Chatbot - Wikipedia
Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural ...
Chatbot - Wikipedia[Jump to content](#bodyContent)

Main menu

Main menu

move to sidebarhide

Navigation


- [Main page](/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]")
- [Contents](/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia")
- [Current events](/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events")
- [Random article](/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]")
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works")
- [Contact us](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia")
- [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en "Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation")

Contribute


- [Help](/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia")
- [Learn to edit](/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia")
- [Community portal](/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors")
- [Recent changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia")

[![](/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png)![Wikipedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg)![The Free Encyclopedia](/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](/wiki/Main_Page)

[Search](/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]")

Search

Appearance

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chatbot "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chatbot "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Personal tools

- [Create account](/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chatbot "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory")
- [Log in](/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chatbot "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]")

Pages for logged out editors [learn more](/wiki/Help:Introduction)

- [Contributions](/wiki/Special:MyContributions "A list of edits made from this IP address [y]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Special:MyTalk "Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]")

## Contents

move to sidebarhide

- (Top)

- [1Background](#Background)
- [2Development](#Development)
- [3Application](#Application)Toggle Application subsection  - [3.1Messaging apps](#Messaging_apps)    - [3.1.1As part of company apps and websites](#As_part_of_company_apps_and_websites)
    - [3.1.2Chatbot sequences](#Chatbot_sequences)
  - [3.2Company internal platforms](#Company_internal_platforms)
  - [3.3Customer service](#Customer_service)
  - [3.4Healthcare](#Healthcare)
  - [3.5Politics](#Politics)
  - [3.6Government](#Government)
  - [3.7Toys](#Toys)
  - [3.8Malicious use](#Malicious_use)
  - [3.9Data security](#Data_security)
- [4Limitations of chatbots](#Limitations_of_chatbots)
- [5Chatbots and jobs](#Chatbots_and_jobs)
- [6See also](#See_also)
- [7References](#References)
- [8Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [9External links](#External_links)

Toggle the table of contents

# Chatbot

66 languages

- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kletsbot "Kletsbot – Afrikaans")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A9 "بوت دردشة – Arabic")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atbot "Çatbot – Azerbaijani")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9F "চ্যাটবট – Bangla")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khai-k%C3%A1ng_ke-kh%C3%AC-l%C3%A2ng "Khai-káng ke-khì-lâng – Minnan")
- [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F "चैटबॉट – Bhojpuri")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82 "Чатбот – Bulgarian")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Bavarian")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cet-bot "Čet-bot – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot_de_conversa "Bot de conversa – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juturobot "Juturobot – Estonian")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot_conversacional "Bot conversacional – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babilroboto "Babilroboto – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txatbot "Txatbot – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA "چت‌بات – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – French")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%97%EB%B4%87 "챗봇 – Korean")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BF "Չատբոտ – Armenian")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Croatian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot_percakapan "Bot percakapan – Indonesian")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiqavithi "Isiqavithi – Zulu")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spjallmenni "Spjallmenni – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_bot "Chat bot – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%98%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98 "צ'אטבוט – Hebrew")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D "ಚಾಟ್‌ಬಾಟ್ – Kannada")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Swahili")
- [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82 "Чат бот – Kyrgyz")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarunbots "Sarunbots – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokalbi%C5%B3_robotas "Pokalbių robotas – Lithuanian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Hungarian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA "Виртуелен соговорник – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D "ചാറ്റ്ബോട്ട് – Malayalam")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%83%88 "チャットボット – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtalerobot "Samtalerobot – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Uzbek")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F "ਚੈਟਬੋਟ – Punjabi")
- [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Papiamento")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbot "Chatterbot – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Romanian")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimanakuy_punqu "Rimanakuy punqu – Quechua")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA "Виртуальный собеседник – Russian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatboti "Chatboti – Albanian")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot_pi_ciaccirari "Bot pi ciaccirari – Sicilian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatterbot "Chatterbot – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konverza%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_robot "Konverzačný robot – Slovak")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%AA "چاتبۆت – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82 "Чет-бот – Serbian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskustelubotti "Keskustelubotti – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textrobot "Textrobot – Swedish")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D) "அரட்டை இயலி (மென்பொருள்) – Tamil")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D "చాట్‌బాట్ – Telugu")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2 "จักรกลสนทนา – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohbet_botu "Sohbet botu – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82 "Чат-бот – Ukrainian")
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AD%DA%86%D9%89 "پاراڭچى – Uyghur")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot "Chatbot – Vietnamese")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA "聊天机器人 – Wu")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E5%81%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA "傾偈機械人 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA "聊天機器人 – Chinese")

[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q870780#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")

- [Article](/wiki/Chatbot "View the content page [c]")
- [Talk](/wiki/Talk:Chatbot "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]")

English

- [Read](/wiki/Chatbot)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]")

Tools

Tools

move to sidebarhide

Actions


- [Read](/wiki/Chatbot)
- [Edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit "Edit this page [e]")
- [View history](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=history)

General


- [What links here](/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chatbot "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
- [Related changes](/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chatbot "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]")
- [Upload file](/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]")
- [Special pages](/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]")
- [Permanent link](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&oldid=1242606084 "Permanent link to this revision of this page")
- [Page information](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=info "More information about this page")
- [Cite this page](/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chatbot&id=1242606084&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page")
- [Get shortened URL](/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChatbot)
- [Download QR code](/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChatbot)
- [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q870780 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]")

Print/export


- [Download as PDF](/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chatbot&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file")
- [Printable version](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]")

In other projects


- [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chatbots)
- [Wikibooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conversational_bots)

Appearance

move to sidebarhide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Program that simulates conversation

For the bot-creation software, see [ChatBot](/wiki/ChatBot "ChatBot"). For bots on Internet Relay Chat, see [IRC bot](/wiki/IRC_bot "IRC bot").

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png)

Parts of this article (those related to everything, particularly sections after the intro) need to be **updated**. The reason given is: this article is using citations from 1970 and virtually all claims about conversational capabilities are at least ten years out of date (for example the Turing test was arguably made obsolete years ago by transformer models). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information._(February 2023)_

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/FRIDA_%28FReedom_of_Information_Digital_Assistant%29_welcome_interface_%28May_2023%29.png/220px-FRIDA_%28FReedom_of_Information_Digital_Assistant%29_welcome_interface_%28May_2023%29.png)](/wiki/File:FRIDA_(FReedom_of_Information_Digital_Assistant)_welcome_interface_(May_2023).png) A [virtual assistant](/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant") chatbot[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ELIZA_conversation.png/220px-ELIZA_conversation.png)](/wiki/File:ELIZA_conversation.png) The 1966 [ELIZA](/wiki/ELIZA "ELIZA") chatbotPart of a series on[Machine learning](/wiki/Machine_learning "Machine learning")

and [data mining](/wiki/Data_mining "Data mining")

Paradigms

- [Supervised learning](/wiki/Supervised_learning "Supervised learning")
- [Unsupervised learning](/wiki/Unsupervised_learning "Unsupervised learning")
- [Semi-supervised learning](/wiki/Semi-supervised_learning "Semi-supervised learning")
- [Self-supervised learning](/wiki/Self-supervised_learning "Self-supervised learning")
- [Reinforcement learning](/wiki/Reinforcement_learning "Reinforcement learning")
- [Meta-learning](/wiki/Meta-learning_(computer_science) "Meta-learning (computer science)")
- [Online learning](/wiki/Online_machine_learning "Online machine learning")
- [Batch learning](/wiki/Batch_learning "Batch learning")
- [Curriculum learning](/wiki/Curriculum_learning "Curriculum learning")
- [Rule-based learning](/wiki/Rule-based_machine_learning "Rule-based machine learning")
- [Neuro-symbolic AI](/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI "Neuro-symbolic AI")
- [Neuromorphic engineering](/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering "Neuromorphic engineering")
- [Quantum machine learning](/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning "Quantum machine learning")

Problems

- [Classification](/wiki/Statistical_classification "Statistical classification")
- [Generative modeling](/wiki/Generative_model "Generative model")
- [Regression](/wiki/Regression_analysis "Regression analysis")
- [Clustering](/wiki/Cluster_analysis "Cluster analysis")
- [Dimensionality reduction](/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction "Dimensionality reduction")
- [Density estimation](/wiki/Density_estimation "Density estimation")
- [Anomaly detection](/wiki/Anomaly_detection "Anomaly detection")
- [Data cleaning](/wiki/Data_cleaning "Data cleaning")
- [AutoML](/wiki/Automated_machine_learning "Automated machine learning")
- [Association rules](/wiki/Association_rule_learning "Association rule learning")
- [Semantic analysis](/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning) "Semantic analysis (machine learning)")
- [Structured prediction](/wiki/Structured_prediction "Structured prediction")
- [Feature engineering](/wiki/Feature_engineering "Feature engineering")
- [Feature learning](/wiki/Feature_learning "Feature learning")
- [Learning to rank](/wiki/Learning_to_rank "Learning to rank")
- [Grammar induction](/wiki/Grammar_induction "Grammar induction")
- [Ontology learning](/wiki/Ontology_learning "Ontology learning")
- [Multimodal learning](/wiki/Multimodal_learning "Multimodal learning")

[Supervised learning](/wiki/Supervised_learning "Supervised learning")

( **[classification](/wiki/Statistical_classification "Statistical classification")** • **[regression](/wiki/Regression_analysis "Regression analysis")**)

- [Apprenticeship learning](/wiki/Apprenticeship_learning "Apprenticeship learning")
- [Decision trees](/wiki/Decision_tree_learning "Decision tree learning")
- [Ensembles](/wiki/Ensemble_learning "Ensemble learning")
  - [Bagging](/wiki/Bootstrap_aggregating "Bootstrap aggregating")
  - [Boosting](/wiki/Boosting_(machine_learning) "Boosting (machine learning)")
  - [Random forest](/wiki/Random_forest "Random forest")
- [_k_-NN](/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm "K-nearest neighbors algorithm")
- [Linear regression](/wiki/Linear_regression "Linear regression")
- [Naive Bayes](/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier "Naive Bayes classifier")
- [Artificial neural networks](/wiki/Artificial_neural_network "Artificial neural network")
- [Logistic regression](/wiki/Logistic_regression "Logistic regression")
- [Perceptron](/wiki/Perceptron "Perceptron")
- [Relevance vector machine (RVM)](/wiki/Relevance_vector_machine "Relevance vector machine")
- [Support vector machine (SVM)](/wiki/Support_vector_machine "Support vector machine")

[Clustering](/wiki/Cluster_analysis "Cluster analysis")

- [BIRCH](/wiki/BIRCH "BIRCH")
- [CURE](/wiki/CURE_algorithm "CURE algorithm")
- [Hierarchical](/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering "Hierarchical clustering")
- [_k_-means](/wiki/K-means_clustering "K-means clustering")
- [Fuzzy](/wiki/Fuzzy_clustering "Fuzzy clustering")
- [Expectation–maximization (EM)](/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm "Expectation–maximization algorithm")
- [DBSCAN](/wiki/DBSCAN "DBSCAN")
- [OPTICS](/wiki/OPTICS_algorithm "OPTICS algorithm")
- [Mean shift](/wiki/Mean_shift "Mean shift")

[Dimensionality reduction](/wiki/Dimensionality_reduction "Dimensionality reduction")

- [Factor analysis](/wiki/Factor_analysis "Factor analysis")
- [CCA](/wiki/Canonical_correlation "Canonical correlation")
- [ICA](/wiki/Independent_component_analysis "Independent component analysis")
- [LDA](/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis "Linear discriminant analysis")
- [NMF](/wiki/Non-negative_matrix_factorization "Non-negative matrix factorization")
- [PCA](/wiki/Principal_component_analysis "Principal component analysis")
- [PGD](/wiki/Proper_generalized_decomposition "Proper generalized decomposition")
- [t-SNE](/wiki/T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding "T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding")
- [SDL](/wiki/Sparse_dictionary_learning "Sparse dictionary learning")

