conversations
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[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 10: Part A\\nWhat are the atomic number and mass number for the carbon isotope with seven neutrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Z, A= 6,13"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 10: Part B\\nWhat is the symbol for the carbon isotope with seven neutrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "¹³₆C"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 11: Part B\\nThe ion N3− has ? protons and ?electrons."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "7 protons, 10 electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 11: Part C\\nWhat isotope has 18 protons and 22 neutrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Argon-40"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 11: Part D\\nWhich element does X represent in the following expression: ⁴¹₂₀X?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Ca"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 13: Part A\\nWhat is the atomic mass of a hypothetical element that consists of the following isotopes in the indicated natural abundances?\\nIsotope Isotopic mass\\n(amu) Relative abundance\\n(%)\\n1 85.9 10.7\\n2 89.9 12.1\\n3 93.9 77.2"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "(85.9*0.107)+(89.9*0.121)+(93.9*0.772)= 92.6 amu"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 13: Part B\\nWhat is the atomic mass of the element that consists of the following isotopes in the indicated natural abundances?\\nIsotope Isotopic mass\\n(amu) Relative abundance \\n(%)\\n1 57.93 67.76\\n2 59.93 26.16\\n3 60.93 1.25\\n4 61.93 3.66\\n5 63.93 1.16"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "(57.93*0.6776)+(59.93*0.2616)+(60.93*0.0125)+(61.93*0.0366)+(63.93*0.0116) = 58.7amu"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 14:Part A\\nHow many peaks will be present in a mass spectrum for BrCl?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "4\\nThe four different molecules are\\n81Br37Cl,\\n81Br35Cl,\\n79Br37Cl, and\\n79Br35Cl."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 14: Part B\\nWhat are the masses of the four different BrCl molecules?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "117.882,115.885,115.884,113.887 \\namu"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 15: Part A\\nHow many carbon atoms are there in a 1.3-carat diamond? Diamonds are a form of pure carbon. (1 carat = 0.20 g.)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "1.3 carat*(0.2g/1carat)*(1mol C/ 12.01g)*(6.022*10²³carbon atoms/1mol C) = \\n1.3*10²² carbon atoms"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 16: Part A\\nA titanium cube contains 2.86×10²³ atoms. What is the edge length l of the cube? The density of titanium is 4.50 g/cm³ . (The volume of a cube is V=l3.)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "l = 1.72 cm"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 17: Part A\\nWhich statement is FALSE?\\n\\n One mole of beryllium (Be) contains the same number of atoms as 22.99 g of sodium.\\n 11.495 g of sodium contains 6.022×1023 atoms.\\n One mole of calcium (Ca) weighs about as much as two moles of neon (Ne).\\n There are about 2.007×1023 atoms in 9.0 g Al."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "11.495 g of sodium contains 6.022×10²³ atoms."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 18: Part A\\nWhat is the chemical formula for quartz?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "formula for quartz: SiO₂"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 18: Part B\\nHow many oxygen atoms are in 3.30 g of quartz?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "number of O atoms = \\n6.62×10²²"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 19: Part A\\nHow many moles of atoms are in 2.00 g of 13C?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "0.154 mol 13C"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 19: Part B\\nBased on your answer in Part A, calculate the number of atoms in this amount of 13C?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "0.154(6.022*10²³)=\\n9.26×10²² 13C atoms"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 19: Part D\\nBased on your answer in Part B, how many neutrons are in this amount of 13C?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "7(9.26x10²²) = \\n6.48×10²³ neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Item 20: Part A\\nSuppose that one of Millikan's oil drops has a charge of −4.8×10−19 C.\\nHow many excess electrons does the drop contain?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "N=3 electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What two subatomic particles are found in the nucleus?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Protons and neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the atomic mass of Lithium if 7.42% exists as lithium-6 and 92.58% exists as lithium- 7?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "amu= 6.926"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Magnesium has three naturally occurring isotopes. 78.70% of Magnesium atoms exist as Magnesium-24, 10.03% exist as Magnesium-25 and 11.17% exist as Magnesium-26. What is the atomic mass of Magnesium?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "amu= 24.2997"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Neon has two major isotopes, Neon-20 and Neon-22. Out of every 250 neon atoms, 225 will be Neon-20, and 25 will be Neon-22. What is the atomic mass of Neon?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "amu= 20.2"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which statement is true of atoms?\\nElectrons determine the atom's size.\\n Protons repel electrons.\\n Protons attract other protons.\\n Most of an atom's volume is filled with matter.\\n All of the above."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Electrons determine the atom's size. With electrons on the surface, atoms repel one another when they come too close. Thus, electrons determine the space that an atom occupies."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which statement is true of the energy levels of electrons in shells? \\nElectrons must lose energy to move from the first to the second shell.