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Maharani <mask> ( 1782 – 1813) was the first wife of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire. She was the mother of Ranjit's reputed son, Maharaja Sher Singh, who briefly became the ruler of the Sikh Empire from 1841 until his death in 1843. Mehtab Kaur was the only daughter of <mask> and Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya. She was betrothed to a six-year-old Ranjit Singh at the age of four. <mask> was the senior-most of Ranjit Singh's wives and according to historian Jean-Marie Lafont, the only one to bear the title of Maharani (high queen) while his other wives bore the lesser title of Rani (queen). After her death, the title was held by Ranjit's second wife and mother of his heir apparent Maharaja Kharak Singh, Datar Kaur. After her death the title was passed down to Ranjit's youngest widow <mask>, who served as regent of the Sikh Empire (after Sher Singh's death) from 1843 till 1846 and was the mother of  Maharaja Duleep Singh.Family
<mask> <mask>, the only child of Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya (Sandhu) and his wife Sada <mask> Dhaliwal, was born in 1782. Upon her birth she was named "Mehtab" (مهتاب) which means 'moonlight' or 'splendor of the moon' in Persian due to her fair and clear complexion. Her father, Gurbaksh Singh, was the heir of Jai Singh Kanhaiya (a Sandhu Jat), the founder and chief of the Kanhaiya Misl. The Kanhaiya Misl, who had replaced the Bhangis as the most powerful misl, disputed Ranjit Singh's father's (Maha Singh) right to plunder Jammu, and in one of the many skirmishes between the two misls, Gurbaksh Singh was killed in battle against Maha Singh in February 1785. <mask> <mask>'s mother, Rani Sada <mask>, an intelligent, high spirited and ambitious woman, used to lend support of the Kanhaiya misl to Ranjit Singh till 1821, when she developed differences with him and as a consequence lost her territory to him. Marriage
Jai Singh disagreed to betroth his granddaughter, <mask> <mask>, to Maha Singh's son, Ranjit Singh, but was persuaded by his widowed daughter-in-law, Sada <mask> to agree to the match. The Kanhaiya chief died shortly afterwards in 1789, leaving his estates to Sada <mask> who took over the leadership of the Kanhaiya Misl.The same year the young <mask> <mask> and Ranjit Singh were betrothed and married. The Muklawa happened in 1796. As a teenager, Ranjit Singh took hardly any interest in the affairs of the state, making his mother, <mask>, anxious for his future. She felt that marriage might bring him around to the responsibilities of life. She approached Sada <mask> to fix the muklawa (tradition where the wife goes back to her maternal home) date. Ranjit was fifteen years old when he left Gujranwala for Batala, the chief town of the Kanhaiyas, to perform the after marriage rituals with <mask> <mask> in 1796. This alliance between the two important Sikh families was a major event for Punjab.All the leading Sikh chiefs were present at the wedding. <mask> <mask> was very beautiful and her looks made her seem mismatched for the rugged Ranjit Singh. Even if <mask> <mask> could reconcile herself to her husband's looks, it must have been difficult for her to forget that her father was killed in battle with Ranjit Singh's father. Plus she was haughty and self-willed, a proud woman born to rich parents while Ranjit Singh was a typically simple Punjabi man, rustic in his habits. It was a marriage of convenience for both and they rarely stayed together. After entering into a matrimonial alliance with the Kanhaiya Misl, Ranjit Singh wanted to consolidate his position further which could only be done by drawing some other misl to his side. He made suggestions to head of the Nakais and early in 1797 took a second wife, who was the sister of the Nakai Sardar Gyan Singh Sandhu- with whom he was betrothed to for some time.The marriage turned out to be more successful than the first. His second wife bore his mother's name: <mask>. She was renamed Datar <mask> and was warmly known as Mai Nakain and turned into Ranjit's most loved wife. Ranjit's second marriage and his little interest in her gave <mask> <mask> an excuse to return to Batala. From there on she made only occasional appearances at her husband's home and Ranjit Singh irregularly visited her in Batala. The second marriage took place under the guardianship of <mask> and Sada <mask> in 1792; Sada <mask> accommodated herself to Ranjit's second marriage as she had set her heart on greater and better things. She made laid out plans which Ranjit Singh followed, she hoped to use her influence on him to secure the future of her daughter, her future children as well as the Kanhaiya Misl.Ranjit Singh's second wife, Datar <mask> bore him his first son and heir, Kharak Singh in 1801. With this Sada <mask> left Ranjit Singh's side and returned to her home in Batala, taking her daughter with her, her plans to secure the future of her daughter and the Kanhaiyas in tatters. Issue

