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**Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)**

German poet, novelist, playwright, courtier, and natural
philosopher, one of the greatest figures in Western literature. In
literature Goethe gained early fame with Die Leiden des jungen Werthers
(1774,  The Sorrows of Young Werther), but his most famous work is
the poetic drama in two parts, Faust.
Like the famous character of this poem, Goethe was interested in
alchemy. He also made important discoveries in connection with plant
and animal life, and evolved a non-Newtonian and unorthodox theory of
the character of light and color, which has influenced such abstract
painters as Kandinsky and Mondrian.

> **Noble be man,****Helpful and good!**
>
> **For that alone**
>
> **Sets him apart**
>
> **From every other creature**
>
> **On earth.**
>
> (in _The Divine_, 1783)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born in Frankfurt am Main, the
first child of a lawyer Johann Caspar Goethe, and Katherine Elisabeth
Textor, the daughter of the mayor of Frankfurt. Goethe had a
comfortable childhood and he was greatly influenced by his mother, who
encouraged his literary aspirations. Due to  troubles at
school, he received education at home. At the age of 16, Goethe began
to study law at Leipzig University (1765-68), and he also studied
drawing with Adam Oeser. An unhappy love affair inspired Goethe's first
play, Die Laune des Verliebten
(1767, The Lover's Caprice). After a period of illness, Goethe resumed
his studies in Strasbourg (1770-71). Some biographers have speculated
that Goethe had contracted syphilis – at least his relationships
with women were years apart. Goethe practised law in Frankfurt
(1771-72) and Wetzlar (1772). He contributed to _Frankfurter_
_Gelehrte Anzeigen_ (1772-73), and in 1774 he published his first
novel, self-revelatory _The Sorrows of Young Werther_, in which
he created the prototype of the Romantic hero, who wears blue coat and
yellow breeches and commits suicide. The novel, written in the form of
a series of letters, depicted the hopeless affair of a young man,
Werther, with the beautiful Charlotte. In the end the melancholic
Werther shoots himself in the head, after one brief moment of happiness
with Charlotte, when she lets him kiss her. Goethe's model was
Charlotte Buff, the fianc�e of his friend, whom he had met in Wetzlar
in 1772. William Thackeray attacked the cult of "Wertherism" in his
verse: "Werther had a love for Charlotte, / Such as words could never
utter, / Would you know how he first met her? / She was cutting bread
and butter."

Goethe's youth was emotionally hectic to the point that he
sometimes feared for his reason. He was recognized as a leading figure
in the _Sturm und Drang_, which celebrated the energetic
Promethean restlessness of spirit as opposed to the ideal of calm
rationalism of the Enlightenment. Goethe's poem 'Prometheus', with its
insistence that man must believe not in gods but in himself, might be
seen as a motto for the whole movement. After a relaxing trip to
Switzerland, Goethe made a decisive break with his past. In 1775 he was
welcomed by Duke Karl August into the small court of Weimar, where he
worked in several governmental offices. Occasionally he read aloud his
texts to a selected group of persons – among them the Duke and the
two Duchesses. To his disappointment a dog-trainer was also allowed to
amuse in the court theatre.

> **"What you don't feel, you will not**
> **grasp by art,****Unless it wells out of your soul**
>
> **And with sheer pleasure takes control,**
>
> **Compelling every listener's heart.**
>
> **But sit - and sit, and patch and knead,**
>
> **Cook a ragout, reheat your hashes,**
>
> **Blow at the sparks and try to breed**
>
> **A fire out of piles of ashes!**
>
> **Children and apes may think it great,**
>
> **If that should titillate your gum,**
>
> **But from heart to heart you will never create.**
>
> **If from your heart it does not come."**
>
> (in _Faust I_)

In Weimar Goethe did not have much time to publish fiction. He
was a council member and member of the war commission, director of
roads and services, and managed the financial affairs of the court.
Also Goethe's scientific researches were wide. He discovered the human
intermaxilarry bone (1784), and formulated a vertebral theory of the
skull. His idea of _Urpflanze_, the archetypal forms after which
all other plants are patterned, has similarities with Plato's theory of
eternal and changeless Forms. In general, Goethe's metaphysics and
organic view of nature showed the influence of Spinoza. As the director of the Court Theater from 1791 to 1817, he had Mozart's The Magic Flute
performed eighty-nine times. A Freemason like Mozart, he knew well the
background of the opera, saying that it lent itself to heterogeneous
apprecication, furnishing simple pleasure to the mass an yielding its
hidden treasures to the initiate. . . . Goethe also spent to years
trying to write the libretto for a sequel, Die Zauberharfe (The Magic Harpf). While in Sicily, he met Count Gagliostro, who had inspired the character of Sarastro.

