Baroque music - Wikipedia
Baroque concerts were typically accompanied by a basso continuo group (comprising chord-playing instrumentalists such as harpsichordists and lute players ...
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## Contents

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- (Top)

- [1Etymology and definition](#Etymology_and_definition)
- [2History](#History)Toggle History subsection  - [2.1Early baroque music (1580–1650)](#Early_baroque_music_(1580–1650))
  - [2.2Middle baroque music (1630–1700)](#Middle_baroque_music_(1630–1700))
  - [2.3Late baroque music (1680–1750)](#Late_baroque_music_(1680–1750))    - [2.3.1Onset](#Onset)
    - [2.3.2Wider adoption](#Wider_adoption)
    - [2.3.3Transition to Classical era](#Transition_to_Classical_era)
- [3Timeline of composers](#Timeline_of_composers)
- [4Instruments](#Instruments)Toggle Instruments subsection  - [4.1Strings](#Strings)
  - [4.2Woodwinds](#Woodwinds)
  - [4.3Brass](#Brass)
  - [4.4Keyboards](#Keyboards)
  - [4.5Percussion](#Percussion)
- [5Styles and forms](#Styles_and_forms)Toggle Styles and forms subsection  - [5.1Dance suite](#Dance_suite)
  - [5.2Other features](#Other_features)
- [6Genres](#Genres)Toggle Genres subsection  - [6.1Vocal](#Vocal)
  - [6.2Instrumental](#Instrumental)
- [7Notes](#Notes)Toggle Notes subsection  - [7.1Sources](#Sources)
- [8Further reading](#Further_reading)
- [9External links](#External_links)

Toggle the table of contents

# Baroque music

63 languages

- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmusiek "Barokmusiek – Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barockmusik "Barockmusik – Alemannic")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9 "موسيقى باروكية – Arabic")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca "Música barroca – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokko_(musiqi) "Barokko (musiqi) – Azerbaijani")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokna_muzika "Barokna muzika – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca "Música barroca – Catalan")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokn%C3%AD_hudba "Barokní hudba – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_far%C3%B3c "Cerddoriaeth faróc – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmusik "Barokmusik – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barockmusik "Barockmusik – German")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk_(muusika) "Barokk (muusika) – Estonian")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE "Μπαρόκ μουσική – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_del_Barroco "Música del Barroco – Spanish")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroka_muziko "Baroka muziko – Esperanto")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika_barroko "Musika barroko – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9 "موسیقی باروک – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_baroque "Musique baroque – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmuzyk "Barokmuzyk – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C3%B3cach_(ceol) "Barócach (ceol) – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca "Música barroca – Galician")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A1%9C%ED%81%AC_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85 "바로크 음악 – Korean")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokna_glazba "Barokna glazba – Croatian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_Barok "Musik Barok – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_barocca "Musica barocca – Italian")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7 "המוזיקה הקלאסית בתקופת הבארוק – Hebrew")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_Baroca_(musica) "Aetas Baroca (musica) – Latin")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroka_m%C5%ABzika "Baroka mūzika – Latvian")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroko_muzika "Baroko muzika – Lithuanian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokk_zene "Barokk zene – Hungarian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Барокна музика – Macedonian")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87 "مزيكا باروكيه – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_era_barok "Muzik era barok – Malay")
- [Mirandés](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca "Música barroca – Mirandese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokmuziek "Barokmuziek – Dutch")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD "バロック音楽 – Japanese")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokken_(musikk) "Barokken (musikk) – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokkmusikk "Barokkmusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A "باروک موسيقي – Pashto")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_barokowa "Muzyka barokowa – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_barroca "Música barroca – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzica_baroc%C4%83 "Muzica barocă – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE "Музыка эпохи барокко – Russian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_barok "Muzika barok – Albanian")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9sica_barocca "Mùsica barocca – Sicilian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music "Baroque music – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokov%C3%A1_hudba "Baroková hudba – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro%C4%8Dna_glasba "Baročna glasba – Slovenian")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9 "مۆسیقای بۆرۆک – Central Kurdish")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0 "Барокна музика – Serbian")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokna_muzika "Barokna muzika – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barokkimusiikki "Barokkimusiikki – Finnish")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barockens_musik "Barockens musik – Swedish")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikang_Baroko "Musikang Baroko – Tagalog")
- [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82 "బరోక్ సంగీతం – Telugu")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81 "ดนตรีสมัยบารอก – Thai")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barok_m%C3%BCzik "Barok müzik – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE "Музика бароко – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_nh%E1%BA%A1c_th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Baroque "Âm nhạc thời kỳ Baroque – Vietnamese")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90 "巴洛克音乐 – Wu")
- [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7 "באראק מוזיק – Yiddish")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82 "巴洛克音樂 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90 "巴洛克音乐 – Chinese")

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Style of western classical music

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg/290px-Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg)](/wiki/File:Baschenis_-_Musical_Instruments.jpg) Painting by [Evaristo Baschenis](/wiki/Evaristo_Baschenis "Evaristo Baschenis") of [Baroque instruments](/wiki/Baroque_instruments "Baroque instruments"), including a [cittern](/wiki/Cittern "Cittern"), [viola da gamba](/wiki/Viola_da_gamba "Viola da gamba"), [violin](/wiki/Violin "Violin"), and two [lutes](/wiki/Lute "Lute")Major eras of

[Western classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music")[Early music](/wiki/Early_music "Early music")[Medieval](/wiki/Medieval_music "Medieval music")c. 500–1400[Transition to Renaissance](/wiki/Medieval_music#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance "Medieval music")[Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_music "Renaissance music")c. 1400–1600[Transition to Baroque](/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music "Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music")[Common practice period](/wiki/Common_practice_period "Common practice period")Baroquec. 1600–1750[Transition to Classical](/wiki/Galant_music "Galant music")[Classical](/wiki/Classical_period_(music) "Classical period (music)")c. 1730–1820[Transition to Romantic](/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music "Transition from Classical to Romantic music")[Romantic](/wiki/Romantic_music "Romantic music")c. 1800–1910[Transition to Modernism](/wiki/Post-romanticism "Post-romanticism")[New music](/wiki/Neue_Musik "Neue Musik")[Modernism](/wiki/Modernism_(music) "Modernism (music)") from c. 1890[Contemporary](/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music "Contemporary classical music") from c. 1945  • [20th-century](/wiki/20th-century_classical_music "20th-century classical music")

• [21st-century](/wiki/21st-century_classical_music "21st-century classical music")

- [v](/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music "Template:History of Western art music")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music "Template talk:History of Western art music")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music "Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music")

**Baroque music** ([UK](/wiki/British_English "British English"): [/bəˈrɒk/](/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English") or [US](/wiki/American_English "American English"): [/bəˈroʊk/](/wiki/Help:IPA/English "Help:IPA/English")) refers to the period or dominant style of [Western classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music") composed from about 1600 to 1750.[\[1\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1) The **Baroque style** followed the [Renaissance period](/wiki/Renaissance_music "Renaissance music"), and was followed in turn by the [Classical period](/wiki/Classical_period_(music) "Classical period (music)") after a short transition (the [galant style](/wiki/Galant_music "Galant music")). The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Overlapping in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of the " [classical music](/wiki/Western_art_music "Western art music")" [canon](/wiki/Western_canon "Western canon"), and is widely studied, performed, and listened to. The term " [baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque")" comes from the Portuguese word _barroco_, meaning " [misshapen pearl](/wiki/Baroque_pearl "Baroque pearl")".[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007-2) The works of [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi"), [George Frideric Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel") and [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") are considered the pinnacle of the Baroque period. Other key composers of the Baroque era include [Claudio Monteverdi](/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi "Claudio Monteverdi"), [Domenico Scarlatti](/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti "Domenico Scarlatti"), [Alessandro Scarlatti](/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti "Alessandro Scarlatti"), [Alessandro Stradella](/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella "Alessandro Stradella"), [Tomaso Albinoni](/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni "Tomaso Albinoni"), [Johann Pachelbel](/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel "Johann Pachelbel"), [Henry Purcell](/wiki/Henry_Purcell "Henry Purcell"), [Georg Philipp Telemann](/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann "Georg Philipp Telemann"), [Jean-Baptiste Lully](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully "Jean-Baptiste Lully"), [Jean-Philippe Rameau](/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau "Jean-Philippe Rameau"), [Marc-Antoine Charpentier](/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier "Marc-Antoine Charpentier"), [Arcangelo Corelli](/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli "Arcangelo Corelli"), [François Couperin](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin "François Couperin"), [Johann Hermann Schein](/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein "Johann Hermann Schein"), [Heinrich Schütz](/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz "Heinrich Schütz"), [Samuel Scheidt](/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt "Samuel Scheidt"), [Dieterich Buxtehude](/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude "Dieterich Buxtehude"), [Gaspar Sanz](/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz "Gaspar Sanz"), [José de Nebra](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Nebra "José de Nebra"), [Antonio Soler](/wiki/Antonio_Soler "Antonio Soler"), [Carlos Seixas](/wiki/Carlos_Seixas "Carlos Seixas"), [Adam Jarzębski](/wiki/Adam_Jarz%C4%99bski "Adam Jarzębski") and others, with [Giovanni Battista Pergolesi](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi "Giovanni Battista Pergolesi") being the most prominent Baroque composer of sacred music.

The Baroque saw the creation of [common-practice](/wiki/Common_practice_period "Common practice period") [tonality](/wiki/Tonality "Tonality"), an approach to writing music in which a song or piece is written in a particular [key](/wiki/Key_(music) "Key (music)"); this type of [harmony](/wiki/Harmony "Harmony") has continued to be used extensively in Western classical and [popular music](/wiki/Popular_music "Popular music"). During the Baroque era, professional musicians were expected to be accomplished [improvisers](/wiki/Music_improvisation "Music improvisation") of both solo melodic lines and [accompaniment](/wiki/Accompaniment "Accompaniment") parts. Baroque concerts were typically accompanied by a [basso continuo](/wiki/Basso_continuo "Basso continuo") group (comprising chord-playing instrumentalists such as [harpsichordists](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord") and [lute](/wiki/Lute "Lute") players improvising chords from a [figured bass](/wiki/Figured_bass "Figured bass") part) while a group of bass instruments— [viol](/wiki/Viol "Viol"), [cello](/wiki/Cello "Cello"), [double bass](/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass")—played the [bassline](/wiki/Bassline "Bassline"). A characteristic Baroque form was the [dance suite](/wiki/Suite_(music)#Dance_suite "Suite (music)"). While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed purely for listening, not for accompanying dancers.

During the period composers experimented with finding a fuller sound for each instrumental part (thus creating the orchestra),[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007-2) made changes in musical notation (the development of figured bass as a quick way to notate the [chord progression](/wiki/Chord_progression "Chord progression") of a song or piece), and developed new instrumental playing techniques. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance, and also established the mixed vocal/instrumental forms of [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera"), [cantata](/wiki/Cantata "Cantata") and [oratorio](/wiki/Oratorio "Oratorio") and the instrumental forms of the solo [concerto](/wiki/Concerto "Concerto") and [sonata](/wiki/Sonata "Sonata") as musical genres. Dense, complex [polyphonic](/wiki/Polyphony "Polyphony") music, in which multiple independent melody lines were performed simultaneously (a popular example of this is the [fugue](/wiki/Fugue "Fugue")), was an important part of many Baroque choral and instrumental works. Overall, Baroque music was a tool for expression and communication.[\[1\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1)

## Etymology and definition

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Etymology and definition")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/220px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg)](/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg) [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach"), 1748

The etymology of _baroque_ is likely via the French _baroque_ (which originally meant a pearl of irregular shape), and from the [Portuguese](/wiki/Portuguese_language "Portuguese language") _barroco_ ("irregular pearl"); also related are the [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language") _barrueco_ and the [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language") _barocco_. The term is of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly from [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") _verrūca_ ("wart") or possibly from [Baroco](/wiki/Baroco "Baroco"), a technical term from scholastic logic.[\[3\]](#cite_note-3)

The term "baroque" is generally used by music historians to describe a broad range of styles from a wide geographic region, mostly in Europe, composed over a period of about 150 years.[\[1\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1) Though it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the première in October 1733 of Rameau's _Hippolyte et Aricie,_ printed in the _Mercure de France_ in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was "du barocque", complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.[\[4\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca19897–8-4)

[Jean-Jacques Rousseau](/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"), who was a musician and composer as well as philosopher, wrote in 1768 in the _[Encyclopédie](/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die "Encyclopédie")_: "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. The singing is harsh and unnatural, the intonation difficult, and the movement limited. It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians".[\[5\]](#cite_note-Encyclopedie-5) Rousseau was referring to the philosophical term _[baroco](/wiki/Baroco "Baroco")_, in use since the 13th century to describe a type of elaborate and, for some, unnecessarily complicated academic argument.[\[6\]](#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](#cite_note-7)

The systematic application by historians of the term "baroque" to music of this period is a relatively recent development. In 1919, [Curt Sachs](/wiki/Curt_Sachs "Curt Sachs") became the first to apply the five characteristics of [Heinrich Wölfflin](/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflin "Heinrich Wölfflin")'s theory of the Baroque systematically to music.[\[8\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachs19197–15-8) Critics were quick to question the attempt to transpose Wölfflin's categories to music, however, and in the second quarter of the 20th century independent attempts were made by [Manfred Bukofzer](/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer "Manfred Bukofzer") (in Germany and, after his immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous, technical analysis rather than comparative abstractions, in order to avoid the adaptation of theories based on the [plastic arts](/wiki/Plastic_arts "Plastic arts") and literature to music. All of these efforts resulted in appreciable disagreement about time boundaries of the period, especially concerning when it began. In English the term acquired currency only in the 1940s, in the writings of Bukofzer and [Paul Henry Lang](/wiki/Paul_Henry_Lang "Paul Henry Lang").[\[1\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1)

As late as 1960, there was still considerable dispute in academic circles, particularly in France and Britain, whether it was meaningful to lump together music as diverse as that of [Jacopo Peri](/wiki/Jacopo_Peri "Jacopo Peri"), [Domenico Scarlatti](/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti "Domenico Scarlatti"), and [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") under a single rubric. Nevertheless, the term has become widely used and accepted for this broad range of music.[\[1\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-1) It may be helpful to distinguish the Baroque from both the preceding ( [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_music "Renaissance music")) and following ( [Classical](/wiki/Classical_period_(music) "Classical period (music)")) periods of musical history.

