H. Weigmann. Kritischer Beitrag zur Theorie des internationalen ...
J. Lemberger; H. Weigmann. Kritischer Beitrag zur Theorie des internationalen Handels.; A. Sartoritjs Von Waltershausen. Weltwirtschaft und Weltanschauung.
H. Weigmann. Kritischer Beitrag zur Theorie des internationalen Handels.; A. Sartoritjs Von Waltershausen. Weltwirtschaft und Weltanschauung. \| The Economic Journal \| Oxford Academic[Skip to Main Content](#skipNav)

Advertisement

[![Oxford Academic](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oxford-academic-logo.svg)](/)

[Journals](/journals)

[Books](/books)

- [_Search Menu_](javascript:;)
- [![Information](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg)](/pages/information)
- [![Account](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg)](javascript:;)
- [_Menu_](javascript:;)
- [![Information](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg)](/pages/information)
- [![Account](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/account.svg)](javascript:;)
- [Sign in through your institution](javascript:;)


Navbar Search Filter
The Economic JournalThis issueEconomicsSocial SciencesBooksJournalsOxford Academic
Mobile Enter search term
[Search](javascript:;)

- [Issues](/ej/issue)
- [More content](javascript:;)  - [Advance articles](/ej/advance-articles)
  - [Featured articles](/ej/pages/featured)
  - [Virtual Issues](/ej/pages/virtual-issues)
  - [Prize-Winning Articles](https://academic.oup.com/ej/pages/prize-winning-articles)
- [JEL](javascript:;)  - [A - General Economics and Teaching](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in A - General Economics and Teaching](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A)
    - [A1 - General Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in A1 - General Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A1)
      - [A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A11)
      - [A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A12)
      - [A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A13)
  - [B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/B)
    - [B4 - Economic Methodology](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in B4 - Economic Methodology](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/B4)
      - [B41 - Economic Methodology](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/B41)
  - [C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C)
    - [C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C1)
      - [C10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C10)
      - [C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C11)
      - [C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C12)
      - [C13 - Estimation: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C13)
      - [C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C14)
      - [C18 - Methodological Issues: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C18)
    - [C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C2 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C2)
      - [C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C21)
      - [C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C22)
      - [C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C23)
      - [C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C26)
    - [C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C3)
      - [C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C31)
      - [C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C32)
      - [C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C33)
      - [C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C36)
    - [C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C4)
      - [C40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C40)
      - [C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C43)
      - [C44 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C44)
      - [C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C45)
      - [C49 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C49)
    - [C5 - Econometric Modeling](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C5 - Econometric Modeling](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C5)
      - [C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C52)
      - [C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C53)
      - [C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C55)
    - [C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C6)
      - [C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C61)
      - [C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C62)
      - [C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C63)
    - [C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C7)
      - [C70 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C70)
      - [C71 - Cooperative Games](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C71)
      - [C72 - Noncooperative Games](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C72)
      - [C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C73)
      - [C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C78)
    - [C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C8)
      - [C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C81)
    - [C9 - Design of Experiments](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in C9 - Design of Experiments](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C9)
      - [C90 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C90)
      - [C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C91)
      - [C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C92)
      - [C93 - Field Experiments](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C93)
      - [C99 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C99)
  - [D - Microeconomics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in D - Microeconomics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D)
    - [D0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D0)
      - [D00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D00)
      - [D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D01)
      - [D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D02)
      - [D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D03)
    - [D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D1)
      - [D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D11)
      - [D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D12)
      - [D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D13)
      - [D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D14)
      - [D15 - Intertemporal Household Choice: Life Cycle Models and Saving](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D15)
      - [D18 - Consumer Protection](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D18)
    - [D2 - Production and Organizations](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D2 - Production and Organizations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D2)
      - [D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D21)
      - [D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D22)
      - [D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D23)
      - [D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D24)
    - [D3 - Distribution](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D3 - Distribution](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D3)
      - [D30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D30)
      - [D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D31)
      - [D33 - Factor Income Distribution](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D33)
    - [D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D4)
      - [D40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D40)
      - [D42 - Monopoly](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D42)
      - [D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D43)
      - [D44 - Auctions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D44)
      - [D47 - Market Design](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D47)
    - [D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D5)
      - [D50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D50)
      - [D52 - Incomplete Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D52)
    - [D6 - Welfare Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D6 - Welfare Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D6)
      - [D60 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D60)
      - [D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D61)
      - [D62 - Externalities](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D62)
      - [D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D63)
      - [D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D64)
    - [D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D7)
      - [D70 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D70)
      - [D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D71)
      - [D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D72)
      - [D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D73)
      - [D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D74)
      - [D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D78)
    - [D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D8)
      - [D80 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D80)
      - [D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D81)
      - [D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D82)
      - [D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D83)
      - [D84 - Expectations; Speculations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D84)
      - [D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D85)
      - [D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D86)
      - [D87 - Neuroeconomics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D87)
      - [D89 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D89)
    - [D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D9)
      - [D90 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D90)
      - [D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D91)
      - [D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D92)
  - [E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E)
    - [E0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in E0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E0)
      - [E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E01)
      - [E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E02)
    - [E1 - General Aggregative Models](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in E1 - General Aggregative Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E1)
      - [E13 - Neoclassical](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E13)
    - [E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E2)
      - [E20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E20)
      - [E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E21)
      - [E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E22)
      - [E23 - Production](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E23)
      - [E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E24)
      - [E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E25)
      - [E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E26)
      - [E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E27)
    - [E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E3)
      - [E30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E30)
      - [E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E31)
      - [E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E32)
      - [E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E37)
    - [E4 - Money and Interest Rates](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in E4 - Money and Interest Rates](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E4)
      - [E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E43)
      - [E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E44)
    - [E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E5)
      - [E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E51)
      - [E52 - Monetary Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E52)
      - [E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E58)
    - [E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E6)
      - [E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E61)
      - [E62 - Fiscal Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E62)
      - [E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E63)
      - [E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E65)
  - [F - International Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in F - International Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F)
    - [F0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in F0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F0)
      - [F01 - Global Outlook](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F01)
      - [F02 - International Economic Order and Integration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F02)
    - [F1 - Trade](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in F1 - Trade](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F1)
      - [F10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F10)
      - [F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F11)
      - [F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F12)
      - [F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F13)
      - [F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F14)
      - [F15 - Economic Integration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F15)
      - [F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F16)
      - [F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F17)
    - [F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F2)
      - [F20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F20)
      - [F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F21)
      - [F22 - International Migration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F22)
      - [F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F23)
    - [F3 - International Finance](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in F3 - International Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F3)
      - [F31 - Foreign Exchange](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F31)
      - [F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F32)
      - [F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F33)
      - [F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F34)
      - [F35 - Foreign Aid](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F35)
    - [F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F4)
      - [F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F41)
      - [F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F42)
      - [F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F43)
      - [F45 - Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F45)
    - [F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F5)
      - [F50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F50)
      - [F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F51)