During this period, his great love was Charlotte von Stein, an
older married woman, but the relationship remained platonic. Eventually
Goethe was released from day-to-day governmental duties to concentrate
on writing, although he was still general supervisor for arts and
sciences, and director of the court theatres. After Goethe's emotional
dependence on Charlotte ended, he lived happily and unmarried with
Christiane Vulpius, who became Goethe's mistress in 1789. In spite of
public pressure, it was not until 1806 when they married.

In 1786-88 Goethe made a journey to Italy. "In Rome I have
found myself for the first time," he wrote. He drew statues and ruins,
collected antique and botanical samples, and was shocked by the
primitive power of an ancient Greek temple – Renaissance art did not
interest him. The journey ended Goethe's celibacy and inspired his play
Iphigenie auf Tauris,
and R�mische Elegien,
sensuous poems relating partly to Christiane. The ancient monuments he
saw in Italy significantly influenced his growing commitment to a
classical view of art. "Three things are to be looked to in a
building," Goethe later wrote in Die
Wahlverwandtschaften (1809, Elective Affinities), "that it
stands on the right spot; that it be securely founded; that it be
successfully executed."

In the 1790s Goethe contributed to [Friedrich von Schiller](schiller.htm) �s journal _Die Horen_, published Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Wilhelm
Meister's Apprenticeship) in 1795-96, and continued his writings on the
ideals of arts and literature in his own journal _Propyl�en_.
Wilhelm Meister's story had preoccupied the author for many years.
Wilhelm, disillusioned by love, starts actively to seek out other
values, and becomes an actor and playwright. Whereas Werther's life
ended in despair, Meister has a more optimistic spirit. At the end he
says: "... I know I have attained a happiness which I have not
deserved, and which I would not change with anything in life." Wim
Wenders and Peter Handke made in 1974 a modernized film adaptation of
the book, _Wrong Movement_, in which Meister's journey has a sad,
lonely note. "If only politics and poetry could be united," he says to
his friend Laertes, who answers: "That would be the end of longing and
the end of the world."

During the French Revolution Goethe reported in letters –
sometimes written in the middle of cannon fire – to his family his
inconveniences, complaining that he was forced to leave his home and
dear garden after the French army attacked Prussia. He also saw
killings and looted villages. Although Goethe supported freedom and
progress, he wanted to preserve the bourgeois or his
artistic-individualistic way of life. However, the majority of the
German intelligentsia greeted with enthusiasm the goals of the
revolution, including Kant, Schiller, and Friedrich Schlegel. As a
response to the French Revolution Goethe wrote the epic poem Hermann und Dorothea (1797), which
contrasts chaos and bourgeois harmony. In the abandoned drama The Mystified he tried to analyze the preconditions that led to the Revolution. Der Gross-Cophta (1791, The Great Copt) was a comedy about Cagliostro, whose trickery reflected the susceptibility of the court. Die nat�rliche Tochter,
derived from the memoirs of Princess St�phanie-Louis de Bourbon Conti,
was Goethe's attempt to delt with the abuses of the ancien
r�gime.

_Faust_ is an alchemical drama from beginning to end,
claims C.G. Jung. Goethe worked for most of his life on this
masterwork. He started to compose _Faust_ about the age of
twenty-three, and finished the second part in 1832, just before his
death. Many of its lines have passed into the proverbial wisdom
in Germany. The first English translation from _Faust_
was published in the _Monthly Review_ (1810), Shelley made
translations of sections of the work in 1822, and Bayard Taylor's
verse translation came out in 1870-71.

The original figure in the Faust legend was Gregorius Faustus
(or Gregorius Sabellicus, Faustus Junior, c1480-1510/1), a seeker of
forbidden knowledge. His true identity is not known, but he claimed to
be an astrologer, expert in magic, and an alchemist. This legend
attracted [Christopher Marlowe](marlowe.htm), who offered
in his play a psychological study of the battle between good and evil.
Marlowe's drama ends with the protagonist's damnation. Goethe's story
created a new persona for the Devil – Mephistopheles was a
gentleman, who had adopted the manners of a courtier. Faust's lust for
knowledge is limitless and he makes a contract with Mephistopheles: he
will die at the moment he declares himself satisfied, if he should
exclaim, "Stay, thou art so fair." When Werther believed that his
passion for beauty is fulfilled in afterlife, Faust wants to enjoy his
highest moment in this life.