## History

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: History")\]

Throughout the Baroque era, new developments in music originated in Italy, after which it took up to 20 years before they were broadly adopted in rest of the [Western classical music](/wiki/Western_classical_music "Western classical music") practice. For instance, Italian composers switched to the [galant style](/wiki/Galant_music "Galant music") around 1730, while German composers such as [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") largely continued to write in the baroque style up to 1750.[\[9\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff-9)[\[10\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]-10)

Phases of Baroque music[\[9\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff-9)[\[10\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]-10)Subperiod
Time
In Italy
Elsewhere
Early baroque
1580–1650

- [Gabrieli](/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli "Giovanni Gabrieli")
- [Monteverdi](/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi "Claudio Monteverdi")
- [Frescobaldi](/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi "Girolamo Frescobaldi")

- [M. Praetorius](/wiki/Michael_Praetorius "Michael Praetorius")
- [Sweelinck](/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck "Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck")
- [O. Gibbons](/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons "Orlando Gibbons")
- [Schütz](/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz "Heinrich Schütz")

Middle baroque
1630–1700

- [Cavalli](/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli "Francesco Cavalli")
- [Carissimi](/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi "Giacomo Carissimi")
- [Legrenzi](/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi "Giovanni Legrenzi")

- [Lully](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully "Jean-Baptiste Lully")
- [Biber](/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber "Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber")
- [Buxtehude](/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude "Dieterich Buxtehude")
- [Purcell](/wiki/Henry_Purcell "Henry Purcell")
- [Pachelbel](/wiki/Pachelbel "Pachelbel")

Late baroque
1680–1750

- [Corelli](/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli "Arcangelo Corelli")
- [Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi")
- [Pergolesi](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi "Giovanni Battista Pergolesi")

- [Telemann](/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann "Georg Philipp Telemann")
- [Rameau](/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau "Jean-Philippe Rameau")
- [Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel")
- [J. S. Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach")

### Early baroque music (1580–1650)

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Early baroque music (1580–1650)")\]

Further information: [Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music](/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music "Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/220px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg)](/wiki/File:Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg) [Claudio Monteverdi](/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi "Claudio Monteverdi") in 1640

The [Florentine Camerata](/wiki/Florentine_Camerata "Florentine Camerata") was a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count [Giovanni de' Bardi](/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Bardi "Giovanni de' Bardi") to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and [drama](/wiki/Drama "Drama"). In reference to music, they based their ideals on a perception of Classical (especially [ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greece "Ancient Greece")) musical drama that valued discourse and oration.[\[11\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuti200714-11) Accordingly, they rejected their contemporaries' use of [polyphony](/wiki/Polyphony "Polyphony") (multiple, independent melodic lines) and instrumental music, and discussed such ancient Greek music devices as [monody](/wiki/Monody "Monody"), which consisted of a solo singing accompanied by a [kithara](/wiki/Kithara "Kithara") (an ancient strummed string instrument).[\[12\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallechinsky2007445-12) The early realizations of these ideas, including [Jacopo Peri](/wiki/Jacopo_Peri "Jacopo Peri")'s _[Dafne](/wiki/Dafne "Dafne")_ and _[L'Euridice](/wiki/Euridice_(Peri) "Euridice (Peri)")_, marked the beginning of opera,[\[13\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChua200126-13) which was a catalyst for Baroque music.[\[14\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainwright_and_Holman20054-14)

Concerning music theory, the more widespread use of _[figured bass](/wiki/Figured_bass "Figured bass")_ (also known as _thorough bass_) represents the developing importance of [harmony](/wiki/Harmony "Harmony") as the linear underpinnings of polyphony.[\[15\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke1898147–48-15) Harmony is the result of [counterpoint](/wiki/Counterpoint "Counterpoint"), and figured bass is a visual representation of those harmonies commonly employed in musical performance. With figured bass, numbers, accidentals or symbols were placed above the [bassline](/wiki/Bassline "Bassline") that was read by [keyboard instrument](/wiki/Keyboard_instrument "Keyboard instrument") players such as [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord") players or [pipe organists](/wiki/Pipe_organ "Pipe organ") (or [lutenists](/wiki/Lute "Lute")). The numbers, accidentals or symbols indicated to the keyboard player what intervals are to be played above each bass note. The keyboard player would [improvise](/wiki/Music_improvisation "Music improvisation") a [chord voicing](/wiki/Chord_voicing "Chord voicing") for each bass note.[\[16\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaagmans1916vi-16) Composers began concerning themselves with [harmonic progressions](/wiki/Chord_progression "Chord progression"),[\[17\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork1909109-17) and also employed the [tritone](/wiki/Tritone "Tritone"), perceived as an unstable interval,[\[18\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonington1974156-18) to create dissonance (it was used in the [dominant seventh](/wiki/Dominant_seventh "Dominant seventh") chord and the [diminished chord](/wiki/Diminished_triad "Diminished triad")). An interest in harmony had also existed among certain composers in the Renaissance, notably [Carlo Gesualdo](/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo "Carlo Gesualdo");[\[19\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins1991103-19) However, the use of harmony directed towards tonality (a focus on a musical [key](/wiki/Key_(music) "Key (music)") that becomes the "home note" of a piece), rather than [modality](/wiki/Mode_(music) "Mode (music)"), marks the shift from the Renaissance into the Baroque period.[\[20\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton198424-20) This led to the idea that certain sequences of chords, rather than just notes, could provide a sense of [closure at the end of a piece](/wiki/Cadence_(music) "Cadence (music)")—one of the fundamental ideas that became known as [tonality](/wiki/Tonality "Tonality").\[ _[citation needed](/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\]

By incorporating these new aspects of composition, [Claudio Monteverdi](/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi "Claudio Monteverdi") furthered the transition from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. He developed two individual styles of composition—the heritage of Renaissance polyphony ( [prima pratica](/wiki/Prima_pratica "Prima pratica")) and the new [basso continuo](/wiki/Basso_continuo "Basso continuo") technique of the Baroque ( [seconda pratica](/wiki/Seconda_pratica "Seconda pratica")). With basso continuo, a small group of musicians would play the [bassline](/wiki/Bassline "Bassline") and the chords which formed the accompaniment for a [melody](/wiki/Melody "Melody"). The basso continuo group would typically use one or more keyboard players and a [lute](/wiki/Lute "Lute") player who would play the bassline and improvise the chords and several bass instruments (e.g., [bass viola](/w/index.php?title=Bass_viola&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bass viola (page does not exist)"), [cello](/wiki/Cello "Cello"), [double bass](/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass")) which would play the bassline. With the writing of [the operas](/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Claudio_Monteverdi "List of operas by Claudio Monteverdi") _[L'Orfeo](/wiki/L%27Orfeo "L'Orfeo")_ and _[L'incoronazione di Poppea](/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea "L'incoronazione di Poppea")_ among others, Monteverdi brought considerable attention to this new genre.[\[21\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterChew2011-21) This Venetian style was taken handily to Germany by [Heinrich Schütz](/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz "Heinrich Schütz"), whose diverse style also evolved into the subsequent period.

Idiomatic instrumental textures became increasingly prominent. In particular, the _style luthé_—the irregular and unpredictable breaking up of chordal progressions, in contrast to the regular patterning of broken chords—referred to since the early 20th century as _[style brisé](/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9 "Style brisé")_, was established as a consistent texture in French music by [Robert Ballard](/wiki/Robert_Ballard_II_(lutenist) "Robert Ballard II (lutenist)"),[\[22\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinLedbetter2001-22)[\[23\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001-23) in his lute books of 1611 and 1614, and by [Ennemond Gaultier](/wiki/Ennemond_Gaultier "Ennemond Gaultier").[\[24\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollin2001a-24) This idiomatic lute figuration was later transferred to the harpsichord, for example in the keyboard music of [Louis Couperin](/wiki/Louis_Couperin "Louis Couperin") and [Jean-Henri D'Anglebert](/wiki/Jean-Henri_D%27Anglebert "Jean-Henri D'Anglebert"), and continued to be an important influence on keyboard music throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries (in, for example, the music of [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach") and [Frédéric Chopin](/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin "Frédéric Chopin")).[\[23\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001-23)

### Middle baroque music (1630–1700)

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Middle baroque music (1630–1700)")\]

The rise of the centralized court is one of the economic and political features of what is often labelled the [Age of Absolutism](/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history) "Absolutism (European history)"), personified by [Louis XIV](/wiki/Louis_XIV "Louis XIV") of France. The style of palace, and the court system of manners and arts he fostered became the model for the rest of Europe. The realities of rising church and state patronage created the demand for organized public music, as the increasing availability of instruments created the demand for [chamber music](/wiki/Chamber_music "Chamber music"), which is music for a small ensemble of instrumentalists.[\[25\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2013-25)

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg/220px-Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg)](/wiki/File:Paul_Mignard_-_Jean-Baptiste_Lully.jpg) [Jean-Baptiste Lully](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully "Jean-Baptiste Lully") by [Paul Mignard](/wiki/Paul_Mignard "Paul Mignard")

One pre-eminent example of a court style composer is [Jean-Baptiste Lully](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully "Jean-Baptiste Lully"). He purchased patents from the monarchy to be the sole composer of operas for the French king and to prevent others from having operas staged. He completed 15 lyric tragedies and left unfinished _Achille et Polyxène_.[\[26\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001-26) Lully was an early example of a [conductor](/wiki/Conducting "Conducting"); he would beat the time with a large staff to keep his ensembles together.

Musically, he did not establish the string-dominated norm for orchestras, which was inherited from the Italian opera, and the characteristically [French five-part disposition](/wiki/Les_Vingt-quatre_Violons_du_Roi "Les Vingt-quatre Violons du Roi") (violins, violas—in hautes-contre, tailles and quintes sizes—and [bass violins](/wiki/Bass_violin "Bass violin")) had been used in the ballet from the time of Louis XIII. He did, however, introduce this ensemble to the lyric theatre, with the upper parts often doubled by recorders, flutes, and oboes, and the bass by bassoons. Trumpets and [kettledrums](/wiki/Kettledrum "Kettledrum") were frequently added for heroic scenes.[\[26\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001-26)

The middle Baroque period in Italy is defined by the emergence of the vocal styles of [cantata](/wiki/Cantata "Cantata"), [oratorio](/wiki/Oratorio "Oratorio"), and [opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera") during the 1630s, and a new concept of melody and harmony that elevated the status of the music to one of equality with the words, which formerly had been regarded as pre-eminent. The florid, coloratura monody of the early Baroque gave way to a simpler, more polished melodic style. These melodies were built from short, cadentially delimited ideas often based on stylized dance patterns drawn from the [sarabande](/wiki/Sarabande "Sarabande") or the [courante](/wiki/Courante "Courante"). The harmonies, too, might be simpler than in the early Baroque monody, to show expression in a lighter manner on the string and crescendos and diminuendos on longer notes. The accompanying bass lines were more integrated with the melody, producing a contrapuntal equivalence of the parts that later led to the device of an initial bass anticipation of the aria melody. This harmonic simplification also led to a new formal device of the differentiation of [recitative](/wiki/Recitative "Recitative") (a more spoken part of opera) and [aria](/wiki/Aria "Aria") (a part of opera that used sung melodies). The most important innovators of this style were the Romans [Luigi Rossi](/wiki/Luigi_Rossi "Luigi Rossi") and [Giacomo Carissimi](/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi "Giacomo Carissimi"), who were primarily composers of cantatas and oratorios, respectively, and the Venetian [Francesco Cavalli](/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli "Francesco Cavalli"), who was principally an opera composer. Later important practitioners of this style include [Antonio Cesti](/wiki/Antonio_Cesti "Antonio Cesti"), [Giovanni Legrenzi](/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi "Giovanni Legrenzi"), and [Alessandro Stradella](/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella "Alessandro Stradella"), who additionally originated the [concerto grosso](/wiki/Concerto_grosso "Concerto grosso") style in his Sonate di viole.[\[27\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947118–21-27)