      - [F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F52)
      - [F55 - International Institutional Arrangements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F55)
    - [F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F6)
      - [F60 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F60)
      - [F61 - Microeconomic Impacts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F61)
      - [F66 - Labor](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F66)
      - [F68 - Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F68)
  - [G - Financial Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in G - Financial Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G)
    - [G0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in G0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G0)
      - [G01 - Financial Crises](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G01)
    - [G1 - General Financial Markets](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in G1 - General Financial Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G1)
      - [G10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G10)
      - [G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G11)
      - [G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G12)
      - [G15 - International Financial Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G15)
    - [G2 - Financial Institutions and Services](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in G2 - Financial Institutions and Services](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G2)
      - [G20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G20)
      - [G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G21)
      - [G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G24)
      - [G28 - Government Policy and Regulation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G28)
    - [G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G3)
      - [G30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G30)
      - [G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G31)
      - [G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G32)
      - [G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G33)
      - [G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G34)
    - [G4 - Behavioral Finance](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in G4 - Behavioral Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G4)
      - [G41 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G41)
    - [G5 - Household Finance](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in G5 - Household Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G5)
      - [G51 - Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G51)
      - [G53 - Financial Literacy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G53)
  - [H - Public Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in H - Public Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H)
    - [H0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H0)
      - [H00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H00)
    - [H1 - Structure and Scope of Government](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H1 - Structure and Scope of Government](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H1)
      - [H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H11)
      - [H12 - Crisis Management](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H12)
    - [H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H2)
      - [H20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H20)
      - [H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H21)
      - [H22 - Incidence](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H22)
      - [H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H23)
      - [H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H24)
      - [H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H25)
      - [H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H26)
    - [H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H3)
      - [H30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H30)
      - [H31 - Household](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H31)
      - [H32 - Firm](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H32)
    - [H4 - Publicly Provided Goods](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H4 - Publicly Provided Goods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H4)
      - [H41 - Public Goods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H41)
      - [H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H42)
      - [H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H44)
    - [H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H5)
      - [H50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H50)
      - [H51 - Government Expenditures and Health](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H51)
      - [H52 - Government Expenditures and Education](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H52)
      - [H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H53)
      - [H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H54)
      - [H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H55)
      - [H56 - National Security and War](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H56)
      - [H57 - Procurement](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H57)
    - [H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H6)
      - [H62 - Deficit; Surplus](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H62)
      - [H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H63)
      - [H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H68)
    - [H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H7)
      - [H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H71)
      - [H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H72)
      - [H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H75)
      - [H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H76)
      - [H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H77)
    - [H8 - Miscellaneous Issues](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in H8 - Miscellaneous Issues](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H8)
      - [H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H87)
  - [I - Health, Education, and Welfare](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in I - Health, Education, and Welfare](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I)
    - [I1 - Health](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in I1 - Health](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I1)
      - [I10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I10)
      - [I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I11)
      - [I12 - Health Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I12)
      - [I14 - Health and Inequality](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I14)
      - [I15 - Health and Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I15)
      - [I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I18)
      - [I19 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I19)
    - [I2 - Education and Research Institutions](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in I2 - Education and Research Institutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I2)
      - [I20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I20)
      - [I21 - Analysis of Education](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I21)
      - [I22 - Educational Finance; Financial Aid](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I22)
      - [I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I23)
      - [I24 - Education and Inequality](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I24)
      - [I25 - Education and Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I25)
      - [I26 - Returns to Education](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I26)
      - [I28 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I28)
    - [I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I3)
      - [I30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I30)
      - [I31 - General Welfare](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I31)
      - [I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I32)
      - [I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I38)
  - [J - Labor and Demographic Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in J - Labor and Demographic Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J)
    - [J0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J0)
      - [J00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J00)
      - [J01 - Labor Economics: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J01)
      - [J08 - Labor Economics Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J08)
    - [J1 - Demographic Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J1 - Demographic Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J1)
      - [J10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J10)
      - [J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J11)
      - [J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J12)
      - [J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J13)
      - [J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J14)
      - [J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J15)
      - [J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J16)
      - [J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J17)
      - [J18 - Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J18)
    - [J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J2)
      - [J20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J20)
      - [J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J21)
      - [J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J22)
      - [J23 - Labor Demand](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J23)
      - [J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J24)
      - [J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J26)
      - [J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J28)
    - [J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J3)
      - [J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J31)
      - [J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J32)
      - [J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J33)
      - [J38 - Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J38)
    - [J4 - Particular Labor Markets](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J4 - Particular Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J4)
      - [J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J42)
      - [J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J43)
      - [J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J45)
      - [J46 - Informal Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J46)
      - [J47 - Coercive Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J47)
    - [J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J5)
      - [J50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J50)
      - [J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J51)
      - [J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J53)
    - [J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J6)
      - [J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J61)
      - [J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J62)
      - [J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J63)
      - [J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J64)
      - [J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J65)
      - [J68 - Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J68)
    - [J7 - Labor Discrimination](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in J7 - Labor Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J7)
      - [J71 - Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J71)
  - [K - Law and Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in K - Law and Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K)
    - [K1 - Basic Areas of Law](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in K1 - Basic Areas of Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K1)
      - [K10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K10)
      - [K12 - Contract Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K12)
      - [K14 - Criminal Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K14)
    - [K2 - Regulation and Business Law](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in K2 - Regulation and Business Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K2)
      - [K21 - Antitrust Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K21)
    - [K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K3)
      - [K36 - Family and Personal Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K36)
    - [K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K4)
      - [K40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K40)
      - [K41 - Litigation Process](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K41)
      - [K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K42)
  - [L - Industrial Organization](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in L - Industrial Organization](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L)
    - [L0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L0)
      - [L00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L00)
    - [L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L1)
      - [L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L11)
      - [L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L12)
      - [L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L13)
      - [L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L14)
      - [L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L15)
      - [L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L16)
    - [L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L2)
      - [L20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L20)
      - [L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L22)
      - [L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L25)
      - [L26 - Entrepreneurship](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L26)
    - [L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L3)
      - [L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L31)
      - [L32 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L32)
      - [L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L33)
    - [L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L4)
      - [L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L41)
      - [L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L42)
      - [L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L44)
    - [L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L5)
      - [L51 - Economics of Regulation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L51)
      - [L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L52)
    - [L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L6)
      - [L60 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L60)
      - [L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L66)