In the first part, published in 1808, Faust seduces and loses
Margaret (in German, Margarete, or its diminutive, Gretchen), an
innocent girl, who is condemned to death for murdering her illegitimate
child by Faust. She asks Faust, "Do you believe in God?", and he
answers: "Does not the heaven vault above? / Is the earth not firmly
based down here? / And do not, friendly, / Eternal stars arise? / Do we
not look into each other's eyes, / And all in you is surging, / To your
head and heart, / And weaves in timeless mystery, / Unseeable, yet
seen, around you?"

In the philosophical second part Faust marries Helen of Troy
and starts to create an ideal community. Harold Bloom has said in _The_
_Western Canon_(1994),that the monstrously complex poem is
a "scandalous pleasure for the exuberant reader, but it is also a trap,
a Maphistophelean abyss in which you will never touch bottom." Without
knowing that his plans have failed, the blind Faust is finally
satisfied. However, Mephistopheles loses his victory, when angels take
Faust to heaven. Faust versions: Gotthold Lessing's
(1729-1781) lost play _Faust_, _Don Juan/Don Giovanni_
(perhaps best known from the Opera by Lorenzo Ponte and Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart), [Oscar Wilde](owilde.htm)'s novel _The_
_Picture of Dorian Gray_, [Dorothy L. Sayers](dlsayers.htm)'s
play _The Devil to Pay_ (1939), [Thomas Mann](tmann.htm)'s
novel _Doctor Faustus_(1947).  Film adaptations:1909,
dir.  Edwin S. Porter; 1911, Bill Bumper's Bargain, starring
Francis X. Bushman, Harry Cashman, Dolores Cassinelli; 1922, dir.
G�rard Bourgeois; 1926, dir.  F.W. Murnau, starring G�sta Ekman,
Emil Jannings, Camilla Horn; 1941, All That Money Can Buy , dir.
William Dieterle, based on [Stephen Vincent Ben�t](sbenet.htm)
work; 1948, La Leggenda di Faust, dir. Carmine Gallone, starring Italo
Tajo, Nelly Corradi, Gino Mattera; 1949, La Beaut� du Diable, dir. Ren�
Clair; 1957, Faustina, dir.  Jos� Luis S�enz de Heredia, starring
Mar�a F�lix, Juan de Landa; 1960, dir. Peter Gorski, starring Will
Quadflieg, Gustaf Gr�ndgens, Ella B�chi; 1964, Mi alma por un amor,
dir. Rafael Baled�n, starring Enrique Guzm�n, Ang�lica Mar�a, Manolo
Mu�oz; 1970, Genius, dir.  Gregory J. Markopoulos; 1988,
dir.  Dieter Dorn, starring Helmut Griem, Romuald Pekny, Sunnyi
Melles; 1994, dir. Jan Svankmajer, starring Petr Cepek; 2002, 666 -
Traue keinem, mit dem Du schl�fst!, dir. by Rainer Matsutani, starring
Jan Josef Liefers, Armin Rohde; Faust, 2011, dir. Aleksandr Sokurov,
starring Johannes Zeiler, Anton Adasinski, Isolda Dišauk.  Opera:
Gounod's _Faust_
(1859), Bu�to's _Mefistotele_(1866), Berlioz's _La Damnation_
_de Faust_ (1893), Busoni's _Doktor Faust_(1925).  Animation:1994, dir. Jan Svankmaijer.

Goethe advised Duke Carl August on mining and Jena University,
which for a short time attracted the most prominent figures in German
philosophy, including Hegel and Fichte. In 1812 Goethe met the famous
composer Ludwig van Beethoven in Teplitz. Beethoven had admired Goethe
already in his youth, although he considered Goethe's attitude toward
the nobility too servile. Beethoven composed several music pieces based
on the author's texts, among them _Egmont_. Franz Schubert's
(1797-1828) first _Lieder_ masterpiece, 'Gretchen am Spinnrade',
took the words from _Faust_, but Goethe did not much appreciate
Schubert's musical achievements.

Goethe remained creative during his last period. He edited _Kunst and Altertum_ (1816-32) and _Zur Naturwissenschaft_
(1817-24), wrote his autobiography, Aus
meinem Leben. Dichtung und Wahrheit (1811-1833, Poetry and
Truth), and completed the novel Wilhelm
Meisters Wanderjahre (1821-9). Thomas Carlyle translated the _Wilhelm_
_Meister_ novels into English, but they deviate from the original.
He called Goethe "the Wisest of our Time" but he also said of the _Apprenticeship_
that there "are touches of the very highest, most ethereal genius in
it; but diluted with floods of insipidity."