Sada Kaur kept on trying to bring Ranjit Singh closer to her daughter and felt happy when Mehtab bore Ranjit his second son (and her first child) in 1804. Thanking God (Ishwar) the child was named Ishar Singh. The prince died in infancy - at the age of one and a half years. <mask> <mask> was pregnant again in 1807 and gave birth to twin sons, Sher Singh and Tara Singh in Batala. Ranjit was near Jawalamukhi when he received the news of their birth, he rushed to Amritsar to pay a thanksgiving visit to the Golden Temple there.The birth of his sons was celebrated greatly. There was cheering in the illustrious camp and when Ranjit returned to Lahore, he gave away vast entire-ties in philanthropy and the city was enlightened for a few nights. Historians differ over whether Sher Singh and Tara Singh were Ranjit Singh's biological sons. During March 1837, on the occasion of the marriage of Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh, Henry Edward Fane, the nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief, India, General Sir Henry Fane, who spent several days in Ranjit Singh's company, reported that the Maharaja never thoroughly acknowledged Sher Singh. The contemporary historian, Joseph Davey Cunningham, who attended the 1838 conversations between Ranjita Singh and Lord Auckland, also recorded that the Maharaja had doubts. However, Khushwant Singh, writing in 1962, considered that the rumours regarding the parentage of Sher Singh and Tara Singh were inaccurate and had been spread by Kharak Singh and his mother, Datar <mask>, in order to reduce the possibility of Ranjit Singh preferring Sher Singh, who was fast becoming his father's favourite. Sohan Lal Suri, the official court biographer too notes that Sher Singh and Tara Singh were not the biological sons of Ranjit Singh in his Umdat ut-tawarikh often referring to them as   Despite his doubts, Ranjit Singh gave Sher Singh commands in the army and conferred honours on him, although Kharak Singh remained his favourite.However, no honours were bestowed on Tara Singh and he was not permitted to appear in court. Death
After suffering from a failing health, <mask> <mask> died in 1813. At the time of her death, Ranjit Singh was at Amritsar, where the death of the former had taken place. Ranjit Singh did not go to the incineration and other condolatory functions. After a ton of claims and influences, Dewan Mokham Chand could take the Maharaja to Sada Kaur's derah, where he played out a portion of the critical functions of condolence. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> is portrayed in the TV series  Maharaja Ranjit Singh. A teenage <mask> <mask> is portrayed by Tunisha Sharma in Life OK's historical drama Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh.See also
Sher Singh
Kanhaiya Misl

References

Bibliography

Women of the Sikh Empire
1782 births
1813 deaths
Indian queen consorts
19th-century Indian women
19th-century Indian people
18th-century Indian women
18th-century Indian people

masks:
Mehtab Kaur
Sada Kaur
Mehtab Kaur
Jind Kaur
Mehtab
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Mehtab
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Mehtab
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Mehtab
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Raj Kaur
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Mehtab
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Mehtab
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Mehtab
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Raj Kaur
Kaur
Mehtab
Kaur
Raj Kaur
Kaur
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Kaur
Kaur
Mehtab
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<mask>, <mask> of Richmond CBE (born 3 February 1941) is a UK-based broadcaster, Liberal Democrat politician and leadership communications consultant. Early life and education

Lord <mask> of Richmond is the son of the Rev. <mask> and Edna Mary Peters. He was educated at the Diocesan College, Cape Town in South Africa and Kingswood School in Bath. He was an Open Scholar in history at Jesus College, Cambridge 1959, a State Scholar 1959 and was awarded an MA in 1963. He was the Vice-President of the Cambridge Union. <mask>'s German-born wife Karen is an artist: they have two sons, Stephen and Martin.Career

Broadcasting

<mask> joined the BBC after graduating from Cambridge University in 1963, and later became a regular presenter for The Money Programme on BBC Two and Panorama on BBC One. He also reported on London Weekend Television, Radio 4 and the BBC World Service, and wrote and presented award-winning documentaries over many years. He was one of the studio contributors to the BBC's June 1970 Election Night television programme. He is a Fellow and Former Chairman of the Royal Television Society. From 1976 to 1980 he was responsible for media at the European Commission. Politics

In politics, <mask>'s notable role was as President of the Liberal Party. He was appointed CBE in 1985 and, on 23 July 1999 was elevated to the House of Lords with a Life Peerage as <mask> of Richmond, of Richmond in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.He is a member of the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union. He stood for election four times: as the Liberal candidate for Richmond in the general elections of October 1974 and 1979, and as the Liberal candidate (SDP-Liberal Alliance) for Richmond and Barnes in the general elections of 1983 and 1987. On all four occasions, he came in second place, losing to the Conservatives. Outside of the United Kingdom, Lord <mask> is Chair of the Albanian British Chamber of Commerce and is a Member of the European Parliament's High Level Group on Romania. His political interests are the "worldwide use of English, EU enlargement and transatlantic relationship". Leadership communications

