OVATE gene was first identified as a key regulator of fruit shape in tomato. OVATE family proteins (OFPs) are characterized as plant-specific transcription factors and conserved in Arabidopsis, tomato, and rice. Roles of OFPs involved in plant development and growth are largely unknown. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones involved in diverse biological functions. OsGKS2 plays a critical role in BR signaling by phosphorylating downstream components such as OsBZR1 and DLT. Here we report in rice that OsOFP8 plays a positive role in BR signaling pathway. BL treatment induced the expression of OsOFP8 and led to enhanced accumulation of OsOFP8 protein. The gain-of-function mutant Osofp8 and OsOFP8 overexpression lines showed enhanced lamina joint inclination, whereas OsOFP8 RNAi transgenic lines showed more upright leaf phenotype, which suggest that OsOFP8 is involved in BR responses. Further analyses indicated that OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsOFP8. BRZ treatment resulted in the cytoplasmic distribution of OsOFP8, and bikinin treatment reduced the cytoplasmic accumulation of OsOFP8. Phosphorylation of OsOFP8 by OsGSK2 is needed for its nuclear export. The phospphorylated OsOFP8 shuttles to the cytoplasm and is targeted for proteasomal degradation. These results indicate that OsOFP8 is a substrate of OsGSK2 and the function of OsOFP8 in plant growth and development is at least partly through the BR signaling pathway.
OVATE gene was first cloned in tomato and demonstrated to encode a hydrophilic protein with putative bipartite nuclear localization signal, and a C-terminal domain of approximate 70 amino acids which is designated as the OVATE domain and conserved in tomato, Arabidopsis, and rice [1–3]. As a plant-specific transcription factor family, OVATE family proteins (OFPs) control multiple aspects of plant growth and development [2,4–6]. Sequence analysis showed that there are 18 OVATE genes in the Arabidopsis genome [2,5–7]. AtOFP1 was shown to function as an active transcriptional repressor to suppress cell elongation [2]. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtOFP1 exhibited abnormal morphological phenotypes because AtOFP1 suppresses the expression of AtGA20ox1, the key gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis enzyme gene [2]. AtOFP4 was reported to interact with KNAT7 (Knotted1-Like Homeodomain Protein 7) in planta, this interaction enhances KNAT7’s transcriptional repression activity and regulates the secondary cell wall formation [5]. AtOFP5 is required for normal embryo sac development in Arabidopsis by suppressing the activity of BELL-KNOX TALE complexes [7]. In rice, there are 31 putative OFPs identified in the genome [3]. Although increasing evidence in Arabidopsis demonstrates that AtOFPs participate in multiple aspects of plant growth and development by regulating the transcriptional levels of target genes, little is known about the function and action mode of OsOFPs in rice. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of plant-specific steroidal hormones that are structurally related to animal and inset steroids. As a group of growth-promoting steroid hormones, BRs play pivotal roles in promoting cell expansion and division, regulating senescence, male fertility, fruit ripening, and modulating plant responses to various environmental signals [8]. Extensive studies in Arabidopsis have identified a nearly complete BR signaling pathway starting with BRI1 (Brassinosteroid insensitive 1) as the cell membrane receptor which perceives and binds to BR [9], then initiating a phosphorylation-mediated cascade involving BSK1 (BR-signaling kinase 1), BSU1 (BRI1 suppressor 1), BIN2 (BR-insensitive 2), and PP2A (Protein phosphatase 2A), and finally transducing the extracellular signal to the transcription factor BZR1 (Brassinazole resistant 1) [10–13]. In this signaling pathway, BIN2 acts as a negative regulator that interacts with and phosphorylates BZR1 to inhibit its function, thereby blocking BR signaling [14,15]. BIN2 can also phosphorylate Auxin Response Factor 2 (ARF2), resulting in the inhibition of the DNA binding activity of ARF2, thus promoting downstream auxin responses [16]. In addition, BR regulates stomatal development through BIN2-mediated phosphorylation of YDA, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinasekinase (MAPKKK) [17,18]. These studies indicated that BIN2 acts as a multi-tasker in diverse cellular signal transduction pathways [19]. In rice, OsGSK2 is the counterpart of Arabidopsis BIN2, and acts as a negative regulator to mediate BR signaling [20]. The phosphorylated form of OsBZR1 was increased in OsGSK2 overexpression plants, and decreased in OsGSK2 RNAi plants, suggesting that OsGSK2 mediates BR signaling through OsBZR1 [20]. In addition to OsBZR1, two other proteins in rice have been found as substrates for OsGSK2. DLT (Dwarf and Low-Tillering), encoding a GRAS-family protein, is a direct target of OsGSK2 and functions similarly to OsBZR1 [20–22]. In contrast to DLT, OsLIC (LEAF and TILLER ANGLE INCREASED CONTROLLER), another substrate of OsGSK2, acts as an antagonistic transcription factor of OsBZR1 and plays a negative role in BR signaling [23]. These studies suggested the vital role of OsGKS2 in BR signaling. We report here the characteristics of OsOFP8, a member of OVATE family protein genes in rice. The gain-of-function mutant Osofp8 and OsOFP8 overexpression transgenic lines showed enhanced lamina joint bending, whereas OsOFP8 RNAi lines showed upright leaves and tight architecture. Further analysis revealed that OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsOFP8, and phosphorylated OsOFP8 shuttles to the cytoplasm and is targeted for the proteasomal degradation.