Interested in visual arts throughout his life,
Goethe published a large volume on the theory of color, which he
considered one of his major achievements. In Zur Farbenlehre (1810) Goethe
attacked Newton on methodological grounds. He rejected mathematical
approach in the treatment of color, and argued that light, shade and
color are associated with the emotional experience – "every color
produces a distinct impression on the mind, and thus addresses at once
the eye and feelings".

At the age of 74 Goethe fell in love with the 19-year old
Ulrike von Levetzow. He followed her with high hopes from Marienbad to
Karlsbad, and then returned disappointed to Weimar. There he wrote _The Marienbad_ elegy, the most personal poem of his later years.
Goethe died in Weimar on March 22, 1832. He and Schiller, who died over
a quarter of a century earlier, are buried together, in a mausoleum in
the ducal cemetery. The Goethe House and Schiller House stand in the
town, and the two statues of these literary giants are outside the
National Theatre.

> **For further reading**: _Goethe: The Poet and the Age._
> _Vol. II._ by Nicholas Boyle (2000); _Unterirdische G�nge. Goethe, Freimaurerei und Politik_ by W. Daniel Wilson (1999); _Das Goethe-Tabu_ by W. Daniel
> Wilson (1999); _Christiane un Goethe_ by Sigrid Damm (1999); _Goethes_
> _"Werther": Kritik und Forschung_ by Peter Hans
> Herrmann (1994); _Goethe: The Poet and the Age. Vol. I._ by
> Nicholas Boyle (1991); _Wilhelm Meister: Das_
> _Ende der Kunst und die Wiederkehr des Mythos_
> by Hannelore Schlaffer (1989); " _The Sorrows of_
> _Young Werther"_ by Martin Swales (1987); _Goethe's_
> _Faust: A Critical Reading_ by L. Dieckmann (1972); _Goethe's Novels_ by Hans Reiss
> (1969); _Goethe's "Die Wahlverwandtschaften":_
> _A Literary Interpretation_ by Harry George
> Barnes (1967); _Goethe: A Critical Introduction_ by H. Hatfield
> (1963); _Goethe: A Psychoanalytic Study_ by Kurt
> Eissler (1963); _Goethe-Bibliographie_ (1955-, serial); _Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister"_ by Karl
> Schlechta (1953); _Goethe, The History of a Man, 1749-1832_ by
> E.Ludwig (1928); _T__he Life and Works_
> _of Goethe_ by G.H. Lewes (1855); Gespr�che
> mit Goethe by Johann Eckermann (1836) **-**
> **Museums:** _Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's_
> _House_ (Goethehaus), Am Frauenplan 1. Goethe
> lived there for fifty years.  _Johann_
> _Wolfgang von Goethe's Summerhouse,_ im Park an
> der Ilm. Goethe started there Iphig�nie. In Weimar is a copy of
> Goethe's Gartenhaus; also the furniture and other details follow the
> original. - **S** **uomeksi** on julkaistu mm. kaksi laitosta _Valittuja teoksia_, ensimm�inen 1932
> (8 osaa) ja toinen 1956 (3 osaa) sek� Goethen el�m�kerta [V.A.\
> Koskenniemen](koskenni.htm) kirjoittamana.

**Selected works:**

- Annette, 1767
- Die Laune des Verliebten, 1767


  \- The Lover's Caprice (translated by Martha Ridgway Bannan, 1899)
- Satyros, 1770
- Neue Lieder, 1770
- Von deutscher Baukunst, 1773
- G�tz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand, 1773


  \- Goetz von Berlichingen (translated by Sir Walter Scott, 1799) / Ironhand
  (adapted by John Arden, 1965) / G�tz von Berlichingen; a Play
  (translated by Charles E. Passage, 1965) / G�tz von Berlichingen with the
  Iron Hand (translated by Robert Dierlam, in Tragedy: Ten Major Plays, 1969)


  \- G�tz von Berlichingen, rautak�si (suom. Antti R�ih�, 1899; J.A.Hollo,
  1923)


- Films: 1925, dir.  G�rard Bourgeois, starring
Eugen Kl�pfer; 1955, dir.  Alfred St�gery, starring Ewald Balser;
1979, dir.  Wolfgang Liebeneiner, starring Raimund Harmstorf
- G�tter, Helden und Wieland, 1774
- Clavigo, 1774