[Structured prediction](/wiki/Structured_prediction "Structured prediction")

- [Graphical models](/wiki/Graphical_model "Graphical model")
  - [Bayes net](/wiki/Bayesian_network "Bayesian network")
  - [Conditional random field](/wiki/Conditional_random_field "Conditional random field")
  - [Hidden Markov](/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model "Hidden Markov model")

[Anomaly detection](/wiki/Anomaly_detection "Anomaly detection")

- [RANSAC](/wiki/Random_sample_consensus "Random sample consensus")
- [_k_-NN](/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm "K-nearest neighbors algorithm")
- [Local outlier factor](/wiki/Local_outlier_factor "Local outlier factor")
- [Isolation forest](/wiki/Isolation_forest "Isolation forest")

[Artificial neural network](/wiki/Artificial_neural_network "Artificial neural network")

- [Autoencoder](/wiki/Autoencoder "Autoencoder")
- [Deep learning](/wiki/Deep_learning "Deep learning")
- [Feedforward neural network](/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network "Feedforward neural network")
- [Recurrent neural network](/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network "Recurrent neural network")
  - [LSTM](/wiki/Long_short-term_memory "Long short-term memory")
  - [GRU](/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit "Gated recurrent unit")
  - [ESN](/wiki/Echo_state_network "Echo state network")
  - [reservoir computing](/wiki/Reservoir_computing "Reservoir computing")
- [Boltzmann machine](/wiki/Boltzmann_machine "Boltzmann machine")
  - [Restricted](/wiki/Restricted_Boltzmann_machine "Restricted Boltzmann machine")
- [GAN](/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network "Generative adversarial network")
- [Diffusion model](/wiki/Diffusion_model "Diffusion model")
- [SOM](/wiki/Self-organizing_map "Self-organizing map")
- [Convolutional neural network](/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network "Convolutional neural network")
  - [U-Net](/wiki/U-Net "U-Net")
  - [LeNet](/wiki/LeNet "LeNet")
  - [AlexNet](/wiki/AlexNet "AlexNet")
  - [DeepDream](/wiki/DeepDream "DeepDream")
- [Neural radiance field](/wiki/Neural_radiance_field "Neural radiance field")
- [Transformer](/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model) "Transformer (machine learning model)")
  - [Vision](/wiki/Vision_transformer "Vision transformer")
- [Mamba](/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture) "Mamba (deep learning architecture)")
- [Spiking neural network](/wiki/Spiking_neural_network "Spiking neural network")
- [Memtransistor](/wiki/Memtransistor "Memtransistor")
- [Electrochemical RAM](/wiki/Electrochemical_RAM "Electrochemical RAM") (ECRAM)

[Reinforcement learning](/wiki/Reinforcement_learning "Reinforcement learning")

- [Q-learning](/wiki/Q-learning "Q-learning")
- [SARSA](/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action "State–action–reward–state–action")
- [Temporal difference (TD)](/wiki/Temporal_difference_learning "Temporal difference learning")
- [Multi-agent](/wiki/Multi-agent_reinforcement_learning "Multi-agent reinforcement learning")
  - [Self-play](/wiki/Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique) "Self-play (reinforcement learning technique)")

Learning with humans

- [Active learning](/wiki/Active_learning_(machine_learning) "Active learning (machine learning)")
- [Crowdsourcing](/wiki/Crowdsourcing "Crowdsourcing")
- [Human-in-the-loop](/wiki/Human-in-the-loop "Human-in-the-loop")
- [RLHF](/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback "Reinforcement learning from human feedback")

Model diagnostics

- [Coefficient of determination](/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination "Coefficient of determination")
- [Confusion matrix](/wiki/Confusion_matrix "Confusion matrix")
- [Learning curve](/wiki/Learning_curve_(machine_learning) "Learning curve (machine learning)")
- [ROC curve](/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic "Receiver operating characteristic")

Mathematical foundations

- [Kernel machines](/wiki/Kernel_machines "Kernel machines")
- [Bias–variance tradeoff](/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff "Bias–variance tradeoff")
- [Computational learning theory](/wiki/Computational_learning_theory "Computational learning theory")
- [Empirical risk minimization](/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization "Empirical risk minimization")
- [Occam learning](/wiki/Occam_learning "Occam learning")
- [PAC learning](/wiki/Probably_approximately_correct_learning "Probably approximately correct learning")
- [Statistical learning](/wiki/Statistical_learning_theory "Statistical learning theory")
- [VC theory](/wiki/Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_theory "Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory")

Journals and conferences

- [ECML PKDD](/wiki/ECML_PKDD "ECML PKDD")
- [NeurIPS](/wiki/Conference_on_Neural_Information_Processing_Systems "Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems")
- [ICML](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Machine_Learning "International Conference on Machine Learning")
- [ICLR](/wiki/International_Conference_on_Learning_Representations "International Conference on Learning Representations")
- [IJCAI](/wiki/International_Joint_Conference_on_Artificial_Intelligence "International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence")
- [ML](/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal) "Machine Learning (journal)")
- [JMLR](/wiki/Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research "Journal of Machine Learning Research")

Related articles

- [Glossary of artificial intelligence](/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence "Glossary of artificial intelligence")
- [List of datasets for machine-learning research](/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research "List of datasets for machine-learning research")
  - [List of datasets in computer vision and image processing](/wiki/List_of_datasets_in_computer_vision_and_image_processing "List of datasets in computer vision and image processing")
- [Outline of machine learning](/wiki/Outline_of_machine_learning "Outline of machine learning")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Machine_learning "Template:Machine learning")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Machine_learning "Template talk:Machine learning")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Machine_learning "Special:EditPage/Template:Machine learning")

A **chatbot** (originally **chatterbot**)[\[1\]](#cite_note-Mauldin-1) is a [software](/wiki/Software_agent "Software agent") application or web interface that is designed to mimic human [conversation](/wiki/Conversation "Conversation") through text or voice interactions.[\[2\]](#cite_note-target-2)[\[3\]](#cite_note-:1-3)[\[4\]](#cite_note-4) Modern chatbots are typically [online](/wiki/Online "Online") and use [generative artificial intelligence](/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in [natural language](/wiki/Natural_language "Natural language") and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use [deep learning](/wiki/Deep_learning "Deep learning") and [natural language processing](/wiki/Natural_language_processing "Natural language processing"), but simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

Since late 2022, the field has gained widespread attention due to the popularity of [OpenAI](/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI")'s [ChatGPT](/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT"),[\[5\]](#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](#cite_note-6) followed by alternatives such as [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft")'s [Copilot](/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot "Microsoft Copilot") and [Google](/wiki/Google "Google")'s [Gemini](/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot) "Gemini (chatbot)").[\[7\]](#cite_note-7) Such examples reflect the recent practice of basing such products upon broad [foundational](/wiki/Foundation_models "Foundation models") [large language models](/wiki/Large_language_models "Large language models"), such as [GPT-4](/wiki/GPT-4 "GPT-4") or the [Gemini language model](/wiki/Gemini_(language_model) "Gemini (language model)"), that get [fine-tuned](/wiki/Fine-tuning_(machine_learning) "Fine-tuning (machine learning)") so as to target specific tasks or applications (i.e., simulating human conversation, in the case of chatbots). Chatbots can also be designed or customized to further target even more specific situations and/or particular subject-matter domains.[\[8\]](#cite_note-livemint.com-8)

A major area where chatbots have long been used is in [customer service](/wiki/Customer_service "Customer service") and [support](/wiki/Customer_support "Customer support"), with various sorts of [virtual assistants](/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant").[\[9\]](#cite_note-9) Companies spanning a wide range of industries have begun using the latest [generative artificial intelligence](/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence") technologies to power more advanced developments in such areas.[\[8\]](#cite_note-livemint.com-8)

As chatbots work by _predicting_ responses rather than _knowing_ the meaning of their responses, this means they can produce coherent-sounding but inaccurate or fabricated content, referred to as ‘ [hallucinations](/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence) "Hallucination (artificial intelligence)")’. When humans use and apply chatbot content contaminated with hallucinations, this results in ‘botshit’.[\[10\]](#cite_note-10) Given the increasing adoption and use of chatbots for generating content, there are concerns that this technology will significantly reduce the cost it takes humans to generate, spread and consume botshit.[\[11\]](#cite_note-11)

## Background

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\]

In 1950, [Alan Turing](/wiki/Alan_Turing "Alan Turing")'s famous article " [Computing Machinery and Intelligence](/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence "Computing Machinery and Intelligence")" was published,[\[12\]](#cite_note-Turing-12) which proposed what is now called the [Turing test](/wiki/Turing_test "Turing test") as a criterion of [intelligence](/wiki/Intelligence "Intelligence"). This criterion depends on the ability of a [computer program](/wiki/Computer_program "Computer program") to impersonate a human in a [real-time](/wiki/Real-time_computing "Real-time computing") written conversation with a human judge to the extent that the judge is unable to distinguish reliably—on the basis of the conversational content alone—between the program and a real human. The notoriety of Turing's proposed test stimulated great interest in [Joseph Weizenbaum](/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum "Joseph Weizenbaum")'s program [ELIZA](/wiki/ELIZA "ELIZA"), published in 1966, which seemed to be able to fool users into believing that they were conversing with a real human. However Weizenbaum himself did not claim that ELIZA was genuinely intelligent, and the introduction to his paper presented it more as a debunking exercise:

> In artificial intelligence, machines are made to behave in wondrous ways, often sufficient to dazzle even the most experienced observer. But once a particular program is unmasked, once its inner workings are explained, its magic crumbles away; it stands revealed as a mere collection of procedures. The observer says to himself "I could have written that". With that thought, he moves the program in question from the shelf marked "intelligent", to that reserved for curios. The object of this paper is to cause just such a re-evaluation of the program about to be "explained". Few programs ever needed it more.[\[13\]](#cite_note-Weizenbaum-13)

ELIZA's key method of operation (copied by chatbot designers ever since) involves the recognition of clue words or phrases in the input, and the output of the corresponding pre-prepared or pre-programmed responses that can move the conversation forward in an apparently meaningful way (e.g. by responding to any input that contains the word 'MOTHER' with 'TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY').[\[13\]](#cite_note-Weizenbaum-13) Thus an illusion of understanding is generated, even though the processing involved has been merely superficial. ELIZA showed that such an illusion is surprisingly easy to generate because human judges are so ready to give the benefit of the doubt when conversational responses are _capable of being interpreted_ as "intelligent".

Interface designers have come to appreciate that humans' readiness to interpret computer output as genuinely conversational—even when it is actually based on rather simple pattern-matching—can be exploited for useful purposes. Most people prefer to engage with programs that are human-like, and this gives chatbot-style techniques a potentially useful role in interactive systems that need to elicit information from users, as long as that information is relatively straightforward and falls into predictable categories. Thus, for example, online help systems can usefully employ chatbot techniques to identify the area of help that users require, potentially providing a "friendlier" interface than a more formal search or menu system. This sort of usage holds the prospect of moving chatbot technology from Weizenbaum's "shelf ... reserved for curios" to that marked "genuinely useful computational methods".