Lord <mask> was Chairman of CTN Communications until retirement, a creative communications agency based on St Martin's Lane in central London. He advises the leaders of major UK and international companies on their communications, with clients including BP, BAE Systems and Tesco.Board memberships

Business

 Executive Chairman, CTN Communications
 Executive Chairman, Havas Media
 Chairman, Nexus Partnerships
 Chairman, Coca-Cola European Advisory Board
 Non-Executive Chairman, I-COMP

Not-for-profit

 Chairman, The Council of Commonwealth Societies
 Chairman, The European Movement UK
 Chairman, The Father Thames Trust
 Chairman, The Arcadia Advisory Board
 British Chairman, Königswinter Anglo-German Conference
 President, British-German Association
 Co-Chair, Jamestown 1607-2007 British Committee
 Non-Executive Chairman, Raisin Social (a wine importer)
 Member, The Executive Committee of the Pilgrims Society
 Member, The Prince of Wales Business Leaders' Forum
 Patron, The Richmond Society
 Patron, Museum of Richmond
 Patron, The Richmond in Europe Association
 International Chairman Emeritus, The English-Speaking Union
 Chairman Emeritus, Royal Television Society
 Former Executive Board Member, UNICEF UK
 President, The European-Atlantic Movement (TEAM)

Positions at educational institutions

<mask> holds a range of visiting and honorary posts at universities in the United Kingdom and abroad. United Kingdom

 High Steward, Cambridge University
 Visiting Fellow, Oriel College, Oxford University
 Honorary Fellow, Jesus College, Cambridge
 Chairman, Cambridge University Chemistry Advisory Board
 Life Patron, Cambridge's Churchill Archives Centre
 Chairman, The Cambridge Foundation
 Honorary Professor, University of Birmingham
 Trustee, The American International University in London
 Former Chairman, Governors at Westminster College, Oxford
 President, The British Accreditation Council for Independent Further and Higher Education

Overseas

 Honorary Doctor, St Lawrence University, USA
 Visiting Professor, Leuven, Belgium
 Honorary Professor, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia
 Honorary Professor, Korea University, South Korea
 Trustee, The Centre for British Studies, Humboldt University, Berlin

Publications

Europe at Risk

Europe at Risk was Lord Waton's first publication, released in 1972. The Germans: Who Are They Now? The Germans: Who Are They Now? is a non-fiction book, first published in 1992. Eminent Europeans: personalities who shaped contemporary Europe

Eminent Europeans: personalities who shaped contemporary Europe is a collection of 17 essays on the personalities who have shaped modern Europe, for which Lord <mask> contributed the essay entitled Thatcher and Kohl: Old Rivalries Revisited. The book was published in 1996, and edited by Martyn Bond, Julie Smith and William Wallace.Jamestown: The Voyage of English

Published in 2007, Jamestown: The Voyage of English is an exploration of the global significance of the arrival of the Godspeed, the Susan Constant and the Discovery on America's East Coast in 1607. These three ships carried the ideas and the language which would shape the modern world. <mask> tells the story of a precarious venture that nearly failed. But it succeeded against the odds, planting the seeds of representative government, capitalism and the rule of law. These ideas were expressed in a language which had just reached a peak of power and vitality – the English of Shakespeare, Tyndale and Cranmer's Prayer Book. The year 1607 marks the start of the voyage of English from the language of 4 million inhabitants of the British Isles to its role as today's working language of the global village used by almost 2 billion people world-wide. The Queen and the USA

The Queen and the USA is a non-fiction book published in March 2012 by Dementi Milestone Publishing.During 2012, Queen Elizabeth II celebrated the 60th anniversary of her role as Queen of the United Kingdom. This book explores and celebrates the special relationship between the American and British people during this period, and honours Queen Elizabeth II for her role and contribution to a friendship recognised throughout the world. Co-authored by Horace Edward "Chip" Mann, the book is highly visual, and includes photographs of the Queen with twelve US Presidents. Churchill's Legacy, Two Speeches to Save the World

Published in 2016, [http://www.bloomsbury.com/churchillslegacy Churchill's Legacy, Two Speeches to Save the World] is a non-fiction book published in September 2016 by Bloomsbury Publishing to mark the 70th anniversary of Churchill's speeches in 1946, first in March in Fulton, Missouri, often known as the Iron Curtain speech, and then in September in Zurich, Switzerland, often known as the United States of Europe speech. Honours and awards