      - [L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L67)
    - [L8 - Industry Studies: Services](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L8 - Industry Studies: Services](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L8)
      - [L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L81)
      - [L82 - Entertainment; Media](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L82)
      - [L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L83)
      - [L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L86)
    - [L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L9)
      - [L91 - Transportation: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L91)
      - [L94 - Electric Utilities](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L94)
      - [L96 - Telecommunications](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L96)
      - [L98 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L98)
  - [M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M)
    - [M1 - Business Administration](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in M1 - Business Administration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M1)
      - [M10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M10)
      - [M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M12)
      - [M13 - New Firms; Startups](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M13)
    - [M2 - Business Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in M2 - Business Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M2)
      - [M21 - Business Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M21)
    - [M3 - Marketing and Advertising](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in M3 - Marketing and Advertising](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M3)
      - [M30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M30)
      - [M31 - Marketing](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M31)
    - [M5 - Personnel Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in M5 - Personnel Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M5)
      - [M50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M50)
      - [M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M51)
      - [M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M52)
      - [M55 - Labor Contracting Devices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M55)
  - [N - Economic History](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in N - Economic History](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N)
    - [N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N1)
      - [N10 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N10)
      - [N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N12)
      - [N13 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N13)
      - [N14 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N14)
      - [N15 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N15)
    - [N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N2)
      - [N20 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N20)
      - [N23 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N23)
      - [N26 - Latin America; Caribbean](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N26)
    - [N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N3)
      - [N30 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N30)
      - [N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N32)
      - [N33 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N33)
      - [N34 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N34)
      - [N35 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N35)
    - [N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N4)
      - [N40 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N40)
      - [N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N41)
      - [N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N42)
      - [N43 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N43)
      - [N44 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N44)
      - [N45 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N45)
    - [N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N5)
      - [N50 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N50)
      - [N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N51)
      - [N53 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N53)
      - [N55 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N55)
      - [N57 - Africa; Oceania](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N57)
    - [N6 - Manufacturing and Construction](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N6 - Manufacturing and Construction](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N6)
      - [N63 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N63)
    - [N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N7)
      - [N70 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N70)
      - [N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N71)
      - [N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N72)
      - [N73 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N73)
      - [N75 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N75)
    - [N9 - Regional and Urban History](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in N9 - Regional and Urban History](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N9)
      - [N90 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N90)
      - [N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N92)
      - [N94 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N94)
      - [N95 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N95)
  - [O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O)
    - [O1 - Economic Development](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in O1 - Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O1)
      - [O10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O10)
      - [O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O11)
      - [O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O12)
      - [O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O13)
      - [O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O14)
      - [O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O15)
      - [O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O16)
      - [O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O17)
      - [O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O18)
      - [O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O19)
    - [O2 - Development Planning and Policy](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in O2 - Development Planning and Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O2)
      - [O22 - Project Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O22)
      - [O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O24)
      - [O25 - Industrial Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O25)
    - [O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O3)
      - [O30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O30)
      - [O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O31)
      - [O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O32)
      - [O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O33)
      - [O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O34)
      - [O38 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O38)
      - [O39 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O39)
    - [O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O4)
      - [O40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O40)
      - [O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O41)
      - [O43 - Institutions and Growth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O43)
      - [O44 - Environment and Growth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O44)
      - [O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O47)
    - [O5 - Economywide Country Studies](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in O5 - Economywide Country Studies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O5)
      - [O50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O50)
      - [O52 - Europe](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O52)
      - [O53 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O53)
      - [O55 - Africa](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O55)
  - [P - Economic Systems](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in P - Economic Systems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P)
    - [P0 - General](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in P0 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P0)
      - [P00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P00)
    - [P1 - Capitalist Systems](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in P1 - Capitalist Systems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P1)
      - [P10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P10)
      - [P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P11)
      - [P14 - Property Rights](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P14)
      - [P16 - Political Economy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P16)
    - [P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P2)
      - [P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P26)
    - [P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P3)
      - [P39 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P39)
    - [P4 - Other Economic Systems](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in P4 - Other Economic Systems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P4)
      - [P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P48)
    - [P5 - Comparative Economic Systems](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in P5 - Comparative Economic Systems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P5)
      - [P50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P50)
      - [P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P51)
  - [Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q)
    - [Q1 - Agriculture](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in Q1 - Agriculture](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q1)
      - [Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q12)
      - [Q14 - Agricultural Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q14)
      - [Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q15)
      - [Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q16)
      - [Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q17)
      - [Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q18)
    - [Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q2)
      - [Q23 - Forestry](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q23)
      - [Q28 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q28)
    - [Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q3)
      - [Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q32)
      - [Q33 - Resource Booms](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q33)
    - [Q4 - Energy](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in Q4 - Energy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q4)
      - [Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q41)
      - [Q48 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q48)
    - [Q5 - Environmental Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in Q5 - Environmental Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q5)
      - [Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q51)
      - [Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q52)
      - [Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q53)
      - [Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q54)
      - [Q55 - Technological Innovation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q55)
      - [Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q56)
      - [Q58 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q58)
  - [R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R)
    - [R1 - General Regional Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in R1 - General Regional Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R1)
      - [R10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R10)
      - [R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R11)
      - [R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R12)
      - [R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R13)
      - [R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R15)
    - [R2 - Household Analysis](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in R2 - Household Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R2)
      - [R21 - Housing Demand](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R21)
      - [R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R23)
    - [R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R3)
      - [R30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R30)
      - [R31 - Housing Supply and Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R31)
    - [R4 - Transportation Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in R4 - Transportation Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R4)
      - [R40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R40)
      - [R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R41)
    - [R5 - Regional Government Analysis](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in R5 - Regional Government Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R5)
      - [R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R52)
      - [R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R58)
  - [Z - Other Special Topics](javascript:;)    - [Browse content in Z - Other Special Topics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z)
    - [Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z1)
      - [Z10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z10)
      - [Z12 - Religion](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z12)
      - [Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z13)
      - [Z19 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z19)
    - [Z2 - Sports Economics](javascript:;)      - [Browse content in Z2 - Sports Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z2)
      - [Z20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z20)
- [Submit](javascript:;)  - [Author Guidelines](/ej/pages/General_Instructions)
  - [Submission Site](https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/e-editor/e-submit_v18.cgi?dbase=ej)
  - [Open Access](/ej/pages/General_Instructions)
  - [Self-Archiving Policy](https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_f)
  - [Why Submit](https://academic.oup.com/ej/pages/why-publish)
- [Purchase](/ej/subscribe)
- [About](javascript:;)  - [About The Economic Journal](/ej/pages/About)
  - [About the Royal Economic Society](http://www.res.org.uk/)
  - [Editorial Board](/ej/pages/Editorial_Board)
  - [Advertising and Corporate Services](http://www.oupmediainfo.com/)
  - [Alerts](https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/help/journal_alerts)
- [Journals on Oxford Academic](/journals)
- [Books on Oxford Academic](/books)

