Cytokinesis terminates mitosis, resulting in separation of the two sister cells. Septins, a conserved family of GTP-binding cytoskeletal proteins, are an absolute requirement for cytokinesis in budding yeast. We demonstrate that septin-dependence of mammalian cytokinesis differs greatly between cell types: genetic loss of the pivotal septin subunit SEPT7 in vivo reveals that septins are indispensable for cytokinesis in fibroblasts, but expendable in cells of the hematopoietic system. SEPT7-deficient mouse embryos fail to gastrulate, and septin-deficient fibroblasts exhibit pleiotropic defects in the major cytokinetic machinery, including hyperacetylation/stabilization of microtubules and stalled midbody abscission, leading to constitutive multinucleation. We identified the microtubule depolymerizing protein stathmin as a key molecule aiding in septin-independent cytokinesis, demonstrated that stathmin supplementation is sufficient to override cytokinesis failure in SEPT7-null fibroblasts, and that knockdown of stathmin makes proliferation of a hematopoietic cell line sensitive to the septin inhibitor forchlorfenuron. Identification of septin-independent cytokinesis in the hematopoietic system could serve as a key to identify solid tumor-specific molecular targets for inhibition of cell proliferation.
Cytokinesis as final step of cell division is essential for cell proliferation, but there is a considerable degree of diversity in its underlying mechanisms among eukaryotes. Even within one organism, such as the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, cytokinesis may proceed by different mechanisms for cells growing in suspension or in an attachment-dependent manner. This has been impressively demonstrated for the myosin II-deletion mutant of D. discoideum, which could not further complete cytokinesis in suspension but successfully proliferates when attached to surfaces [1]. Hence, it could be speculated that other cells also confine different molecular requirements for attachment-dependent and -independent cytokinesis, although there is little molecular proof for this idea in mammalian cells. Recent support for this idea comes from the observation that in lymphocytes the hematopoietic linage-specific Rho-GAP ARHGAP19 is essential for cytoskeleton remodeling resulting in cell division [2] while in most other cells M-phase GAP (MP-GAP) is the major factor restraining RhoA during cell division [3]. Septins, a conserved family of polymerizing GTP-binding proteins regarded as the forth component of the cytoskeleton [4], organize a ring that serves as a submembranous scaffold and diffusion barrier for various molecules, which is an absolute requirement for cytokinesis in budding yeast [5], [6]. In metazoans, septins associate with the mitotic spindle, contractile ring, intercellular bridge and midbody at varying degrees [7], [8]. For example, anillin-dependent recruitment of septins to the intercellular bridge is required for constriction site formation and ingression in HeLa cells [9], maturation of the midbody ring in Drosophila melanogaster requires septin-dependent removal of anillin via its C-terminal PH-domain [10], and septins are required for the release of midbody and midbody ring into daughter cells during the subsequent cell division in Caenorhabditis elegans [11]. Perturbation or depletion of one of the major septin subunits, such as the pivotal subunit SEPT7 [12], [13], affects multiple steps in mitosis [4], [14]. In vitro studies with mammalian cell lines have revealed pleiotropic defects in mitotic spindle organization and chromosome alignment [15], cleavage furrow ingression [16], and midbody abscission [17], [18]. Intriguingly, however, depletion of each septin subunit in adherent cells by RNAi abolishes cytokinesis only at low penetrance (<25%) [15], [18], [19]. Further, mitosis is completely unaffected in T lymphocytes depleted for the pivotal subunit SEPT7 [20]. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the relative and cell-type specific requirement of septins in physiological systems we manipulated the Sept7 gene in mice and analyzed cytokinesis of cells with deleted Sept7.