  \- Clavigo (tr. anon., 1798; E.A. Bowring (?), in The Works of Johann
  Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. X, 1901)


- Film 1988, dir.  Eusebio
Poncela, starring Michael Maertens
- Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, 1774

  -
  The Sorrows of Werter (translated by Daniel Malthus, 1779) / The
  Sorrows
  and Sympathetic Attachments of Werter,  A German
  Story  (tr. 1784) / Werter and Charlotte, A German
  Story  (tr. 1786) / The Sorrows of Werter. A German Story (tr.
  1790) / The Sorrows of Werther (translated by William Render, 1801) /
  The Sorrows
  of Werter: A German Story (a new and improved translation,
  1814)  / The Sorrows of Young Werther (translated by Victor
  Lange,
  1949; R. D. Boylan, in Novels and Tales by Goethe, 1901; Catherine
  Hutter, 1962; Elizabeth Mayer and Louise Bogan, 1971; Victor Lange and
  Judith Ryan, 1988; Michael Hulse, 1989; Burton Pike, 2004) / The
  Sufferings of Young Werther (translated by Bayard Quincy Morgan, 1957;
  Harry
  Steinhauer, 1970)


  \- Nuoren Wertherin k�rsimykset (suom. Volter Kilpi, 1904; Markku
  Mannila, 1992)


- Films: 1922, Werther, dir. by Germaine Dulac; 1938,
Werther, dir.  Max Oph�ls, starring Pierre Richard-Willm; 1949,
Begegnung mit Werther, dir.  Karl-Heinz
Stroux, starring Horst Caspar; 1976, dir. Egon G�nther; 1986, dir. by Pilar
Mir�, starring Eusebio Poncela;1990, Werther, dir. H�kan
Alexandersson, starring Peter Sj�quist; 2004, Stradaniya yunogo Wertera,
dir. Esther Schaer, starring Roman Sviridenko
- Claudine von Villa Bella, 1776
- Stella. Ein Schauspiel f�r Liebende, 1776


  \- Stella (tr. anon., 1798; Robert M. Browning and Frank Ryder, in
  Goethe's Collected Works, Vol. VII, 1988)
- Die Geschwister, 1776


  \- Brother and Sister (translated by Frank Ryder, in Early Verse Drama and Prose
  Plays, 1988)


  \- Sisarukset: n�ytelm� yhdess� n�yt�ksess� (suom. F. W. R-n, 2. p.
  1876)
- Iphigenie auf Tauris, 1779 / 1787


  \- Iphigenia in Tauris (translated by  William Taylor, 1793; John Prudhoe,
  1966; Anna Swanwick, in The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol.
  VI, 1901; Elizabeth D. Dowden, 1906; Sidney E. Kaplan, 1953; Bayard
  Quincy Morgan, 1954; Charles E. Passage, 1963; John Prudhoe, 1966
  )


  \- Iphigeneia Tauriissa: viisi-n�yt�ksinen n�ytelm� (suom. Eino Leino,
  1910)

- Die Fischerin, 1782
- Der Triumph der Empfindsamkeit, 1787
- Egmont, 1788


  \- Egmont (tr. anon., 1841; Anna Swanwick, 1901; Michael Hamburger,
  in The Classic Theatre, Vol. 2, 1959; F.J. Lamport, in Five German
  Tragedies, 1969; Willard R. Trask, 1960; Theodore H. Lustig, in
  Classical German Drama, 1963; F.J. Lamport, in Five German Tragedies,
  1969; Pierre and Lotte Conlon, 1976; Charles E. Passage, 1984)


  \- Egmont: viisin�yt�ksinen murhen�ytelm� (suom. Antti R�ih�, 1896;
  J.A.Hollo, 1923)
- R�mische Elegien, 1790


-  Roman Elegies (translated by David Luke, 1977) / Roman Elegies and
Other Poems (translated by Michael Hamburger, in Collected Works, Vol. 1, 1983)

\- Roomalaisia elegioita: saksaksi ja suomeksi (suomentanut ja
toimittanut Teivas Oksala, 1997)
- Faust. Ein Fragment, 1790 (also in Schriften, Band 7, 1790)

- Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erkl�ren, 1790


  \- Goethe’s Botany; the Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) and Tobler’s Ode
  to Nature (1782) (translated by Agnes Arber, 1946) / Goethe's Botanical Writings
  (translated by Bertha Mueller, 1952) / The Metamorphosis of Plants (translated by Emily M.
  Cox, 1863, rev. by Anne E. Marshall and Heinz Grotzke; introduction by
  Rudolf Steiner, 1974)