## Development

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Development")\]

Among the most notable early chatbots are ELIZA (1966) and [PARRY](/wiki/PARRY "PARRY") (1972).[\[14\]](#cite_note-Güzeldere-14)[\[15\]](#cite_note-comphis-15)[\[16\]](#cite_note-Sondheim-16)[\[17\]](#cite_note-Network-17) More recent notable programs include [A.L.I.C.E.](/wiki/Artificial_Linguistic_Internet_Computer_Entity "Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity"), [Jabberwacky](/wiki/Jabberwacky "Jabberwacky") and D.U.D.E ( [Agence Nationale de la Recherche](/wiki/Agence_Nationale_de_la_Recherche "Agence Nationale de la Recherche") and [CNRS](/wiki/CNRS "CNRS") 2006). While ELIZA and PARRY were used exclusively to simulate typed conversation, many chatbots now include other functional features, such as games and [web searching](/wiki/Search_engine "Search engine") abilities. In 1984, a book called _The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed_ was published, allegedly written by the chatbot [Racter](/wiki/Racter "Racter") (though the program as released would not have been capable of doing so).[\[18\]](#cite_note-18)

From 1978[\[19\]](#cite_note-19) to some time after 1983,[\[20\]](#cite_note-:2-20) the CYRUS project led by [Janet Kolodner](/wiki/Janet_Kolodner "Janet Kolodner") constructed a chatbot simulating [Cyrus Vance](/wiki/Cyrus_Vance "Cyrus Vance") (57th [United States Secretary of State](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State "United States Secretary of State")). It used [case-based reasoning](/wiki/Case-based_reasoning "Case-based reasoning"), and updated its database daily by parsing wire news from [United Press International](/wiki/United_Press_International "United Press International"). The program was unable to process the news items subsequent to the surprise resignation of Cyrus Vance in April 1980, and the team constructed another chatbot simulating his successor, [Edmund Muskie](/wiki/Edmund_Muskie "Edmund Muskie").[\[21\]](#cite_note-21)[\[20\]](#cite_note-:2-20)

One pertinent field of AI research is [natural-language processing](/wiki/Natural_language_processing "Natural language processing"). Usually, [weak AI](/wiki/Weak_artificial_intelligence "Weak artificial intelligence") fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. uses a [markup language](/wiki/Markup_language "Markup language") called AIML,[\[3\]](#cite_note-:1-3) which is specific to its function as a [conversational agent](/wiki/Dialogue_system "Dialogue system"), and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so-called, [Alicebots](/wiki/Alicebot "Alicebot"). Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on [pattern matching](/wiki/Pattern_matching "Pattern matching") techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require [sapience](/wiki/Sapience "Sapience") and [logical reasoning](/wiki/Logical_reasoning "Logical reasoning") abilities.

Jabberwacky learns new responses and context based on [real-time](/wiki/Real-time_computing "Real-time computing") [user interactions](/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction "Human–computer interaction"), rather than being driven from a static [database](/wiki/Database "Database"). Some more recent chatbots also combine real-time learning with [evolutionary algorithms](/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm "Evolutionary algorithm") that optimize their ability to communicate based on each conversation held. Still, there is currently no general purpose conversational artificial intelligence, and some software developers focus on the practical aspect, [information retrieval](/wiki/Information_retrieval "Information retrieval").

Chatbot competitions focus on the Turing test or more specific goals. Two such annual contests are the [Loebner Prize](/wiki/Loebner_Prize "Loebner Prize") and The Chatterbox Challenge (the latter has been offline since 2015, however, materials can still be found from web archives).[\[22\]](#cite_note-22)

Chatbots may use [artificial neural networks](/wiki/Artificial_neural_network "Artificial neural network") as a [language model](/wiki/Language_model "Language model"). For example, [generative pre-trained transformers](/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer "Generative pre-trained transformer") (GPT), which use the [transformer](/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model) "Transformer (machine learning model)") architecture, have become common to build sophisticated chatbots. The "pre-training" in its name refers to the initial training process on a large [text corpus](/wiki/Text_corpus "Text corpus"), which provides a solid foundation for the model to perform well on downstream tasks with limited amounts of task-specific data. An example of a GPT chatbot is [ChatGPT](/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT").[\[23\]](#cite_note-23) Despite criticism of its accuracy and tendency to “hallucinate”—that is, to confidently output false information and even cite non-existent sources—ChatGPT has gained attention for its detailed responses and historical knowledge. Another example is BioGPT, developed by [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft"), which focuses on answering [biomedical](/wiki/Biomedical "Biomedical") questions.[\[24\]](#cite_note-pmid36156661-24)[\[25\]](#cite_note-25) In November 2023, Amazon announced a new chatbot, called Q, for people to use at work.[\[26\]](#cite_note-26)

[DBpedia](/wiki/DBpedia "DBpedia") created a chatbot during the [GSoC](/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code "Google Summer of Code") of 2017.[\[27\]](#cite_note-27)[\[28\]](#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](#cite_note-29) It can communicate through [Facebook Messenger](/wiki/Messenger_(software) "Messenger (software)") (see [Master of Code Global](/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Code_Global&action=edit&redlink=1 "Master of Code Global (page does not exist)") article).

## Application

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Application")\]

See also: [Virtual assistant](/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant")

### Messaging apps

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Messaging apps")\]

Many companies' chatbots run on [messaging apps](/wiki/Messaging_apps "Messaging apps") or simply via [SMS](/wiki/SMS "SMS"). They are used for [B2C](/wiki/B2C "B2C") customer service, sales and marketing.[\[30\]](#cite_note-30)

In 2016, Facebook Messenger allowed developers to place chatbots on their platform. There were 30,000 bots created for Messenger in the first six months, rising to 100,000 by September 2017.[\[31\]](#cite_note-31)

Since September 2017, this has also been as part of a pilot program on WhatsApp. Airlines [KLM](/wiki/KLM "KLM") and [Aeroméxico](/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico "Aeroméxico") both announced their participation in the testing;[\[32\]](#cite_note-tnooz-32)[\[33\]](#cite_note-33)[\[34\]](#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](#cite_note-35) both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform.

The bots usually appear as one of the user's contacts, but can sometimes act as participants in a [group chat](/wiki/Chat_room "Chat room").

Many banks, insurers, media companies, e-commerce companies, airlines, hotel chains, retailers, health care providers, government entities, and restaurant chains have used chatbots to [answer simple questions](/wiki/Question_answering "Question answering"), increase [customer engagement](/wiki/Customer_engagement "Customer engagement"),[\[36\]](#cite_note-36) for promotion, and to offer additional ways to order from them.[\[37\]](#cite_note-37) Chatbots are also used in [market research](/wiki/Market_research "Market research") to collect short survey responses.[\[38\]](#cite_note-38)

A 2017 study showed 4% of companies used chatbots.[\[39\]](#cite_note-39) According to a 2016 study, 80% of businesses said they intended to have one by 2020.[\[40\]](#cite_note-40)

#### As part of company apps and websites

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: As part of company apps and websites")\]

Previous generations of chatbots were present on company websites, e.g. Ask Jenn from [Alaska Airlines](/wiki/Alaska_Airlines "Alaska Airlines") which debuted in 2008[\[41\]](#cite_note-nytimes.com-41) or [Expedia](/wiki/Expedia "Expedia")'s virtual customer service agent which launched in 2011.[\[41\]](#cite_note-nytimes.com-41)[\[42\]](#cite_note-:0-42) The newer generation of chatbots includes [IBM Watson](/wiki/IBM_Watson "IBM Watson")-powered "Rocky", introduced in February 2017 by the New York City-based [e-commerce](/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") company Rare Carat to provide information to prospective diamond buyers.[\[43\]](#cite_note-43)[\[44\]](#cite_note-44)

#### Chatbot sequences

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Chatbot sequences")\]

Used by marketers to script sequences of messages, very similar to an [autoresponder](/wiki/Autoresponder "Autoresponder") sequence. Such sequences can be triggered by user opt-in or the use of keywords within user interactions. After a trigger occurs a sequence of messages is delivered until the next anticipated user response. Each user response is used in the decision tree to help the chatbot navigate the response sequences to deliver the correct response message.

### Company internal platforms

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Company internal platforms")\]

Other companies explore ways they can use chatbots internally, for example for Customer Support, Human Resources, or even in [Internet-of-Things](/wiki/Internet_of_Things "Internet of Things") (IoT) projects. [Overstock.com](/wiki/Overstock.com "Overstock.com"), for one, has reportedly launched a chatbot named Mila to automate certain simple yet [time-consuming](/wiki/Cost "Cost") processes when requesting sick leave.[\[45\]](#cite_note-45) Other large companies such as [Lloyds Banking Group](/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group "Lloyds Banking Group"), [Royal Bank of Scotland](/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland "Royal Bank of Scotland"), [Renault](/wiki/Renault "Renault") and [Citroën](/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn "Citroën") are now using automated online assistants instead of [call centres](/wiki/Call_centres "Call centres") with humans to provide a first point of contact. A [SaaS](/wiki/Software_as_a_service "Software as a service") chatbot business ecosystem has been steadily growing since the [F8](/wiki/Facebook_F8 "Facebook F8") Conference when [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook")’s [Mark Zuckerberg](/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") unveiled that Messenger would allow chatbots into the app.[\[46\]](#cite_note-46) In large companies, like in hospitals and aviation organizations, IT architects are designing reference architectures for Intelligent Chatbots that are used to unlock and share knowledge and experience in the organization more efficiently, and reduce the errors in answers from expert service desks significantly.[\[47\]](#cite_note-47) These Intelligent Chatbots make use of all kinds of artificial intelligence like image moderation and [natural-language understanding](/wiki/Natural-language_understanding "Natural-language understanding") (NLU), [natural-language generation](/wiki/Natural_language_generation "Natural language generation") (NLG), [machine learning](/wiki/Machine_learning "Machine learning") and deep learning.

### Customer service

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Customer service")\]

Chatbots have great potential to serve as an alternate source for customer service.[\[48\]](#cite_note-48) Many high-tech banking organizations are looking to integrate automated AI-based solutions such as chatbots into their customer service in order to provide faster and cheaper assistance to their clients who are becoming increasingly comfortable with technology. In particular, chatbots can efficiently conduct a dialogue, usually replacing other communication tools such as email, phone, or [SMS](/wiki/SMS "SMS"). In banking, their major application is related to quick customer service answering common requests, as well as transactional support.

[Deep learning](/wiki/Deep_learning "Deep learning") techniques can be incorporated into chatbot applications to allow them to map conversations between users and customer service agents, especially in social media.[\[49\]](#cite_note-:4-49) Research has shown that methods incorporating deep learning can learn writing styles from a brand and transfer them to another, promoting the brand's image on social media platforms.[\[49\]](#cite_note-:4-49) Chatbots can create new ways of brands and user interactions, which can help improve the brand's performance and allow users to gain "social, information, and economic benefits".[\[49\]](#cite_note-:4-49)

Several studies report significant reduction in the cost of customer services, expected to lead to billions of dollars of economic savings in the next ten years.[\[50\]](#cite_note-WSBanks-50) In 2019, [Gartner](/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") predicted that by 2021, 15% of all customer service interactions globally will be handled completely by AI.[\[51\]](#cite_note-51) A study by Juniper Research in 2019 estimates retail sales resulting from chatbot-based interactions will reach $112 billion by 2023.[\[52\]](#cite_note-52)

Since 2016, when Facebook allowed businesses to deliver automated customer support, e-commerce guidance, content, and interactive experiences through chatbots, a large variety of chatbots were developed for the Facebook Messenger platform.[\[53\]](#cite_note-53)

In 2016, Russia-based Tochka Bank launched the world's first Facebook bot for a range of financial services, including a possibility of making payments.[\[54\]](#cite_note-54)

In July 2016, [Barclays Africa](/wiki/ABSA_Group_Limited "ABSA Group Limited") also launched a Facebook chatbot, making it the first bank to do so in Africa.[\[55\]](#cite_note-55)

The France's third-largest bank by total assets[\[56\]](#cite_note-56) [Société Générale](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale "Société Générale") launched their chatbot called SoBot in March 2018. While 80% of users of the SoBot expressed their satisfaction after having tested it, Société Générale deputy director Bertrand Cozzarolo stated that it will never replace the expertise provided by a human advisor.
[\[57\]](#cite_note-57)