[![The Economic Journal](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/ej/ej_title-2086137116.svg)](/ej)

[![Royal Economic Society](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/ej/ej_h1-1698405733.svg)](http://www.res.org.uk/)

- [Issues](/ej/issue)
- [More content](javascript:;)  - [Advance articles](/ej/advance-articles)
  - [Featured articles](/ej/pages/featured)
  - [Virtual Issues](/ej/pages/virtual-issues)
  - [Prize-Winning Articles](https://academic.oup.com/ej/pages/prize-winning-articles)
- [JEL](javascript:;)


[All JEL](javascript:;) [Expand](javascript:;) [Expand](javascript:;)





[A - General Economics and\
\
Teaching](javascript:;)





[A1 - General\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A11)







[A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A12)







[A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/A13)











[B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox\
\
Approaches](javascript:;)





[B4 - Economic\
\
Methodology](javascript:;)





[B41 - Economic Methodology](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/B41)











[C - Mathematical and Quantitative\
\
Methods](javascript:;)





[C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology:\
\
General](javascript:;)





[C10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C10)







[C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C11)







[C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C12)







[C13 - Estimation: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C13)







[C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C14)







[C18 - Methodological Issues: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C18)









[C2 - Single Equation Models; Single\
\
Variables](javascript:;)





[C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C21)







[C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C22)







[C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C23)







[C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C26)









[C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple\
\
Variables](javascript:;)





[C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C31)







[C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C32)







[C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C33)







[C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C36)









[C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special\
\
Topics](javascript:;)





[C40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C40)







[C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C43)







[C44 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C44)







[C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C45)







[C49 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C49)









[C5 - Econometric\
\
Modeling](javascript:;)





[C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C52)







[C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C53)







[C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C55)









[C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation\
\
Modeling](javascript:;)





[C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C61)







[C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C62)







[C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C63)









[C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining\
\
Theory](javascript:;)





[C70 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C70)







[C71 - Cooperative Games](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C71)







[C72 - Noncooperative Games](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C72)







[C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C73)







[C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C78)









[C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer\
\
Programs](javascript:;)





[C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data; Data Access](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C81)









[C9 - Design of\
\
Experiments](javascript:;)





[C90 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C90)







[C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C91)







[C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C92)







[C93 - Field Experiments](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C93)







[C99 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/C99)











[D -\
\
Microeconomics](javascript:;)





[D0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[D00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D00)







[D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D01)







[D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D02)







[D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D03)









[D1 - Household Behavior and Family\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D11)







[D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D12)







[D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D13)







[D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D14)







[D15 - Intertemporal Household Choice: Life Cycle Models and Saving](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D15)







[D18 - Consumer Protection](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D18)









[D2 - Production and\
\
Organizations](javascript:;)





[D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D21)







[D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D22)







[D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D23)







[D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D24)









[D3 -\
\
Distribution](javascript:;)





[D30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D30)







[D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D31)







[D33 - Factor Income Distribution](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D33)









[D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and\
\
Design](javascript:;)





[D40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D40)







[D42 - Monopoly](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D42)







[D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D43)







[D44 - Auctions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D44)







[D47 - Market Design](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D47)









[D5 - General Equilibrium and\
\
Disequilibrium](javascript:;)





[D50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D50)







[D52 - Incomplete Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D52)









[D6 - Welfare\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[D60 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D60)







[D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D61)







[D62 - Externalities](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D62)







[D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D63)







[D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D64)









[D7 - Analysis of Collective\
\
Decision-Making](javascript:;)





[D70 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D70)







[D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D71)







[D72 - Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D72)







[D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D73)







[D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D74)







[D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D78)









[D8 - Information, Knowledge, and\
\
Uncertainty](javascript:;)





[D80 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D80)







[D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D81)







[D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D82)







[D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D83)







[D84 - Expectations; Speculations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D84)







[D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D85)







[D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D86)







[D87 - Neuroeconomics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D87)







[D89 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D89)









[D9 - Micro-Based Behavioral\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[D90 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D90)







[D91 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D91)







[D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/D92)











[E - Macroeconomics and Monetary\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[E0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E01)







[E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E02)









[E1 - General Aggregative\
\
Models](javascript:;)





[E13 - Neoclassical](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E13)









[E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal\
\
Economy](javascript:;)





[E20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E20)







[E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E21)







[E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E22)







[E23 - Production](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E23)







[E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E24)







[E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E25)







[E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E26)







[E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E27)









[E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and\
\
Cycles](javascript:;)





[E30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E30)







[E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E31)







[E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E32)







[E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E37)









[E4 - Money and Interest\
\
Rates](javascript:;)





[E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E43)







[E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E44)









[E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and\
\
Credit](javascript:;)





[E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E51)







[E52 - Monetary Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E52)







[E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E58)









[E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General\
\
Outlook](javascript:;)





[E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E61)







[E62 - Fiscal Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E62)







[E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E63)







[E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/E65)











[F - International\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[F0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[F01 - Global Outlook](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F01)







[F02 - International Economic Order and Integration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F02)









[F1 -\
\
Trade](javascript:;)





[F10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F10)







[F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F11)







[F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F12)







[F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F13)







[F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F14)







[F15 - Economic Integration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F15)







[F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F16)







[F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F17)









[F2 - International Factor Movements and International\
\
Business](javascript:;)





[F20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F20)







[F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F21)







[F22 - International Migration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F22)







[F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F23)









[F3 - International\
\
Finance](javascript:;)





[F31 - Foreign Exchange](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F31)







[F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F32)







[F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F33)







[F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F34)







[F35 - Foreign Aid](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F35)









[F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and\
\
Finance](javascript:;)





[F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F41)







[F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F42)







[F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F43)







[F45 - Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F45)









[F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political\
\
Economy](javascript:;)





[F50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F50)







[F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F51)







[F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F52)