  \- Kasvin muodonmuutos (suomennos: Kari J�rvinen, P�ivi Suokas, 2000)
- Torquato Tasso, 1790 (see the myth that [Tasso](ttasso.htm) was imprisoned because of his love for
  Duke Alfonso's sister Leonoro)


  \- Torquato Tasso (translated by Charles des Voeux, 1827; Anna Swanwick, in
  The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. VI, 1901; Charles E.
  Passage, 1966; John Prudhoe, 1979; Michael Hamburger, 1987;
  Robert David MacDonald, 1994)


  \- Torquato Tasso (suom. Juhani Siljo, 1913)

- Beitr�ge zur Optik, 1791
- Der Gro�-Cophta, 1791

- Der B�rgergeneral, 1793
- Reineke Fuchs, 1794


  \- Reynard the Fox (translated by John Storer Cobb, 1899; Thomas James Arnold, in
  The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. X, 1901; Clifton Johnson,
  1924) / The Story of Reynard the Fox (translated by Thomas James Arnold,
  illustrations by Fritz Eichenberg, 1954)


- Film 1930, Le Roman de Renard, dir.  Irene
Starewicz, Wladyslaw Starewicz
- Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten, 1795 (includes Das
  M�rchen)


  \- The Parable (translated by Alice Raphael, 1963) / Goethe's 'Das M�rchen':
  Translation and Analysis (translated by Waltaud Bartscht, 1972) / The Tale of
  Fair Lily and the Green Serpent (translated by Alice Raphael, 1974) /
  Conversations of German Refugees (ed. Victor Lange, translated by Krishna
  Winston, in The Collected Works, Vol. 10, 1989) / Fairy Tale, the Green
  Snake and the Beautiful Lily (translated by Julius E. Heuscher, 2006)


  \- Taru k��rmeest� ja liljasta (suom. Aila Meriluoto, 1982)
- Physiognomische Fragmente, 1775-78
- Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, 1796


  \- Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (translated by [Thomas\
  Carlyle](carlyle.htm), 1824; R. Dillon Boylan, 1900; Eric A. Blackall and Victor
  Lange, 1989) / Wilhelm Meister: Apprenticeship and Travels (2 vols.,
  translated by R.O. Moon, 1947) / Wilhelm Meister (Vols 1-3: Wilhelm Meister's
  Year's of Apprenticeship, translated by H.M. Waidson, 1977-1980)


  \- Wilhelm Meisterin oppivuodet (suom. 1923)

  _-_ Film 1974, Falsche Bewegung/Wrong Movement, dir.  Wim
  Wenders, screrenplay by Peter Handke, starring R�diger Vogler, Hanna
  Schygulla, Hans Christian Blech, Peter Kern
- Hermann und Dorothea, 1798


  \- Herman and Dorothea (translated by Thomas Holcroft, 1805; Edgar Alfred
  Bowring, in The Poems of Goethe, 1900; Ellen Frothingham, 1910; George
  F. Timpson, 1950; Daniel Coogan, 1966; David Luke, in Collected Works,
  Vol. 8, 1987)


  \- Hermann ja Dorothea (suom. Valter Juva, 1916; Otto Manninen, 1929)
- Mahomet der Prophet, 1802 (tr. from Voltaire's work)
- Tancred: Trauerspiel in f�nf Aufz�gen, 1802 (tr. from Voltaire's work)
- Die nat�rliche Tochter, 1804


  \- The Natural Daughter (edited by Victor Lange, translated by Hunter Hannum, in
  The Collected Works, Vol. 8, 1987)