Below is a list of <mask>'s most notable awards. For educational honours, please see the above section, Positions at Educational Institutions. Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1985
 Federal Cross of Merit (Germany), 1995 (for his "significant and enduring contribution" to understanding between Germany and Britain)
 Grand Cross of Merit (Germany), 2001
 Commander's Grand Cross of the Romanian Order of Merit, 2004
 Churchill Medal, 2005
 The Loyola Schools Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Promotion of English by Manila University, 2005
 Knights Grand Cross of the German Order of Merit, 2007
 Knight of Honor of the Order of St. George, 2016

References

External links
Official website
Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords

Watson of Richmond
Watson of Richmond
Alumni of Diocesan College, Cape Town
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Watson of Richmond
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Watson of Richmond
People educated at Kingswood School, Bath
People from Port Elizabeth
Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)

masks:
Alan John Watson
Baron Watson
Watson
John William Watson
Watson
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Baron Watson
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Lord Watson
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<mask><mask> (February 26, 1935 - June 10, 2015) was an early Silicon Valley entrepreneur, a professor of engineering and vice president at Stanford University, president of Harvey Mudd College, and founding president of Keck Graduate Institute (KGI) of Applied Life Sciences at the Claremont Colleges. His areas of specialization included financial analysis and control, management technology, technical strategy, and new venture management. <mask> was a popular professor who taught for over 45 years and published multiple books. He started the large-scale academic fund-raising efforts that are now widely used by major institutions, launched a graduate school focused solely on training leaders in biosciences (KGI), and served on numerous boards. Early life and education
<mask> was raised in Hinsdale, Illinois, the youngest of three children born to Joseph and <mask> (siblings Ruth and Joseph Andrew). His father helped run the Goss Printing Press Company, which developed presses for newspapers. <mask> attended boarding school at Phillips Academy, Andover, followed by Stanford University, where he earned a BS in Industrial Engineering in 1957.<mask> then received an MBA from the Harvard Business School in 1960. He also holds honorary Doctorates in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College and in Applied Life Sciences from the Keck Graduate Institute. Early business career
<mask> worked for over a decade at early Silicon Valley companies and institutes. Between undergraduate and graduate school (1957-1958) he worked at Ampex, and from 1960-1963 at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). From 1963-1970 <mask> worked at Icore Industries, as president for his final three years, and from 1970-1974, he was Chief Financial Officer at Measurex. Teaching career
While working at Icore <mask> began to teach part-time at Stanford and joined the faculty full time in 1974. He was the Thomas Ford Professor of Engineering Management.From 1978 to 1983 he was chair of the Stanford Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management Department. One of <mask>' key courses at Stanford was Industrial Accounting (IE 133; now IE 140), which covered principles of financial and cost accounting. He was a dedicated teacher, and in 1979 was awarded the Tau Beta Pi Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Engineering Teaching, and in 1980 he received Stanford's highest award for excellence in teaching: the Walter J. Gores Faculty Achievement Award. <mask> commonly used case studies in his teaching, and as he biked through campus to class, he cut quite a figure in his suit and signature bow-tie. He continued to teach while taking on academic leadership roles (below). Following his retirement from KGI, he returned to Stanford as Emeritus Professor and continued to teach there from 2004 until 2015. Most recently he led "The Art and Logic of Fundraising" course offered by the Stanford Continuing Studies program (BUS 104).Academic leadership career

Vice President for Development at Stanford
In 1983 <mask> was named Vice President for Development at Stanford and headed all university fundraising efforts. In this role he re-imagined academic philanthropy as a large-scale operation. With this approach he successfully led the Stanford Centennial Campaign, the first billion dollar academic fund-raising effort, which has been widely followed by major institutions. President of Harvey Mudd College
<mask> was named President of Harvey Mudd College in 1988. During his 9 years as president major advances were made to the college. This included building multiple new buildings and the Linde student recreation center, providing new or renovated space to all faculty members, increasing enrollment by 70 students, attracting new faculty members, launching Biology and Computer Science Departments, successfully undertaking a large fund-raising campaign, and balancing the college's budget. Founding President of Keck Graduate Institute (KGI)
<mask>' early career in Silicon Valley left him convinced that colleges and universities need to be more flexible and entrepreneurial to serve their students and the public good.In 1997 <mask> founded the seventh Claremont College, the Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences (KGI). <mask>' vision for KGI was based on the realization that life sciences would dominate the 21st century and that new institutions were needed to educate the future leaders in this realm. KGI was the nation's first graduate school dedicated solely to preparing students for professional careers in life sciences and offers a Master of Bioscience (MBS) degree and a doctoral degree (MBS-PhD) in Applied Life Sciences. The KGI curriculum uses entrepreneurial, team-based learning and real-world projects that integrate computational and systems biology, bioengineering, business management and bioethics. <mask> served as President of KGI from 1997-2003, as Chair of the Board of Trustees from 2003 to 2004, and President Emeritus from 2003-2015. In 2006 the <mask>. <mask> Professor of Management was endowed at KGI in honor of <mask>' vision founding the school. Other leadership roles
<mask> held a number of important leadership roles in industry and education.Board on Higher Education & Workforce, National Academies. Trustee, Phillips Andover Academy. Board of trustees of Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering. Board Institute for Systems Biology. Member of the California Council on Science and Technology. Chair of the Stanford University alumni association's board of directors. Board, Capital Group (Growth Fund of America, American Balanced Fund, Income Fund of America, Fundamental Investors, and International Growth and Income Fund).Board, International Technology Corporation
 Board of the American Automobile Association. Board, Avenidas