In the experiment of generation of T-DNA mutants, we identified a T-DNA insertion mutant showing lamina joint bending phenotype at the maturation stage, especially for the flag leaves (Fig 1A). To identify the gene in which T-DNA was inserted, we performed TAIL-PCR analysis [24], DNA sequence comparison showed that the T-DNA was inserted into the 3’ region of LOC_Os01g64430 at the site of 27 bp downstream of the stop codon (Fig 1B), and there is no other annotated genes in the 5. 5 kb region downstream of LOC_Os01g64430 (http: //rice. plantbiology. msu. edu). LOC_Os01g64430 encodes an OVATE family protein (hereafter designated as OsOFP8). To investigate the effect of T-DNA insertion on the expression of OsOFP8, we carried out quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), which showed that T-DNA insertion causes an increase in the expression of OsOFP8 (Fig 1C), thus T-DNA insertion generates a gain-of-function mutant Osofp8. To further investigate the function of OsOFP8 gene, we generated both OsOFP8 overexpression and RNA-interference (RNAi) transgenic lines. OsOFP8 overexpression lines OE7 and OE10 phenocopied the Osofp8 mutant, showing increased lamina joint bending phenotype, by contrast, RNAi transgenic lines RNAi2 and RNAi4 showed upright leaves and tight architecture (Fig 1D). Furthermore, we examined the leaf inclination degrees of the three uppermost leaves. Compared to the wild-type (WT) plants, OsOFP8 overexpression plants showed largely increased leaf inclination for all three uppermost leaves, and the flag leaf showed the largest inclination angle, by contrast, RNAi transgenic plants showed reduced leaf angles (Fig 1E). Expression analysis by qRT-PCR showed that OsOFP8 expression was increased in overexpression lines and reduced in RNAi lines (Fig 1F). Tissue-specific expression of OsOFP8 was examined by qRT-PCR analysis, showing that OsOFP8 was expressed in various tissues (S1A Fig). Native promoter of OsOFP8 was fused to GUS gene to gain expression profile of OsOFP8, GUS activity was detected in different organs including roots, stem, leaf, lamina joint, inflorescence, and seeds (S1B–S1J Fig). Gain-of-function Osofp8 mutant and OsOFP8 overexpression lines showed obvious leaf lamina joint bending phenotype, which is a classic phenotype of BR response. We hypothesized that OsOFP8 may be involved in BR signaling pathway. To this end, we tested the sensitivity of wild-type plants, OsOFP8 overexpression and RNAi lines to 24-epibrassinolide (BL) in lamina joint bending experiments. BL treatment caused a dose-dependent lamina joint inclination in both WT and OE10 with the latter plants were more sensitive to BL treatment, whereas RNAi4 plants were insensitive to BL treatment (Fig 2A and 2B). To further confirm this phenomenon, lamina joint assay was performed in the dark-grown seedlings by the excised leaf segment method [22]. We observed more severe inclination of leaf angle in OE10 than in WT plants, whereas RNAi4 plants did not show too much change in leaf angle when treated with BL (Fig 2C). To investigate the effect of OsOFP8 on the expression of BR-related gene expression, we analyzed the expression levels of genes involved in BR biosynthesis and signaling. Rice D2/CYP90D2 (OsD2) gene is involved in the last step of brassinosteroid biosynthesis [25], and OsDWARF4/CYP90B2 functions in the rate-limiting step of brassinosteroid biosynthesis [26]. Overexpression of OsOFP8 suppressed the expression level of OsD2 but had little effect on the expression of OsDWARF4, whereas knockdown of OsOFP8 expression