- Winkelmann und sein Jahrhundert, 1805 (editor)
- Faust. Eine Trag�die, 1808


-  Faust (fragments, translated by Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1822) / Faust: A
Drama by Goethe (translated by Francis Leveson Gower, 1823) / Faust: A Dramatic
Poem (translated by Abraham Hayward, 1833; Anna Swanwick, 19-?) / Faust: A
Tragedy (translated by Charles T. Brooks, 1856; Bayard Taylor, 1870-71)
/ The Tragedy of Faust (translated by Anna Swanwick, 1901) / Goethe’s Faust.
Part I (translated by Albert G. Latham, 1902) / Faust: A Dramatic Mystery
(translated by John Anster, 1903) / Faust. Part I (translated by Abraham Hayward,
1908) / The Tragedy of Faustus: The First Part (tr. in the
original rhyme and metre by Alfred Henry Huth, the second edition,
revised, 1912) / Faust, Part  One (translated by G.M. Cookson, in The
Permanent Goethe, ed. Thomas Mann, 1948) / Faust,
Part One (translated by Philip Wayne, 1949; C.F. MacIntyre, in Treasury
of the Theatre, Vol. 1, 1951) / Faust (translated by Stuart Atkins,
1962; Bayard Quincy Morgan, 1954; David Luke, 1987-94) / Goethe's
Faust, Parts I and II, an Abridged Version (translated by Louis MacNeice, 1952) /
Goethe's Faust (tr. Barker Fairley, 1970) / Faust I & II (edited
and translated by Stuart Atkins, 1984) / Dr. Henry Faust: The Tragedy's
First and Second Parts (translated by John A. Roth, 1988) / Faust: Parts One and
Two (translated by Philip Wayne, 1990)  / Faust: A Tragedy: Part 1
(translated by Martin Greenberg, 1992)/ Faust, 1833. Part I (translated by Abraham
Hayward, introduction by Jonathan Wordswworth, 1993) / Faust: Parts I
& II (a new version by Howard Brenton; from a literal translation
by Christa Weisman, 1995)

\- Faust I (suom. Kaarlo Forsman, 1884; Valter Juva, 1916; Otto
Manninen, 1936; Esko Elstel�, 1969; Faust I-II: Eila Kivikk'aho, 1985)
- Die Wahlverwandtschaften, 1809


  \- Elective Affinities translated by R. Dillon Boylan, 1854; Elizabeth
  Mayer and Louise Bogan, 1963; Judith Ryan, 1988;  R. J.
  Hollingdale, 1971; David Constantine, 1994) / Kindred by
  Choice (translated by H.M. Waidson, 1960; J. Calder, 1976)


  \- Vaaliheimolaiset (suom. J.A. Hollo, 1923)


  \- Films: 1974, dir.  Siegfried
  K�hn, screenplay by Christel Gr�f; 1986, Tarot,
  dir.  Rudolf Thome,
  screenplay by Max Zihlmann; 1996, Le Affinit� elettive, dir.  Paolo Taviani & Vittorio Taviani,
  starring Isabelle Huppert, Fabrizio
  Bentivoglio, Jean-Hugues Anglade, Marie Gillain
- Zur Farbenlehre, 1810 (2 vols.)


  \- Goethe's Theory of Colors (translated by Charles Lock Eastlake, 1840) /
  Goethe's Approach to Colour (translated by  Eleanor C. Merry, 1958) / Goethe's
  Color Theory (ed. Rupprecht Matthaei, translated by Herb Aach, 1971

- Aus meinem Leben. Dichtung und Wahrheit, 1811-33


  \- Memoirs of Goethe: Written by Himself (tr. anon., 1824) / Truth and
  Poetry: from My Own Life; or, The Autobiography of Goethe (translated
  by Parke
  Godwin et al., 1846-47) / The Auto-Biography of Goethe. Truth and
  Poetry: From My Own Life translated by John Oxenford, 1848-49)  /
  Goethe’s Autobiography:
  Poetry and Truth from My Life (translated by R.O. Moon, 1932) / From My
  Life (2 vols., edited by Thomas P. Saine and Jeffrey L. Sammons, 1987)


  \- Tarua ja totta el�m�st�ni (suom. J.A. Hollo, 1924-25)

- Des Epimenides Erwachen, 1815
- �ber Kunst und Altertum, 1816-32
- Zur Naturwissenschaft �berhaupt, besonders zur Morphologie,
  1817-24


  \- Scientific Studies (edited and translated by Douglas Miller, in Goethe's
  Collected Works, Vol. 12, 1988)
- Italienische Reise I-II, 1816-17


  \- Goethe's Travels in Italy (translated by A.J.W. Morrison and Charles
  Nisbet, 1883) / Italian Journey (translated by W.H. Auden and Elizabeth
  Mayer, 1962; Robert R. Heitner, 1994)  / The Flight to Italy:
  Diary and Selected Letters (ed. and tr. T.J. Reed, 1999)


  \- Italian matka p�iv�kirjoineen (suom. Sinikka Kallio, 1992)
- Tag- und Jahreshefte, 1817-30
- West-�stlicher Divan, 1819


  \- West-Easterly Divan (translated by John Weiss, 1877) / West-Eastern Divan (translated by
  J. Edward Dowden, 1913; Whaley, 1974; Alex Page, 1975)
- Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre, 1821


