pā_ in early April 1864 essentially brought the Waikato War to an end.

The last of the wars—known to the Europeans as “the fire in the fern” and to the Māori as _Te riri Pākehā_, “the white [man’s](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manchu) anger,”—was fought from 1864 to 1872. Hostilities spread to virtually the whole of North Island. The main Māori combatants in the mid-60s were the [fanatic](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/fanatic) [Hauhau](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hauhau) warriors. The British government wanted to conclude peace in 1864, but the colonial government, wishing to acquire more land, continued the war and assumed an increasing share of the fighting. In July 1865 Grey led the capture of Weroroa _pā_ in southern Taranaki. European and supporting Māori forces (increasingly numerous after 1864) checked each new effort by the King Movement tribes. From 1868 to 1872 the Hauhau were supplemented by members of a new warrior cult, [Ringatū](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ringatu), founded and led by a guerrilla leader, [Te Kooti](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Te-Kooti).