\\n The valence shell has higher energy than other occupied shells.\\n All the electrons in an atom have similar amounts of energy.\\n All of the above.\\n None of the above."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The valence shell has higher energy than other occupied shells. The outer occupied shell is the valence shell, and outer shells hold electrons at higher energy than inner shells."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The atom has a vacancy in its inner shell; an electron has moved to the outer (valence) shell. The result is an unstable excited state. What will be the fate of the electron?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An electron will move back to the inner shell, restoring the ground state as the atom gives off energy."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which statement about the following reaction is true? 4 Fe + 3 O2 --.> 2 Fe2O3\\n\\nThe reaction is not balanced.\\n Four grams of Fe reacts with 3 grams of O2 to form 2 grams of Fe2O3.\\n Fe2O3 is the reactant in this reaction.\\n Four atoms of Fe react with 3 molecules of O2 to form 2 molecules of Fe2O3\\n None of the above."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Four atoms of Fe react with 3 molecules of O2 to form 2 molecules of Fe2O3. You identified the reactants as Fe and O and the product as Fe2O3. You also knew that the coefficients in the equation correspond to the number of atoms or molecules that take part in the reaction"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "This image shows a stream of positively charged particles being directed at gold foil. The positively charged particles are called \"alpha particles\" and each one is like a nucleus without any electrons.\\n\\nWhat is the best explanation for why a particle is striking point X?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B/D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is the main difference between the Schrödinger model and the Bohr atomic model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "An absorption spectrum of oxygen is shown below.\\n\\nWhat is most likely the emission spectrum of oxygen?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The bright light emission spectrums below are seen through a spectroscope. The unknown sample is a mixture of the observed gases.\\n\\nWhich gases are found in the unknown sample?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "A table of the visible light spectrum is shown below.\\n\\nTyrone analyzes the emission spectrum of an unknown element. He observes two discrete lines at 600 nm and 650 nm, and he sees many lines corresponding to shorter wavelengths, with the strongest line being at 475 nm.\\n\\nWhich emission spectrum is Tyrone most likely analyzing?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "C"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "A student has an unknown sample. How can spectroscopy be used to identify the sample?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A/B/D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which best explains what happens when an electron moves from an excited state to the ground state?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which excited electron has the lowest energy?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B/D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is released when an excited electron returns to a lower energy state?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which statement is part of Bohr's atomic model?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which transition by an electron will release the greatest amount of energy?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The table below shows the wavelengths of visible light that correspond to different colors.\\n\\nA student analyzes the emission spectrum of an unknown element and observes strong lines at the following wavelengths: 656 nm, 486 nm, 434 nm.\\n\\nWhich absorption spectrum is the student most likely viewing?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What causes the appearance of lines in an emission spectrum?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B/C/D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The emission spectrum of iodine is shown below.\\n\\nWhich is the absorption spectrum?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "C"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The emission spectrum of the element lithium is shown below.\\n\\nWhat is the best estimate of the color that will be seen when a sample of lithium gas absorbs a lot of energy?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "B/C/D"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Light of a certain energy shines on a metal and causes electrons to be emitted. \\n\\nBased on the research of Albert Einstein, what change would most likely result in stopping the emission of electrons from this metal?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "NOT a decrease in the intensity of the light"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "This flow chart shows the amount of energy that is emitted by each type of light.\\n\\nultraviolet > blue light > yellow light > red light\\n(maximum energy) (minimum energy) \\nIn an experiment, shining which type of light on a strip of metal would be least likely to produce the photoelectric effect?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "bright red light"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which statement describes a major drawback of the Bohr model that caused scientists to replace it?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "It contradicted the Heisenberg uncertainty principle."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "According to the Bohr model of an atom, what happens when an electron moves from the second energy level to the third energy level and then back to the second energy level?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "NOT Energy is released and then absorbed to form an absorption line."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The diagram shows Niels Bohr's model of an atom.\\nWhat happens when the electron moves from the first energy level to the second energy level?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "NOT Energy is released, and an emission line is produced."