[Arcangelo Corelli](/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli "Arcangelo Corelli") is remembered as influential for his achievements on the other side of musical technique—as a violinist who organized violin technique and pedagogy—and in purely instrumental music, particularly his advocacy and development of the [concerto grosso](/wiki/Concerto_grosso "Concerto grosso").[\[28\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a-28) Whereas Lully was ensconced at court, Corelli was one of the first composers to publish widely and have his music performed all over Europe. As with Lully's stylization and organization of the opera, the concerto grosso is built on strong contrasts—sections alternate between those played by the full orchestra, and those played by a smaller group. Fast sections and slow sections were juxtaposed against each other. Numbered among his students is [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi"), who later composed hundreds of works based on the principles in Corelli's [trio sonatas](/wiki/Trio_sonata "Trio sonata") and concerti.[\[28\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a-28)

In contrast to these composers, [Dieterich Buxtehude](/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude "Dieterich Buxtehude") was not a creature of court but instead was church musician, holding the posts of organist and Werkmeister at the Marienkirche at Lübeck. His duties as Werkmeister involved acting as the secretary, treasurer, and business manager of the church, while his position as organist included playing for all the main services, sometimes in collaboration with other instrumentalists or vocalists, who were also paid by the church. Entirely outside of his official church duties, he organised and directed a concert series known as the [Abendmusiken](/wiki/Abendmusik "Abendmusik"), which included performances of sacred dramatic works regarded by his contemporaries as the equivalent of operas.[\[29\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2001-29)

France:

- [Denis Gaultier](/wiki/Denis_Gaultier "Denis Gaultier")[\[30\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollin2001b-30)
- [Jean-Henri d'Anglebert](/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert "Jean-Henri d'Anglebert")[\[31\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELedbetterHarris2014-31)
- [Jacques Champion de Chambonnières](/wiki/Jacques_Champion_de_Chambonni%C3%A8res "Jacques Champion de Chambonnières")[\[32\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2001-32)
- [Louis Couperin](/wiki/Louis_Couperin "Louis Couperin")[\[33\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFullerGustafson2001-33)

### Late baroque music (1680–1750)

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Late baroque music (1680–1750)")\]

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[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Retrato_de_Handel.jpg/220px-Retrato_de_Handel.jpg)](/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Handel.jpg) [George Frideric Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel")

The work of George Frideric Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach and their contemporaries, including Domenico Scarlatti, [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi"), [Tomaso Albinoni](/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni "Tomaso Albinoni"), Jean-Philippe Rameau, Georg Philipp Telemann, and others advanced the Baroque era to its climax,[\[34\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadie2002-34) the High Baroque.

#### Onset

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Onset")\]

Italy:

- [Alessandro Scarlatti](/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti "Alessandro Scarlatti") ( [Neapolitan School](/wiki/Neapolitan_School "Neapolitan School"), [Neapolitan mass](/wiki/Neapolitan_mass "Neapolitan mass"))
- [Arcangelo Corelli](/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli "Arcangelo Corelli") ( [Trio sonata](/wiki/Trio_sonata "Trio sonata"), [Concerto grosso](/wiki/Concerto_grosso "Concerto grosso"), [La Folia](/wiki/La_Folia "La Folia"))
- [Giuseppe Torelli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli "Giuseppe Torelli") ( [Solo concerto](/wiki/Solo_concerto "Solo concerto"))

[![Marc-Antoine Charpentier](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MA_Charpentier_II.jpg/220px-MA_Charpentier_II.jpg)](/wiki/File:MA_Charpentier_II.jpg) Marc-Antoine Charpentier

France:

- [Henri Dumont](/wiki/Henri_Dumont "Henri Dumont")
- [Pierre Robert](/wiki/Pierre_Robert_(composer) "Pierre Robert (composer)")
- [François Couperin](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin "François Couperin")
- [André Campra](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra "André Campra")
- [Michel-Richard Delalande](/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande "Michel Richard Delalande")
- [Marc-Antoine Charpentier](/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier "Marc-Antoine Charpentier")
- [Henri Desmarest](/wiki/Henri_Desmarets "Henri Desmarets")
- [Marin Marais](/wiki/Marin_Marais "Marin Marais")
- [Jean Féry Rebel](/wiki/Jean-F%C3%A9ry_Rebel "Jean-Féry Rebel")

#### Wider adoption

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Wider adoption")\]

Italy:

- [Giovanni Bononcini](/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini "Giovanni Bononcini")
- [Antonio Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi")
- [Tomaso Albinoni](/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni "Tomaso Albinoni")
- [Benedetto Marcello](/wiki/Benedetto_Marcello "Benedetto Marcello")
- [Francesco Geminiani](/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani "Francesco Geminiani")
- [Pietro Locatelli](/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli "Pietro Locatelli")
- [Giovanni Battista Pergolesi](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi "Giovanni Battista Pergolesi")
- [Nicola Porpora](/wiki/Nicola_Porpora "Nicola Porpora")
- [Giuseppe Tartini](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini "Giuseppe Tartini")
- [Francesco Maria Veracini](/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Veracini "Francesco Maria Veracini")

Proliferation:

- [Erdmann Neumeister](/wiki/Erdmann_Neumeister "Erdmann Neumeister")
- [Estienne Roger](/wiki/Estienne_Roger "Estienne Roger"), _[L'estro armonico](/wiki/L%27estro_armonico "L'estro armonico")_
- Visiting Italy, e.g. [Johann Kuhnau](/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau "Johann Kuhnau"), [Johann David Heinichen](/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen "Johann David Heinichen"), [Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel](/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel "Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel")
- Italians abroad, e.g. [Domenico Scarlatti](/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti "Domenico Scarlatti"), [Antonio Caldara](/wiki/Antonio_Caldara "Antonio Caldara"), [Antonio Lotti](/wiki/Antonio_Lotti "Antonio Lotti"), [Pietro Torri](/wiki/Pietro_Torri "Pietro Torri")

France:

- [Jean-Philippe Rameau](/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau "Jean-Philippe Rameau")
- [Jean-Marie Leclair](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair "Jean-Marie Leclair")
- [Jean Joseph de Mondonville](/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville "Jean-Joseph de Mondonville")
- [Jean-Baptiste Senaillé](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Senaill%C3%A9 "Jean-Baptiste Senaillé")
- [Joseph Bodin de Boismortier](/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier "Joseph Bodin de Boismortier")
- [Michel Corrette](/wiki/Michel_Corrette "Michel Corrette")
- French abroad: e.g. [Louis Marchand](/wiki/Louis_Marchand "Louis Marchand")

Germany:

- [Johann Georg Pisendel](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel "Johann Georg Pisendel")
- [Georg Philipp Telemann](/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann "Georg Philipp Telemann")
- [Johann Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach")
- [Johann Friedrich Fasch](/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch "Johann Friedrich Fasch")
- [Johann Joseph Fux](/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux "Johann Joseph Fux")
- [Johann Pachelbel](/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel "Johann Pachelbel")
- [Christoph Graupner](/wiki/Christoph_Graupner "Christoph Graupner")
- [Johann David Heinichen](/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen "Johann David Heinichen")
- [Sylvius Leopold Weiss](/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss "Sylvius Leopold Weiss")
- Germans abroad, e.g. [George Frideric Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel"), [Johann Adolf Scheibe](/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Scheibe "Johann Adolf Scheibe")

[Bohemia](/wiki/Bohemia "Bohemia"):

- [Jan Dismas Zelenka](/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka "Jan Dismas Zelenka")

[Poland](/wiki/Poland "Poland"):

- [Adam Jarzębski](/wiki/Adam_Jarz%C4%99bski "Adam Jarzębski")

#### Transition to Classical era

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Transition to Classical era")\]

[Galant music](/wiki/Galant_music "Galant music"):

- [Georg Philipp Telemann](/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann "Georg Philipp Telemann")
- [Johann Mattheson](/wiki/Johann_Mattheson "Johann Mattheson")
- [Johann Joachim Quantz](/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz "Johann Joachim Quantz")
- [František Benda](/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Benda "František Benda")
- [Jiří Antonín Benda](/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Anton%C3%ADn_Benda "Jiří Antonín Benda")
- [Johann Gottlieb Janitsch](/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Janitsch "Johann Gottlieb Janitsch")
- [Johann Adolph Hasse](/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse "Johann Adolph Hasse")
- [Carl Heinrich Graun](/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun "Carl Heinrich Graun")
- [Jean-Marie Leclair](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair "Jean-Marie Leclair")
- [Francesco Maria Veracini](/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Veracini "Francesco Maria Veracini")
- [Giovanni Battista Sammartini](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini "Giovanni Battista Sammartini")
- [Baldassare Galuppi](/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi "Baldassare Galuppi")

[Bach's elder sons](/wiki/Bach_family#Descendants_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Bach family") and [pupils](/wiki/List_of_students_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach "List of students of Johann Sebastian Bach"):

- [Wilhelm Friedemann Bach](/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach "Wilhelm Friedemann Bach")
- [Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach](/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach") (_[empfindsamer Stil](/wiki/Empfindsamer_Stil "Empfindsamer Stil")_)
- [Johann Gottlieb Goldberg](/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Goldberg "Johann Gottlieb Goldberg")[\[35\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDürr1954-35)

[Mannheim school](/wiki/Mannheim_school "Mannheim school"):

- [Johann Stamitz](/wiki/Johann_Stamitz "Johann Stamitz")

## Timeline of composers

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Timeline of composers")\]

See also: [List of Baroque composers](/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers "List of Baroque composers")

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/l88c9gemtdcxcncykkuyreekmk9da74.png)

## Instruments

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Instruments")\]

Main article: [Baroque instruments](/wiki/Baroque_instruments "Baroque instruments")

See also: [List of period instruments](/wiki/List_of_period_instruments "List of period instruments")

### Strings

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Strings")\]

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg/220px-Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg)](/wiki/File:Harpsichord_VitalJulianFrey.jpg) [Double-manual harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord") by Vital Julian Frey, after Jean-Claude Goujon (1749)[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg/264px-Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_%28cropped%29.jpg)](/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2_DS-4_(cropped).jpg) Individual sheet music for a seventeenth-century harp.[\[36\]](#cite_note-36)

- [Violino piccolo](/wiki/Violino_piccolo "Violino piccolo")
- [Violin](/wiki/Baroque_violin "Baroque violin")
- [Viol](/wiki/Viol "Viol")
- [Viola](/wiki/Viola "Viola")
- [Viola d'amore](/wiki/Viola_d%27amore "Viola d'amore")
- [Viola pomposa](/wiki/Viola_pomposa "Viola pomposa")
- [Tenor violin](/wiki/Tenor_violin "Tenor violin")
- [Cello](/wiki/Cello "Cello")
- [Violone](/wiki/Violone "Violone")
- [Bass violin](/wiki/Bass_violin "Bass violin")
- [Contrabass](/wiki/Contrabass "Contrabass")
- [Lute](/wiki/Lute "Lute")
- [Theorbo](/wiki/Theorbo "Theorbo")
- [Archlute](/wiki/Archlute "Archlute")
- [Mandora](/wiki/Mandora "Mandora")
- [Bandora](/wiki/Bandora_(instrument) "Bandora (instrument)")
- [Angélique](/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument) "Angélique (instrument)")
- [Mandolin](/wiki/Mandolin "Mandolin")
- [Cittern](/wiki/Cittern "Cittern")
- [Guitar](/wiki/Baroque_guitar "Baroque guitar")
- [Harp](/wiki/Harp "Harp")
- [Hurdy-gurdy](/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy "Hurdy-gurdy")

### Woodwinds

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Woodwinds")\]

- [Baroque flute](/wiki/Baroque_flute "Baroque flute")
- [Chalumeau](/wiki/Chalumeau "Chalumeau")
- Cortol (also known as Cortholt, Curtall, [Oboe](/wiki/Oboe "Oboe") family)
- [Dulcian](/wiki/Dulcian "Dulcian")
- [Musette de cour](/wiki/Musette_de_cour "Musette de cour")
- [Baroque oboe](/wiki/Baroque_oboe "Baroque oboe")
- [Rackett](/wiki/Rackett "Rackett")
- [Recorder](/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument) "Recorder (musical instrument)")
- [Bassoon](/wiki/Bassoon "Bassoon")

### Brass

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Brass")\]

- [Cornett](/wiki/Cornett "Cornett")
- [Natural horn](/wiki/Natural_horn "Natural horn")
- [Baroque trumpet](/wiki/Baroque_trumpet "Baroque trumpet")
- [Tromba da tirarsi](/wiki/Slide_trumpet#Baroque_slide_trumpet "Slide trumpet") (also called _tromba spezzata_)
- [Flatt trumpet](/wiki/Slide_trumpet#Flatt_trumpet_(English_slide_trumpet) "Slide trumpet")
- [Serpent](/wiki/Serpent_(instrument) "Serpent (instrument)")
- [Sackbut](/wiki/Sackbut "Sackbut") (16th- and early 17th-century English name for FR: _saquebute_, _saqueboute_; ES: _sacabuche_; IT: _trombone_; MHG: _busaun_, _busîne_, _busune_ / DE (since the early 17th century) _Posaune_)
- [Trombone](/wiki/Trombone "Trombone") (English name for the same instrument, from the early 18th century)

### Keyboards

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Keyboards")\]

- [Clavichord](/wiki/Clavichord "Clavichord")
- [Tangent piano](/wiki/Tangent_piano "Tangent piano")
- [Fortepiano](/wiki/Fortepiano "Fortepiano") – an early version of the [piano](/wiki/Piano "Piano") invented c. 1700, but did not become popular during Baroque era
- [Harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord")
- [Organ](/wiki/Organ_(music) "Organ (music)")