  \- Wilhelm Meister's Travels (translated by Thomas Carlyle, in German Romance,
  1827) / Wilhelm Meister: Apprenticeship and Travels (2 vols., translated by R.O.
  Moon, 1947) / Wilhelm Meister (Vols 4-6: Wilhelm Meister's
  Years of Travel, or The Renunciants, translated by H.M. Waidson,
  1980-1982) / Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years, or The Renunciants
  (translated by Krishna Winston, in The Collected Works, Vol 10, ed.  Victor
  Lange, 1989)
- Kampagne in Frankreich, 1822

- Vollstandige Ausgabe letzter Hand, 1828 (includes Novelle)


  \- Novella (translated by Victor Lange, in The Collected Works, Vol. 11,
  1987)

  \- Film 1976, Novelle, dir.  Katja Georgi

- Faust. Der Trag�die zweiter Teil, 1832


  \- Goethe’s Faust, Part II (translated by Leopold J. Bernays, 1839)  /
  Goethe's Faust. In two parts (translated by Anna Swanwick, in Goethe's
  Works, Vol. III, 1900) / The Tragedy of Faust. Part II (translated by Anna
  Swanwick, in The Works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Vol. IX, 1901)
  Faust: A Tragedy. The Second Part (translated by Bayard Taylor,
  1906)  / Goethe’s Faust. Parts  II (translated by Albert G.
  Latham, 1908) / Poem Faust (tr. Philip Wayne, 1949-59; David Luke,
  1987-94) / Goethe's Faust, Parts I and II, An Abridged Version translated by
  Louis MacNeice, 1952) / Faust I & II (edited and translated by
  Stuart Atkins, 1984) / Dr. Henry Faust: The Tragedy's First and Second
  Parts (translated by John A. Roth, 1988)/ Faust: Parts One and Two (translated by Philip
  Wayne, 1990) / Faust: Parts I & II (a new version by Howard
  Brenton; from a literal translation by Christa Weisman, 1995)


  \- Faust II (suom. Otto Manninen, 1934; Faust I-II: Eila Kivikk'aho,
  1985)
- Nachgelassene Schriften, 1832-33
- Gespr�che mit Goethe, 1836-1848 (3 vols.)


  \- Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret (translated by John
  Oxenford,
  1850) / Conversations of Goethe with Johann Peter Eckermann (translated
  by John Oxenford, 1930) / Conversations with Goethe (translated by
  Gisela C.
  O’Brien, 1964)
- Essays on Art, 1845 (translated by Samuel Gray Ward)
- Briefe und Aufs�tze von Goethe aus den Jahren 1766 bis 1786, 1846 (ed.  A. Sch�ll)
- Goethes Faust in urspr�nglicher Gestalt, 1887 (ed.
  Erich Schmidt)


-  Goethe's Urfaust (translated by Mary Prentice Lillie, in Grist 3, no. 4,
1927) / The Urfaust translated by Douglas M. Scott, 1958)  / "Urfaust";
Johann Wolfgang Goethe’s Faust in Its Original Version (ed.  R. H.
Samuel, 1967) / The 'Urfaust' (translated by Charles E. Passage, in Goethe's
Plays, 1980)  / From the 'Urfaust', c. 1774 (translated by David Luke,
in Selected Poetry of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1999)
- Wilhelm Meisters theatralische Sendung, 1911


  \- Wilhelm Meister's Theatrical Mission (translated by Gregory A. Page,
  introduction by H. Mayne, 1913)  / Wilhelm Meister’s
  Theatrical Calling translated by John R. Russell, 1995)
- Aufs�tze zur Kultur-, Theater- und Literatur-Geschichte, Maximen, Reflexionen, 1913-14 (2 vols.)


  \- The Maxims and Reflections of Goethe (translated by Bailey Saunders, 1906)
  /  Maximen und Reflexionen (edited and translated by R.H. Stephenson, 1983)
- Literary Essays, 1921 (ed. J.E. Spingarn)
- Schriften zur Literatur, 1970-82 (7 vols.)
- Goethe on Art, 1980 (ed. and tr. John Gage)
- Collected works editions: Werke, 1887-1919 (143 vols.);
  Works, 1902 (14 vols., ed.  Nathan Haskell Dole); Werke, 1948-64 (14 vols.,
  ed. Erich Trunz et. al.); Gedenkausgabe der Werke, Briefe und Gespr�che, 1948-71 (27 vols., ed.  Ernst Beutler);
  Goethe's Collected Works, 1983-89 (12 vols., ed.  Victor Lange et al.,
  tr.  Michal Hamburger et al.); S�mtliche Werke, 1986- (in
  progress, ed.  Karl Richter et al.)

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