We floxed Sept7 gene (exon 4, encoding the GTP-binding P-loop) in the mouse genome using the Cre-loxP system (Figure 1A). The Sept7flox allele was converted to Sept7− (null) allele by using oocyte-specific expression of Cre-recombinase (ZP3-Cre). Sept7−/− (KO) embryos were found in utero up to embryonic day 6. 5 (E6. 5) -E7. 0, but not after E10. 5, indicating early embryonic lethality (Figure 1B). As the genetic loss of SEPT9 or SEPT11 causes embryonic death by E10 [21] and E13 [22] respectively, SEPT7 appears no less vital than these major subunits. These data obviously indicate that septins are dispensable for the majority of cells to execute mitosis in early mouse embryo. To probe the impact of the genetic loss of SEPT7 on mitosis in vitro, we prepared primary fibroblasts (MEFs) and SV40-large T-immortalized tail fibroblasts (TFs) from Sept7flox/flox mice. Cre-transduction via adeno- or retroviral vectors caused significant reduction of SEPT7 and collateral depletion of SEPT2, SEPT6, and SEPT9 (Figure 2A, 2C) [20], [23], following the deletion of the exon 4 (Figure 2B). Of note, a septin-binding contractile ring protein anillin was also reduced (Figure 2C) down to 26%–88% depending on the cell line and multiplicity of infection (cf. Figure S1). Consequently, Sept7−/− MEFs arrested at G2/M in the cell cycle, as was indicated by the absence of a proliferation marker Ki67, remarkable phosphorylation of histone H3 and decreased overall proliferation (Figure 2D–2F) without increased apoptosis (Figure S2). The incomplete efficiency in infection and/or recombination (Figure 2G) caused a Sept7flox/flox/Sept7−/− mosaic culture and a heterogeneity in SEPT7 level after 12 days, which demonstrated that cells without SEPT7 expression were almost exclusively multinucleated and significantly larger than the neighboring mononucleated cells with residual SEPT7 (Figure 2H and Figure S3A, S3D). In detail, of 223 SEPT7-positive cells analyzed by imaging, 222 cells (99,55%) were mono-nucleated. Of 56 SEPT7-negative cells, 54 cells (96,4%) were bi- (38 cells, 67,8%) or multinucleated (16 cells, 28,6%). Time-lapse observation of the same population identified two subsets; one completed cytokinesis normally within 70–130 min (about 70% of cells), while another could not complete cytokinesis within 130 min, displaying stalled cytokinesis yielding binucleated cells after unsuccessful severing of the intercellular bridge (about 30% of cells) (Figure 3A, Figure S4 and video S1). Immunofluorescence analysis of the intercellular bridges and midbodies did not show obvious disorganization of α-tubulin and F-actin in the absence of SEPT7 (Figure 3B and Figure S3A, S3B, S3D). Improper segregation of chromosomes can lead to the formation of chromatin-bridges associated with a delay in abscission and multinucleation [24]. Analysis of the arrested midbody structures in the Sept7−/− revealed absence of persistent chromatin bridges as shown by LAP2 staining (Figure S5). However, Sept7−/− cells were often accompanied by unresolved α-tubulin aggregates (arrowheads in Figure 3C) and about two-fold hyperacetylation of α-tubulin (Figure 3D and Figure S3C, S3E). These data indicate hyperstabilization of microtubules in Sept7−/− cells, as has been observed in interphase HeLa cells [25] and postmitotic primary neurons [26]. Anillin, a contractile ring organizer which interacts with actomyosin and septins, was reduced in interphase nuclei of Sept7−/− cells (Figure 3E, cf. Figure 2C and Figure S1). However, SEPT7 was dispensable for the targeting of anillin to the cleavage furrow (Figure 3F). Thus, genetic loss of SEPT7 in fibroblasts appeared to affect mitotic spindle and midbody rather than the contractile ring. Next, we examined the aforementioned presumed dispensability of SEPT7 in non-adherent cell lineages. We introduced a bidirectional γ-retroviral mCherry-Cre construct [27] (Figure S6A, 6b) into Sept7flox/flox bone marrow cells, which successfully induced recombination (Figure 4A). An interleukin (IL) -3/IL-6/SCF-dependent myeloid colony formation assay (Figure S6C) revealed that each subpopulation of the Sept7−/− leukocytes exhibited subnormal but sufficient proliferative activity in vitro (Figure 4B). Given that most of these Sept7−/− cells (Figure 4C) had undergone more than 10 replication cycles, SEPT7 protein carried over from the original Sept7flox/flox cell had been eliminated. These data indicate that the resistance to the loss of SEPT7 in mitosis is a common trait of the myeloid lineage. To corroborate the dispensability of SEPT7 in myeloid cell mitosis in vivo, we generated lymphocyte-specific Sept7−/− mice, by intercrossing Sept7flox/flox and CD2-iCre lines [28]. We detected efficient recombination in the bone marrow (Figure S7A), spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes (Figure 4D) with recognizable volume loss in the spleen and thymus (Figure 4E). Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated complete loss of SEPT7 in cells collected from thymus, while those from spleen contained a minor population that fully expressed SEPT7 (Figure 4F). Viability of lymphocytes from spleen, peripheral lymph nodes (Figure 4G), thymus (Figure 4H), bone marrow (Figure S7B) and a number of peripheral blood cells (Figure S8) showed no differences with or without Sept7. Although SEPT7/6/2/9 had been depleted from Sept7−/− thymocytes (Figure S9), flow cytometric DNA content analysis did not detect any multinucleated population (Figure 4I). Intriguingly, as opposed to fibroblasts, HeLa cells [25] and neurons [26], thymocytes did not exhibit microtubule hyperacetylation after septin depletion (Figure S10). Sept7−/− splenocytes proliferated normally in vitro in response to concanavalin A and IL-2 (Figure 4J, 4K), without forming multinucleated cells (Figure 4L). Taken together, we conclude that Sept7 is dispensable in the proliferation and maturation of B- and T-lymphocytes in vivo, and in the proliferation of splenocytes and myeloid progenitors in vitro. In our search for the factor enabling diverse hematopoietic cell lineages to go through the cell cycle without SEPT7, we compared the proteome between the fibroblasts and myeloid cells. From a number of candidate proteins we focused our studies on stathmin (STMN1) because of its specific abundance in the blood cell lineages (Figure 5A) and biochemical activity. The stathmin family is known to facilitate microtubule depolymerization by sequestering α/β-tubulin heterodimers [29], [30]. We hypothesized that the scarcity of stathmin in fibroblasts contributes to the stability of the microtubule network, while the abundance of stathmin in hematopoietic cells facilitates the disassembly of spindle microtubules and the disposal of midbodies. To test the latter possibility, we generated Sept7flox/flox MEFs that express stathmin via a doxycycline-regulatable promoter (Figure 5B). Indeed, stathmin overexpression (to the level of thymocytes) was sufficient to rescue the mitotic failure of Sept7−/− MEFs (Figure 5C, 5D) without changing other complex cellular properties as represented by cell mobility and adhesion measured in a scratch assay (Figure S11). We then asked whether stathmin overexpression also rescues multinucleation of the Sept7−/− MEFs. For this reason we co-transduced MEFs with pRBid–Cre and the doxycylin-inducible stathmin construct and DAPI-stained and counted mCherry-positive mono- and multinucleated cells after 5 days of cultivation in the presence or absence of doxycycline (Figure 5E and Figure S12). While the majority of control cells are multinucleated, overexpression of stathmin clearly shifted the MEFs to the mononucleated phenotype. Finally, we ask whether hematopoietic cells proliferating septin-independently require stathmin and whether stathmin-knockdown renders these cells sensitive to septin inactivation. To answer these questions we used the Jurkat human lymphocyte cell line, because manipulation of primary mouse hematopoietic cells in culture was not feasible. To inactivate septins in Jurkat cells, we applied the septin inhibitor forchlorfenuron (FCF) [31], which dampens septin dynamics and induces the assembly of abnormally large septin structures [32]. Stathmin knockdown by siRNA was performed and cells were further cultivated for 48 hours in the presence or absence of different concentrations of FCF (Figure 5F, 5G). siSTMN1 treatment efficiently reduced stathmin levels while the control siRNA did not (Figure 5F). Remarkably, while 50 µM FCF did not inhibit proliferation of Jurkat cells transfected with the control siRNA, siSTMN1-treated Jurkat cells displayed a clear proliferation defect at this concentration of FCF. At higher concentrations of FCF (100 µM) slight cytotoxic effects also reduced proliferation of the control, but the stronger reduction in the siSTMN1-treated cells remained. Taken together, we demonstrated that stathmin can rescue the proliferation block in SEPT7-deficient MEFs and that stathmin is necessary for proliferation of hematopoietic cells in the absence of functional septins. Thus, stathmin is a critical permissive factor whose abundance enables cells to proliferate without septins.