by RNAi led to significantly increased expression of OsD2 and OsDWARF4 (Fig 2D). OsOFP8 had little effect on the expression of OsGSK2, a negative regulator gene in BR signaling, by contrast, the expression levels of OsBZR1, a positive controller in BR signaling, were increased in OsOFP8 overexpression lines and significantly decreased in OsOFP8 RNAi lines (Fig 2D). We also measured the expression of OsOFP8 in BR signaling. BL treatment induced the mRNA transcript of OsOFP8 (Fig 2E). To further investigate the effect of BR signaling on OsOFP8 expression, we first treated the OsOFP8-YFP transfected protoplast cells with BRZ for 12 hr, and then BL was applied after the removal of BRZ. The protein level of OsOFP8 was induced by BL treatment (Fig 2F). The different responses of OsOFP8 overexpression and RNAi plants to BL treatment prompted us to further explore the possible functions of OsOFP8 in BR signaling pathway. We performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis to test the interactions between OsOFP8 and the components of BR signaling. OsGSK2, OsBZR1, and DLT are three important components in BR signaling pathway, we investigated the possible interactions between OsOFP8 and these three components. Y2H analysis showed that OsOFP8 interacted with OsGSK2, but not with OsBZR1 and DLT (Fig 3A). The interaction between OsOFP8 and OsGSK2 required the full length of OsOFP8 because neither the N-terminal nor the OVATE domain-containing C-terminal of OsOFP8 interacts with OsGSK2 (S2A and S2B Fig). The interaction between OsOFP8 and OsGSK2 was also confirmed by the coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay. The HA-tagged OsGSK2 protein (3HA-OsGSK2) and YFP-tagged OsOFP8 protein (OsOFP8-YFP) were co-transfected into Arabidopsis protoplast cells, the fusion protein 3HA-OsGSK2 can be immunoprecipitated by OsOFP8-YFP fusion but not by YFP protein (Fig 3B). Furthermore, BiFC assay was used to confirm the interaction between OsOFP8 and OsGSK2 (Fig 3C). OsGSK2 protein phosphorylates proteins such as OsBZR1 and DLT with which it interacts [20]. In this scenario, we were interested to know whether OsGSK2 phosphorylates OsOFP8. To this end, we applied the biotin-pendant Zn2+-phos-tag and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin method [27] to investigate the phosphorylation status of OsOFP8 when OsOFP8-YFP was expressed alone or co-expressed with 3HA-OsGSK2 in Arabidopsis protoplast cells. When OsOFP8-YFP was expressed alone in the protoplast cells, we only detected a faint band showing phosphorylated OsOFP8 (Fig 3D, asterisk), which is probably caused by the endogenous BIN2 of the protoplast cells. When OsOFP8-YFP and 3HA-OsGSK2 were co-expressed in protoplast cells, a stronger band was detected, indicating the increased phosphorylation status of OsOFP8 (Fig 3D, black arrow). The lower band showed the phosphorylated OsGSK2 (Fig 3D), which can be used as an internal reference for the system. This assay showed that OsGSK2 is able to phosphorylate OsOFP8. GSK3 kinases recognize a conserved sequence for phosphorylation (S/TXXXS/T, where S/T is serine or threonine and X is any amino acid), for example, BZR1 protein has 25 serine/threonine residues potentially phosphorylated by BIN2 [28]. Examination of OsOFP8 protein sequence revealed that there are 25 GSK3 kinase phosphorylation sites at the N-terminal region of OsOFP8 (S2C Fig), further supporting the notion that OsGSK2 phosphorylates OsOFP8. To investigate the subcellular localization of OsOFP8, we made various OsOFP8 fusions in which YFP protein