The advantages of using chatbots for customer interactions in banking include cost reduction, financial advice, and 24/7 support.[\[58\]](#cite_note-FinancialBrain-58)[\[59\]](#cite_note-BornBane-59)

### Healthcare

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Healthcare")\]

See also: [Artificial intelligence in healthcare](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare "Artificial intelligence in healthcare")

Chatbots are also appearing in the healthcare industry.[\[60\]](#cite_note-60)[\[61\]](#cite_note-61) A study suggested that physicians in the United States believed that chatbots would be most beneficial for scheduling doctor appointments, locating health clinics, or providing medication information.[\[62\]](#cite_note-62)

The GPT chatbot [ChatGPT](/wiki/ChatGPT "ChatGPT") is able to answer user queries related to health promotion and disease prevention such as screening and [vaccination](/wiki/Vaccination "Vaccination").[\[63\]](#cite_note-:3-63) [Whatsapp](/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp") has teamed up with the [World Health Organization](/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) to make a chatbot service that answers users' questions on [COVID-19](/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019").[\[64\]](#cite_note-64)

In 2020, [The Indian Government](/wiki/Government_of_India "Government of India") launched a chatbot called MyGov Corona Helpdesk,[\[65\]](#cite_note-65) that worked through Whatsapp and helped people access information about the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.[\[66\]](#cite_note-66)[\[67\]](#cite_note-67)

Certain patient groups are still reluctant to use chatbots. A mixed-methods study showed that people are still hesitant to use chatbots for their healthcare due to poor understanding of the technological complexity, the lack of empathy, and concerns about cyber-security.[\[68\]](#cite_note-68) The analysis showed that while 6% had heard of a health chatbot and 3% had experience of using it, 67% perceived themselves as likely to use one within 12 months. The majority of participants would use a health chatbot for seeking general health information (78%), booking a medical appointment (78%), and looking for local health services (80%). However, a health chatbot was perceived as less suitable for seeking results of medical tests and seeking specialist advice such as sexual health.

The analysis of attitudinal variables showed that most participants reported their preference for discussing their health with doctors (73%) and having access to reliable and accurate health information (93%). While 80% were curious about new technologies that could improve their health, 66% reported only seeking a doctor when experiencing a health problem and 65% thought that a chatbot was a good idea. 30% reported dislike about talking to computers, 41% felt it would be strange to discuss health matters with a chatbot and about half were unsure if they could trust the advice given by a chatbot. Therefore, perceived trustworthiness, individual attitudes towards bots, and dislike for talking to computers are the main barriers to health chatbots.[\[63\]](#cite_note-:3-63)

### Politics

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Politics")\]

See also: [Government by algorithm § AI politicians](/wiki/Government_by_algorithm#AI_politicians "Government by algorithm")

In New Zealand, the chatbot SAM – short for [Semantic Analysis Machine](/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning) "Semantic analysis (machine learning)")[\[69\]](#cite_note-69) (made by Nick Gerritsen of Touchtech[\[70\]](#cite_note-70)) – has been developed. It is designed to share its political thoughts, for example on topics such as climate change, healthcare and education, etc. It talks to people through Facebook Messenger.[\[71\]](#cite_note-71)[\[72\]](#cite_note-72)[\[73\]](#cite_note-73)[\[74\]](#cite_note-74)

In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for [The Synthetic Party](/wiki/The_Synthetic_Party "The Synthetic Party") to run in the [Danish](/wiki/Danish_Realm "Danish Realm") parliamentary election,[\[75\]](#cite_note-75) and was built by the artist collective Computer Lars.[\[76\]](#cite_note-76) Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a [political party](/wiki/Political_party "Political party") and by not pretending to be an objective candidate.[\[77\]](#cite_note-77) This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.[\[78\]](#cite_note-78)

In [India](/wiki/India "India"), the state government has launched a chatbot for its Aaple Sarkar platform,[\[79\]](#cite_note-79) which provides conversational access to information regarding public services managed.[\[80\]](#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](#cite_note-81)

### Government

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Government")\]

Chatbots have been used at different levels of government departments, including local, national and regional contexts. Chatbots are used to provide services like citizenship and immigration, court administrations, financial aid, and migrants’ rights inquiries. For example, EMMA answers more than 500,000 inquiries monthly, regarding services on citizenship and immigration in the US.[\[82\]](#cite_note-82)

### Toys

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Toys")\]

Chatbots have also been incorporated into devices not primarily meant for computing, such as toys.[\[83\]](#cite_note-virtualagentchat-83)

_Hello [Barbie](/wiki/Barbie "Barbie")_ is an Internet-connected version of the doll that uses a chatbot provided by the company ToyTalk,[\[84\]](#cite_note-84) which previously used the chatbot for a range of smartphone-based characters for children.[\[85\]](#cite_note-85) These characters' behaviors are constrained by a set of rules that in effect emulate a particular character and produce a storyline.[\[86\]](#cite_note-86)

The [My Friend Cayla](/wiki/My_Friend_Cayla "My Friend Cayla") doll was marketed as a line of 18-inch (46 cm) dolls which uses [speech recognition](/wiki/Speech_recognition "Speech recognition") technology in conjunction with an [Android](/wiki/Android_(operating_system) "Android (operating system)") or [iOS](/wiki/IOS "IOS") mobile app to recognize the child's speech and have a conversation. Like the Hello Barbie doll, it attracted controversy due to vulnerabilities with the doll's [Bluetooth](/wiki/Bluetooth "Bluetooth") stack and its use of data collected from the child's speech.

IBM's [Watson computer](/wiki/Watson_(computer) "Watson (computer)") has been used as the basis for chatbot-based educational toys for companies such as _CogniToys,_[\[83\]](#cite_note-virtualagentchat-83) intended to interact with children for educational purposes.[\[87\]](#cite_note-87)

### Malicious use

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Malicious use")\]

Malicious chatbots are frequently used to fill [chat rooms](/wiki/Chat_rooms "Chat rooms") with spam and advertisements by mimicking human behavior and conversations or to entice people into revealing personal information, such as bank account numbers. They were commonly found on [Yahoo! Messenger](/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger "Yahoo! Messenger"), [Windows Live Messenger](/wiki/Windows_Live_Messenger "Windows Live Messenger"), [AOL Instant Messenger](/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger "AOL Instant Messenger") and other [instant messaging](/wiki/Instant_messaging "Instant messaging") protocols. There has also been a published report of a chatbot used in a fake personal ad on a dating service's website.[\[88\]](#cite_note-88)

[Tay](/wiki/Tay_(bot) "Tay (bot)"), an AI chatbot designed to learn from previous interaction, caused major controversy due to it being targeted by internet trolls on Twitter. Soon after its launch, the bot was exploited, and with its "repeat after me" capability, it started releasing racist, sexist, and controversial responses to Twitter users.[\[89\]](#cite_note-89) This suggests that although the bot learned effectively from experience, adequate protection was not put in place to prevent misuse.[\[90\]](#cite_note-90)

If a text-sending [algorithm](/wiki/Algorithm "Algorithm") can pass itself off as a human instead of a chatbot, its message would be more credible. Therefore, human-seeming chatbots with well-crafted online identities could start scattering fake news that seems plausible, for instance making false claims during an election. With enough chatbots, it might be even possible to achieve artificial [social proof](/wiki/Social_proof "Social proof").[\[91\]](#cite_note-91)[\[92\]](#cite_note-92)

### Data security

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Data security")\]

[Data security](/wiki/Data_security "Data security") is one of the major concerns of chatbot technologies. Security threats and system vulnerabilities are weaknesses that are often exploited by malicious users. Storage of user data and past communication, that is highly valuable for training and development of chatbots, can also give rise to security threats.[\[93\]](#cite_note-:5-93) Chatbots operating on third-party networks may be subject to various security issues if owners of the third-party applications have policies regarding user data that differ from those of the chatbot.[\[93\]](#cite_note-:5-93) Security threats can be reduced or prevented by incorporating protective mechanisms. User [authentication](/wiki/Authentication "Authentication"), chat [End-to-end encryption](/wiki/End-to-end_encryption "End-to-end encryption"), and self-destructing messages are some effective solutions to resist potential security threats.[\[93\]](#cite_note-:5-93)

## Limitations of chatbots

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Limitations of chatbots")\]

The creation and implementation of chatbots is still a developing area, heavily related to [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") and [machine learning](/wiki/Machine_learning "Machine learning"), so the provided solutions, while possessing obvious advantages, have some important limitations in terms of functionalities and use cases. However, this is changing over time.

The most common limitations are listed below:[\[94\]](#cite_note-Meet11-94)

- As the input/output database is fixed and limited, chatbots can fail while dealing with an unsaved query.[\[59\]](#cite_note-BornBane-59)
- A chatbot's efficiency highly depends on language processing and is limited because of irregularities, such as accents and mistakes.
- Chatbots are unable to deal with multiple questions at the same time and so conversation opportunities are limited.[\[94\]](#cite_note-Meet11-94)
- Chatbots require a large amount of conversational data to train. Generative models, which are based on deep learning algorithms to generate new responses word by word based on user input, are usually trained on a large dataset of natural-language phrases.[\[3\]](#cite_note-:1-3)
- Chatbots have difficulty managing non-linear conversations that must go back and forth on a topic with a user.[\[95\]](#cite_note-Grudin-Jacques-95)
- As it happens usually with technology-led changes in existing services, some consumers, more often than not from older generations, are uncomfortable with chatbots due to their limited understanding, making it obvious that their requests are being dealt with by machines.[\[94\]](#cite_note-Meet11-94)
- Chatbots sometimes provide plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers. They can make up names, dates, historical events, and even simple math problems. [\[96\]](#cite_note-96)

In 2023, US-based [National Eating Disorders Association](/wiki/National_Eating_Disorders_Association "National Eating Disorders Association") replaced its human [helpline](/wiki/Helpline "Helpline") staff with a chatbot but had to take it offline after users reported receiving harmful advice from it.[\[97\]](#cite_note-97)[\[98\]](#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](#cite_note-99)

## Chatbots and jobs

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Chatbots and jobs")\]

Chatbots are increasingly present in businesses and often are used to automate tasks that do not require skill-based talents. With customer service taking place via messaging apps as well as phone calls, there are growing numbers of use-cases where chatbot deployment gives organizations a clear return on investment. [Call center](/wiki/Call_center "Call center") workers may be particularly at risk from AI-driven chatbots.[\[100\]](#cite_note-100)

**Chatbot jobs**

Chatbot developers create, debug, and maintain applications that automate customer services or other communication processes. Their duties include reviewing and simplifying code when needed. They may also help companies implement bots in their operations.

A study by [Forrester](/wiki/Forrester_Research "Forrester Research") (June 2017) predicted that 25% of all jobs would be impacted by AI technologies by 2019.[\[101\]](#cite_note-101)

[Prompt Engineering](/wiki/Prompt_Engineering "Prompt Engineering"), the task of designing and refining prompts (inputs) leading to desired AI-generated responses has gained significant demand and popularity in recent years, with the advent of sophisticated models, notably [OpenAI](/wiki/OpenAI "OpenAI")’s GPT series (which still contain notable flaws and limitations, as previously outlined).

