Forms of presentation of Q fever vary widely across Spain, with differences between the north and south. In the absence of reported case series from Galicia (north-west Spain), this study sought to describe a Q-fever case series in this region for the first time, and conduct a systematic review to analyse all available data on the disease in Spain. Patients with positive serum antibodies to Coxiella burnetii from a single institution over a 5-year period (January 2011-December 2015) were included. Patients with phase II titres above 1/128 (or documented seroconversion) and compatible clinical criterial were considered as having Q fever. Patients with clinical suspicion of chronic Q-fever and IgG antibodies to phase I-antigen of over 1/1024, or persistently high levels six months after treatment were considered to be cases of probable chronic Q-fever. Systematic review: We conducted a search of the Pubmed/Medline database using the terms: Q Fever OR Coxiella burnetii AND Spain. Our search yielded a total of 318 studies: 244 were excluded because they failed to match the main criteria, and 41 were discarded due to methodological problems, incomplete information or duplication. Finally, 33 studies were included. A total of 155 patients, all of them from Galicia, with positive serological determination were located during the study period; 116 (75%) were deemed to be serologically positive patients without Q fever and the remaining 39 (25%) were diagnosed with Q fever. A potential exposure risk was found in 2 patients (5%). The most frequent form of presentation was pneumonia (87%), followed by isolated fever (5%), diarrhoea (5%) and endocarditis (3%). The main symptoms were headache (100%), cough (77%) and fever (69%). A trend to a paucisymptomatic illness was observed in women. Hospital admission was required in 37 cases, and 6 patients died while in hospital. Only 2 patients developed chronic Q-fever. Systematic review: Most cases were sporadic, mainly presented during the winter and spring, as pneumonia in 37%, hepatitis in 31% and isolated fever in 29. 6% of patients. In the north of Spain, 71% of patients had pneumonia, 13. 2% isolated fever and 13% hepatitis. In the central and southern areas, isolated fever was the most frequent form of presentation (40%), followed by hepatitis (38. 4%) and pneumonia (17. 6%). Only 31. 7% of patients reported risk factors, and an urban-environment was the most frequent place of origin. Overall mortality was 0. 9%, and the percentage of patients with chronic forms of Q-fever was 2%. This is the first study to report on a Q-fever case series in Galicia. It shows that in this region, the disease affects the elderly population -even in the absence of risk factors- and is linked to a higher mortality than reported by previous studies. While pneumonia is the most frequent form of presentation in the north of the country, isolated fever and hepatitis tend to be more frequent in the central and southern areas. In Spain, 32% of Q-fever cases do not report contact with traditional risk factors, and around 58% live in urban areas.
Q fever is a zoonosis with a world-wide distribution, caused by Coxiella burnetii, which can present as sporadic cases or through outbreaks in a specific region. Although ticks can play a role as vectors [1], the usual sources of human infection are cattle, sheep, goats, and wildlife. Since its description, Q fever has been widely studied by many groups, with the 2008 outbreak in the Netherlands increasing interest in the disease in Europe in recent years [2]. The relevance of Q fever in Spain varies widely depending on the region in question, e. g. , whereas large series have been reported in the Basque Country, only a few case reports have come from other regions [3,4]. These differences might be due to climatological, social or environmental factors but for the most part, knowledge of the epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii is poor in Spain. To our knowledge there have been no previously reported case series of Q fever in Galicia (north-west Spain), and we only have a limited perspective of the distribution of Coxiella burnetii in animal reservoirs [5], along with reports of a few isolated cases [6]. Although the presence of cattle is frequent in all areas of Galicia, the existence of an additional wildlife reservoir is also plausible, because populations of foxes, wolves, wild boars and other species also exist in the region. While existing data tend to suggest a difference in clinical presentation between the north and south of the country [7,8], there are nevertheless insufficient data to describe this in Galicia and elsewhere for the purpose of giving a complete picture of Q fever in Spain. Accordingly, the main objectives of this study were: on one hand, to describe a Q-fever case series in Galicia for the first time; and on the other, to conduct a systematic review to clarify and analyse all available data on the disease in Spain.