[F55 - International Institutional Arrangements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F55)









[F6 - Economic Impacts of\
\
Globalization](javascript:;)





[F60 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F60)







[F61 - Microeconomic Impacts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F61)







[F66 - Labor](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F66)







[F68 - Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/F68)











[G - Financial\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[G0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[G01 - Financial Crises](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G01)









[G1 - General Financial\
\
Markets](javascript:;)





[G10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G10)







[G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G11)







[G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G12)







[G15 - International Financial Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G15)









[G2 - Financial Institutions and\
\
Services](javascript:;)





[G20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G20)







[G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G21)







[G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G24)







[G28 - Government Policy and Regulation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G28)









[G3 - Corporate Finance and\
\
Governance](javascript:;)





[G30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G30)







[G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G31)







[G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G32)







[G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G33)







[G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G34)









[G4 - Behavioral\
\
Finance](javascript:;)





[G41 - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G41)









[G5 - Household\
\
Finance](javascript:;)





[G51 - Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G51)







[G53 - Financial Literacy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/G53)











[H - Public\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[H0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[H00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H00)









[H1 - Structure and Scope of\
\
Government](javascript:;)





[H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H11)







[H12 - Crisis Management](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H12)









[H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and\
\
Revenue](javascript:;)





[H20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H20)







[H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H21)







[H22 - Incidence](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H22)







[H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H23)







[H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H24)







[H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H25)







[H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H26)









[H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic\
\
Agents](javascript:;)





[H30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H30)







[H31 - Household](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H31)







[H32 - Firm](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H32)









[H4 - Publicly Provided\
\
Goods](javascript:;)





[H41 - Public Goods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H41)







[H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H42)







[H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H44)









[H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related\
\
Policies](javascript:;)





[H50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H50)







[H51 - Government Expenditures and Health](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H51)







[H52 - Government Expenditures and Education](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H52)







[H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H53)







[H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H54)







[H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H55)







[H56 - National Security and War](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H56)







[H57 - Procurement](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H57)









[H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and\
\
Debt](javascript:;)





[H62 - Deficit; Surplus](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H62)







[H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H63)







[H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H68)









[H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental\
\
Relations](javascript:;)





[H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H71)







[H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H72)







[H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H75)







[H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H76)







[H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H77)









[H8 - Miscellaneous\
\
Issues](javascript:;)





[H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/H87)











[I - Health, Education, and\
\
Welfare](javascript:;)





[I1 -\
\
Health](javascript:;)





[I10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I10)







[I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I11)







[I12 - Health Behavior](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I12)







[I14 - Health and Inequality](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I14)







[I15 - Health and Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I15)







[I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I18)







[I19 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I19)









[I2 - Education and Research\
\
Institutions](javascript:;)





[I20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I20)







[I21 - Analysis of Education](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I21)







[I22 - Educational Finance; Financial Aid](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I22)







[I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I23)







[I24 - Education and Inequality](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I24)







[I25 - Education and Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I25)







[I26 - Returns to Education](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I26)







[I28 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I28)









[I3 - Welfare, Well-Being, and\
\
Poverty](javascript:;)





[I30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I30)







[I31 - General Welfare](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I31)







[I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I32)







[I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/I38)











[J - Labor and Demographic\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[J0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[J00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J00)







[J01 - Labor Economics: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J01)







[J08 - Labor Economics Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J08)









[J1 - Demographic\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[J10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J10)







[J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J11)







[J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J12)







[J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J13)







[J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J14)







[J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J15)







[J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J16)







[J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J17)







[J18 - Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J18)









[J2 - Demand and Supply of\
\
Labor](javascript:;)





[J20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J20)







[J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J21)







[J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J22)







[J23 - Labor Demand](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J23)







[J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J24)







[J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J26)







[J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J28)









[J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor\
\
Costs](javascript:;)





[J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J31)







[J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J32)







[J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J33)







[J38 - Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J38)









[J4 - Particular Labor\
\
Markets](javascript:;)





[J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J42)







[J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J43)







[J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J45)







[J46 - Informal Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J46)







[J47 - Coercive Labor Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J47)









[J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective\
\
Bargaining](javascript:;)





[J50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J50)







[J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J51)







[J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J53)









[J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant\
\
Workers](javascript:;)





[J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J61)







[J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J62)







[J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J63)







[J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J64)







[J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J65)







[J68 - Public Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J68)









[J7 - Labor\
\
Discrimination](javascript:;)





[J71 - Discrimination](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/J71)











[K - Law and\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[K1 - Basic Areas of\
\
Law](javascript:;)





[K10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K10)







[K12 - Contract Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K12)







[K14 - Criminal Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K14)









[K2 - Regulation and Business\
\
Law](javascript:;)





[K21 - Antitrust Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K21)









[K3 - Other Substantive Areas of\
\
Law](javascript:;)





[K36 - Family and Personal Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K36)









[K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal\
\
Behavior](javascript:;)





[K40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K40)







[K41 - Litigation Process](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K41)







[K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/K42)











[L - Industrial\
\
Organization](javascript:;)





[L0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[L00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L00)









[L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market\
\
Performance](javascript:;)





[L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L11)







[L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L12)







[L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L13)







[L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L14)







[L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L15)







[L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L16)









[L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and\
\
Behavior](javascript:;)





[L20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L20)







[L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L22)







[L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L25)







[L26 - Entrepreneurship](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L26)









[L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public\
\
Enterprise](javascript:;)





[L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L31)







[L32 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L32)







[L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L33)









[L4 - Antitrust Issues and\
\
Policies](javascript:;)





[L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L41)







[L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L42)







[L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L44)









[L5 - Regulation and Industrial\
\
Policy](javascript:;)





[L51 - Economics of Regulation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L51)







[L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L52)









[L6 - Industry Studies:\
\
Manufacturing](javascript:;)





[L60 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L60)







[L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L66)







[L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L67)









[L8 - Industry Studies:\
\
Services](javascript:;)





[L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L81)







[L82 - Entertainment; Media](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L82)







[L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L83)







[L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L86)









[L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and\
\
Utilities](javascript:;)





[L91 - Transportation: General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L91)







[L94 - Electric Utilities](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L94)







[L96 - Telecommunications](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L96)







[L98 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/L98)











[M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[M1 - Business\
\
Administration](javascript:;)





[M10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M10)







[M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M12)







[M13 - New Firms; Startups](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M13)









[M2 - Business\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[M21 - Business Economics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M21)









[M3 - Marketing and\
\
Advertising](javascript:;)





[M30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M30)