### Percussion

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Percussion")\]

- [Timpani](/wiki/Timpani "Timpani")
- [Tambourine](/wiki/Tambourine "Tambourine")
- [Castanets](/wiki/Castanets "Castanets")

## Styles and forms

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Styles and forms")\]

### Dance suite

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Dance suite")\]

See also: [Suite (music) § Dance suite](/wiki/Suite_(music)#Dance_suite "Suite (music)")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png/250px-Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png)](/wiki/File:Pannini,_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png) A large instrumental ensemble's performance in the lavish [Teatro Argentina](/wiki/Teatro_Argentina "Teatro Argentina"), as depicted by [Panini](/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini "Giovanni Paolo Panini") (1747)

A characteristic of the Baroque form was the [dance suite](/wiki/Suite_(music)#Dance_suite "Suite (music)"). Some [dance suites by Bach](/wiki/Bach_Suites "Bach Suites") are called [partitas](/wiki/Partita "Partita"), although this term is also used for other collections of pieces. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were intended for listening, not for accompanying dancers. Composers used a variety of different movements in their dance suites. A dance suite commonly has these [movements](/wiki/Movement_(music) "Movement (music)"):

- [Overture](/wiki/French_overture "French overture") – The Baroque suite often began with a French overture ("Ouverture" in French), a slow movement followed by a succession of principally four different types of dances:
- [Allemande](/wiki/Allemande "Allemande") – Often the first dance of an instrumental [suite](/wiki/Suite_(music) "Suite (music)"), the allemande was a very popular dance that had its origins in the German [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") era. The allemande was played at a moderate [tempo](/wiki/Tempo "Tempo") and could start on any beat of the bar.[\[37\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012-37)
- [Courante](/wiki/Courante "Courante") – The second dance is the courante, in [triple meter](/wiki/Triple_meter "Triple meter"). It can be either fast and lively or slow and stately. The Italian version is called the corrente.[\[38\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001c-38)
- [Sarabande](/wiki/Sarabande "Sarabande") – The sarabande, a Spanish dance, is the third of the four basic dances, and is one of the slowest of the baroque dances. It is also in triple meter and can start on any beat of the bar, although there is an emphasis on the second beat, creating the characteristic 'halting', or iambic rhythm of the sarabande.[\[37\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012-37)
- [Gigue](/wiki/Gigue "Gigue") – The gigue is an upbeat and lively baroque dance in compound meter, typically the concluding movement of an instrumental suite, and the fourth of its basic dance types. The gigue can start on any beat of the bar and is easily recognized by its rhythmic feel. The gigue originated in the [British Isles](/wiki/British_Isles "British Isles"). Its counterpart in [folk music](/wiki/Folk_music "Folk music") is the [jig](/wiki/Jig "Jig").[\[37\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012-37)

The four dance types (allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue) make up the majority of 17th-century suites. Later suites interpolate one or more additional dances between the sarabande and gigue:

- [Gavotte](/wiki/Gavotte "Gavotte") – The gavotte is in duple metre, with phrases which start on an offbeat. The gavotte is played at a moderate tempo, although those in an Italian style may be faster.[\[39\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2014-39)
- [Bourrée](/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9e "Bourrée") – The bourrée is similar to the gavotte as it is in **2**

**2** time, although it starts on the second half of the last beat of the bar, creating a different feel to the dance. The bourrée is commonly played at a moderate tempo, although for some composers, such as Handel, it can be taken at a much faster tempo.[\[2\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007-2)
- [Minuet](/wiki/Minuet "Minuet") – in triple meter at moderate tempo. It does not have an [anacrusis](/wiki/Anacrusis "Anacrusis"). The Italian minuet was typically faster, with longer phrases.[\[40\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001d-40)
- [Passepied](/wiki/Passepied "Passepied") – The passepied is a fast dance in binary form and triple meter that originated as a court dance in [Brittany](/wiki/Brittany "Brittany").[\[41\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001a-41)
- [Rigaudon](/wiki/Rigaudon "Rigaudon") – The rigaudon is a lively French dance in duple meter, similar to the bourrée, but rhythmically simpler. It originated as a family of closely related southern-French folk dances, traditionally associated with the provinces of Vavarais, [Languedoc](/wiki/Languedoc "Languedoc"), [Dauphiné](/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9 "Dauphiné"), and [Provence](/wiki/Provence "Provence").[\[42\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTELittle2001b-42)

There are many other dance forms as well as other pieces that could be included in a suite, such as [Polonaise](/wiki/Polonaise_(dance) "Polonaise (dance)"), [Loure](/wiki/Loure "Loure"), [Scherzo](/wiki/Scherzo "Scherzo"), [Air](/wiki/Air_(music) "Air (music)"), etc.

### Other features

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Other features")\]

- _[Prelude](/wiki/Prelude_(music) "Prelude (music)")_ – a suite might be started by a prelude, a slow piece written in an improvisatory style. Some Baroque preludes were not fully written out; instead, a sequence of chords were indicated, with the expectation that the instrumentalist would be able to improvise a melodic part using the indicated harmonic framework. The prelude was not based on a type of dance.
- _[Entrée](/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e_(ballet) "Entrée (ballet)")_ – Sometimes an entrée is composed as part of a suite; but there it is purely instrumental music and no dance is performed. It is an introduction, a march-like piece played during the entrance of a dancing group, or played before a ballet. Usually in **4**

**4** time. It is related to the Italian 'intrada'.
- _[Basso continuo](/wiki/Basso_continuo "Basso continuo")_ – a kind of continuous accompaniment notated with a new music notation system, [figured bass](/wiki/Figured_bass "Figured bass"), usually for one or more sustaining bass instruments (e.g., [cello](/wiki/Cello "Cello")) and one or more chord-playing instruments (e.g., keyboard instruments such as [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord"), [pipe organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ "Pipe organ") or [lute](/wiki/Lute "Lute"))
- The [concerto](/wiki/Concerto "Concerto") (a solo piece with orchestral accompaniment) and [concerto grosso](/wiki/Concerto_grosso "Concerto grosso")
- [Monody](/wiki/Monody "Monody") – an accompanied Italian solo song, an outgrowth of arrangements of ensemble music for solo instruments in the late 16th century[\[43\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortune2001-43)
- [Homophony](/wiki/Homophony "Homophony") – music with one melodic voice and rhythmically similar (and subordinate) chordal accompaniment (this and monody are contrasted with the typical Renaissance [texture](/wiki/Texture_(music) "Texture (music)"), [polyphony](/wiki/Polyphony "Polyphony"))[\[44\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyer2013-44)
- Dramatic musical forms like opera, _[dramma per musica](/wiki/Dramma_per_musica "Dramma per musica")_[\[45\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002-45)
- Combined instrumental-vocal forms, such as the [oratorio](/wiki/Oratorio "Oratorio") and [cantata](/wiki/Cantata "Cantata"),[\[45\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002-45) both of which used singers and orchestra
- New instrumental techniques, like _[tremolo](/wiki/Tremolo "Tremolo")_ and _[pizzicato](/wiki/Pizzicato "Pizzicato")_[\[45\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002-45)
- The [da capo aria](/wiki/Da_capo_aria "Da capo aria") had become the dominant form of aria by 1680[\[46\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001-46)
- The _[ritornello](/wiki/Ritornello "Ritornello")_ aria – repeated short instrumental interruptions of vocal passages.[\[47\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot2001b-47)
- The [concertato](/wiki/Concertato "Concertato") style – contrast in sound between groups of instruments.[\[48\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver2013-48)
- Extensive [ornamentation](/wiki/Ornament_(music) "Ornament (music)"),[\[49\]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoseman1975-49) which was typically improvised by singers and instrumentalists (e.g., [trills](/wiki/Trill_(music) "Trill (music)"), [mordents](/wiki/Mordent "Mordent"), etc.)

## Genres

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Genres")\]

### Vocal

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Vocal")\]

- [Opera](/wiki/Opera "Opera")
  - [Singspiel](/wiki/Singspiel "Singspiel")
  - [Ballad opera](/wiki/Ballad_opera "Ballad opera")
  - [Semi-opera](/wiki/Semi-opera "Semi-opera")
  - [Zarzuela](/wiki/Zarzuela "Zarzuela")
  - [Intermezzo](/wiki/Intermezzo "Intermezzo")
  - [Opera buffa](/wiki/Opera_buffa "Opera buffa")
  - [Opera seria](/wiki/Opera_seria "Opera seria")
  - [Opéra comique](/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique "Opéra comique")
  - [Opera-ballet](/wiki/Opera-ballet "Opera-ballet")
  - [Tragédie en musique](/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique "Tragédie en musique")
- [Ballet de cour](/wiki/Ballet_de_cour "Ballet de cour")
- [Masque](/wiki/Masque "Masque")
- [Oratorio](/wiki/Oratorio "Oratorio")
- [Passion (music)](/wiki/Passion_(music) "Passion (music)")
- [Cantata](/wiki/Cantata "Cantata")
- [Mass (music)](/wiki/Mass_(music) "Mass (music)")
- [Anthem](/wiki/Anthem "Anthem")
- [Monody](/wiki/Monody "Monody")
- [Chorale](/wiki/Chorale "Chorale")

### Instrumental

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Instrumental")\]

- [Chorale composition](/wiki/Chorale_composition "Chorale composition")
- [Concerto](/wiki/Concerto "Concerto")
- [Concerto grosso](/wiki/Concerto_grosso "Concerto grosso")
- [Fugue](/wiki/Fugue "Fugue")
- [Suite](/wiki/Suite_(music) "Suite (music)")
  - [Allemande](/wiki/Allemande "Allemande")
  - [Courante](/wiki/Courante "Courante")
  - [Sarabande](/wiki/Sarabande "Sarabande")
  - [Gigue](/wiki/Gigue "Gigue")
  - [Gavotte](/wiki/Gavotte "Gavotte")
  - [Minuet](/wiki/Minuet "Minuet")
- [Sonata](/wiki/Sonata_(music) "Sonata (music)")
  - [Sonata da camera](/wiki/Sonata_da_camera "Sonata da camera")
  - [Sonata da chiesa](/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa "Sonata da chiesa")
  - [Trio sonata](/wiki/Trio_sonata "Trio sonata")
- [Partita](/wiki/Partita "Partita")
- [Canzona](/wiki/Canzona "Canzona")
- [Sinfonia](/wiki/Sinfonia "Sinfonia")
- [Fantasia](/wiki/Fantasia_(music) "Fantasia (music)")
- [Ricercar](/wiki/Ricercar "Ricercar")
- [Toccata](/wiki/Toccata "Toccata")
- [Prelude](/wiki/Prelude_(music) "Prelude (music)")
- [Chaconne](/wiki/Chaconne "Chaconne")
- [Passacaglia](/wiki/Passacaglia "Passacaglia")
- [Chorale prelude](/wiki/Chorale_prelude "Chorale prelude")
- [Stylus fantasticus](/wiki/Stylus_fantasticus "Stylus fantasticus")

## Notes

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Notes")\]

01. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-2) [_**d**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-3) [_**e**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_1-4)[Palisca 2001](#CITEREFPalisca2001).
02. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackayRomanec2007_2-2)[Mackay & Romanec 2007](#CITEREFMackayRomanec2007).
03. **[^](#cite_ref-3)**["baroque – Wiktionary"](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baroque). _en.wiktionary.org_. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
04. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca19897–8_4-0)**[Palisca 1989](#CITEREFPalisca1989), pp. 7–8.
05. **[^](#cite_ref-Encyclopedie_5-0)**_Encyclopedie_; _Lettre sur la Musique Francaise_ under the direction of [Denis Diderot](/wiki/Denis_Diderot "Denis Diderot")
06. **[^](#cite_ref-6)**Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, _La logique ou l'art de penser_, Part Three, chapter VI (1662) (in French)
07. **[^](#cite_ref-7)**["BAROQUE : Etymologie de BAROQUE"](http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/baroque). _www.cnrtl.fr_. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
08. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachs19197–15_8-0)**[Sachs 1919](#CITEREFSachs1919), pp. 7–15.
09. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff_9-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer194717ff_9-1)[Bukofzer 1947](#CITEREFBukofzer1947), pp. 17ff.
10. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]_10-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddzV9CgAAQBAJpgPT26_"The_Phases_of_Baroque_Music"_pp.&nbsp;26–29]_10-1)[Bukofzer 2013](#CITEREFBukofzer2013), ["The Phases of Baroque Music" pp. 26–29](https://books.google.com/books?id=dzV9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26).
11. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuti200714_11-0)**[Nuti 2007](#CITEREFNuti2007), p. 14.
12. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallechinsky2007445_12-0)**[Wallechinsky 2007](#CITEREFWallechinsky2007), p. 445.
13. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChua200126_13-0)**[Chua 2001](#CITEREFChua2001), p. 26.
14. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainwright_and_Holman20054_14-0)**[Wainwright and Holman 2005](#CITEREFWainwright_and_Holman2005), p. 4.
15. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke1898147–48_15-0)**[Clarke 1898](#CITEREFClarke1898), pp. 147–48.
16. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaagmans1916vi_16-0)**[Haagmans 1916](#CITEREFHaagmans1916), p. vi.
17. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYork1909109_17-0)**[York 1909](#CITEREFYork1909), p. 109.
18. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonington1974156_18-0)**[Donington 1974](#CITEREFDonington1974), p. 156.
19. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins1991103_19-0)**[Watkins 1991](#CITEREFWatkins1991), p. 103.
20. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton198424_20-0)**[Norton 1984](#CITEREFNorton1984), p. 24.
21. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterChew2011_21-0)**[Carter & Chew 2011](#CITEREFCarterChew2011).
22. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollinLedbetter2001_22-0)**[Rollin & Ledbetter 2001](#CITEREFRollinLedbetter2001).
23. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001_23-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetter2001_23-1)[Ledbetter 2001](#CITEREFLedbetter2001).
24. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollin2001a_24-0)**[Rollin 2001a](#CITEREFRollin2001a).
25. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2013_25-0)**[Sadie 2013](#CITEREFSadie2013).
26. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001_26-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Gorce2001_26-1)[La Gorce 2001](#CITEREFLa_Gorce2001).
27. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947118–21_27-0)**[Bukofzer 1947](#CITEREFBukofzer1947), pp. 118–21.
28. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a_28-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001a_28-1)[Talbot 2001a](#CITEREFTalbot2001a).
29. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2001_29-0)**[Snyder 2001](#CITEREFSnyder2001).
30. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollin2001b_30-0)**[Rollin 2001b](#CITEREFRollin2001b).
31. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELedbetterHarris2014_31-0)**[Ledbetter & Harris 2014](#CITEREFLedbetterHarris2014).
32. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2001_32-0)**[Fuller 2001](#CITEREFFuller2001).
33. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFullerGustafson2001_33-0)**[Fuller & Gustafson 2001](#CITEREFFullerGustafson2001).
34. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadie2002_34-0)**[Sadie 2002](#CITEREFSadie2002).
35. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDürr1954_35-0)**[Dürr 1954](#CITEREFDürr1954).
36. **[^](#cite_ref-36)**["Muziek voor barokharp"](https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:F10D9E4E-7E68-11E5-B44A-58F8D43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-3926,0,12970,7241). _lib.ugent.be_. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
37. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEstrella2012_37-2)[Estrella 2012](#CITEREFEstrella2012).
38. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001c_38-0)**[Little 2001c](#CITEREFLittle2001c).
39. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2014_39-0)**[Little 2014](#CITEREFLittle2014).
40. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001d_40-0)**[Little 2001d](#CITEREFLittle2001d).
41. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001a_41-0)**[Little 2001a](#CITEREFLittle2001a).
42. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELittle2001b_42-0)**[Little 2001b](#CITEREFLittle2001b).
43. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortune2001_43-0)**[Fortune 2001](#CITEREFFortune2001).
44. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyer2013_44-0)**[Hyer 2013](#CITEREFHyer2013).
45. ^ [_**a**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-0) [_**b**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-1) [_**c**_](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotwell2002_45-2)[Shotwell 2002](#CITEREFShotwell2002).
46. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001_46-0)**[Westrup et al. 2001](#CITEREFWestrupMcClymondsBuddenClements2001).
47. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot2001b_47-0)**[Talbot 2001b](#CITEREFTalbot2001b).
48. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver2013_48-0)**[Carver 2013](#CITEREFCarver2013).
49. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoseman1975_49-0)**[Roseman 1975](#CITEREFRoseman1975).

### Sources

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Sources")\]

- [Bukofzer, Manfred F.](/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer "Manfred Bukofzer") (1947). [_Music in the Baroque Era: From Monteverdi to Bach_](https://archive.org/details/musicinbaroqueer0000buko). New York: W. W. Norton. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-393-09745-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5 "Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5").
- [Bukofzer, Manfred F.](/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer "Manfred Bukofzer") (2013). [_Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi to Bach_](https://books.google.com/books?id=dzV9CgAAQBAJ) (digital ed.). Read Books. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4474-9678-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-9678-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-9678-6").
- [Carter, Tim](/wiki/Tim_Carter_(musicologist) "Tim Carter (musicologist)"); [Chew, Geoffrey](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chew_(musicologist) "Geoffrey Chew (musicologist)") (2011). "Monteverdi \[Monteverde\], Claudio". _[Grove Music Online](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_ (8th ed.). [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.44352](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.44352). [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-263-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0").
- Carver, Anthony F. (2013). "Concertato". _[Grove Music Online](/wiki/Grove_Music_Online "Grove Music Online")_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- Clarke, Hugh Archibald (1898). [_A System of Harmony_](https://archive.org/details/asystemharmonyf01clargoog). Philadelphia: T. Presser. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-248-37946-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-248-37946-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-248-37946-2").
- Chua, Daniel K. L. (2001). "Vincenzo Galilei, Modernity, and the Division of Nature". In Clark, Suzannah (ed.). [_Music Theory and Natural Order from the Renaissance to the Early Twentieth Century_](https://books.google.com/books?id=wSYm0cUW6PMC). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-521-77191-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77191-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77191-7").
- Donington, Robert (1974). [_A Performer's Guide to Baroque Music_](https://archive.org/details/performersguidet00doni). New York: C. Scribner's Sons. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-571-09797-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09797-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-571-09797-5").
- [Dürr, Alfred](/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr "Alfred Dürr") (1954). ["Johann Gottlieb Goldberg und die Triosonate BWV 1037"](https://journals.qucosa.de/ejournals/bjb/article/view/1476) \[ [Johann Gottlieb Goldberg](/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Goldberg "Johann Gottlieb Goldberg") and the [trio sonata](/wiki/Trio_sonata "Trio sonata") BWV 1037\]. In [Dürr, Alfred](/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%BCrr "Alfred Dürr"); [Neumann, Werner](/wiki/Werner_Neumann "Werner Neumann") (eds.). [_Bach-Jahrbuch 1953_](https://journals.qucosa.de/ejournals/bjb/issue/view/116) \[ _Bach Yearbook 1953_\]. [Bach-Jahrbuch](/wiki/Bach-Jahrbuch "Bach-Jahrbuch") (in German). Vol. 40. [Neue Bachgesellschaft](/wiki/Neue_Bachgesellschaft "Neue Bachgesellschaft"). Berlin: [Evangelische Verlagsanstalt](/wiki/Evangelische_Verlagsanstalt "Evangelische Verlagsanstalt"). pp. 51–80. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.13141/bjb.v1953](https://doi.org/10.13141%2Fbjb.v1953).
- Estrella, Espie (2012). ["The Suite: Baroque Dance Suite"](https://www.liveabout.com/baroque-dance-suite-2456368). About.com.
- Fortune, Nigel (2001). "Monody". _Grove Music Online_. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18977](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.18977).(subscription or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)
- Fuller, David (2001). "Chambonnières, Jacques Champion, Sieur de". _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_ (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Fuller, David; Gustafson, Bruce (2001). "Couperin, Luis". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ (second ed.). London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Haagmans, Dirk (1916). [_Scales, Intervals, Harmony_](https://archive.org/details/scalesintervalsh01haag). University of Michigan: J. Fischer & Bro. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4370-6202-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4370-6202-1 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4370-6202-1").
- Hyer, Brian (2013). "Homophony". _[Grove Music Online](/wiki/Grove_Music_Online "Grove Music Online")_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- [La Gorce, Jérôme de](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_de_La_Gorce "Jérôme de La Gorce") (2001). "Jean-Baptiste Lully". _Grove Music Online_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- Ledbetter, David (2001). "Style brisé (Fr.: 'broken style')". _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_ (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Ledbetter, David; Harris, C. David (2014). "D'Anglebert, Jean Henry". _[Grove Music Online](/wiki/Grove_Music_Online "Grove Music Online")_. Oxford University Press.
- Little, Meredith Ellis (2001a). "Passepied". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_. London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Little, Meredith Ellis (2001b). "Rigaudon". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_. London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Little, Meredith Ellis (2001c). "Courante". _Grove Music Online_. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06707](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.06707).(subscription or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)
- Little, Meredith Ellis (2001d). "Minuet". _Grove Music Online_. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18751](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.18751).(subscription or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)
- Little, Meredith Ellis (2014). "Gavotte". _Grove Music Online_. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10774](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.10774).(subscription or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)
- Mackay, Alison; Romanec, Craig (2007). ["Baroque Guide"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161207213948/http://www.tafelmusik.org/sites/all/themes/tafelmusik/downloads/Baroque_Guide.pdf)(PDF). Tafelmusik. Archived from [the original](http://www.tafelmusik.org/sites/all/themes/tafelmusik/downloads/Baroque_Guide.pdf)(PDF) on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- Norton, Richard (1984). [_Tonality in Western Culture: A Critical and Historical Perspective_](https://archive.org/details/tonalityinwester0000nort). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-271-00359-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00359-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00359-7").
- Nuti, Giulia (2007). _The Performance of Italian Basso Continuo: Style in Keyboard Accompaniment in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries_. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7546-0567-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0567-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0567-6").
- Palisca, Claude V. (1989). "'Baroque' as a Music-Critical Term". In Georgia Cowart (ed.). _French Musical Thought, 1600–1800_. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. pp. 7–22. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-8357-1882-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1882-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1882-0").
- [Palisca, Claude V.](/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca "Claude V. Palisca") (2001). "Baroque". In [Stanley Sadie](/wiki/Stanley_Sadie "Stanley Sadie") (ed.). _[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians](/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians")_. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [9781561592630](/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561592630 "Special:BookSources/9781561592630").
- Rollin, Monique (2001a). "Gaultier \[Gautier, Gaulthier\], Ennemond". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Rollin, Monique (2001b). "Gaultier \[Gautier, Gaulthier\], Denis". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Rollin, Monique; Ledbetter, David (2001). "Ballard Family: (3) Robert Ballard (ii)". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_ (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56159-239-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5").
- Roseman, Ronald (1975). ["Baroque Ornamentation"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080420072643/http://idrs.colorado.edu/publications/journal/JNL3/baroque.html). Journal of The International Double Reed Society 3. Archived from [the original](http://idrs.colorado.edu/publications/journal/JNL3/baroque.html) on 20 April 2008. Reprinted in _[Muse Baroque: La magazine de la musique baroque](http://www.musebaroque.fr/Articles/Baroque_ornamentation.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140514043416/http://www.musebaroque.fr/Articles/Baroque_ornamentation.htm) 14 May 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")_, n.d.
- [Sachs, Curt](/wiki/Curt_Sachs "Curt Sachs") (1919). "Barockmusik". _Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters_. Vol. 26.
- Sadie, Stanley (2002). ["The Baroque Era"](http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/). _The Oxford Companion to Music_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- Sadie, Julie Anne (2013). "Louis XIV, King of France". _[Grove Music Online](/wiki/Grove_Music_Online "Grove Music Online")_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- Shotwell, Clay (2002). ["MUSI 4350/4360: Music of the Baroque Era: General Characteristics of the Baroque"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120430010736/http://www.aug.edu/~cshotwel/4350.Baroquetraits.html). Augusta, GA: Augusta State University. Archived from [the original](http://www.aug.edu/~cshotwel/4350.Baroquetraits.html) on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- Snyder, Kerala J. (2001). "Buxtehude, Dieterich". _Grove Music Online_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- [Talbot, Michael](/wiki/Michael_Talbot_(musicologist) "Michael Talbot (musicologist)") (2001a). "Corelli, Arcangelo". _Grove Music Online_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- Talbot, Michael (2001b). "Ritornello". _Grove Music Online_. [Oxford University Press](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press").(subscription required)
- Wainwright, Jonathan; Peter Holman (2005). [_From Renaissance to Baroque: Change in Instruments and Instrumental Music in the Seventeenth Century_](https://books.google.com/books?id=2uXTdwWxppwC). Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7546-0403-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0403-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0403-7").
- Wallechinsky, David (2007). [_The Knowledge Book: Everything You Need to Know to Get by in the 21st century_](https://books.google.com/books?id=938irIZnmGsC). Washington, DC: National Geographic Books. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4262-0124-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0124-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0124-0").
- Watkins, Glenn (1991). [_Gesualdo: The Man and His Music_](https://archive.org/details/gesualdomanhismu0000watk). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-816197-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816197-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816197-4").
- Westrup; McClymonds; Budden; Clements; Carter; Walker; Heartz; Libby (2001). "Aira". _Grove Music Online_. [doi](/wiki/Doi_(identifier) "Doi (identifier)"): [10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43315](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.43315).(subscription or [UK public library membership](https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public) required)
- York, Francis L. (1909). [_Harmony Simplified: A Practical Introduction to Composition_](https://archive.org/details/cu31924021751643). Boston: Oliver Ditson and Company. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-176-33956-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-176-33956-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-176-33956-9").