A total of 155 patients were located with positive serological determination during the study period; of these, 116 (75%) were deemed to be serologically positive patients without Q fever (unrelated to an acute or chronic Coxiella burnetii infection) and the remaining 39 (25%) were diagnosed with Q fever. Regarding the group without Q fever, the indication for serological testing was atypical pneumonia or pneumonia in patients with risk factor for Q fever in 80% of cases, and fever wihtout a clear origin in the remainder. In this second group, main final diagnoses were gastrointenstinal disease, viral infections and neoplasia. All patients included in the group without Q fever had a final diagnosis that excluded Q fever as the cause of their symptoms. Of the Q fever patients, 27 were men (69%), and only 2 (5%) were found to have a potential risk of exposure (contact with cattle), although this data was available only in 50% of patients. A rural environment was the most frequent place of residence (22 patients, 56%). None of the patients had reported a tick bite before the appearance of clinical symptoms. A breakdown of the complete epidemiological profile of the series is shown in Table 1. Most cases were diagnosed during 2015 (26 cases, 67%) and 2014 (11 cases, 28%), with all presenting in the period from December to June (winter and spring). In terms of clinical manifestations, the most frequent form of presentation was pneumonia (35 cases, 90%), followed by isolated febrile syndrome (2 cases), diarrhoea (2 cases) and endocarditis (1 case). The main symptom reported by patients was headache (100%), followed by cough (77%) and fever (69%). It is remarkable that a trend to paucisymptomatic illness was observed in women compared with men. All clinical and analytical aspects are shown in Table 1. Hospital admission in the Internal Medicine or Pneumology departments was required in all but 2 patients, both of whom successfully underwent ambulatory treatment and follow-up. When it came to empirical treatment, the most frequent regimen included a beta-lactam antibiotic (25 patients, 64%), either alone (8 patients) or in combination with a fluoroquinolone (7 patients) or a macrolide (10 patients). After diagnosis of Q fever, 11 patients were switched to doxycycline in monotherapy and another 6 patients to a fluoroquinolone, while the remaining 22 patients completed the initial empirical treatment. There were no differences in patients’ length of hospital stay, duration of symptoms or mortality rates by reference to the treatment received, with the average length of antibiotic therapy being 13 (SD = 6) days. At the date of diagnosis, 28 patients (72%) had phase II titres of over 1/512. Across follow-up, only 2 patients developed a probable chronic Q fever: one had confirmed endocarditis through transesophageal echocardiogram, and the other had a persistent febrile syndrome which was also judged to be endocarditis, despite it was not possible to perform a complete study due to poor general condition of this patient. Both patients were alive at the end of the study period, and continued undergoing long-term treatment with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine. Insofar as mortality was concerned, six patients (15%) died, in all cases due to respiratory complications during hospital stay. No epidemiological, clinical or biochemical variable was found to be linked to mortality in our series. This review covered 33 case-series reports (excluding ours) spanning a 38-year period (1977–2014) in Spain. Data on a total of 1960 patients (including our study) were analysed. A breakdown of the main data available from the studies is shown in Table 2. It was noteworthy that, when the overall data (including those of our series) were analysed, most of the cases were seen to be sporadic, presenting mainly during winter and spring, as pneumonia in 37%, hepatitis in 31% and isolated fever in 29. 6% of cases. Furthermore, on pooling the case series from areas located in the northern third of the country and comparing these to the remaining series from central and southern Spain, a significant difference was seen in the form of presentation of Q fever. In the northern areas, 71% of patients had pneumonia, followed by isolated fever (13. 2%) and hepatitis (13%), while in the central and southern areas isolated fever was the most frequent form of presentation (40%), followed by hepatitis (38. 4%) and pneumonia (17. 6%). With regard to clinical manifestations, fever was the most frequent (94. 6%), followed by headache (50. 2%), and myalgia or arthromyalgia (33. 5%). Mention should be made of the absence of fever in 108 cases (5. 4%), despite diagnosis of Q fever. A risk factor, mainly animal exposure (in most of cases livestock, but also pets), was identified in only 31. 7% of patients, and urban environment was the most frequent place of origin (833/1469,58%), though these data were missing in 12 studies. Overall mortality was 0. 9% but the absence of mortality data in 8 studies should be noted. The total percentage of patients with chronic forms of Q fever was 2%, yet it has to be said that no data were reported in 11 studies, and in one study 16 cases were reported as chronic on the basis of serological criteria alone [33].
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Q fever case-series study to have been conducted in Galicia (north-west Spain), an area that had not been considered endemic until now. Our study shows that the presence of Q fever in this area is relevant, affects the elderly population even in the absence of risk factors, and is linked to a higher mortality than previous studies have indicated. Our systematic review confirms the different presentation of Q fever in northern areas of Spain, where pneumonia is the most frequent form, compared to central and southern areas, where isolated fever and hepatitis are more frequent. This systematic review also shows that nearly 32% of Q fever cases do not report contact with traditional risk factors, and that around 58% of them reside in urban areas. Better knowledge of seroprevalence in different areas and a higher level of clinical suspicion are therefore needed, in order to improve diagnosis and prevention of this disease in Spain.