## See also

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: See also")\]

- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/25px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg)[Linguistics portal](/wiki/Portal:Linguistics "Portal:Linguistics")
- [![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg)[Programming portal](/wiki/Portal:Programming "Portal:Programming")
- ![icon](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mouse_icon_vector.png/15px-Mouse_icon_vector.png)[Human–computer interaction portal](/wiki/Portal:Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction "Portal:Human–computer interaction")

- [Applications of artificial intelligence](/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence "Applications of artificial intelligence")
- [Autonomous agent](/wiki/Autonomous_agent "Autonomous agent")
- [Conversational user interface](/wiki/Conversational_user_interface "Conversational user interface")
- [Dead Internet theory](/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory "Dead Internet theory")
- [Dialogue system](/wiki/Dialogue_system "Dialogue system")
- [Eugene Goostman](/wiki/Eugene_Goostman "Eugene Goostman")
- [Friendly artificial intelligence](/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence "Friendly artificial intelligence")
- [Generative artificial intelligence](/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence "Generative artificial intelligence")
- [Hybrid intelligent system](/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system "Hybrid intelligent system")
- [Intelligent agent](/wiki/Intelligent_agent "Intelligent agent")
- [Internet bot](/wiki/Internet_bot "Internet bot")
- [List of chatbots](/wiki/List_of_chatbots "List of chatbots")
- [Multi-agent system](/wiki/Multi-agent_system "Multi-agent system")
- [Natural language processing](/wiki/Natural_language_processing "Natural language processing")
- [Social bot](/wiki/Social_bot "Social bot")
- [Software agent](/wiki/Software_agent "Software agent")
- [Software bot](/wiki/Software_bot "Software bot")
- [Stochastic parrot](/wiki/Stochastic_parrot "Stochastic parrot")
- [Twitterbot](/wiki/Twitterbot "Twitterbot")

## References

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: References")\]