## Further reading

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Further reading")\]

- Christensen, Thomas Street, and Peter Dejans. _Towards Tonality Aspects of Baroque Music Theory_. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-90-5867-587-3](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-587-3 "Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-587-3")
- Cyr, Mary. _Essays on the Performance of Baroque Music Opera and Chamber Music in France and England_. Variorum collected studies series, 899. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2008. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7546-5926-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5926-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5926-6")
- Foreman, Edward. _A Bel Canto Method, or, How to Sing Italian Baroque Music Correctly Based on the Primary Sources_. Twentieth century masterworks on singing, v. 12. Minneapolis, Minn: Pro Musica Press, 2006. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-887117-18-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887117-18-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-887117-18-0")
- Fux, Johann Joseph; Mann, Alfred; Edmunds, John (1965). _The Study of Counterpoint from Johann Joseph Fux's Gradus ad parnassum_. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-393-00277-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00277-2 "Special:BookSources/0-393-00277-2"). [OCLC](/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) "OCLC (identifier)") [494781](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494781).
- [Grout, Donald J.](/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout "Donald Jay Grout"); [Claude V. Palisca](/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca "Claude V. Palisca") (1996). _A History of Western Music_. New York: W. W. Norton.
- Hebson, Audrey (2012). "Dance and Its Importance in Bach's Suites for Solo Cello", Musical Offerings: Vol. 1: No. 2, Article 2. Available at [http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol1/iss2/2](http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol1/iss2/2).
- Hoffer, Brandi (2012). "Sacred German Music in the Thirty Years' War", Musical Offerings: Vol. 3: No. 1, Article 1. Available at [http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss1/1](http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol3/iss1/1).
- Schubert, Peter, and Christoph Neidhöfer. _Baroque Counterpoint_. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-13-183442-2](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-183442-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-13-183442-2")
- Schulenberg, David. _Music of the Baroque_. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-512232-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512232-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512232-9")
- Stauffer, George B. _The World of Baroque Music New Perspectives_. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. [ISBN](/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-253-34798-5](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34798-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34798-5")
- Strunk, Oliver. _Source Readings in Music History. From Classical Antiquity to the Romantic Era_. London: Faber & Faber, 1952.

## External links

\[ [edit](/w/index.php?title=Baroque_music&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: External links")\]

![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Baroque music](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baroque_music "commons:Category:Baroque music").

- [Handel's Harpsichord Room – free recordings of harpsichord music of the Baroque era](http://www.saladelcembalo.org/)
- [Renaissance & Baroque Music Chronology](https://web.archive.org/web/20070208215140/http://plato.acadiau.ca/courses/musi/callon/2233/ch-comp.htm): Composers
- [Orpheon Foundation](http://www.orpheon.org/) in Vienna, Austria
- [Free scores by various baroque composers](https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Baroque_composers "scores:Category:Baroque composers") at the [International Music Score Library Project](/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project "International Music Score Library Project") (IMSLP)
- [Music, Affect and Fire](https://web.archive.org/web/20090319233101/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11172003-033041/unrestricted/02_smp_fire1.pdf): Thesis on Affect Theory with Fire as the special topic
- [Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM)](http://www.rism.info), a free, searchable database of worldwide locations for music manuscripts up to c. 1800.

- [v](/wiki/Template:Baroque_music "Template:Baroque music")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Baroque_music "Template talk:Baroque music")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque_music "Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque music")

Baroque music

[List of Baroque composers](/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers "List of Baroque composers")

[Transitional](/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music "Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music")

and early (c. 1600)

- [Allegri](/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri "Gregorio Allegri")
- [G. Caccini](/wiki/Giulio_Caccini "Giulio Caccini")
- [Coelho](/wiki/Manuel_Rodrigues_Coelho "Manuel Rodrigues Coelho")
- [J. Dowland](/wiki/John_Dowland "John Dowland")
- [Franck](/wiki/Melchior_Franck "Melchior Franck")
- [Frescobaldi](/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi "Girolamo Frescobaldi")
- [Gabrieli](/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli "Giovanni Gabrieli")
- [V. Galilei](/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei "Vincenzo Galilei")
- [C. Gibbons](/wiki/Christopher_Gibbons "Christopher Gibbons")
- [O. Gibbons](/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons "Orlando Gibbons")
- [d'India](/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India "Sigismondo d'India")
- [Kapsberger](/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger "Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger")
- [Landi](/wiki/Stefano_Landi "Stefano Landi")
- [Lawes](/wiki/William_Lawes "William Lawes")
- [Michna](/wiki/Adam_V%C3%A1clav_Michna_z_Otradovic "Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic")
- [Merula](/wiki/Tarquinio_Merula "Tarquinio Merula")
- [Monteverdi](/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi "Claudio Monteverdi")
- [Peri](/wiki/Jacopo_Peri "Jacopo Peri")
- [M. Praetorius](/wiki/Michael_Praetorius "Michael Praetorius")
- [Rossi](/wiki/Luigi_Rossi "Luigi Rossi")
- [Scheidt](/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt "Samuel Scheidt")
- [Schein](/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein "Johann Hermann Schein")
- [Schütz](/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz "Heinrich Schütz")
- [Sweelinck](/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck "Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck")

Middle (c. 1650)

- [Amodei](/wiki/Cataldo_Amodei "Cataldo Amodei")
- [d'Anglebert](/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert "Jean-Henri d'Anglebert")
- [Bassani](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani "Giovanni Battista Bassani")
- [H. I. F. Biber](/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber "Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber")
- [Blow](/wiki/John_Blow "John Blow")
- [Buxtehude](/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude "Dieterich Buxtehude")
- [Cabanilles](/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Cabanilles "Juan Bautista Cabanilles")
- [Carissimi](/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi "Giacomo Carissimi")
- [Cavalli](/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli "Francesco Cavalli")
- [Cesti](/wiki/Antonio_Cesti "Antonio Cesti")
- [Charpentier](/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier "Marc-Antoine Charpentier")
- [Clarke](/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke "Jeremiah Clarke")
- [Corelli](/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli "Arcangelo Corelli")
- [Diletsky](/wiki/Nikolay_Diletsky "Nikolay Diletsky")
- [Froberger](/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger "Johann Jakob Froberger")
- [Kerll](/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll "Johann Caspar Kerll")
- [Legrenzi](/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi "Giovanni Legrenzi")
- [J.-B. Lully](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully "Jean-Baptiste Lully")
- [M. Marais](/wiki/Marin_Marais "Marin Marais")
- [Muffat](/wiki/Georg_Muffat "Georg Muffat")
- [J. Pachelbel](/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel "Johann Pachelbel")
- [J. Playford](/wiki/John_Playford "John Playford")
- [H. Purcell](/wiki/Henry_Purcell "Henry Purcell")
- [Reincken](/wiki/Johann_Adam_Reincken "Johann Adam Reincken")
- [Sabini](/wiki/Nicola_Sabini "Nicola Sabini")
- [Sanz](/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz "Gaspar Sanz")
- [A. Scarlatti](/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti "Alessandro Scarlatti")
- [Stradella](/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella "Alessandro Stradella")
- [Strozzi](/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi "Barbara Strozzi")
- [Torelli](/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli "Giuseppe Torelli")
- [Torrejón y Velasco](/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torrej%C3%B3n_y_Velasco "Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco")
- [Vejvanovský](/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD "Pavel Josef Vejvanovský")

[Late](/wiki/Late_Baroque_(music) "Late Baroque (music)") (c. 1700)

- [Albinoni](/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni "Tomaso Albinoni")
- [J. S. Bach](/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach "Johann Sebastian Bach")
- [Bodin de Boismortier](/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier "Joseph Bodin de Boismortier")
- [G. B. Bononcini](/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini "Giovanni Bononcini")
- [Caldara](/wiki/Antonio_Caldara "Antonio Caldara")
- [Campra](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra "André Campra")
- [F. Couperin](/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin "François Couperin")
- [Delalande](/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande "Michel Richard Delalande")
- [Fasch](/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch "Johann Friedrich Fasch")
- [Fischer](/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer "Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer")
- [Fux](/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux "Johann Joseph Fux")
- [Geminiani](/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani "Francesco Geminiani")
- [Gorczycki](/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki "Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki")
- [Graupner](/wiki/Christoph_Graupner "Christoph Graupner")
- [Handel](/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel "George Frideric Handel")
- [Heinichen](/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen "Johann David Heinichen")
- [Jacquet de La Guerre](/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Jacquet_de_La_Guerre "Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre")
- [Leclair l'aîné](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair "Jean-Marie Leclair")
- [Locatelli](/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli "Pietro Locatelli")
- [Lotti](/wiki/Antonio_Lotti "Antonio Lotti")
- [A. Marcello](/wiki/Alessandro_Marcello "Alessandro Marcello")
- [Pepusch](/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pepusch "Johann Christoph Pepusch")
- [Pergolesi](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi "Giovanni Battista Pergolesi")
- [Pisendel](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel "Johann Georg Pisendel")
- [Porpora](/wiki/Nicola_Porpora "Nicola Porpora")
- [Quantz](/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz "Johann Joachim Quantz")
- [Rameau](/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau "Jean-Philippe Rameau")
- [D. Scarlatti](/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti "Domenico Scarlatti")
- [Seixas](/wiki/Carlos_Seixas "Carlos Seixas")
- [Tartini](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini "Giuseppe Tartini")
- [Telemann](/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann "Georg Philipp Telemann")
- [Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci "Leonardo Vinci")
- [Vivaldi](/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi "Antonio Vivaldi")
- [Weiss](/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss "Sylvius Leopold Weiss")
- [Zelenka](/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka "Jan Dismas Zelenka")
- [de Zumaya](/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya "Manuel de Zumaya")

[Galant](/wiki/Galant_music "Galant music") (c. 1720)

- [Arne](/wiki/Thomas_Arne "Thomas Arne")
- [C. P. E. Bach](/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach")
- [J. C. Bach](/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach "Johann Christian Bach")
- [W. F. Bach](/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach "Wilhelm Friedemann Bach")
- [F. Benda](/wiki/Franz_Benda "Franz Benda")
- [Boccherini](/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini "Luigi Boccherini")
- [Boyce](/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer) "William Boyce (composer)")
- [F. Brixi](/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Brixi "František Brixi")
- [Corrette](/wiki/Michel_Corrette "Michel Corrette")
- [Frederick the Great](/wiki/Frederick_the_Great "Frederick the Great")
- [Galuppi](/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi "Baldassare Galuppi")
- [Hasse](/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse "Johann Adolph Hasse")
- [Padre Martini](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Martini "Giovanni Battista Martini")
- [Mysliveček](/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek "Josef Mysliveček")
- [Mondonville](/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville "Jean-Joseph de Mondonville")
- [L. Mozart](/wiki/Leopold_Mozart "Leopold Mozart")
- [Quantz](/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz "Johann Joachim Quantz")
- [Sammartini](/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini "Giovanni Battista Sammartini")
- [Soler](/wiki/Antonio_Soler "Antonio Soler")
- [Telemann](/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann "Georg Philipp Telemann")
- [Zach](/wiki/Jan_Zach "Jan Zach")

[Musical\
\
Instruments](/wiki/Baroque_instruments "Baroque instruments")

- [bassoon](/wiki/Bassoon "Bassoon")
- [carillon](/wiki/Carillon "Carillon")
- [cello](/wiki/Cello "Cello")
- [clavichord](/wiki/Clavichord "Clavichord")
- [cornett](/wiki/Cornett "Cornett")
- [double bass](/wiki/Double_bass "Double bass")
- [drum](/wiki/Drum "Drum")
- [flute](/wiki/Baroque_flute "Baroque flute")
- [fortepiano](/wiki/Fortepiano "Fortepiano")
- [guitar](/wiki/Baroque_guitar "Baroque guitar")
- [harp](/wiki/Harp "Harp")
- [harpsichord](/wiki/Harpsichord "Harpsichord")
- [lautenwerck](/wiki/Lautenwerck "Lautenwerck")
- [lute](/wiki/Lute "Lute")
- [oboe](/wiki/Oboe "Oboe")
- [organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ "Pipe organ")
- [recorder](/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument) "Recorder (musical instrument)")
- [sackbut](/wiki/Sackbut "Sackbut")
- [theorbo](/wiki/Theorbo "Theorbo")
- [trumpet](/wiki/Baroque_trumpet "Baroque trumpet")
- [viol](/wiki/Viol "Viol")
- [viola](/wiki/Viola "Viola")
- [violin](/wiki/Baroque_violin "Baroque violin")
- [violone](/wiki/Violone "Violone")

Ensembles

- [Baroque orchestra](/wiki/Baroque_orchestra "Baroque orchestra")
- [Basso continuo](/wiki/Basso_continuo "Basso continuo")

Musical forms

- [aria](/wiki/Aria "Aria")
- [ballet](/wiki/French_ballet "French ballet")
- [cantata](/wiki/Cantata "Cantata")
- [canon](/wiki/Canon_(music) "Canon (music)")
- [canzona](/wiki/Canzona "Canzona")
- [canzonetta](/wiki/Canzonetta "Canzonetta")
- [capriccio](/wiki/Capriccio_(music) "Capriccio (music)")
- [chaconne](/wiki/Chaconne "Chaconne")
  - [17th-century](/wiki/List_of_17th-century_chaconnes "List of 17th-century chaconnes")
  - [18th-century](/wiki/List_of_18th-century_chaconnes "List of 18th-century chaconnes")
- [chorale](/wiki/Chorale "Chorale")
- [concertato](/wiki/Concertato "Concertato")
- [concerto](/wiki/Concerto "Concerto")
- [concerto grosso](/wiki/Concerto_grosso "Concerto grosso")
- [dance](/wiki/Baroque_dance "Baroque dance")
  - [courante](/wiki/Courante "Courante")
  - [gavotte](/wiki/Gavotte "Gavotte")
  - [gigue](/wiki/Gigue "Gigue")
  - [minuet](/wiki/Minuet "Minuet")
  - [passacaglia](/wiki/Passacaglia "Passacaglia")
  - [sarabande](/wiki/Sarabande "Sarabande")
- [fantasia](/wiki/Fantasia_(music) "Fantasia (music)")
- [folia](/wiki/Folia "Folia")
- [fugue](/wiki/Fugue "Fugue")
- [grand motet](/wiki/Grands_motets "Grands motets")
- [madrigal](/wiki/Madrigal "Madrigal")
- [mass](/wiki/Mass_(music) "Mass (music)")
- [opera](/wiki/Opera#The_Baroque_era "Opera")
- [prelude](/wiki/Prelude_(music) "Prelude (music)")
- [recitative](/wiki/Recitative "Recitative")
- [ricercar](/wiki/Ricercar "Ricercar")
- [sonata da chiesa](/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa "Sonata da chiesa")
- [suite](/wiki/Suite_(music) "Suite (music)")