was fused to either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of OsOFP8, the fused OsOFP8 protein was transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplast cells to monitor the localization of OsOFP8. This assay showed that OsOFP8 localizes to the nucleus (Figs 4A, S3A and S3B). NLS-mCherry gene is expressed in the nucleus, the merged image of NLS-mCherry and OsOFP8-YFP showed that majority of OsOFP8 exists in the nucleolus, which was indicated by the strong fluorescence intensity in the round structure of the nucleus and seen in the differential interference contrast (DIC) images (Fig 4B). In addition, the fluorescent signals of OsOFP8-YFP and NLS-mCherry were well overlapped, further supporting the nuclear localization of OsOFP8 (Fig 4B). To test whether the interaction with OsGSK2 alters subcellular localization of OsOFP8, we investigated the localization of OsOFP8 in the presence of OsGSK2. Co-expression with OsGSK2 clearly caused the cytoplasmic distribution of OsOFP8 (Fig 4C), and western blotting was carried out to show the presence of OsGSK2 (S3C Fig). A closer view of individual cells showed both the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of OsOFP8 (Fig 4D, upper panel), and analysis of the fluorescent signal peaks showed that only one peak of OsOFP8-YFP was overlapped with that of NLS-mCherry, and three other peaks of OsOFP8-YFP were detected in the cytosol (Fig 4D, lower panel). These results indicate that interaction with OsGSK2 leads to the nuclear export of OsOFP8 to the cytoplasm. To analyze the effect of BR signaling on the subcellular distribution of OsOFP8, we treated the OsOFP8-YFP transfected protoplast cells with BL. After BL treatment for two hours, the protein level of OsOFP8 was increased in the nucleus, and OsOFP8 was not detected in the cytoplasm (Fig 4E). When treated with BRZ, a BR biosynthetic inhibitor brassinazole, the protein level of OsOFP8 was detected both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, indicating that BRZ treatment altered the subcellular localization of OsOFP8 (Fig 4E). OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsOFP8, the phosphorylation status of OsOFP8 may be required for its nuclear export. To this end, we treated the protoplast cells co-transfected by OsOFP8-YFP and 3HA-OsGSK2 with bikinin which inhibits the activity of BIN2 by acting as an ATP competitor. Western blotting showed that the protein level of OsOFP8 in the cytoplasm was largely reduced when the cells were treated with bikinin for two hours, indicating that phosphorylation of OsOFP8 by OsGSK2 is needed for its cytoplasmic localization (Fig 4F). Because presence of OsGSK2 induced the nuclear export of OsOFP8 (Fig 4D and 4F), we further analyzed the state of OsOFP8 and the phosphorylated OsOFP8 in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were prepared both from the protoplasts co-transfected with OsOFP8 and NLS-mCherry and with OsOFP8 and OsGSK2. In the absence of OsGSK2, OsOFP8 was only detected in the nucleus, which is consistent with the previous findings (Fig 4A and 4E). In the presence of OsGSK2, OsOFP8 was detected both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, but the band in the cytoplasm was much weaker than that in the nucleus (Fig 4G). When the co-transfected protoplasts were treated with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, the intensity of the band in the cytoplasm was increased (Fig 4G), which suggests that the phosphorylated OsOFP8 is cytoplasm-localized and targeted for proteasomal degradation.