This study has revealed two distinct types of mammalian cytokinesis which vary by the requirement for SEPT7/septins. Consistent with previous studies [5], [16], [18] our findings indicate that cell division requires septins in two spatiotemporally distinct processes, first for the organization of the contractile ring and later for midbody abscission. The former became known early on due to the high prominence and its evolutionarily conservation from budding yeast to humans, while the latter had remained unknown due to its cell-type-dependence. Fibroblasts, typical adherent cells, divide in contact with other cells and/or connective tissue in vivo and extracellular matrices and artificial substrate in vitro. In contrast, amoeboid hematopoietic cells grow planktonically in vivo and divide individually in suspension. Our study confirm the role of septins in the recruitment of the microtubule cleaving machinery (multi-protein membrane associated abscission machinery probably including spastin for local microtubule destabilization) [7], [8] to the midbody for final microtubules scission. This system seems to be inactive in the absence of SEPT7 in fibroblasts, leading to midbody stabilization. In the hematopoietic system the abundance of stathmin leads to a passive rescue due to general microtubule destabilization and thus cytokinesis proceeds in a septin independent manner. The supplementation of stathmin is sufficient for fibroblasts to override the loss of SEPT7 and to complete cytokinesis. The abundant expression of stathmin in early embryo [33], [34] may account for the dispensability of septins up to midgestation. These data indicate that the synergy between septins and stathmin, among other microtubule-regulating proteins, is critical for completion of cytokinesis and midbody abscission. The entire process should depend not only on the quantitative balance of tubulin/stathmin/septin but also on the phosphorylation level of stathmin [29], [30]. Of note, β1-integrin-blocking antibodies can inhibit cytokinesis of adherent cells, but not their cytokinesis in suspension [35]. Given these and our findings, it is conceivable that non-adherent cells develop less cytoskeletal network than adherent cells, which should reduce the burden for midbody abscission. Conversely, myosin II-deficient Dictyostelium cells can complete cytokinesis on a substrate but not in suspension [36], indicating that microtubule is not a critical determinant in this case. A recent study with Drosophila revealed that the SEPT7 ortholog peanut (Pnut) and other septins are required for planar cell cytokinesis but dispensable for orthogonal cell division in the single-layered neuroepithelium of the dorsal thorax [37]. This finding supports our notion that SEPT7/septins play a context-dependent role in mammalian cytokinesis. Accordingly, SEPT7 is a promising target for the development of solid tumor-selective anti-proliferative therapy without damaging hematopoietic cells. Reciprocally, stathmin could be selectively targeted in hematopoietic malignancies and p53-compromized cancer [38], [39].