Other topics

- [Baroque pop](/wiki/Baroque_pop "Baroque pop")
  - [Chamber pop](/wiki/Chamber_pop "Chamber pop")
- [British Baroque music](/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles "Baroque music of the British Isles")
- [counterpoint](/wiki/Counterpoint "Counterpoint")
- [early music revival](/wiki/Early_music_revival "Early music revival")
  - [festivals](/wiki/Early_music_festivals "Early music festivals")
  - [ensembles](/wiki/List_of_early_music_ensembles "List of early music ensembles")
  - [historically informed performance](/wiki/Historically_informed_performance "Historically informed performance")
- [Figured bass](/wiki/Figured_bass "Figured bass")
- [Folk baroque](/wiki/Folk_baroque "Folk baroque")
- [monody](/wiki/Monody "Monody")
- [notes inégales](/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales "Notes inégales")
- [polychoral style](/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style "Venetian polychoral style")
- [Style brisé](/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9 "Style brisé")
- [Galant Schemata](/wiki/Galant_Schemata "Galant Schemata")

Background

- [Common practice period](/wiki/Common_practice_period "Common practice period")
- [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque")
  - [Architecture](/wiki/Baroque_architecture "Baroque architecture")
  - [Dance](/wiki/Baroque_dance "Baroque dance")
  - [Painting](/wiki/Baroque_painting "Baroque painting")
  - [Sculpture](/wiki/Baroque_sculpture "Baroque sculpture")

← **[Renaissance music](/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music "Template:Renaissance music")**

**[Classical music](/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music) "Template:Classical period (music)")** →

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Baroque_music "Category:Baroque music")
- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal")[Portal](/wiki/Portal:Classical_music "Portal:Classical music")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Classical_music "Template:Classical music")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music "Template talk:Classical music")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music "Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music")

[Western classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music")

Definition

- [Art music](/wiki/Art_music "Art music")
- [Dates of eras](/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras "Dates of classical music eras")

Major periods and eras

[Early music](/wiki/Early_music "Early music")

- [Medieval](/wiki/Medieval_music "Medieval music")
- [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_music "Renaissance music")
  - [Transition to Baroque](/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music "Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music")

[Common practice](/wiki/Common_practice_period "Common practice period")

- Baroque
  - [Galant](/wiki/Galant_music "Galant music")
  - _[Empfindsamkeit](/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music) "Empfindsamkeit (music)")_
- [Classical](/wiki/Classical_period_(music) "Classical period (music)")
  - [Transition to Romantic](/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music "Transition from Classical to Romantic music")
- [Romantic](/wiki/Romantic_music "Romantic music")
  - [Post-romanticism](/wiki/Post-romanticism "Post-romanticism")

[New music](/wiki/Neue_Musik "Neue Musik")

- [Modernism](/wiki/Modernism_(music) "Modernism (music)")
- [Contemporary](/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music "Contemporary classical music")
- [20th-century](/wiki/20th-century_classical_music "20th-century classical music")
- [21st-century](/wiki/21st-century_classical_music "21st-century classical music")

By country

- [Australia](/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia "Classical music in Australia")
- [Brazil](/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music "Music of Brazil")
  - [Porto Alegre](/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre "History of classical music in Porto Alegre")
- [Canada](/wiki/Canadian_classical_music "Canadian classical music")
- [France](/wiki/French_classical_music "French classical music")
- [Germany](/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music "Music of Germany")
- [Ireland](/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland "Classical music in Ireland")
- [Italy](/wiki/Italian_classical_music "Italian classical music")
- [Kosovo](/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo "Classical music in Kosovo")
- [Russia](/wiki/Russian_classical_music "Russian classical music")
- [United Kingdom](/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom "Classical music of the United Kingdom")
  - [Birmingham](/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham "Classical music of Birmingham")
- [United States](/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States "Classical music of the United States")

Students by teacher

- [A to B](/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B "List of music students by teacher: A to B")
- [C to F](/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F "List of music students by teacher: C to F")
- [G to J](/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J "List of music students by teacher: G to J")
- [K to M](/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M "List of music students by teacher: K to M")
- [N to G](/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q "List of music students by teacher: N to Q")
- [R to S](/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S "List of music students by teacher: R to S")
- [T to Z](/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z "List of music students by teacher: T to Z")

Performance

- [Concert](/wiki/Concert "Concert")
  - [Unruly audience response](/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response "List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response")
- [Conducting](/wiki/Conducting "Conducting")
- [Musical ensemble](/wiki/Musical_ensemble "Musical ensemble")
- [Orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra")

Related

- [Avant-garde](/wiki/Avant-garde_music "Avant-garde music")
- [Baroque pop](/wiki/Baroque_pop "Baroque pop")
- [Classical music blog](/wiki/Classical_music_blog "Classical music blog")
- [Experimental](/wiki/Experimental_music "Experimental music")
- [Light music](/wiki/Light_music "Light music")
- [New-age music](/wiki/New-age_music "New-age music")
- [Progressive music](/wiki/Progressive_music "Progressive music")
- [Soundtrack](/wiki/Soundtrack "Soundtrack")
  - [Film score](/wiki/Film_score "Film score")
  - [Video game music](/wiki/Video_game_music "Video game music")
- [Third stream](/wiki/Third_stream "Third stream")
- [Worldwide traditions](/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions "List of classical and art music traditions")

- [Lists](/wiki/Classical_music_lists "Classical music lists")
- [Genres](/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres "List of classical music genres")
- [Composers by era](/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era "List of classical music composers by era")
- [Festivals](/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals "List of classical music festivals")

- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png)[Outline](/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music "Outline of classical music")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png)[Category](/wiki/Category:Classical_music "Category:Classical music")
- [![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg "Portal")[Portal](/wiki/Portal:Classical_music "Portal:Classical music")
- ![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png)[WikiProject](/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_music "Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music")

- [v](/wiki/Template:Music_topics "Template:Music topics")
- [t](/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics "Template talk:Music topics")
- [e](/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics")

[Music](/wiki/Music "Music")

[History of music](/wiki/History_of_music "History of music")

- [Prehistoric](/wiki/Prehistoric_music "Prehistoric music")
- [Ancient](/wiki/Ancient_music "Ancient music")
- [Dance](/wiki/Dance_music "Dance music")
- [Martial](/wiki/Martial_music "Martial music")
- [Religious](/wiki/Religious_music "Religious music")
  - [Biblical](/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period "History of music in the biblical period")
- [Secular](/wiki/Secular_music "Secular music")

[Art music](/wiki/Art_music "Art music")

- [Afghan classical music—Klasik](/wiki/Klasik "Klasik")
- [Andalusi classical music](/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music "Andalusi classical music")
- [Arabic music](/wiki/Arabic_music "Arabic music")
- [Azerbaijani Mugham](/wiki/Mugham "Mugham")
- [Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta](/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta "Mahāgīta")
- [Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat](/wiki/Pinpeat "Pinpeat")
- [Chinese traditional music](/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music "Chinese traditional music")
- [Indian classical music](/wiki/Indian_classical_music "Indian classical music")
- [Byzantine music](/wiki/Byzantine_music "Byzantine music")
- [Indonesian art music—Gamelan](/wiki/Gamelan "Gamelan")
- [Japanese court music—Gagaku](/wiki/Gagaku "Gagaku")
- [Korean court music](/wiki/Korean_court_music "Korean court music")
- [Lao classical music](/wiki/Lao_classical_music "Lao classical music")
- [Mandé art music](/wiki/Griot "Griot")
- [Ottoman music](/wiki/Ottoman_music "Ottoman music")
- [Persian classical music](/wiki/Persian_traditional_music "Persian traditional music")
- [Philippine art songs—Kundiman](/wiki/Kundiman "Kundiman")
- [Scottish Ceòl Mór](/wiki/Pibroch "Pibroch")
- [Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka](/wiki/Kandyan_dance "Kandyan dance")
- [Thai classical music—Piphat](/wiki/Piphat "Piphat")
- [Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc](/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c "Nhã nhạc")
- [Western classical music](/wiki/Classical_music "Classical music")

[Vernacular\
\
music](/wiki/Vernacular_music "Vernacular music")

- [Circus music](/wiki/Circus_music "Circus music")
- [Folk music](/wiki/Folk_music "Folk music")
- [Blues](/wiki/Blues "Blues")
- [Country music](/wiki/Country_music "Country music")
- [Electronic music](/wiki/Electronic_music "Electronic music")
- [Hip hop music](/wiki/Hip_hop_music "Hip hop music")
- [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz")
- [Pop music](/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music")
- [Progressive music](/wiki/Progressive_music "Progressive music")
- [Psychedelic music](/wiki/Psychedelic_music "Psychedelic music")
- [Soul music](/wiki/Soul_music "Soul music")

[Musical instruments](/wiki/Musical_instrument "Musical instrument")

- [Arched Harp](/wiki/Arched_Harp "Arched Harp")
- [Angular harp](/wiki/Angular_harp "Angular harp")
- [History of the harpsichord](/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord "History of the harpsichord")
- [History of lute-family instruments](/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments "History of lute-family instruments")
- [Nafir](/wiki/Nafir "Nafir")
- [Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries](/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries "Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries")
- [History of the trumpet](/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet "History of the trumpet")
- [History of the violin](/wiki/History_of_the_violin "History of the violin")

- [Musician](/wiki/Musician "Musician")
- [Ensembles](/wiki/Musical_ensemble "Musical ensemble")

- [Band (rock and pop)](/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop) "Band (rock and pop)")
  - [Backup band](/wiki/Backup_band "Backup band")
  - [All-female band](/wiki/All-female_band "All-female band")
  - [Rhythm section](/wiki/Rhythm_section "Rhythm section")
- [Big band](/wiki/Big_band "Big band")
- [Concert band](/wiki/Concert_band "Concert band")
- [Disc jockey](/wiki/Disc_jockey "Disc jockey")
- [Military band](/wiki/Military_band "Military band")
  - [Lead vocalist](/wiki/Lead_vocalist "Lead vocalist")
  - [Backing vocalist](/wiki/Backing_vocalist "Backing vocalist")

- [Theory](/wiki/Music_theory "Music theory")
- [Composition](/wiki/Musical_composition "Musical composition")

- [Form](/wiki/Musical_form "Musical form")
- [Genre](/wiki/Music_genre "Music genre")
- [Notation](/wiki/Musical_notation "Musical notation")
- [Improvisation](/wiki/Musical_improvisation "Musical improvisation")
- [Lyrics](/wiki/Lyrics "Lyrics")
- [Song](/wiki/Song "Song")
- [Technique](/wiki/Musical_technique "Musical technique")

[Education](/wiki/Music_education "Music education") and study

- [Bachelor of Music](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music "Bachelor of Music")
- [Master of Music](/wiki/Master_of_Music "Master of Music")
- [Doctor of Musical Arts](/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts "Doctor of Musical Arts")
- [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy "Doctor of Philosophy")
- [Method](/wiki/Method_(music) "Method (music)")
- [Music archaeology](/wiki/Music_archaeology "Music archaeology")
- [Music history](/wiki/Music_history "Music history")
- [Music psychology](/wiki/Music_psychology "Music psychology")
- [Music school](/wiki/Music_school "Music school")
  - [Composition](/wiki/Composition_school "Composition school")
- [Musicology](/wiki/Musicology "Musicology")
  - [Biomusicology](/wiki/Biomusicology "Biomusicology")
  - [Cognitive musicology](/wiki/Cognitive_musicology "Cognitive musicology")
  - [Computational musicology](/wiki/Computational_musicology "Computational musicology")
  - [Ecomusicology](/wiki/Ecomusicology "Ecomusicology")
  - [Ethnomusicology](/wiki/Ethnomusicology "Ethnomusicology")
  - [New musicology](/wiki/New_musicology "New musicology")
  - [Organology](/wiki/Organology "Organology")
  - [Sociomusicology](/wiki/Sociomusicology "Sociomusicology")
  - [Zoomusicology](/wiki/Zoomusicology "Zoomusicology")