[M31 - Marketing](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M31)









[M5 - Personnel\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[M50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M50)







[M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M51)







[M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M52)







[M55 - Labor Contracting Devices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/M55)











[N - Economic\
\
History](javascript:;)





[N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth;\
\
Fluctuations](javascript:;)





[N10 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N10)







[N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N12)







[N13 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N13)







[N14 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N14)







[N15 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N15)









[N2 - Financial Markets and\
\
Institutions](javascript:;)





[N20 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N20)







[N23 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N23)







[N26 - Latin America; Caribbean](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N26)









[N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and\
\
Philanthropy](javascript:;)





[N30 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N30)







[N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N32)







[N33 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N33)







[N34 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N34)







[N35 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N35)









[N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and\
\
Regulation](javascript:;)





[N40 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N40)







[N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N41)







[N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N42)







[N43 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N43)







[N44 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N44)







[N45 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N45)









[N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive\
\
Industries](javascript:;)





[N50 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N50)







[N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N51)







[N53 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N53)







[N55 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N55)







[N57 - Africa; Oceania](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N57)









[N6 - Manufacturing and\
\
Construction](javascript:;)





[N63 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N63)









[N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other\
\
Services](javascript:;)





[N70 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N70)







[N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N71)







[N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N72)







[N73 - Europe: Pre-1913](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N73)







[N75 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N75)









[N9 - Regional and Urban\
\
History](javascript:;)





[N90 - General, International, or Comparative](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N90)







[N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N92)







[N94 - Europe: 1913-](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N94)







[N95 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/N95)











[O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and\
\
Growth](javascript:;)





[O1 - Economic\
\
Development](javascript:;)





[O10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O10)







[O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O11)







[O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O12)







[O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O13)







[O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O14)







[O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O15)







[O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O16)







[O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O17)







[O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O18)







[O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O19)









[O2 - Development Planning and\
\
Policy](javascript:;)





[O22 - Project Analysis](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O22)







[O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O24)







[O25 - Industrial Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O25)









[O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property\
\
Rights](javascript:;)





[O30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O30)







[O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O31)







[O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O32)







[O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O33)







[O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O34)







[O38 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O38)







[O39 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O39)









[O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate\
\
Productivity](javascript:;)





[O40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O40)







[O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O41)







[O43 - Institutions and Growth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O43)







[O44 - Environment and Growth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O44)







[O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O47)









[O5 - Economywide Country\
\
Studies](javascript:;)





[O50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O50)







[O52 - Europe](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O52)







[O53 - Asia including Middle East](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O53)







[O55 - Africa](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/O55)











[P - Economic\
\
Systems](javascript:;)





[P0 -\
\
General](javascript:;)





[P00 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P00)









[P1 - Capitalist\
\
Systems](javascript:;)





[P10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P10)







[P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P11)







[P14 - Property Rights](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P14)







[P16 - Political Economy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P16)









[P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional\
\
Economies](javascript:;)





[P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P26)









[P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their\
\
Transitions](javascript:;)





[P39 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P39)









[P4 - Other Economic\
\
Systems](javascript:;)





[P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P48)









[P5 - Comparative Economic\
\
Systems](javascript:;)





[P50 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P50)







[P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/P51)











[Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[Q1 -\
\
Agriculture](javascript:;)





[Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q12)







[Q14 - Agricultural Finance](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q14)







[Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q15)







[Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q16)







[Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q17)







[Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q18)









[Q2 - Renewable Resources and\
\
Conservation](javascript:;)





[Q23 - Forestry](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q23)







[Q28 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q28)









[Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and\
\
Conservation](javascript:;)





[Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q32)







[Q33 - Resource Booms](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q33)









[Q4 -\
\
Energy](javascript:;)





[Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q41)







[Q48 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q48)









[Q5 - Environmental\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q51)







[Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q52)







[Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q53)







[Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q54)







[Q55 - Technological Innovation](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q55)







[Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q56)







[Q58 - Government Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Q58)











[R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[R1 - General Regional\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[R10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R10)







[R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R11)







[R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R12)







[R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R13)







[R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R15)









[R2 - Household\
\
Analysis](javascript:;)





[R21 - Housing Demand](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R21)







[R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R23)









[R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm\
\
Location](javascript:;)





[R30 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R30)







[R31 - Housing Supply and Markets](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R31)









[R4 - Transportation\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[R40 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R40)







[R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R41)









[R5 - Regional Government\
\
Analysis](javascript:;)





[R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R52)







[R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/R58)











[Z - Other Special\
\
Topics](javascript:;)





[Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic\
\
Anthropology](javascript:;)





[Z10 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z10)







[Z12 - Religion](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z12)







[Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z13)







[Z19 - Other](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z19)









[Z2 - Sports\
\
Economics](javascript:;)





[Z20 - General](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=JEL/Z20)













[Browse all content](/ej/search-results) [Browse content in](/ej/search-results?q=&tax=)

- [Submit](javascript:;)  - [Author Guidelines](/ej/pages/General_Instructions)
  - [Submission Site](https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/e-editor/e-submit_v18.cgi?dbase=ej)
  - [Open Access](/ej/pages/General_Instructions)
  - [Self-Archiving Policy](https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_f)
  - [Why Submit](https://academic.oup.com/ej/pages/why-publish)
- [Purchase](/ej/subscribe)
- [About](javascript:;)  - [About The Economic Journal](/ej/pages/About)
  - [About the Royal Economic Society](http://www.res.org.uk/)
  - [Editorial Board](/ej/pages/Editorial_Board)
  - [Advertising and Corporate Services](http://www.oupmediainfo.com/)
  - [Alerts](https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/help/journal_alerts)

[Close](javascript:;)

Navbar Search Filter
The Economic JournalThis issueEconomicsSocial SciencesBooksJournalsOxford Academic
Enter search term
[Search](javascript:;)

[Advanced Search](/ej/advanced-search)

[Search Menu](javascript:;)

Article Navigation

Close mobile search navigation

Article Navigation

[![Issue Cover](https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/ej/Issue/37/148/2/m_cover.gif?Expires=1729013079&Signature=IPhZ9uDN7LfQExpwOFJTXPWgfHeYwXecWfZAnH0JdCmudMmyKLbuf-P37Nv5Wx4gn3OtbWpDcKDMZn7K9~vzWVFlU4cZWxBG0cdvOJ3Zs8GKDNZDec90ZTPct6foWXf2IExpEQ7~LTIU1nTwr4XicV~2YBCldIkoqLDuOraK9aZd0hBoZnjqJzswNFX~SgrO~e6vS3osIR3eeAnOqvbH5s44rNRBklujBAJjLD~aunAd0OIBhZdcb0UymBYV3lJrev-j3sRnHy4p1FE39oQ2xTjpyY4MgiEIhPZJv2q9bwt6KGvyuiFfG5t9M4vH-yIU65w8tPH59Eg0UP2cOBpBug__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)\
\
Volume 37\
\
Issue 148\
\
1 September 1927](/ej/issue/37/148)

- [< Previous](/ej/article/37/148/597/5283131)
- [Next >](/ej/article/37/148/601/5283177)

Article Navigation


Article Navigation


Journal Article

# H. Weigmann. _Kritischer Beitrag zur Theorie des internationalen Handels._; A. Sartoritjs Von Waltershausen. _Weltwirtschaft und Weltanschauung._

[Get access![Arrow](/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg)](#no-access-message)

_Kritischer Beitrag zur Theorie des internationalen Handels_.