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which atomic model states that it is impossible to know the exact location of electrons around the nucleus?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "electron-cloud model"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "A change in which property of light will have no effect on whether or not the photoelectric effect occurs?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "NOT wavelength"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Light shining on a strip of metal can dislodge electrons. Do you think this is more consistent with light being made up of waves or of particles?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "particles"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Blue light waves have more energy than red light waves. Which of these situations most likely produces a photoelectric effect? You may assume that the same metal is used in each situation. Check all that apply."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "shining dim blue light on a strip of metal;\\nshining bright blue light on a strip of metal"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Light is emitted by electrons when they drop from one energy level to a lower level. Which transition results in the emission of light with the greatest energy?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "level 4 to level 2"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which diagram best illustrates the atomic model that Rutherford derived from his gold foil experiment?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "dashed circle electrons surrounding the nucleus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The mass number of a chromium atom is 52 and it has 24 protons. How many neutrons does this atom have?\\n24\\n28\\n76\\n80"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "28"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of these properties is the best one to use for identification of an element?\\nthe number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus\\nthe number of protons in the atomic nucleus\\nthe number of isotopes that are formed by the element\\nthe number of charges on ions of the element"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "the number of protons in the atomic nucleus"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "An electron in a hydrogen atom moves from level 3 to level 1. In a second hydrogen atom, an electron drops from level 2 to level 1. Which statement describes the most likely result?\\nThe first atom emits light with more energy.\\nThe second atom emits light with more energy.\\nThe first and second atoms absorb energy without emitting light.\\nThe first and second atoms emit light with the same amount of energy."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The first atom emits light with more energy."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which is a correct comparison between the modern quantum model and John Dalton's model of the atom?\\nThe modern model is not as widely accepted by scientists as Dalton's model.\\nThe modern model states that atoms of all elements are identical, whereas Dalton's model does not.\\nThe modern model recognizes particles in the atom, whereas Dalton's model does not.\\nThe modern model does not explain emission spectra, whereas Dalton's model does."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The modern model recognizes particles in the atom, whereas Dalton's model does not."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The table below gives the data that is needed to calculate the average atomic mass of element B.\\n\\nIsotope Atomic mass (amu) Relative abundance (%)\\nB-10 10.01 19.91\\nB-11 11.01 80.09\\n\\nBased on these data, what is the average atomic mass of element B?\\n10.01\\n10.51\\n10.81\\n11.01"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "10.81"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which is a component of John Dalton's atomic theory?\\nThe ratio of atoms in a compound can vary.\\nThe atoms of a single element differ.\\nAn atom is a small particle that cannot be broken down.\\nAtoms of different elements can be identical."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "An atom is a small particle that cannot be broken down."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How are isotopes defined?\\nforms of different elements that have the same number of neutrons in each atom\\nforms of different elements that have the same number of protons in each atom\\nforms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in each atom\\nforms of the same element that differ in the number of protons in each atom"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in each atom"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which scientist's law about the ratios of masses of elements in a compound did John Dalton's work on the atomic structure help to explain?\\nDemocritus\\nJ. J. Thomson\\nErnest Rutherford\\nJoseph Proust"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Joseph Proust"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "To explain the photoelectric effect, Albert Einstein linked the photoelectric effect to an idea from which scientist?\\nHeinrich Hertz\\nIsaac Newton\\nMax Planck\\nThomas Young"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Max Planck"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which statement best describes the light that will cause emission of electrons from a given metal through the photoelectric effect?\\nlight with any intensity below a certain frequency\\nlight with any intensity above a certain frequency\\nlight with any frequency below a certain intensity\\nlight with any frequency above a certain intensity"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "light with any intensity above a certain frequency"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What did J. J. Thomson observe when he applied electric voltage to a cathode ray tube in his famous experiment?\\nThe stream of cathode ray particles was moving very slowly.\\nThe glass opposite of the negative electrode started to glow.\\nThe electric voltage had little effect on the stream of particles.\\nThe tube contained two pieces of metal that served as electrodes."