Production

- [Single](/wiki/Single_(music) "Single (music)")
  - [A-side and B-side](/wiki/A-side_and_B-side "A-side and B-side")
- [Extended play](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play")
  - [Compilation](/wiki/Compilation_album "Compilation album")
  - [Live](/wiki/Album#Live "Album")
  - [Remix](/wiki/Remix_album "Remix album")
- [Audio engineer](/wiki/Audio_engineer "Audio engineer")
- [Record label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label")
- [Record producer](/wiki/Record_producer "Record producer")
- [Sampling](/wiki/Sampling_(music) "Sampling (music)")
- [Music technology (electric)](/wiki/Music_technology_(electric) "Music technology (electric)")
- [Music technology (electronic and digital)](/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital) "Music technology (electronic and digital)")
- [Sound recording and reproduction](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction")
- [Cover](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version")
- [Remix](/wiki/Remix "Remix")

[Cultural and \
\
regional genres](/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music "List of cultural and regional genres of music")

- [African](/wiki/Music_of_Africa "Music of Africa")
  - [Central](/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa "Category:Music of Central Africa")
  - [East](/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa "Category:Music of East Africa")
  - [North](/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa "Music of North Africa")
  - [Southern](/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa "Category:Music of Southern Africa")
  - [West](/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa "Music of West Africa")
- [Asian](/wiki/Music_of_Asia "Music of Asia")
  - [Central](/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia "Music of Central Asia")
  - [East](/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia "Category:Music of East Asia")
  - [Middle Eastern](/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music "Middle Eastern music")
  - [South](/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia "Category:Music of South Asia")
  - [Southeast](/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia "Music of Southeast Asia")
- [European](/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe "Category:Music of Europe")
  - [Balkan](/wiki/Balkan_music "Balkan music")
  - [Nordic](/wiki/Nordic_folk_music "Nordic folk music")
- [Latin American](/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America "Music of Latin America")
  - [Central American](/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America "Category:Music of Central America")
  - [South American](/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America "Category:Music of South America")
- [North American](/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America "Category:Music of North America")
  - [Caribbean](/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres "List of Caribbean music genres")
- [Oceanian](/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania "Category:Music of Oceania")
  - [Melanesian](/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia "Music of Melanesia")
  - [Micronesian](/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia "Music of Micronesia")
  - [Polynesian](/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia "Music of Polynesia")

By sovereign state

[Afghanistan](/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan "Music of Afghanistan")
[Albania](/wiki/Music_of_Albania "Music of Albania")
[Algeria](/wiki/Music_of_Algeria "Music of Algeria")
[Andorra](/wiki/Music_of_Andorra "Music of Andorra")
[Angola](/wiki/Music_of_Angola "Music of Angola")
[Antigua and Barbuda](/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda "Music of Antigua and Barbuda")
[Argentina](/wiki/Music_of_Argentina "Music of Argentina")
[Armenia](/wiki/Music_of_Armenia "Music of Armenia")
[Australia](/wiki/Music_of_Australia "Music of Australia")
[Austria](/wiki/Music_of_Austria "Music of Austria")
[Azerbaijan](/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan "Music of Azerbaijan")
[Bahamas](/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas "Music of the Bahamas")
[Bahrain](/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain "Music of Bahrain")
[Bangladesh](/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh "Music of Bangladesh")
[Barbados](/wiki/Music_of_Barbados "Music of Barbados")
[Belarus](/wiki/Music_of_Belarus "Music of Belarus")
[Belgium](/wiki/Music_of_Belgium "Music of Belgium")
[Belize](/wiki/Music_of_Belize "Music of Belize")
[Benin](/wiki/Music_of_Benin "Music of Benin")
[Bhutan](/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan "Music of Bhutan")
[Bolivia](/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia "Music of Bolivia")
[Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina")
[Botswana](/wiki/Music_of_Botswana "Music of Botswana")
[Brazil](/wiki/Music_of_Brazil "Music of Brazil")
[Brunei](/wiki/Music_of_Brunei "Music of Brunei")
[Bulgaria](/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria "Music of Bulgaria")
[Burkina Faso](/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso "Music of Burkina Faso")
[Burundi](/wiki/Music_of_Burundi "Music of Burundi")
[Cambodia](/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia "Music of Cambodia")
[Cameroon](/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon "Music of Cameroon")
[Canada](/wiki/Music_of_Canada "Music of Canada")
[Cape Verde](/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde "Music of Cape Verde")
[Central African Republic](/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic "Music of the Central African Republic")
[Chad](/wiki/Music_of_Chad "Music of Chad")
[Chile](/wiki/Music_of_Chile "Music of Chile")
[China](/wiki/Music_of_China "Music of China")
[Colombia](/wiki/Music_of_Colombia "Music of Colombia")
[Comoros](/wiki/Music_of_Comoros "Music of Comoros")
[Costa Rica](/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica "Music of Costa Rica")
[Croatia](/wiki/Music_of_Croatia "Music of Croatia")
[Cuba](/wiki/Music_of_Cuba "Music of Cuba")
[Cyprus](/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus "Music of Cyprus")
[Czech Republic](/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic "Music of the Czech Republic")
[Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo")
[Denmark](/wiki/Music_of_Denmark "Music of Denmark")
[Djibouti](/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti "Music of Djibouti")
[Dominica](/wiki/Music_of_Dominica "Music of Dominica")
[Dominican Republic](/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic "Music of the Dominican Republic")
[East Timor](/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor "Music of East Timor")
[Ecuador](/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador "Music of Ecuador")
[Egypt](/wiki/Music_of_Egypt "Music of Egypt")
[El Salvador](/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador "Music of El Salvador")
[Equatorial Guinea](/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea "Music of Equatorial Guinea")
[Eritrea](/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea "Music of Eritrea")
[Estonia](/wiki/Music_of_Estonia "Music of Estonia")
[Eswatini](/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini "Music of Eswatini")
[Ethiopia](/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia "Music of Ethiopia")
[Federated States of Micronesia](/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "Music of the Federated States of Micronesia")
[Fiji](/wiki/Music_of_Fiji "Music of Fiji")
[Finland](/wiki/Music_of_Finland "Music of Finland")
[France](/wiki/Music_of_France "Music of France")
[Gabon](/wiki/Music_of_Gabon "Music of Gabon")
[Gambia](/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia "Music of the Gambia")
[Georgia](/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country) "Music of Georgia (country)")
[Germany](/wiki/Music_of_Germany "Music of Germany")
[Ghana](/wiki/Music_of_Ghana "Music of Ghana")
[Greece](/wiki/Music_of_Greece "Music of Greece")
[Grenada](/wiki/Music_of_Grenada "Music of Grenada")
[Guatemala](/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala "Music of Guatemala")
[Guinea](/wiki/Music_of_Guinea "Music of Guinea")
[Guinea-Bissau](/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau "Music of Guinea-Bissau")
[Guyana](/wiki/Music_of_Guyana "Music of Guyana")
[Haiti](/wiki/Music_of_Haiti "Music of Haiti")
[Honduras](/wiki/Music_of_Honduras "Music of Honduras")
[Hungary](/wiki/Music_of_Hungary "Music of Hungary")
[Iceland](/wiki/Music_of_Iceland "Music of Iceland")
[India](/wiki/Music_of_India "Music of India")
[Indonesia](/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia "Music of Indonesia")
[Iran](/wiki/Music_of_Iran "Music of Iran")
[Iraq](/wiki/Music_of_Iraq "Music of Iraq")
[Ireland](/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Music of the Republic of Ireland")
[Israel](/wiki/Music_of_Israel "Music of Israel")
[Italy](/wiki/Music_of_Italy "Music of Italy")
[Ivory Coast](/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast "Music of Ivory Coast")
[Jamaica](/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica "Music of Jamaica")
[Japan](/wiki/Music_of_Japan "Music of Japan")
[Jordan](/wiki/Music_of_Jordan "Music of Jordan")
[Kazakhstan](/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan "Music of Kazakhstan")
[Kenya](/wiki/Music_of_Kenya "Music of Kenya")
[Kiribati](/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati "Music of Kiribati")
[Kosovo](/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo "Music of Kosovo")
[Kuwait](/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait "Music of Kuwait")
[Kyrgyzstan](/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan "Music of Kyrgyzstan")
[Laos](/wiki/Music_of_Laos "Music of Laos")
[Latvia](/wiki/Music_of_Latvia "Music of Latvia")
[Lebanon](/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon "Music of Lebanon")
[Lesotho](/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho "Music of Lesotho")
[Liberia](/wiki/Music_of_Liberia "Music of Liberia")
[Libya](/wiki/Music_of_Libya "Music of Libya")
[Liechtenstein](/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein "Music of Liechtenstein")
[Lithuania](/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania "Music of Lithuania")
[Luxembourg](/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg "Music of Luxembourg")
[Madagascar](/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar "Music of Madagascar")
[Malawi](/wiki/Music_of_Malawi "Music of Malawi")
[Malaysia](/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia "Music of Malaysia")
[Maldives](/wiki/Music_of_Maldives "Music of Maldives")
[Mali](/wiki/Music_of_Mali "Music of Mali")
[Malta](/wiki/Music_of_Malta "Music of Malta")
[Marshall Islands](/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands "Music of the Marshall Islands")
[Mauritania](/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania "Music of Mauritania")
[Mauritius](/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius "Music of Mauritius")
[Mexico](/wiki/Music_of_Mexico "Music of Mexico")
[Moldova](/wiki/Music_of_Moldova "Music of Moldova")
[Monaco](/wiki/Music_of_Monaco "Music of Monaco")
[Mongolia](/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia "Music of Mongolia")
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[Myanmar](/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar "Music of Myanmar")
[Namibia](/wiki/Music_of_Namibia "Music of Namibia")
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[South Africa](/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa "Music of South Africa")
[South Korea](/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea "Music of South Korea")
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[Sri Lanka](/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka "Music of Sri Lanka")
[Sudan](/wiki/Music_of_Sudan "Music of Sudan")
[Suriname](/wiki/Music_of_Suriname "Music of Suriname")
[Sweden](/wiki/Music_of_Sweden "Music of Sweden")
[Switzerland](/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland "Music of Switzerland")
[Syria](/wiki/Music_of_Syria "Music of Syria")
[São Tomé and Príncipe](/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "Music of São Tomé and Príncipe")
[Taiwan](/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan "Music of Taiwan")
[Tajikistan](/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan "Music of Tajikistan")
[Tanzania](/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania "Music of Tanzania")
[Thailand](/wiki/Music_of_Thailand "Music of Thailand")
[Togo](/wiki/Music_of_Togo "Music of Togo")
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[Trinidad and Tobago](/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Music of Trinidad and Tobago")
[Tunisia](/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia "Music of Tunisia")
[Turkey](/wiki/Music_of_Turkey "Music of Turkey")
[Turkmenistan](/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan "Music of Turkmenistan")
[Tuvalu](/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu "Music of Tuvalu")
[Uganda](/wiki/Music_of_Uganda "Music of Uganda")
[Ukraine](/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine "Music of Ukraine")
[United Arab Emirates](/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates "Music of the United Arab Emirates")
[United Kingdom](/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom "Music of the United Kingdom")
[United States](/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States "Music of the United States")
[Uruguay](/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay "Music of Uruguay")
[Uzbekistan](/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan "Music of Uzbekistan")
[Vanuatu](/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu "Music of Vanuatu")
[Vatican City](/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City "Music of Vatican City")
[Venezuela](/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela "Music of Venezuela")
[Vietnam](/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam "Music of Vietnam")
[Western Sahara](/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara "Music of Western Sahara")
[Yemen](/wiki/Music_of_Yemen "Music of Yemen")
[Zambia](/wiki/Music_of_Zambia "Music of Zambia")
[Zimbabwe](/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe "Music of Zimbabwe")

Lists

- [Index](/wiki/Index_of_music_articles "Index of music articles")
- [Outline](/wiki/Outline_of_music "Outline of music")
- [Timeline](/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events "Timeline of musical events")
- [Albums](/wiki/Lists_of_albums "Lists of albums")
- [Classical and art music traditions](/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions "List of classical and art music traditions")
- [Classical music genres](/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres "List of classical music genres")
- [Cultural and regional genres](/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music "List of cultural and regional genres of music")
- [Instruments](/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments "List of musical instruments")
- [Jazz and popular music glossary](/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music "Glossary of jazz and popular music")
- [Music genres and styles](/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles "List of music genres and styles")
- [Songs](/wiki/Lists_of_songs "Lists of songs")
- [Terminology](/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology "Glossary of music terminology")

Related articles

- [Aesthetics of music](/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music "Aesthetics of music")
- [Album era](/wiki/Album_era "Album era")
- [Fictional music](/wiki/Fictional_music "Fictional music")
- [Music and emotion](/wiki/Music_and_emotion "Music and emotion")
- [Music and fashion](/wiki/Music_and_fashion "Music and fashion")
- [Music and politics](/wiki/Music_and_politics "Music and politics")
  - [Warfare](/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare "Music and political warfare")
  - [Environmentalism](/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music "Environmentalism in music")
- [Music festival](/wiki/Music_festival "Music festival")
- [Music technology](/wiki/Music_technology "Music technology")
- [Music therapy](/wiki/Music_therapy "Music therapy")
- [Musical instrument](/wiki/Musical_instrument "Musical instrument")
  - [Classification](/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification "Musical instrument classification")
  - [Folk](/wiki/Folk_instrument "Folk instrument")
- [Women in music](/wiki/Women_in_music "Women in music")

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