By Dr. H. Weigmann. (

Jena

:

Gustav Fischer

.

1926

. Pp.

82

.)

_Weltwirtschaft und Weltanschauung_.

By A. Sartorius Von Waltershausen. (

Jena

:

Gustav Fischer

.

1927

. Pp.

172

.)

J. Lemberger

J. Lemberger

Search for other works by this author on:


[Oxford Academic](/ej/search-results?f_Authors=J.+Lemberger)

[Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Lemberger J.%22)

_The Economic Journal_, Volume 37, Issue 148, 1 September 1927, Pages 599–600, [https://doi.org/10.2307/2223591](https://doi.org/10.2307/2223591)

Published:

01 December 1927

- [Views](javascript:;)



  - [Article contents](javascript:;)
  - [Figures & tables](javascript:;)
  - [Video](javascript:;)
  - [Audio](javascript:;)
  - [Supplementary Data](javascript:;)
- Cite



### Cite





J. Lemberger, H. Weigmann. _Kritischer Beitrag zur Theorie des internationalen Handels._; A. Sartoritjs Von Waltershausen. _Weltwirtschaft und Weltanschauung._, _The Economic Journal_, Volume 37, Issue 148, 1 September 1927, Pages 599–600, [https://doi.org/10.2307/2223591](https://doi.org/10.2307/2223591)





Select FormatSelect format.ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero).enw (EndNote).bibtex (BibTex).txt (Medlars, RefWorks)Download citation

[Close](javascript:;)

- [_Permissions Icon_\
Permissions](https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=OUP&publication=1468-0297&title=H.%20Weigmann.%20%26lt%3Bem%26gt%3BKritischer%20Beitrag%20zur%20Theorie%20des%20internationalen%20Handels.%26lt%3B%2Fem%26gt%3B%3B%20A.%20Sartoritjs%20Von%20Waltershausen.%20%26lt%3Bem%26gt%3BWeltwirtschaft%20und%20Weltanschauung.%26lt%3B%2Fem%26gt%3B&publicationDate=1927-12-01&volumeNum=37&issueNum=148&author=Lemberger%2C%20J.&startPage=599&endPage=600&contentId=10.2307%2F2223591&oa=&copyright=The%20Economic%20Journal%20%C2%A9%201927%20Royal%20Economic%20Society&orderBeanReset=True)

- [_Share Icon_Share](javascript:;)  - [Facebook](javascript:;)
  - [Twitter](javascript:;)
  - [LinkedIn](javascript:;)
  - [Email](javascript:;)

Navbar Search Filter
The Economic JournalThis issueEconomicsSocial SciencesBooksJournalsOxford Academic
Mobile Enter search term
[Search](javascript:;)

[Close](javascript:;)

Navbar Search Filter
The Economic JournalThis issueEconomicsSocial SciencesBooksJournalsOxford Academic
Enter search term
[Search](javascript:;)

[Advanced Search](/ej/advanced-search)

[Search Menu](javascript:;)

### Article PDF first page preview

![Article PDF first page preview](https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/ej/37/148/10.2307_2223591/3/ej0599.pdf.gif?Expires=1729013080&Signature=ety1D1mrYAmu5vNfsIHgNuM~u~D4l0ULESs~pjGvjtIDnry5fi7a4skhrf-ENCC6TYW5YYdztMkLqIpb2aNG03PW5lJfXCGC4njozH~guFjJKVNowcs9RZtXx-Xrn7lBudOK3dIeA3-E88f-Vh23Zq4n2EuJduzXGpZ4STm1i9Iy-xduPJXgGYf9fci~xQx6Ke3wcNYp-ZoqHqvT92D~OSymjlWhGRTyIYBzHAMQZZP~OSrEkkjaZMYQDxKwv-7TO-bdMyRkf2AZRMUhTMbJHWXZy~z1xyVMPUl1tf3z4aY~zjAjnC2MLX5NpRS2-gqktc7xeWSHjyVi4xuLlETazg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)

![Article PDF first page preview](https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/ej/37/148/10.2307_2223591/3/ej0599.pdf.gif?Expires=1729013080&Signature=ety1D1mrYAmu5vNfsIHgNuM~u~D4l0ULESs~pjGvjtIDnry5fi7a4skhrf-ENCC6TYW5YYdztMkLqIpb2aNG03PW5lJfXCGC4njozH~guFjJKVNowcs9RZtXx-Xrn7lBudOK3dIeA3-E88f-Vh23Zq4n2EuJduzXGpZ4STm1i9Iy-xduPJXgGYf9fci~xQx6Ke3wcNYp-ZoqHqvT92D~OSymjlWhGRTyIYBzHAMQZZP~OSrEkkjaZMYQDxKwv-7TO-bdMyRkf2AZRMUhTMbJHWXZy~z1xyVMPUl1tf3z4aY~zjAjnC2MLX5NpRS2-gqktc7xeWSHjyVi4xuLlETazg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)[Close](javascript:;)

This content is only available as a PDF.


The Economic Journal © 1927 Royal Economic Society

Issue Section:

[Reviews](/ej/search-results?f_TocHeadingTitleList=Reviews)

You do not currently have access to this article.