A search of the Microbiology Unit database at the Santiago de Compostela University Teaching Hospital (A Coruña, Galicia, Spain), covering a 4-year period from January 2011 to December 2015, located a total of 155 patients. We reviewed the clinical histories of all patients with positive serological determination. In terms of area of residence, “urban” was defined as any area having a population of over 50000, “suburban” as any area having a population of 5000 to 50000, and “rural” as any area having a population of less than 5000. IgG antibodies to phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii antigens were determined by indirect immunofluorescence [55,56], according to the manufacturer' s instructions (Vircell, Spain). Assayed dilutions began from 1/64 onwards. Seroconversion was considered in all patients with phase-II titres of over 1/128 who had previously been seronegative, or in those who showed a fourfold or greater rise in IgG antibody titre to Coxiella burnetii phase II antigen (corresponding to 2 dilutions) [57,58]. All titres above 1/128 were deemed to be positive, and we investigated the clinical history of all patients with these serological levels. Clinical, epidemiological, microbiological, radiological and biochemical variables were collected by reviewing patients’ electronic medical records to check for diagnosis of acute Q fever. Inclusion criteria were defined as: positive serological determination; or alternatively, documented seroconversion and clinical diagnosis of acute Q fever, based on compatible signs and symptoms and exclusion of other causes. Patients with a positive serological test but a confirmed aetiology for clinical manifestations other than Q fever were excluded and classified as serologically positive patients without Q fever. Patients with clinical suspicion of chronic Q fever (cardiac valve disease, prosthetic or bone infection, immunocompromised hosts, or persistent fever of unknown origin) and IgG antibodies to phase-I antigen of over 1/1024, or persistently high levels (over 1/800) six months after treatment were considered to be cases of probable chronic Q fever [59]. Patients with criteria for probable chronic Q fever and vegetations in trasesophageal echocardiogram and/or compatible findings after pathological examination of cardiac valves after surgery were considered as Q fever endocarditis [41]. As regards clinical presentation, patients were classified as having: pneumonia, on presentation of radiological consolidation and fever; hepatitis, on presentation of transaminase elevation more than twofold the upper limit of normal; and fever of unknown origin, if they displayed no other clinical, radiological or biochemical alterations. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Galician Clinical Research Ethics Committee. All data analyzed were anonymized. We conducted a systematic review in order to identify observational studies published before December 2015, describing Q fever case series in Spain. To this end, we searched the Pubmed/Medline database using the following terms: Q Fever OR Coxiella burnetii AND Spain. In addition, we retrieved additional series by surveying references cited in other reports and using the MEDLINE option," Related articles" . These search methods yielded a total of 318 studies; after a critical perusal of titles and abstracts, 244 were excluded for failing to fulfil the main eligibility criteria (series reports with a complete clinical description). A critical, full-text review of the remaining 74 papers led to a further 41 being discarded because of methodological problems, incomplete clinical information or series duplication. Finally, 33 studies were included in the systematic review. A descriptive analysis was performed, by calculating qualitative-variable rates along with their mean and standard deviation. We used the Chi-square or Fisher' s exact tests, as appropriate (expected frequency value <5), to compare qualitative variables, and the Student' s t test for quantitative variables. A P-value <0. 05 was regarded as significant. All analyses were performed using the SPSS v. 22. 0 computer software package (SPSS Inc. , Chicago, IL, USA).
We present, for the first time, a series which describes clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with Q fever in our region (Galicia, North-Western Spain). Our results showed that pneumonia is the main form of presentation of Q fever in our area, with headache and cough as the most frequent symptoms. We also found a very low percentage of patients with potential exposure risks (5%), which reinforces the hypothesis of the existence of alternative mechanisms of transmission to animal reservoir contact. Due to the lack of data available, we believe that the present work could be the starting point to improve the knowledge of this disease in our area. We also developed a systematic review of all series published in Spain, which showed a geographycal pattern linked to form of presentation, with pneumonia as the main form in Northern regions and hepatitis and isolated fever in Central and Southern regions.
livestock
medicine and health sciences
pathology and laboratory medicine
european union
pathogens
geographical locations
microbiology
pulmonology
pneumonia
bacterial diseases
signs and symptoms
bacterial pathogens
research and analysis methods
coxiella burnetii
infectious diseases
spain
serology
medical microbiology
microbial pathogens
research assessment
agriculture
people and places
diagnostic medicine
fevers
systematic reviews
biology and life sciences
europe
q fever
Q fever in Spain: Description of a new series, and systematic review