001. **[^](#cite_ref-Mauldin_1-0)**Mauldin, Michael (1994), "ChatterBots, TinyMuds, and the Turing Test: Entering the Loebner Prize Competition", [_Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence_](http://www.aaai.org/Library/AAAI/1994/aaai94-003.php), [AAAI Press](/wiki/AAAI_Press "AAAI Press"), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071213172751/http://www.aaai.org/Library/AAAI/1994/aaai94-003.php) from the original on 13 December 2007, retrieved 5 March 2008
002. **[^](#cite_ref-target_2-0)**["What is a chatbot?"](http://searchdomino.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid4_gci935566,00.html). _techtarget.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101102170613/http://searchdomino.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid4_gci935566,00.html) from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
003. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:1_3-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:1_3-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:1_3-2)Caldarini, Guendalina; Jaf, Sardar; McGarry, Kenneth (2022). ["A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo13010041). _Information_. **13** (1). MDPI: 41. [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2201.06657](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.06657). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3390/info13010041](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo13010041).
004. **[^](#cite_ref-4)**Adamopoulou, Eleni; Moussiades, Lefteris (2020). ["Chatbots: History, technology, and applications"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mlwa.2020.100006). _Machine Learning with Applications_. **2**: 100006\. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mlwa.2020.100006).
005. **[^](#cite_ref-5)**Hu, Krystal (2 February 2023). ["ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note"](https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/). _Reuters_.
006. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Hines, Kristi (4 June 2023). ["History Of ChatGPT: A Timeline Of The Meteoric Rise Of Generative AI Chatbots"](https://www.searchenginejournal.com/history-of-chatgpt-timeline/488370/). _Search Engine Journal_. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
007. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**["ChatGPT vs. Bing vs. Google Bard: Which AI is the Most Helpful?"](https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/chatgpt-vs-bing-vs-google-bard-which-ai-is-the-most-helpful/).
008. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-livemint.com_8-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-livemint.com_8-1)["GPT-4 takes the world by storm - List of companies that integrated the chatbot"](https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/gpt4-takes-the-world-by-storm-list-of-companies-that-integrated-the-chatbot-11679293885004.html). 21 March 2023.
009. **[^](#cite_ref-9)**["2017 Messenger Bot Landscape, a Public Spreadsheet Gathering 1000+ Messenger Bots"](https://cai.tools.sap/blog/2017-messenger-bot-landscape/). 3 May 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041707/https://cai.tools.sap/blog/2017-messenger-bot-landscape/) from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
010. **[^](#cite_ref-10)**Hannigan, Timothy R.; McCarthy, Ian P.; Spicer, André (20 March 2024). ["Beware of botshit: How to manage the epistemic risks of generative chatbots"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681324000272). _Business Horizons_. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2024.03.001). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0007-6813](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813).
011. **[^](#cite_ref-11)**["Transcript: Ezra Klein Interviews Gary Marcus"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/06/podcasts/transcript-ezra-klein-interviews-gary-marcus.html). _The New York Times_. 6 January 2023. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved 21 April 2024.
012. **[^](#cite_ref-Turing_12-0)**[Turing, Alan](/wiki/Alan_Turing "Alan Turing") (1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", _Mind_, **59** (236): 433–460, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/mind/lix.236.433](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2Flix.236.433)
013. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Weizenbaum_13-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Weizenbaum_13-1)[Weizenbaum, Joseph](/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum "Joseph Weizenbaum") (January 1966), "ELIZA – A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man And Machine", _[Communications of the ACM](/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM "Communications of the ACM")_, **9** (1): 36–45, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1145/365153.365168](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F365153.365168), [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [1896290](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1896290)
014. **[^](#cite_ref-Güzeldere_14-0)**Güzeldere, Güven; Franchi, Stefano (24 July 1995), ["Constructions of the Mind"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070711204557/http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html), _Stanford Humanities Review_, SEHR, **4** (2), [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), archived from [the original](http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/dialogues.html) on 11 July 2007, retrieved 5 March 2008
015. **[^](#cite_ref-comphis_15-0)**Computer History Museum (2006), ["Internet History – 1970's"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080221093646/http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.shtml), _Exhibits_, [Computer History Museum](/wiki/Computer_History_Museum "Computer History Museum"), archived from [the original](http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_70s.shtml) on 21 February 2008, retrieved 5 March 2008
016. **[^](#cite_ref-Sondheim_16-0)**Sondheim, Alan J (1997), [_<nettime> Important Documents from the Early Internet (1972)_](https://web.archive.org/web/20080613072047/http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9707/msg00059.html), nettime.org, archived from [the original](http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9707/msg00059.html) on 13 June 2008, retrieved 5 March 2008
017. **[^](#cite_ref-Network_17-0)**Network Working Group (1973), ["RFC 439, PARRY Encounters the DOCTOR"](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc439), _[Internet Engineering Task Force](/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force "Internet Engineering Task Force")_, [Internet Society](/wiki/Internet_Society "Internet Society"), [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.17487/RFC0439](https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0439), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080220084325/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc439) from the original on 20 February 2008, retrieved 5 March 2008 – Transcript of a session between Parry and Eliza. (This is _not_ the dialogue from the ICCC, which took place 24–26 October 1972, whereas this session is from 18 September 1972.)
018. **[^](#cite_ref-18)**[The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed](http://everything2.com/title/The+Policeman%2527s+Beard+is+Half+Constructed) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100204175415/http://everything2.com/title/the+policeman%2527s+beard+is+half+constructed) 4 February 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). everything2.com. 13 November 1999
019. **[^](#cite_ref-19)**Kolodner, Janet L. _[Memory organization for natural language data-base inquiry](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA062974)_. Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1978.
020. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:2_20-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:2_20-1)Kolodner, Janet L. (1 October 1983). "Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory". _Cognitive Science_. **7** (4): 243–280. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/S0364-0213(83)80001-9](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0364-0213%2883%2980001-9) (inactive 29 March 2024). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0364-0213](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-0213).`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( [link](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_March_2024 "Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024"))
021. **[^](#cite_ref-21)**Dennett, Daniel C. (2004), Teuscher, Christof (ed.), ["Can Machines Think?"](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05642-4_12), _Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker_, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 295–316, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1007/978-3-662-05642-4\_12](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-05642-4_12), [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-662-05642-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-05642-4 "Special:BookSources/978-3-662-05642-4"), retrieved 23 July 2023
022. **[^](#cite_ref-22)**["Chat Robots Simiulate People"](https://pcsite.co.uk/chat-robots-simulate-people/). 11 October 2015.
023. **[^](#cite_ref-23)**["What is ChatGPT? - MagicBuddy"](https://magicbuddy.chat/ai/what-is-chatgpt). _MagicBuddy_. 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
024. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid36156661_24-0)**Luo, Renqian; Sun, Liai; Xia, Yingce; Qin, Tao; Zhang, Sheng; Poon, Hoifung; Liu, Tie-Yan; et al. (2022). "BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining". _Brief Bioinform_. **23** (6). [arXiv](/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2210.10341](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.10341). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/bib/bbac409](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbib%2Fbbac409). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [36156661](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156661).
025. **[^](#cite_ref-25)**Bastian, Matthias (29 January 2023). ["BioGPT is a Microsoft language model trained for biomedical tasks"](https://the-decoder.com/biogpt-is-a-microsoft-language-model-trained-for-biomedical-tasks/). _The Decoder_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230207174627/https://the-decoder.com/biogpt-is-a-microsoft-language-model-trained-for-biomedical-tasks/) from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
026. **[^](#cite_ref-26)**Novet, Jordan (28 November 2023). ["Amazon announces Q, an AI chatbot for businesses"](https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/28/amazon-announces-q-an-ai-chatbot-for-businesses.html). _CNBC_. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
027. **[^](#cite_ref-27)**["DBpedia Chatbot"](https://chat.dbpedia.org/). _chat.dbpedia.org_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190908054646/http://chat.dbpedia.org/) from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
028. **[^](#cite_ref-28)**["Meet the DBpedia Chatbot \| DBpedia"](https://wiki.dbpedia.org/blog/meet-dbpedia-chatbot). _wiki.dbpedia.org_. 22 August 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190902144929/https://wiki.dbpedia.org/blog/meet-dbpedia-chatbot) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
029. **[^](#cite_ref-29)**["Meet the DBpedia Chatbot"](https://blog.dbpedia.org/2018/08/22/dbpedia-chatbot-2/). dbpedia.org. 22 August 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190902144945/https://blog.dbpedia.org/2018/08/22/dbpedia-chatbot-2/) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
030. **[^](#cite_ref-30)**Beaver, Laurie (July 2016). ["The Chatbots Explainer"](https://www.businessinsider.com/chatbots-explained-why-businesses-should-be-paying-attention-to-the-chatbot-revolution-2016-7?IR=T). _Business Insider_. BI Intelligence. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111645/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatbots-explained-why-businesses-should-be-paying-attention-to-the-chatbot-revolution-2016-7?IR=T) from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
031. **[^](#cite_ref-31)**["Facebook Messenger Hits 100,000 bots"](https://venturebeat.com/2017/04/18/facebook-messenger-hits-100000-bots/). 18 April 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195723/https://venturebeat.com/2017/04/18/facebook-messenger-hits-100000-bots/) from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
032. **[^](#cite_ref-tnooz_32-0)**["KLM claims airline first with WhatsApp Business Platform"](https://www.phocuswire.com/KLM-claims-airline-first-with-WhatsApp-Business-Platform). _www.phocuswire.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200205211831/https://www.phocuswire.com/KLM-claims-airline-first-with-WhatsApp-Business-Platform) from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
033. **[^](#cite_ref-33)**Forbes Staff (26 October 2017). ["Aeroméxico te atenderá por WhatsApp durante 2018"](https://www.forbes.com.mx/aeromexico-te-respondera-por-whatsapp-durante-2018/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180522/https://www.forbes.com.mx/aeromexico-te-respondera-por-whatsapp-durante-2018/) from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
034. **[^](#cite_ref-34)**["Podrás hacer 'check in' y consultar tu vuelo con Aeroméxico a través de WhatsApp"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135702/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/10/27/podras-hacer-check-in-y-consultar-tu-vuelo-con-aeromexico-a-traves-de-whatsapp_a_23258181/). _Huffington Post_. 27 October 2017. Archived from [the original](https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/10/27/podras-hacer-check-in-y-consultar-tu-vuelo-con-aeromexico-a-traves-de-whatsapp_a_23258181/) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
035. **[^](#cite_ref-35)**["Building for People, and Now Businesses"](https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses). _WhatsApp.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180209031529/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses) from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
036. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**["She is the company's most effective employee"](https://nordeanews-no.translate.goog/2017/09/hun-er-bankens-mest-effektive-medarbeider/?_x_tr_sl=no&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=no). _Nordea News_. September 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230323165008/https://www-nordea-com.translate.goog/no?_x_tr_sl=no&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=no) from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
037. **[^](#cite_ref-37)**["Better believe the bot boom is blowing up big for B2B, B2C businesses"](https://venturebeat.com/2016/07/24/better-believe-the-bot-boom-is-blowing-up-big-for-b2b-b2c-businesses-vb-live/). _VentureBeat_. 24 July 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170803182306/https://venturebeat.com/2016/07/24/better-believe-the-bot-boom-is-blowing-up-big-for-b2b-b2c-businesses-vb-live/) from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
038. **[^](#cite_ref-38)**Dandapani, Arundati (30 April 2020). "Redesigning Conversations with Artificial Intelligence (Chapter 11)". In Sha, Mandy (ed.). [_The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research_](https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research). RTI Press. pp. 221–230. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004](https://doi.org/10.3768%2Frtipress.bk.0023.2004). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-934831-24-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934831-24-3 "Special:BookSources/978-1-934831-24-3").
039. **[^](#cite_ref-39)**Capan, Faruk (18 October 2017). ["The AI Revolution is Underway!"](https://www.pm360online.com/the-ai-revolution-is-underway/). _www.PM360online.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180308043007/https://www.pm360online.com/the-ai-revolution-is-underway/) from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
040. **[^](#cite_ref-40)**["80% of businesses want chatbots by 2020"](http://www.businessinsider.com/80-of-businesses-want-chatbots-by-2020-2016-12). _[Business Insider](/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider")_. 15 December 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180308042224/http://www.businessinsider.com/80-of-businesses-want-chatbots-by-2020-2016-12) from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
041. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-nytimes.com_41-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-nytimes.com_41-1)["A Virtual Travel Agent With All the Answers"](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/business/04road.html). _The New York Times_. 4 March 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170615183749/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/business/04road.html) from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
042. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_42-0)**["Chatbot vendor directory released"](http://www.hypergridbusiness.com/2011/10/chatbot-vendor-directory-released/). _www.hypergridbusiness.com_. October 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170423153332/http://www.hypergridbusiness.com/2011/10/chatbot-vendor-directory-released/) from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
043. **[^](#cite_ref-43)**["Rare Carat's Watson-powered chatbot will help you put a diamond ring on it"](https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/15/rare-carats-watson-powered-chat-bot-will-help-you-put-a-diamond-ring-on-it/). TechCrunch. 15 February 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170822133420/https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/15/rare-carats-watson-powered-chat-bot-will-help-you-put-a-diamond-ring-on-it/) from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
044. **[^](#cite_ref-44)**["10 ways you may have already used IBM Watson"](https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/10/10-ways-you-may-have-already-used-ibm-watson/). VentureBeat. 10 March 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170822101320/https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/10/10-ways-you-may-have-already-used-ibm-watson/) from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
045. **[^](#cite_ref-45)**Greenfield, Rebecca (5 May 2016). ["Chatbots Are Your Newest, Dumbest Co-Workers"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-05/chatbots-are-your-newest-dumbest-co-workers). _Bloomberg.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170406040807/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-05/chatbots-are-your-newest-dumbest-co-workers) from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
046. **[^](#cite_ref-46)**["Facebook opens its Messenger platform to chatbots"](https://venturebeat.com/2016/04/12/facebook-opens-its-messenger-platform-to-chatbots/). _Venturebeat_. 12 April 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170623193131/https://venturebeat.com/2016/04/12/facebook-opens-its-messenger-platform-to-chatbots/) from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
047. **[^](#cite_ref-47)**["Chatbot Reference Architecture"](https://www.dragon1.com/watch/470340/chatbot-reference-architecture/). 1 January 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023238/https://www.dragon1.com/watch/470340/chatbot-reference-architecture) from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
048. **[^](#cite_ref-48)**Følstad, Asbjørn; Nordheim, Cecilie Bertinussen; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2018). ["What Makes Users Trust a Chatbot for Customer Service? An Exploratory Interview Study"](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-01437-7_16). In Bodrunova, Svetlana S. (ed.). _Internet Science_. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11193. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 194–208. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1007/978-3-030-01437-7\_16](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-01437-7_16). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[11250/2571164](https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2571164). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-030-01437-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-01437-7 "Special:BookSources/978-3-030-01437-7").
049. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:4_49-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:4_49-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:4_49-2)Xu, Anbang; Liu, Zhe; Guo, Yufan; Sinha, Vibha; Akkiraju, Rama (2 May 2017). ["A New Chatbot for Customer Service on Social Media"](https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025496). _Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems_. CHI '17. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 3506–3510. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1145/3025453.3025496](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3025453.3025496). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4503-4655-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4655-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4655-9").
050. **[^](#cite_ref-WSBanks_50-0)**Hingrajia, Mirant. ["How Chatbots are Transforming Wall Street and Main Street Banks?"](https://www.marutitech.com/chatbots-transforming-wall-street-main-street-banks/). _Marutitech_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192225/https://www.marutitech.com/chatbots-transforming-wall-street-main-street-banks/) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
051. **[^](#cite_ref-51)**["How to Manage Customer Service Technology Innovation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191211081442/https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/27297-2/). _www.gartner.com_. Archived from [the original](https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/27297-2/) on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
052. **[^](#cite_ref-52)**Smith, Sam (8 May 2019). ["Chatbot Interactions to Reach 22 Billion by 2023, as AS AI Offers Compelling New Engagement Solutions"](https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/press-releases/chatbot-interactions-retail-reach-22-billion-2023). Juniper Research. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200102180434/https://www.juniperresearch.com/press/press-releases/chatbot-interactions-retail-reach-22-billion-2023) from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
053. **[^](#cite_ref-53)**["Facebook launches Messenger platform with chatbots"](https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/12/agents-on-messenger/). _Techcrunch_. 12 April 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191026202756/http://techcrunch.com/2016/04/12/agents-on-messenger/) from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
054. **[^](#cite_ref-54)**["Российский банк запустил чат-бота в Facebook"](https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/articles/2016/07/13/649035-rossiiskii-bank-zapustil-chatbota-v-facebook). _Vedomosti.ru_. 13 July 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401194126/https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/articles/2016/07/13/649035-rossiiskii-bank-zapustil-chatbota-v-facebook) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