Two independently developed Sept7 floxed mice strains were used in this study, both targeting exon4 of mouse Sept7 gene using similar targeting strategies. Sept7flox/flox mice (Sept7tm1Mgl) were generated as indicated in Figure 1A. Briefly, the targeting vector containing lox sites and FRT sites flanked neomycin cassette was linearized and electroporated in 129Ola ES-cells. Two positive clones (42A3 and 44A1) obtained by PCR screen were injected into blastocysts for the generation of chimeric mice. Agouti germ line pups were derived from the mating of chimeric male mice, obtained following the blastocyst injection of Sept7 targeted ES-cell clone 44A1, with C57Bl/6 Flip females. The resulting sept7loxNeo mice were crossed with C57BL/6- (C3) -Tg (Pgk1-FLPo) 10Sykr/J Flippase- expressing mice [40] to delete the neomycin cassette retaining the lox-P-flanked (floxed) exon 4 leading to Sept7lox mice. Subsequent Cre-recombinase expression will then catalyze exon 4-excision resulting in an additional frame-shift mutation downstream to this exon. For generation of Oocyte specific knockout animals, Sept7 homozygous floxed mice were crossed with B6-Zp3CretmTgCre [41]. Sept7wt/flox: Zp3Cre mice were bred to generate Sept7wt/del mice. Lymphocyte-specific Sept7 knockouts were generated by mating floxed animals with B6-hCD2-iCre mice [28]. In animal experiments age and sex matched, Cre-expressing Sept7 wt and floxed mice were compared. Tail biopsies, cells and colonies were overnight digested at 53 °C in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8. 0), 100 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl and 1% SDS) containing proteinase-K (0. 5 mg/mL). For tissue samples proteins were salted out with extra NaCl. DNA was precipitated with isopropanol, washed with 70% ethanol and dissolved in water. Genotyping PCR were performed with Hotstar Taq (Qiagen) with extra Mg2+ under standard conditions with annealing temperature at 53 °C. The primers used were- Sept7-p1 (5′- GGT ATA GGG GAC TTT GGG G-3′), Sept7-p2 (5′- CTT TGC ACA TAT GAC TAA GC -3′), Sept7-p3 (5′- GCT TCT TTT ATG TAA TCC AGG -3′), Cre-sense (5′- GAA CCT GAT GGA CAT GTT CAG G -3′), Cre-antisense (5′- AGT GCG TTC GAA CGC TAG AGC CTG T -3′), iCre-fwd (5′-AGA TGC CAG GAC ATC AGG AAC CTG- 3′), iCre-rev (5′-ATC AGC CAC ACC AGA CAC AGA GAT C- 3′), IL2-fwd (5′-CTA GGC CAC AGA ATT GAA AGA TCT- 3′), Il2-rev (5′-GTA GGT GGA AAT TCT AGC ATC ATC C- 3′), Myo-fwd (5′- TTA CGT CCA TCG TGG ACA GC -3′), Myo-rev (5′- TGG GCT GGG TGT TAG CCT TA -3′). Myogenin and IL2 gene fragments were amplified as controls for Cre and iCre genotyping respectively. PCR reactions were separated on 2% agarose gels and images acquired using INTAS Gel documentation system. Sept7wt/del mice were mated and plug checked for embryo analysis. Pregnant mice were sacrificed between embryonic day 6–7. 0 or 10. 5 days. The embryos were dissected out in cold PBS and cleaned up from extra-embryonic tissues. Whole embryos were overnight digested for DNA isolation and genotyping. Deviations from Mendelian ratios were calculated by Chi-squared test. Sept7 floxed mouse embryonic fibroblasts were generated from E15 day embryos and maintained under standard conditions. Sept7 floxed adult tail fibroblasts (TFs) were isolated from 6–8 weeks old mice tail tips. Minced tail tips were sequentially digested with collagenase and trypsin at 37°C and plated on collagen coated dishes in DMEM supplemented with 20% serum, non-essential amino acids and antibiotics. The cells were splitted 1∶4 and maintained in the same growth medium without coated dishes. To immortalize primary TFs, cells were co-transfected with pSV40Tag encoding simian virus 40 large T antigen and pREP8 plasmid (Invitrogen) in a 10∶1 mixture; colonies were selected with 2 mM histidinol (Sigma). Jurkat cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 15% serum, 1 mM pyruvate and antibiotics. Post electroporation cells were additionally supported by 2 ng/ml IL2. Antibody against SEPT7 was from IBL international (#JP18991), Rabbit anti-anillin antibodies were reported earlier (Watanabe et al. , 2010). Antibodies used for western blot analysis were SEPT2 (#11397-1-AP, Acris), SEPT9 (#10769-1-AP, Acris), SEPT6 (sc-20180, Santa Cruz Biotech), SEPT8 (sc-48937, Santa Cruz Biotech), EF2 (sc-13004-R, Santa Cruz Biotech), GAPDH (#MAB374, Millipore), GFP (sc-9996, Santa Cruz Biotech) and Stathmin (#3352, Cell Signaling Technology). Antibodies used for Immunofluorescence staining were rabbit anti SEPT7, SEPT2, SEPT6 [23], Ki67, phospho-Histone-H3, cleaved caspase-3 (Cell Signaling Technology), tubulin-α (T6199, Sigma and sc-31779, Santa Cruz Biotech), LAP2 (#611000, BD Transduction lab) and acetyl tubulin (T6793, Sigma). All alexa-dye labeled secondary antibodies, tetramethyl rhodamine-conjugated WGA (#W849) and Alexa fluor-647-conjugated phalloidin (#A22287) were from Invitrogen. DAPI for DNA staining was from Carl Roth (#6335. 1). Polybrene (H9268), doxycycline (D9891), RNAse A (R4875) and propidium iodide (P4170) were from Sigma. Forchlorfenuron (FCF) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotech. IL2 was from ImmunoTools. IL3, IL6 and SCF were from Peprotech. Primary MEFs were transduced with commercially available adenoviral Cre particles (AxCANCre2, TaKaRa, Japan). Gammaretroviral particles (SF91-nlsCre and pRBid–Cre) were packaged as described previously [27]. Doxycycline inducible retroviral expression vector used for generating Stathmin-IRES-EGFP cell line was packaged as described previously [42]. Immortalized tail fibroblasts were seeded in 24 well plates (2. 5×104 cells/well) day before transduction. Plates with viral particles in the presence of polybrene (8 µg/mL) were spun at 1200× g for 1 h at 32°C. After overnight virus treatment, cells were washed, medium changed and processed as indicated. For Sept7 deletion in primary lineage negative bone marrow progenitors, cells were trasduced by spinoculation with pRBid-Cre as described for tail fibroblasts. The transduction was repeated to achieve better transduction efficiency. Cells were lysed directly in SDS gel loading dye and western blotting was performed as previously described using gradient SDS-PAGE gels [43]. Cells were grown on glass coverslips and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS. Fixation was performed for 2–5 min at room temperature (RT) followed by 20 min at 4°C. Cells were permeabilized with 0. 25% Triton X-100–PBS for 30 min at RT. Blocking was done using 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 h at 4°C. Primary antibodies were used at a 1∶50 to 1∶200 dilution in 1% BSA–PBS for 1–2 h. Secondary antibodies or Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated phalloidin/tetramethy rhodamine conjugated WGA was used at a 1∶500 dilution in 1% BSA–PBS. Imaging was performed using a Leica TCS SP2 confocal microscope with standard settings. Fluorescent intensities were quantified using Image J program (NIH- http: //rsb. info. nih. gov/ij/). For immunophenotyping analysis of hematopoietic cells, spleen, thymus and bone marrow cells were isolated, RBC lysed (Pharmlyse, BD Biosciences) and analyzed for surface staining with αCD3-FITC (Clone 17A2) [44], αB220-eFluor450 (Clone RA3-6B2, eBioscience), αCD4-PerCP (Clone RM4-5, Biolegend) and αCD8β-Cy5 (Clone RmCD8-2) [44]. Samples were analyzed using an LSRII (BD Biosciences). For SEPT7, acetyl tubulin and propidium iodide staining, thymocytes/splenocytes were fixed with 3× by volume PFA (4%) at RT for 30 min. Washed and resuspended in PBS and absolute methanol was added to 90% concentration final with constant mixing. The methanol permeabilization was continued for 30 min on ice. After 2× PBS wash cells were resuspended in 4% BSA-PBS and blocked at 4°C for 30 min. Cells were stained with primary antibodies (1∶100 in 1%BSA-PBS) at RT for 30 min. After 1× PBS wash, samples were resuspended in secondary antibody dilution (anti rabbit Alexa fluor-488/anti mouse Alexa fluor-546 - 1∶500 diluted in 1% BSA-PBS) and incubated for additional 30 min before PBS wash and FACS analysis. For analysis of DNA content fixed cells were treated with nuclear stain solution (1× PBS, 100 µg/mL propidium iodide, 100 µg/mL RNAse-A) at RT for 15 min and analyzed by flow cytometry in Accuri- C6 flow cytometer. Cells were grown on 8 well chamber slides and time-lapse DIC images were acquired (1 per 10 min×16 h) using OLYMPUS FV1000 microscope fitted with 37°C/humid chamber. Bone marrow lineage negative cells were isolated by MACS