The OVATE gene was first identified as a major QTL controlling pear-shaped fruit in tomato [1,29], and later on, studies in Arabidopsis show that the OVATE family proteins control multiple aspects of plant growth and development [2,4–6]. The rice genome contains more number of OFPs than the Arabidopsis genome, but very few studies on OFP function in rice have been reported. We studied the function of OsOFP8 in rice, and demonstrated that OsOFP8 is involved in BR signaling. Elevated expression of OsOFP8 in rice leads to increased lamina joint bending phenotype and BR hypersensitivity (Fig 2). In Arabidopsis, Atofp1-1D is a dominant, gain-of-function mutant, which has a T-DNA inserted at the 4332 bp downstream of the stop codon of the AtOFP1 gene and shows increased expression of AtOFP1 [2]. Osofp8 is also a gain-of-function mutant with T-DNA inserted in the 3’ region of OsOFP8 gene and shows increased expression of OsOFP8 gene (Fig 1). This coincidence of gain-of-function mutants generated by T-DNA insertion may imply a common mechanism regarding the expression regulation of OFP genes. In Arabidopsis, Atofp1-1D mutant shows reduced lengths in all aerial organs including hypocotyls, rosette leaf, inflorescence stem and floral organs. By contrast, the rice Osofp8 mutant displays increased lamina joint inclination but does not show reduced length of aerial organs (Fig 1). Furthermore, AtOFP1 is involved in GA signaling by repressing the expression of GA20ox1, a gene encoding a key enzyme in GA biosynthesis, but OsOFP8 is involved in BR signaling pathway and shows normal response to GA treatment (S4 Fig), indicating the functional diversity of these two genes in Arabidopsis and rice. AtOFP1 is expressed in roots, shoots, vasculatures, trichomes, and in mature flowers. Similarly, OsOFP8 is expressed in roots, shoots, and inflorescences (S1 Fig). Sequence analysis of AtOFP1 and OsOFP8 proteins also showed different functional domains. OVATE domain is the common feature for all OFP proteins, besides this, AtOFP1 contains an LXLXL motif (where L is leucine and X for any amino acid) in its OVATE region, which is not present in OsOFP8. The LXLXL motif has been shown to play an important role in repression of gene expression [2], although it only contributes marginal repression function to the AtOFP1. OsGSK2 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis BIN2 gene and plays negative roles in BR signaling [20]. The expression levels of BR-biosynthesis related genes such as OsD2 and OsDWARF4 were increased in OsGSK2 overexpression line and decreased in OsGSK2 RNAi line [20]. By contrast, OsBZR1 and DLT plays positive roles in BR signaling, and OsD2 and OsDWARF4 expression levels were induced in OsBZR1 RNAi plants and dlt mutant [20,22]. On the contrary, the expression levels of OsD2 and OsDWARF4 were increased in OsOFP8 RNAi lines, and the expression of OsD2 was reduced in OsOFP8 overexpression lines although in these lines OsDWARF4 did not show much change in expression when compared to its expression in wild-type plants. BL treatment (1 μM) increases OsOFP8 mRNA transcript and the protein amount at the translational level (Fig 2E and 2F), at this concentration the mRNA level of OsBZR1 and DLT was decreased [22,23], suggesting OsOFP8 behaves differently to OsBZR1 and DLT. OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates the nuclear protein DLT [20], but we do not know whether the interaction with OsGSK2 causes subcellular distribution of DLT. OsGSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates OsOFP8, phosphorylation of OsOFP8 by OsGSK2 is required for its cytoplasmic localization. The phosphorylated OsOFP8 is exported from the nucleus and targeted for the proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasm. This phenomenon resembles the interaction between BIN2 and BZR1 [23,30]. However, without BL treatment, BZR1 is located mainly in the cytoplasm [30], and BIN2 is distributed both in the nucleus and cytosol, as well as at the plasma membrane [31], but OsOFP8 is a nuclear protein. BR signaling converts phosphorylated BZR1 proteins to the dephosphorylated state [30], and BIN2 protein is rapidly depleted after 30 min treatment with 1 μM BL [32], whereas OsOFP8 protein level is increased under this treatment (Fig 2F). In rice, binding of 14-3-3 proteins to the phosthorylated OsBZR1 inhibits OsBZR1 function at least in part by reducing its nuclear localization [33]. Phosphorylated OsOFP8 may also adopt this mechanism to regulate its function. Indeed, there is a putative 14-3-3 motif in OsOFP8 protein (S3C Fig), providing a possibility that OsOFP8 may interact with 14-3-3 proteins to retain itself in the cytoplasm for degradation. Further studies are required to test the interaction between 14-3-3 and OsOFP8 and the possibility of cytoplasmic retention of phosphorylated OsOFP8 by 14-3-3 binding. Suppressing OsBZR1 expression by RNAi leads to dwarf phenotype and reduced lamina joint bending [33], however, reducing expression level of OsOFP8 by RNAi shows reduced lamina joint bending phenotype without dwarfism (Fig 1), suggesting OsOFP8 may have other biological functions in addition to participating in BR signaling.