055. **[^](#cite_ref-55)**["Absa launches 'world-first' Facebook Messenger banking"](https://www.fin24.com/Tech/Companies/absa-launches-world-first-facebook-messenger-banking-20160719). 19 July 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192552/https://www.fin24.com/Tech/Companies/absa-launches-world-first-facebook-messenger-banking-20160719) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
056. **[^](#cite_ref-56)**["The Biggest French Banks by Total Assets"](http://www.relbanks.com/europe/france). _Banks around the World_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170709173548/http://www.relbanks.com/europe/france) from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
057. **[^](#cite_ref-57)**["Gagner du Temps avec le Chatbot Bancaire pour Gagner en Intelligence avec les Conseillers"](https://marketingclient.lesechos.fr/ils-lont-fait/gagner-temps-chatbot-bancaire/). _Marketing Client_. 19 June 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192249/https://marketingclient.lesechos.fr/ils-lont-fait/gagner-temps-chatbot-bancaire/) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
058. **[^](#cite_ref-FinancialBrain_58-0)**Marous, Jim (14 March 2018). ["Meet 11 of the Most Interesting Chatbots in Banking"](https://thefinancialbrand.com/71251/chatbots-banking-trends-ai-cx//). _The Financial Brand_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180631/https://thefinancialbrand.com/71251/chatbots-banking-trends-ai-cx/) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
059. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-BornBane_59-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-BornBane_59-1)["Chatbots: Boon or Bane?"](https://blog.bluelupin.com/chatbot-advantages-and-disadvantages/). _bluelupin_. 9 January 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192204/https://blog.bluelupin.com/chatbot-advantages-and-disadvantages/) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
060. **[^](#cite_ref-60)**Larson, Selena (11 October 2016). ["Baidu is bringing AI chatbots to healthcare"](https://money.cnn.com/2016/10/11/technology/baidu-doctor-ai-melody/index.html). _[CNN Money](/wiki/CNN_Money "CNN Money")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200103124942/https://money.cnn.com/2016/10/11/technology/baidu-doctor-ai-melody/index.html) from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
061. **[^](#cite_ref-61)**["AI chatbots have a future in healthcare, with caveats"](https://www.aiin.healthcare/topics/robotics/ai-chatbots-have-future-healthcare-caveats). _AI in Healthcare_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230323165017/https://healthexec.com/topics/artificial-intelligence/ai-chatbots-have-future-healthcare-caveats) from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
062. **[^](#cite_ref-62)**Palanica, Adam; Flaschner, Peter; Thommandram, Anirudh; Li, Michael; Fossat, Yan (3 January 2019). ["Physicians' Perceptions of Chatbots in Health Care: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6473203). _Journal of Medical Internet Research_. **21** (4): e12887. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.2196/12887](https://doi.org/10.2196%2F12887). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [6473203](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6473203). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [30950796](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30950796).
063. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:3_63-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:3_63-1)Biswas, Som S. (1 May 2023). ["Role of Chat GPT in Public Health"](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03172-7). _Annals of Biomedical Engineering_. **51** (5): 868–869. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1007/s10439-023-03172-7](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10439-023-03172-7). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [1573-9686](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-9686). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [36920578](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36920578).
064. **[^](#cite_ref-64)**Ahaskar, Abhijit (27 March 2020). ["How WhatsApp chatbots are helping in the fight against Covid-19"](https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/how-whatsapp-chatbots-are-helping-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-11585310168911.html). _[Mint](/wiki/Mint_(newspaper) "Mint (newspaper)")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200723154947/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/how-whatsapp-chatbots-are-helping-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-11585310168911.html) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
065. **[^](#cite_ref-65)**["India's Coronavirus Chatbot on WhatsApp Crosses 1.7 Crore Users in 10 Days"](https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/coronavirus-mygov-corona-helpdesk-chatbot-whatsapp-indian-government-total-users-haptik-2204458). _NDTV Gadgets 360_. April 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200621183924/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/coronavirus-mygov-corona-helpdesk-chatbot-whatsapp-indian-government-total-users-haptik-2204458) from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
066. **[^](#cite_ref-66)**Kurup, Rajesh (21 March 2020). ["COVID-19: Govt of India launches a WhatsApp chatbot"](https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/covid-19-india-launches-a-whatsapp-chatbot/article31127438.ece). _[Business Line](/wiki/Business_Line "Business Line")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200723224134/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/covid-19-india-launches-a-whatsapp-chatbot/article31127438.ece) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
067. **[^](#cite_ref-67)**["In focus: Mumbai-based Haptik which developed India's official WhatsApp chatbot for Covid-19"](https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/in-focus-mumbai-based-haptik-which-developed-india-s-official-whatsapp-chatbot-for-covid-19-story-SkSTENvrXVmvfM9YWEKXBP.html). _[Hindustan Times](/wiki/Hindustan_Times "Hindustan Times")_. 7 April 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200723162256/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/in-focus-mumbai-based-haptik-which-developed-india-s-official-whatsapp-chatbot-for-covid-19-story-SkSTENvrXVmvfM9YWEKXBP.html) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
068. **[^](#cite_ref-68)**Nadarzynski, Tom; Miles, Oliver; Cowie, Aimee; Ridge, Damien (1 January 2019). ["Acceptability of artificial intelligence (AI)-led chatbot services in healthcare: A mixed-methods study"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704417). _Digital Health_. **5**: 2055207619871808\. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1177/2055207619871808](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2055207619871808). [PMC](/wiki/PMC_(identifier) "PMC (identifier)") [6704417](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704417). [PMID](/wiki/PMID_(identifier) "PMID (identifier)") [31467682](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31467682).
069. **[^](#cite_ref-69)**["Sam, the virtual politician"](https://tuiainnovation.com/sam%2c-the-virtual-politician). _Tuia Innovation_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190901151417/https://tuiainnovation.com/sam%2c-the-virtual-politician) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
070. **[^](#cite_ref-70)**Wellington, Victoria University of (15 December 2017). ["Meet the world's first virtual politician"](https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/news/2017/12/meet-the-worlds-first-virtual-politician). _Victoria University of Wellington_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200103124942/https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/news/2017/12/meet-the-worlds-first-virtual-politician) from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
071. **[^](#cite_ref-71)**Wagner, Meg (23 November 2017). ["This virtual politician wants to run for office"](https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/23/tech/first-virtual-politician-trnd/index.html). _CNN_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190901151408/https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/23/tech/first-virtual-politician-trnd/index.html) from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
072. **[^](#cite_ref-72)**["Talk with the first-ever robot politician on Facebook Messenger"](https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/25/talk-with-the-first-ever-robot-politician-on-facebook-messenger/). _Engadget_. 25 November 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190804024102/http://www.engadget.com/2017/11/25/talk-with-the-first-ever-robot-politician-on-facebook-messenger/) from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
073. **[^](#cite_ref-73)**Prakash, Abishur (8 August 2018). ["AI-Politicians: A Revolution In Politics"](https://medium.com/politics-ai/ai-politicians-a-revolution-in-politics-11a7e4ce90b0). _Medium_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190810020417/https://medium.com/politics-ai/ai-politicians-a-revolution-in-politics-11a7e4ce90b0) from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
074. **[^](#cite_ref-74)**["SAM website"](https://www.politiciansam.nz/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215358/http://politiciansam.nz/) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
075. **[^](#cite_ref-75)**Sternberg, Sarah (20 June 2022). ["Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens"](https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/ECE14145385/danskere-vil-ind-paa-den-politiske-scene-med-kunstig-intelligens/) \[Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence\]. _[Jyllands-Posten](/wiki/Jyllands-Posten "Jyllands-Posten")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220620113705/https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/ECE14145385/danskere-vil-ind-paa-den-politiske-scene-med-kunstig-intelligens/) from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
076. **[^](#cite_ref-76)**Diwakar, Amar (22 August 2022). ["Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics?"](https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/can-an-ai-led-danish-party-usher-in-an-age-of-algorithmic-politics-60008). _[TRT World](/wiki/TRT_World "TRT World")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220822173530/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/can-an-ai-led-danish-party-usher-in-an-age-of-algorithmic-politics-60008) from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
077. **[^](#cite_ref-77)**Xiang, Chloe (13 October 2022). ["This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI"](https://www.vice.com/en/article/jgpb3p/this-danish-political-party-is-led-by-an-ai). _[Vice: Motherboard](/wiki/Vice_(magazine) "Vice (magazine)")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221013143116/https://www.vice.com/en/article/jgpb3p/this-danish-political-party-is-led-by-an-ai) from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
078. **[^](#cite_ref-78)**Hearing, Alice (14 October 2022). ["A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines"](https://fortune.com/2022/10/14/ai-chatbot-leader-lars-the-synthetic-party-discord-russia-ukraine-crimea-policy/). _Fortune_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221222013913/https://fortune.com/2022/10/14/ai-chatbot-leader-lars-the-synthetic-party-discord-russia-ukraine-crimea-policy/) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
079. **[^](#cite_ref-79)**["Maharashtra government launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot to provide info on 1,400 public services"](https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/maharashtra-government-launches-aaple-sarkar-chatbot-to-provide-info-on-1400-public-services-2490621.htm). _[CNBC TV18](/wiki/CNBC_TV18 "CNBC TV18")_. 5 March 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200723165459/https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/maharashtra-government-launches-aaple-sarkar-chatbot-to-provide-info-on-1400-public-services-2490621.htm) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
080. **[^](#cite_ref-80)**["Government of Maharashtra launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot with Haptik"](https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-of-maharashtra-launches-aaple-sarkar-chatbot-with-haptik/articleshow/68268917.cms?from=mdr). _The Economic Times_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216043739/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-of-maharashtra-launches-aaple-sarkar-chatbot-with-haptik/articleshow/68268917.cms?from=mdr) from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
081. **[^](#cite_ref-81)**Aggarwal, Varun (5 March 2019). ["Maharashtra launches Aaple Sarkar chatbot"](https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/maharashtra-launches-aaple-sarkar-chatbot/article26438199.ece). _[Business Line](/wiki/Business_Line "Business Line")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200723160158/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/maharashtra-launches-aaple-sarkar-chatbot/article26438199.ece) from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
082. **[^](#cite_ref-82)**Sajani Senadheera, et al. (2024) Understanding Chatbot Adoption in Local Governments: A Review and Framework, Journal of Urban Technology, DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2023.2297665
083. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-virtualagentchat_83-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-virtualagentchat_83-1)Amy (23 February 2015). ["Conversational Toys – The Latest Trend in Speech Technology"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035430/https://virtualagentchat.com/2015/02/23/conversational-toys-the-latest-trend-in-speech-technology/). _Virtual Agent Chat_. Archived from [the original](https://virtualagentchat.com/2015/02/23/conversational-toys-the-latest-trend-in-speech-technology/) on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
084. **[^](#cite_ref-84)**Nagy, Evie (13 February 2015). ["Using Toy-talk Technology, New Hello Barbie Will Have Real Conversations With Kids"](http://www.fastcompany.com/3042430/most-creative-people/using-toytalk-technology-new-hello-barbie-will-have-real-conversations-). _Fast Company_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150315034733/http://www.fastcompany.com/3042430/most-creative-people/using-toytalk-technology-new-hello-barbie-will-have-real-conversations-) from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
085. **[^](#cite_ref-85)**[Oren Jacob, the co-founder and CEO of ToyTalk](https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/179/) interviewed on the TV show _Triangulation_ on the [TWiT.tv](/wiki/TWiT.tv "TWiT.tv") network
086. **[^](#cite_ref-86)**["Artificial intelligence script tool"](https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140032471/en). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211212003052/https://patents.google.com/patent/US20140032471/en) from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
087. **[^](#cite_ref-87)**Takahashi, Dean (23 February 2015). ["Elemental's smart connected toy taps IBM's Watson supercomputer for its brains"](https://venturebeat.com/2015/02/23/elementals-smart-connected-toy-cognitoys-taps-ibms-watson-supercomputer-for-its-brains/). _Venture Beat_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150520103335/http://venturebeat.com/2015/02/23/elementals-smart-connected-toy-cognitoys-taps-ibms-watson-supercomputer-for-its-brains/) from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
088. **[^](#cite_ref-88)**Epstein, Robert (October 2007). ["From Russia With Love: How I got fooled (and somewhat humiliated) by a computer"](http://drrobertepstein.com/downloads/FROM_RUSSIA_WITH_LOVE-Epstein-Sci_Am_Mind-Oct-Nov2007.pdf)(PDF). _Scientific American: Mind_. pp. 16–17. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101019210430/http://drrobertepstein.com/downloads/FROM_RUSSIA_WITH_LOVE-Epstein-Sci_Am_Mind-Oct-Nov2007.pdf)(PDF) from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
     Psychologist [Robert Epstein](/wiki/Robert_Epstein "Robert Epstein") reports how he was initially fooled by a chatterbot posing as an attractive girl in a personal ad he answered on a dating website. In the ad, the girl portrayed herself as being in Southern California and then soon revealed, in poor English, that she was actually in Russia. He became suspicious after a couple of months of email exchanges, sent her an email test of gibberish, and she still replied in general terms. The dating website is not named.
089. **[^](#cite_ref-89)**Neff, Gina; Nagy, Peter (12 October 2016). ["Automation, Algorithms, and Politics\| Talking to Bots: Symbiotic Agency and the Case of Tay"](https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6277). _International Journal of Communication_. **10**: 17\. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [1932-8036](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8036).
090. **[^](#cite_ref-90)**Bird, Jordan J.; Ekart, Aniko; Faria, Diego R. (June 2018). "Learning from Interaction: An Intelligent Networked-Based Human-Bot and Bot-Bot Chatbot System". _Advances in Computational Intelligence Systems_. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 840 (1st ed.). Nottingham, UK: Springer. pp. 179–190. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1007/978-3-319-97982-3\_15](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97982-3_15). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-319-97982-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97982-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97982-3"). [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [52069140](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52069140).
091. **[^](#cite_ref-91)**Temming, Maria (20 November 2018). ["How Twitter bots get people to spread fake news"](https://www.sciencenews.org/article/twitter-bots-fake-news-2016-election). _Science News_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181127191003/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/twitter-bots-fake-news-2016-election) from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
092. **[^](#cite_ref-92)**Epp, Len (11 May 2016). ["Five Potential Malicious Uses For Chatbots"](https://lenepp.medium.com/five-potential-malicious-uses-for-chatbots-a15f4955fba7). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230224041222/https://lenepp.medium.com/five-potential-malicious-uses-for-chatbots-a15f4955fba7) from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
093. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-:5_93-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-:5_93-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-:5_93-2)Hasal, Martin; Nowaková, Jana; Ahmed Saghair, Khalifa; Abdulla, Hussam; Snášel, Václav; Ogiela, Lidia (10 October 2021). ["Chatbots: Security, privacy, data protection, and social aspects"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpe.6426). _Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience_. **33** (19). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1002/cpe.6426](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpe.6426). [hdl](/wiki/Hdl_(identifier) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10084/145153](https://hdl.handle.net/10084%2F145153). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [1532-0626](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-0626).
094. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-Meet11_94-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-Meet11_94-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-Meet11_94-2)Marous, Jim (14 March 2018). ["Meet 11 of the Most Interesting Chatbots in Banking"](https://thefinancialbrand.com/71251/chatbots-banking-trends-ai-cx/). _The Financial Brand_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401170943/https://thefinancialbrand.com/71251/chatbots-banking-trends-ai-cx/) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
095. **[^](#cite_ref-Grudin-Jacques_95-0)**[Grudin, Jonathan](/wiki/Jonathan_Grudin "Jonathan Grudin"); Jacques, Richard (2019), "Chatbots, Humbots, and the Quest for Artificial General Intelligence", _Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI '19_, ACM CHI 2020, pp. 209–219, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1145/3290605.3300439](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3290605.3300439), [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4503-5970-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5970-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-5970-2"), [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [140274744](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140274744)
096. **[^](#cite_ref-96)**Stover, Dawn (3 September 2023). ["Will AI make us crazy?"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2023.2245247). _Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists_. **79** (5): 299–303. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1080/00963402.2023.2245247](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.2023.2245247). [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0096-3402](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402).
097. **[^](#cite_ref-97)**Crimmins, Tricia (30 May 2023). ["'This robot causes harm': National Eating Disorders Association's new chatbot advises people with disordering eating to lose weight"](https://www.dailydot.com/irl/neda-chatbot-weight-loss/). _The Daily Dot_. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
098. **[^](#cite_ref-98)**Knight, Taylor (31 May 2023). ["Eating disorder helpline fires AI for harmful advice after sacking humans"](https://nypost.com/2023/05/31/eating-disorder-helpline-fires-ai-for-harmful-advice-after-sacking-humans/).
099. **[^](#cite_ref-99)**Aratani, Lauren (31 May 2023). ["US eating disorder helpline takes down AI chatbot over harmful advice"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/31/eating-disorder-hotline-union-ai-chatbot-harm). _The Guardian_. [ISSN](/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
100. **[^](#cite_ref-100)**["How talking machines are taking call center jobs"](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45272835/). _BBC News_. 23 August 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401200917/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45272835) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
101. **[^](#cite_ref-101)**["How chatbots are killing jobs (and creating new ones)"](https://venturebeat.com/2017/06/18/how-chatbots-are-killing-jobs-and-creating-new-ones/). 18 June 2017. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190401193923/https://venturebeat.com/2017/06/18/how-chatbots-are-killing-jobs-and-creating-new-ones/) from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Gertner, Jon. (2023) "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth: Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process?" _New York Times Magazine_ (18 July 2023) [online](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html)