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The glass opposite of the negative electrode started to glow."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Mass of the atom depends on the nucleus' and how many ____ and ____ it has"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "neutrons and protons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following accurately summarizes the isotope Argon-40?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "18 protons, 18 electrons, 22 neutrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which of the following accurately summarizes the isotope Helium-3?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "2 protons, 2 electrons, 1 neutron"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many electrons, neutrons and protons would be found in an atom of carbon-14 (atomic number 6)?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "6 electrons, 8 neutrons, 6 protons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many neutrons are there in an atom of hydrogen-3?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "2"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many electrons would be found in an atom of oxygen (atomic number 8)?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "8"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "A nitrogen atom has an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have?\\n\\na. 7 protons, 14 neutrons, 7electrons\\nb. 14 protons,7 neutrons, 7 electrons\\nc. 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 electrons\\nd. 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 14 electrons"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "c. 7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many neutrons are there in the most common isotope of hydrogen?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Zero"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the vertical columns called? (2 names)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Families or Groups"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What are the rows called?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Periods"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which element has three (3) electrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Lithium (Li)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Where are the Transition Metals found on the Periodic Table\"?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "The middle"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does malleable mean?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "That something can be hammered into thin sheets if struck, rather than having it shatter."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What does ductile mean?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Drawn into thin wires"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which family contains the non reactive gases?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "noble gases"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Non-metals are found on the left or right side of the periodic chart of elements?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "right"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The number of _______ _______ (2 words) will determine what properties an element has (such melting point, reactivity, metallic, or conductivity)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "valence electrons"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What metal family is the most reactive and why?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Alkali metals - they really want to give away the one valence electron that they have."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What non-metal family is the most reactive and why?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Halogens -because they only need only one more electron to reach 8 valence electrons."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which element is a \"One-of-a-Kind\" and does not have any neutrons?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Hydrogen"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why are the Noble Gases unreactive?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Their outer energy level of electrons is full. They do not react with any other elements because they don't need any electrons and don't want to give any away either."
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Most of these compounds are gases at room temperature: (metals or non-metals?)"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "non-metals"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "\"Malleable\" is a physical property of: \\n metals or non-metals?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "metals"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "\"being a good conductor of heat\" is a physical property of metals or non-metals?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "metals\\n(metal gets hot in the sun fast)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "\"ductile\" is a physical property of metals or non-metals?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "metals"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "\"being a good conductor of electricity\" is a physical property of metals or non-metals?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "metals"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "The elements that are the most alike are the ones in the same row or the same column?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "column"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Are the following characteristics physical or chemical properties?\\nSilvery colored\\nRelatively soft\\nLow melting points"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "physical properties"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which family of metals is the most chemically reactive?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "alkali metals (group 1)"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Metals are found on the left or right side of the periodic chart of elements?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "left"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many total elements are there on the periodic table?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "118"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "In a group (column) in the periodic table, that properties are most likely similar among these elements?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "the chemical and physical properties are most likely similar"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Which groups on the periodic table are the most reactive?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "Groups 1 and 17"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "Why are Na and K often stored in oil?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "because they react rapidly with oxygen and water vapor"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "What is a symbol in the periodic table?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "A one or two letter abbreviation of the element's name. First letter ALWAYS capitalized, second letter ALWAYS lower case"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "How many vertical columns are there in the periodic table? What are they called?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-18 vertical columns\\n-called groups/families, often named after the first element in the group (the carbon family)\\n-elements in the same group have similar properties because they have the SAME NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS!!"
}
] |
[
{
"from": "human",
"value": "what are the horizontal rows called in the periodic table?"
},
{
"from": "gpt",
"value": "-periods\\n-there are 7"
}
] |