separation (Miltenyl Biotech) and cells cultured for 2 days in the presence of IL3/SCF/IL6 medium. Cell were transduced on day 3 and 4 and left in suspension culture for another 4days. mCherry positive cells were sorted and seeded in 3 cm plates with methyl cellulose medium (IL3/IL6/SCF) (1000cells/ml/plate) as described previously [45]. Colonies were photographed, counted and genotyped after 2 weeks of growth. Blood samples were collected in lithium-heparin tubes (BD Microtainer- LH tubes) and subjected to differential blood count and analysis with Vet ABC hematology analyzer (Scil animal care company GmbH, Viernheim, Germany). Spleens were asceptically isolated in RPMI medium (10% foetal calf serum, non-essential amino acids, antibiotics and 50 µM 2-mercapto ethanol) and splenocyte suspension obtained by passing through a 10 µm cell strainer. After RBC lysis cells/spleen were plated in a 6 cm plate and incubated at 37°C for 1 h to remove adherent cells. The suspension cells were collected and counted. 5–6×105 cells/100 µl medium/well were seeded in 96 well plates in the presence or absence of 5 µg/ml concanavalin A and 10 ng/mL murine IL2. Cell proliferation was assayed using WST1 reagent (Roche Applied Sciences) as per manufacturer protocol. For measuring fibroblast proliferation, 500cells/100 µl/well were seeded in 96 well plates. Viable cells were quantified daily using WST1 reagent as per manufacturer protocol. Jurkat cells were microporated with control siRNA (Allstars negative control siRNA- Qiagen) or siRNA against human Stathmin (Hs_STMN1_1: 5′-GCUGAGGUCUUGAAGCAGCTT-3′-Qiagen) using a Microporator MP-100 system. 200 picomoles of siRNA were used per one million cells microporated at 1400 V/20 msec/single pulse following the standard manufacturer' s protocol. 24 h post transfection cells were counted and re-seeded at 3×105/ml density in the presence or absence of FCF in v-bottom 96well plates (triplicate wells). After 48 h of treatment cells were collected and viable cell numbers quantified by flow cytometry in the presence of 2 µg/ml propidium iodide and 2 mM EDTA. Quantitative microplate scratch assays were performed with mitomycin-C treated fibroblasts as described previously [46]. Stathmin-IRES-EGFP transduced and sorted Sept7flox/flox cells were stained and seeded in 96 well plates in the presence or absence of 2 µg/ml doxycycline and scratches were made 24 h later after mitomycin pre-treatment. Infrared fluorescent images were acquired using a Li-COR odyssey scanner at 0 h, 6 h and 18 h. Migration indices were calculated and plotted. All mice experiments were conducted according to German and international guidelines and were approved by the ethics committee of Hannover Medical School (MHH).
Cytokinesis is the finalizing step of the complex scenario of mitosis, leading to separation of two sister cells. The cellular mechanism of cytokinesis in eukaryotes differs at least between yeasts, plants and animals. So far, it is also not clear whether all mammalian cells follow the same mechanistic rules of cytokinesis. Here, we demonstrate that, depending on the mammalian cell type, two different pathways could result in completion of cytokinesis, a septin-dependent pathway and a distinct mechanism, which does not require septins prevalent in the hematopoietic system. Using multiple conditional knockouts, we demonstrate this cell type specificity in vitro and in vivo, and present evidence for the involvement of cell-type specific alteration of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Our data, together with the previously available septin knockdown data in cancer cell lines, suggest septins as plausible antitumor targets with high therapeutic index due to lack of off-target effects on hematopoiesis.
cell death
cell cycle and cell division
cell processes
animal models
model organisms
cytokinesis
microtubule polymerization
molecular genetics
cell nucleus
cellular structures and organelles
research and analysis methods
cell proliferation
gene disruption
mouse models
molecular biology
cell biology
physiology
genetics
biology and life sciences
hematopoietic system
Genetic Deletion of SEPT7 Reveals a Cell Type-Specific Role of Septins in Microtubule Destabilization for the Completion of Cytokinesis