The wild-type rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants Zhonghua 11 (japonica cv. ZH11) and OsOFP8 transgenic plants were grown in the experimental field at South China Botanical Garden in Guangzhou during the rice growing season. The angles between the leaf blades and the culms were measured with a protractor. The Osofp8 mutant was identified from T-DNA transformation. Genomic DNA of the Osofp8 mutant was used as the template to amplify the flanking regions of the T-DNA insertion by high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR [24]. The primers are listed in S1 Table. For promoter analysis, a 1983 bp promoter sequence upstream of the translation start codon of OsOFP8 was amplified by PCR. The PCR product was digested with EcoRI and NcoI, and inserted into the pCAMBIA1391z vector to generate the PromoterOsOFP8: GUS construct. Ten independent transgenic lines were obtained and showed β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity. To overexpress OsOFP8, the full-length cDNA of OsOFP8 was PCR-amplified and inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA1301-35S. The OsOFP8 RNAi lines were generated by RNA interference, using a 280 bp fragment of the OsOFP8 coding region. The fragment was inserted into an intermediate vector as positive and inverted directions, and then the whole cassette was cut out and inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA1301-35S. The resulting constructs of overexpression and RNAi were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105, respectively, and then transformed rice ZH11. The empty vectors were also transformed into ZH11 as controls. Full-length OsOFP8 and OsGSK2 cDNAs were inserted into pBI221-YFP and pBI221-3HA vectors, respectively, to generate OsOFP8-YFP and 3HA-OsGSK2 constructs. For BiFC assay, OsGSK2 and OsOFP8 coding sequence fragments were cloned into pSPYNE-35S and pSPYCE-35S vectors, respectively. The resulting constructs were co-transfected into protoplast cells, the transfected cells were incubated in dark for 12 h, and the fluorescence of YFP was observed. Total RNAs were isolated with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Total RNAs were pre-treated with DNase I, and first-strand cDNA was synthesized from 2 μg of total RNAs using oligo (dT) 18 as primers (Promega, http: //cn. promega. com/). The first-strand cDNA product was used as template in a 20 μL PCR reaction. For quantitative RT-PCR, SYBR Green I was added to the reaction system and run on a Roche real-time PCR detection system according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The melting curve was acquired at the end. The transcript data were calculated by Roche’s Software, and were normalized using OsActin 1 as an internal control; the relative expression level was calculated by 2-ΔΔCt. Each experiment was performed with three replicates. The primers are listed in S1 Table. GUS staining was performed according to the method as described [34]. Different tissues of the PromoterOsOFP8: GUS transgenic plants were incubated in a solution containing 50 mM NaPO4 buffer pH7. 0,5 mM K3Fe (CN) 6,5 mM K4Fe (CN) 6,0. 1% Triton X-100 and 1 mM X-Gluc at 37°C overnight. Images were taken under the stereomicroscope (Leica M165c). The lamina joint assay by the micro-drop method was performed as described previously [25]. A drop of ethanol (1 μL) containing 0,10,100 or 1000 ng of 24-epiBL, respectively, was spotted onto the top of lamina of the seedlings which were germinated for 2 days and grown for 3 days at 30°C. Images were taken after 3 days of incubation with 24-epiBL, and the angles of lamina joint bending were measured. The lamina joint assay using excised leaf segments was performed as described previously [35]. Synchronous seeds after 2 days germination were selected and grown in the dark for 8 days at 30°C. The entire segments comprising 1 cm of the second leaf blade, the lamina joint and 1 cm of the leaf sheath were floated on distilled water for 24 h and then incubated in 2. 5 mM maleic acid potassium solution containing 1 μM 24-epiBL for 48 h in the dark. Lamina joint angles were measured, this experiment was repeated three times with similar results. For transient expression assays, typically, 4×104 mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from 4-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings. Isolation of protoplasts and PEG-mediated transfection were as described [36]. For transient expression analysis of OsOFP8-YFP, 10 μg of the plasmid DNA were used to transfect the protoplast cells. The transfected cells were treated with 10 μM BRZ for 12 h, and then treated with 1 μM BL for 0,0. 