- [Searle, John](/wiki/John_Searle "John Searle") (1980), ["Minds, Brains and Programs"](http://members.aol.com/NeoNoetics/MindsBrainsPrograms.html), _Behavioral and Brain Sciences_, **3** (3): 417–457, [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1017/S0140525X00005756](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X00005756), [S2CID](/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) "S2CID (identifier)") [55303721](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55303721)
- Shevat, Amir (2017). _Designing bots: Creating conversational experiences_ (First ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4919-7482-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4919-7482-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4919-7482-7"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [962125282](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962125282).

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: External links")\]

- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Chatbots](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chatbots "commons:Category:Chatbots") at Wikimedia Commons
- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg)[Conversational bots](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conversational_bots "wikibooks:Conversational bots") at Wikibooks

- [v](/wiki/Template:Natural_language_processing "Template:Natural language processing")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_language_processing "Template talk:Natural language processing")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_language_processing "Special:EditPage/Template:Natural language processing")

[Natural language processing](/wiki/Natural_language_processing "Natural language processing")

General terms

- [AI-complete](/wiki/AI-complete "AI-complete")
- [Bag-of-words](/wiki/Bag-of-words_model "Bag-of-words model")
- [n-gram](/wiki/N-gram "N-gram")
  - [Bigram](/wiki/Bigram "Bigram")
  - [Trigram](/wiki/Trigram "Trigram")
- [Computational linguistics](/wiki/Computational_linguistics "Computational linguistics")
- [Natural language understanding](/wiki/Natural_language_understanding "Natural language understanding")
- [Stop words](/wiki/Stop_word "Stop word")
- [Text processing](/wiki/Text_processing "Text processing")

[Text analysis](/wiki/Text_mining "Text mining")

- [Argument mining](/wiki/Argument_mining "Argument mining")
- [Collocation extraction](/wiki/Collocation_extraction "Collocation extraction")
- [Concept mining](/wiki/Concept_mining "Concept mining")
- [Coreference resolution](/wiki/Coreference#Coreference_resolution "Coreference")
- [Deep linguistic processing](/wiki/Deep_linguistic_processing "Deep linguistic processing")
- [Distant reading](/wiki/Distant_reading "Distant reading")
- [Information extraction](/wiki/Information_extraction "Information extraction")
- [Named-entity recognition](/wiki/Named-entity_recognition "Named-entity recognition")
- [Ontology learning](/wiki/Ontology_learning "Ontology learning")
- [Parsing](/wiki/Parsing "Parsing")
  - [Semantic parsing](/wiki/Semantic_parsing "Semantic parsing")
  - [Syntactic parsing](/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics) "Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)")
- [Part-of-speech tagging](/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging "Part-of-speech tagging")
- [Semantic analysis](/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning) "Semantic analysis (machine learning)")
- [Semantic role labeling](/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling "Semantic role labeling")
- [Semantic decomposition](/wiki/Semantic_decomposition_(natural_language_processing) "Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)")
- [Semantic similarity](/wiki/Semantic_similarity "Semantic similarity")
- [Sentiment analysis](/wiki/Sentiment_analysis "Sentiment analysis")

- [Terminology extraction](/wiki/Terminology_extraction "Terminology extraction")
- [Text mining](/wiki/Text_mining "Text mining")
- [Textual entailment](/wiki/Textual_entailment "Textual entailment")
- [Truecasing](/wiki/Truecasing "Truecasing")
- [Word-sense disambiguation](/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation "Word-sense disambiguation")
- [Word-sense induction](/wiki/Word-sense_induction "Word-sense induction")

[Text segmentation](/wiki/Text_segmentation "Text segmentation")

- [Compound-term processing](/wiki/Compound-term_processing "Compound-term processing")
- [Lemmatisation](/wiki/Lemmatisation "Lemmatisation")
- [Lexical analysis](/wiki/Lexical_analysis "Lexical analysis")
- [Text chunking](/wiki/Shallow_parsing "Shallow parsing")
- [Stemming](/wiki/Stemming "Stemming")
- [Sentence segmentation](/wiki/Sentence_boundary_disambiguation "Sentence boundary disambiguation")
- [Word segmentation](/wiki/Word#Word_boundaries "Word")

[Automatic summarization](/wiki/Automatic_summarization "Automatic summarization")

- [Multi-document summarization](/wiki/Multi-document_summarization "Multi-document summarization")
- [Sentence extraction](/wiki/Sentence_extraction "Sentence extraction")
- [Text simplification](/wiki/Text_simplification "Text simplification")

[Machine translation](/wiki/Machine_translation "Machine translation")

- [Computer-assisted](/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation "Computer-assisted translation")
- [Example-based](/wiki/Example-based_machine_translation "Example-based machine translation")
- [Rule-based](/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation "Rule-based machine translation")
- [Statistical](/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation "Statistical machine translation")
- [Transfer-based](/wiki/Transfer-based_machine_translation "Transfer-based machine translation")
- [Neural](/wiki/Neural_machine_translation "Neural machine translation")

[Distributional semantics](/wiki/Distributional_semantics "Distributional semantics") models

- [BERT](/wiki/BERT_(language_model) "BERT (language model)")
- [Document-term matrix](/wiki/Document-term_matrix "Document-term matrix")
- [Explicit semantic analysis](/wiki/Explicit_semantic_analysis "Explicit semantic analysis")
- [fastText](/wiki/FastText "FastText")
- [GloVe](/wiki/GloVe "GloVe")
- [Language model](/wiki/Language_model "Language model") ( [large](/wiki/Large_language_model "Large language model"))
- [Latent semantic analysis](/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis "Latent semantic analysis")
- [Seq2seq](/wiki/Seq2seq "Seq2seq")
- [Word embedding](/wiki/Word_embedding "Word embedding")
- [Word2vec](/wiki/Word2vec "Word2vec")

[Language resources](/wiki/Language_resource "Language resource"),

datasets and corpora

Types and

standards

- [Corpus linguistics](/wiki/Corpus_linguistics "Corpus linguistics")
- [Lexical resource](/wiki/Lexical_resource "Lexical resource")
- [Linguistic Linked Open Data](/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data "Linguistic Linked Open Data")
- [Machine-readable dictionary](/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary "Machine-readable dictionary")
- [Parallel text](/wiki/Parallel_text "Parallel text")
- [PropBank](/wiki/PropBank "PropBank")
- [Semantic network](/wiki/Semantic_network "Semantic network")
- [Simple Knowledge Organization System](/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System "Simple Knowledge Organization System")
- [Speech corpus](/wiki/Speech_corpus "Speech corpus")
- [Text corpus](/wiki/Text_corpus "Text corpus")
- [Thesaurus (information retrieval)](/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) "Thesaurus (information retrieval)")
- [Treebank](/wiki/Treebank "Treebank")
- [Universal Dependencies](/wiki/Universal_Dependencies "Universal Dependencies")

Data

- [BabelNet](/wiki/BabelNet "BabelNet")
- [Bank of English](/wiki/Bank_of_English "Bank of English")
- [DBpedia](/wiki/DBpedia "DBpedia")
- [FrameNet](/wiki/FrameNet "FrameNet")
- [Google Ngram Viewer](/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer "Google Ngram Viewer")
- [UBY](/wiki/UBY "UBY")
- [WordNet](/wiki/WordNet "WordNet")
- [Wikidata](/wiki/Wikidata "Wikidata")

[Automatic identification\
\
and data capture](/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture "Automatic identification and data capture")

- [Speech recognition](/wiki/Speech_recognition "Speech recognition")
- [Speech segmentation](/wiki/Speech_segmentation "Speech segmentation")
- [Speech synthesis](/wiki/Speech_synthesis "Speech synthesis")
- [Natural language generation](/wiki/Natural_language_generation "Natural language generation")
- [Optical character recognition](/wiki/Optical_character_recognition "Optical character recognition")

[Topic model](/wiki/Topic_model "Topic model")

- [Document classification](/wiki/Document_classification "Document classification")
- [Latent Dirichlet allocation](/wiki/Latent_Dirichlet_allocation "Latent Dirichlet allocation")
- [Pachinko allocation](/wiki/Pachinko_allocation "Pachinko allocation")

[Computer-assisted\
\
reviewing](/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing "Computer-assisted reviewing")

- [Automated essay scoring](/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring "Automated essay scoring")
- [Concordancer](/wiki/Concordancer "Concordancer")
- [Grammar checker](/wiki/Grammar_checker "Grammar checker")
- [Predictive text](/wiki/Predictive_text "Predictive text")
- [Pronunciation assessment](/wiki/Pronunciation_assessment "Pronunciation assessment")
- [Spell checker](/wiki/Spell_checker "Spell checker")

[Natural language\
\
user interface](/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface "Natural-language user interface")

- Chatbot
- [Interactive fiction](/wiki/Interactive_fiction "Interactive fiction") (c.f. [Syntax guessing](/wiki/Syntax_guessing "Syntax guessing"))
- [Question answering](/wiki/Question_answering "Question answering")
- [Virtual assistant](/wiki/Virtual_assistant "Virtual assistant")
- [Voice user interface](/wiki/Voice_user_interface "Voice user interface")

Related

- [Formal semantics](/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language) "Formal semantics (natural language)")
- [Hallucination](/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence) "Hallucination (artificial intelligence)")
- [Natural Language Toolkit](/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit "Natural Language Toolkit")
- [spaCy](/wiki/SpaCy "SpaCy")

[Authority control databases](/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control"): National [![Edit this at Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata")

- [Germany](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4841533-9)
- [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph980006&CON_LNG=ENG)
- [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000340173&P_CON_LNG=ENG)

Retrieved from " [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&oldid=1242606084](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&oldid=1242606084)"

[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):

- [Chatbots](/wiki/Category:Chatbots "Category:Chatbots")
- [Instant messaging](/wiki/Category:Instant_messaging "Category:Instant messaging")
- [Interactive narrative](/wiki/Category:Interactive_narrative "Category:Interactive narrative")
- [Natural language parsing](/wiki/Category:Natural_language_parsing "Category:Natural language parsing")

Hidden categories:

- [Webarchive template wayback links](/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links "Category:Webarchive template wayback links")
- [CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024](/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_March_2024 "Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024")
- [Articles with short description](/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description")
- [Short description is different from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata")
- [Use dmy dates from March 2024](/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024 "Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024")
- [Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023](/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2023 "Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023")
- [All Wikipedia articles in need of updating](/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating "Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating")
- [Commons category link from Wikidata](/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata "Category:Commons category link from Wikidata")

- This page was last edited on 27 August 2024, at 18:06 (UTC).
- Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License);
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the [Terms of Use](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) and [Privacy Policy](//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](//wikimediafoundation.org/), a non-profit organization.

- [Privacy policy](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy)
- [About Wikipedia](/wiki/Wikipedia:About)
- [Disclaimers](/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)
- [Contact Wikipedia](//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us)
- [Code of Conduct](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)
- [Developers](https://developer.wikimedia.org)
- [Statistics](https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org)
- [Cookie statement](https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement)
- [Mobile view](//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chatbot&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)

- [![Wikimedia Foundation](/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg)](https://wikimediafoundation.org/)
- [![Powered by MediaWiki](/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg)](https://www.mediawiki.org/)