[Download all slides](/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=&PPTtype=SlideSet&ar=5283166&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&siteId=6182)

## Sign in

[![Information](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg)Get help with access](javascript:;)

- [![Royal Economic Society](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssetsOriginals/Live/Images/ej/ej_soc_auth1.svg)](https://portal.res.org.uk/account/login?ReturnUrl=%node:current_encoded_url)


### Royal Economic Society members

[Sign in through society site![Arrow](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg)](https://portal.res.org.uk/account/login?ReturnUrl=%node:current_encoded_url)


### Personal account

- Sign in with email/username & password
- Get email alerts
- Save searches
- Purchase content
- Activate your purchase/trial code
- Add your ORCID iD

[Sign in![Arrow](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/chevron-right-white.svg)](javascript:;) [Register](/my-account/register?siteId=6182&returnUrl=http%3a%2f%2facademic.oup.com%2fej%2farticle-abstract%2f37%2f148%2f599%2f5283166)

### Institutional access

[Sign in through your institution](javascript:;)

[Sign in through your institution](javascript:;)

2. [Sign in with a library card](javascript:;)
3. [Sign in with username/password](javascript:;)
4. [Recommend to your librarian](/pages/get-help-with-access/recommend-to-your-librarian?journal=ej)

### Institutional account management

[Sign in as administrator](javascript:)

## Get help with access

### Institutional access

Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:


#### IP based access

Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.


#### Sign in through your institution

Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutionâ€™s website and Oxford Academic.


1. Click Sign in through your institution.
2. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
3. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
4. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutionâ€™s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.


#### Sign in with a library card

Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.


### Society Members

Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:


#### Sign in through society site

Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see â€˜Sign in through society siteâ€™ in the sign in pane within a journal:


1. Click Sign in through society site.
2. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
3. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.


#### Sign in using a personal account

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.


### Personal account

A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.


Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.


### Viewing your signed in accounts

Click the account icon in the top right to:


- View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
- View the institutional accounts that are providing access.

### Signed in but can't access content

Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.


### Institutional account management

For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.


Close access help modal

## Purchase

[Subscription prices and ordering for this journal](/ej/Subscribe/CurrentYear)

[Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic](/pages/purchasing)

### Short-term Access

To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above.


Don't already have a personal account? [Register](https://academic.oup.com/my-account/register?siteId=6182&returnUrl=https://academic.oup.com%2fej%2farticle-abstract%2f37%2f148%2f599%2f5283166)

H. Weigmann. _Kritischer Beitrag zur Theorie des internationalen Handels._; A. Sartoritjs Von Waltershausen. _Weltwirtschaft und Weltanschauung._ \- 24 Hours access


EUR €51.00


GBP £44.00


USD $55.00


### Rental

[![Read this now at DeepDyve](https://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/deepdyve-link-button.svg)](https://www.deepdyve.com/doc-view?docId=10.2307/2223591&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=OUP)

This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve.


Advertisement

### Citations

### Views

2

### Altmetric

[![Information](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/i.svg)More metrics information](javascript:;)

Metrics

Total Views2

0Pageviews

2PDF Downloads

Since 2/1/2022

Month:Total Views:February 20221May 20231

Citations

Powered by Dimensions

Altmetrics

×

### Email alerts

[Article activity alert](javascript:;)

[Advance article alerts](javascript:;)

[New issue alert](javascript:;)

[JEL classification alert](javascript:;)

[Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic](javascript:;)

[Close](javascript:;)

### Citing articles via

[Google Scholar](http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=link:https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fej%2Farticle%2F37%2F148%2F599%2F5283166)

- ### [Latest](javascript:;)

- ### [Most Read](javascript:;)

- ### [Most Cited](javascript:;)


[Technology Adoption, Mortality, and Population Dynamics](/ej/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ej/ueae079/7754159?searchresult=1)

[Healthcare Appointments as Commitment Devices](/ej/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ej/ueae077/7731128?searchresult=1)

[House prices and misallocation: the impact of the collateral channel on productivity](/ej/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ej/ueae075/7724401?searchresult=1)

[Trading stocks builds financial confidence and compresses the gender gap](/ej/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ej/ueae076/7724400?searchresult=1)

[Unpacking Social Capital](/ej/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ej/ueae074/7720537?searchresult=1)

More from Oxford Academic

[Economics](/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SOC00720)

[Social Sciences](/search-results?tax=AcademicSubjects/SOC00010)

[Books](/books)

[Journals](/journals)

Advertisement

Advertisement

close advertisement

Advertisement

- [About The Economic Journal](/ej/pages/About)
- [Editorial Board](/ej/pages/Editorial_Board)
- [Author Guidelines](/ej/pages/General_Instructions)
- [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/OUPAcademic)
- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/OUPEconomics)

- [Purchase](https://academic.oup.com/ej/pages/purchase)
- [Recommend to your Librarian](http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/library-recommendation-form.html)
- [Advertising and Corporate Services](http://www.oupmediainfo.com/)

[![The Economic Journal](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/data/SiteBuilderAssets/Live/Images/ej/ej_f11877042636.svg)](http://academic.oup.com/ej)

- Online ISSN 1468-0297
- Print ISSN 0013-0133
- Copyright © 2024 Royal Economic Society

- [About Oxford Academic](/pages/about-oxford-academic)
- [Publish journals with us](/pages/about-oxford-academic/publish-journals-with-us)
- [University press partners](/pages/about-oxford-academic/our-university-press-partners)
- [What we publish](/pages/what-we-publish)
- [New features](/pages/new-features)

- [Authoring](/pages/authoring)
- [Open access](/pages/open-research/open-access)
- [Purchasing](/pages/purchasing)
- [Institutional account management](/pages/institutional-account-management)
- [Rights and permissions](https://academic.oup.com/pages/purchasing/rights-and-permissions)

- [Get help with access](/pages/get-help-with-access)
- [Accessibility](/pages/about-oxford-academic/accessibility)
- [Contact us](/pages/contact-us)
- [Advertising](/pages/advertising)
- [Media enquiries](/pages/media-enquiries)

- [Oxford University Press](https://global.oup.com/)
- [News](https://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/oxford-university-press)
- [Oxford Languages](https://languages.oup.com/)
- [University of Oxford](https://www.ox.ac.uk/)

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

![Oxford University Press](//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/umbrella/oup-logo.svg)

- Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
- Cookie settings
- [Cookie policy](https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy)
- [Privacy policy](https://global.oup.com/privacy)
- [Legal notice](/pages/legal-and-policy/legal-notice)

[Close](javascript:;)

[_Close_](javascript:;)

##### This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

[Sign In](/sign-in) or [Create an Account](/my-account/register?siteId=6182&returnUrl=%2fej%2farticle-abstract%2f37%2f148%2f599%2f5283166)

[Close](javascript:;)

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

View Article Abstract & Purchase Options

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

[Close](javascript:;)