5,1 h after the removal of BRZ by washing. To test the OsGSK2-mediated cytosolic translocation of OsOFP8, plasmid DNAs containing OsOFP8-YFP, NLS-mCherry, and 3HA-GSK2 were co-transfected into protoplasts. After 8 h incubation, the protoplasts were incubated with or without 10 μM MG132 for 1h. All transient transfection experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results. YFP and RFP fluorescence was observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (ZEISS-510 Meta). The signal intensities of YFP and RFP were quantitatively determined using LSM Image Browser Rel. 4. 0 software. For yeast two-hybrid analysis, OsOFP8, OsBZR1, OsGAK2 and DLT were cloned into either pGBKT7 vector or pGADT7 vector, their combinations were tested for interaction. The reported gene assay was performed following the manufacturer’s instructions (Clontech). In addition, the truncated fragments of OsOFP8 were also ligated into pGBKT7 vector for the analysis of protein-protein interacting sites. For Co-immunoprecipitation analysis, OsOFP8-YFP, YFP, and 3HA-OsGSK2 were co-transfected into protoplasts in different combinations as indicated. After 8 h of incubation, total cell lysates from protoplasts were prepared in IP buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7. 4,150 mM NaCl, 0. 5 mM EDTA, 0. 2% Nonidet P-40,5% glycerol, 1 mM dithiobis and 1 x Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and were then incubated with GFP-Trap agarose beads (ChromoTek) for 4 h at 4°C in a top to end rotator. After incubation, the beads were washed four times with ice cold washing buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH7. 4,150 mM NaCl, and 0. 5 mM EDTA) and then eluted by boiling in reducing SDS sample buffer. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by immunoblot using appropriate antibodies. For phosphorylation analysis, Plasmids of OsOFP8-YFP and 3HA-OsGSK2 were co-transfected into protoplasts. After 8 h incubation, total cell lysates from protoplasts were prepared in IP buffer (10m MTris-HCl pH 7. 4,150 mM NaCl, 0. 5 mM EDTA, 0. 2% Nonidet P-40,5% glycerol, 1 mM dithiobis, 1 × Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail, and 1 x Complete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) and were then incubated with GFP-Trap agarose beads (ChromoTek) for 4 h at 4°C in a top to end rotator. After incubation, the beads were washed four times with ice cold washing buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. 4,150 mM NaCl, and 0. 5 mM EDTA) and then eluted by boiling in reducing SDS sample buffer. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and followed by immunoblotting with biotin-pendant Zn2+-Phos-tag (BTL-111) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Western Blot Analysis of Phosphorylated Proteins-Chemiluminescent Detection using BiotinylatedPhos-tag). Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions in protoplasts were separated as described [37]. Protoplasts were lysed with a buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. 0,250 mM sucrose, 25% glycerol, 20 mM KCl, 2 mM EDTA, 2. 5 mM MgCl2,30 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 1 × protease inhibitor cocktail, and 0. 7% Triton X-100) and fractionated by centrifugation at 3000 g for 15 min at 4°C. The supernatant was taken as the cytosolic fraction. The pellet was further washed with a resuspension buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. 0,25% glycerol, 2. 5 mM MgCl2, and 30 mM β-mercaptoethanol) and reconstituted as the nuclear fraction. Each fraction was separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blotting. For total protein extraction from protoplasts, transformed protoplasts were harvested by centrifugation at 200 g for 3 min, followed by resuspension in lysis buffer containing 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7. 5,150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 × protease inhibitor cocktail. The protoplasts were further lysed by vortexing for 2 min. The total cell extracts were then centrifuged at 15,000 g for 30 min at 4°C; the supermatant were total protein and analyzed by immunoblotting with appropriate antibodies [38].
OVATE family proteins (OFPs) are characterized as plant-specific transcription factors and mainly function in affecting fruit shape, but the molecular mechanisms by which they function are largely unknown. Rice genome contains 31 OFPs, the roles of these OsOFPs involved in plant development and growth are not understood. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones involved in diverse biological functions. Here we report in rice that OsOFP8 plays a positive role in BR signaling pathway by interacting with OsGKS2, a negative regulator in BR signaling pathway. Our results shed light on studying the functions of OFPs and provide a chance to explore the new components of BR signaling pathway.
phosphorylation
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OVATE Family Protein 8 Positively Mediates Brassinosteroid Signaling through Interacting with the GSK3-like Kinase in Rice