Writing
Riggs wrote many articles and books. The Price of Perception, influential New York Times op-ed challenging the practices by which top-tier colleges set tuition rates. The Mouths of Gift Horses, about leveraging gifts for both institutions and society. Accounting: A Survey, McGraw-Hill, 1981. Managing High-Technology Companies, Wadsworth, 1983. Financial and Economic Analysis for Engineering and Technology Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004.Understanding the Financial Score, 2007. The Art and Logic of Fundraising, 2014. Personal
In his personal life <mask> had two great loves: his family and travel. He met his wife, Gayle <mask>, when they were both undergraduates at Stanford and they married in 1958. They have three children and six grandchildren to whom <mask> was extremely dedicated. He and Gayle saw much of the world by bicycles, Eurovan, and boat. <mask> was an avid photographer for a long time, and an avid cook and accordion player for a much shorter time.References

Harvard Business School alumni
1935 births
2015 deaths
Presidents of Stanford University
Phillips Academy alumni
Stanford University alumni

masks:
Henry E
. ( Hank ) Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Gretchen Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Henry E
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Riggs
Carson Riggs
Riggs
Riggs


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<mask> (April 13, 1924 – September 11, 2020) was a German-born American cultural and intellectual historian, whose two principal areas of research were war and the interaction of art and politics from 18th to 20th century Europe. He also wrote on related subjects. Early life
<mask> was born in 1924 in Berlin, the son of <mask> and Suzanne Aimée Cassirer. On his father's side, he is descended from a French family that emigrated to Germany in 1679. Thirteen of <mask>'s ancestors, including his great grandfather and grandfather, were Protestant ministers. His father, severely wounded in the First World War, studied philosophy before turning to business, and after the Second World War became head of the firm Beuck and Paret, business consultants. <mask>'s mother, who began to study medicine after her marriage, came from a Jewish family well known for the past two centuries in manufacturing (weaving looms, steel cables), finance, publishing, and scholarship.Her father, Paul Cassirer, publisher and art dealer, was an important force for modernism in the arts in Germany. The philosopher Ernst Cassirer was her uncle. In 1932, <mask>'s parents were divorced, and his mother with her young daughter moved to Vienna, where she continued her studies with Sigmund Freud. <mask> followed in January 1933. In the following year, his mother married the psychoanalyst and educational reformer Siegfried Bernfeld – subject of a recent biography by <mask>, Er war halt genialer als die anderen (Vienna, 2012) – and with her husband and children moved to France, and in August 1937 to the United States, where they settled in San Francisco. Career
<mask> entered the University of California, Berkeley, in January 1942, was drafted the following year, and served in combat intelligence and operations sections of an infantry battalion in the New Guinea and Philippine campaigns and in Korea. In 1946, at the age of 21, he was discharged with the rank of Staff Sergeant, reentered UC Berkeley as a sophomore, and graduated in 1949, after which he returned to Europe to reconnect with his father and other relatives.His plan to study art history was interrupted by the need to assist his mother during his stepfather's final illness, and it was not until 1955 that he began graduate study, this time in history, at King's College London. He wrote his dissertation on the Prussian Reform era under Michael Howard, became an early member of the Institute for Strategic Studies, served as Resident Tutor in the Delegacy of Extra-Mural Studies of Oxford University, and in the last year before receiving his degree, began to publish articles on contemporary military thought as well as on recent history, having found important documents in the British archives, including a lost register of a Gestapo prison established after the attempt on Hitler's life on July 20, 1944. After receiving his Ph.D., in 1960, <mask> returned to the United States as Research Associate at the Center of International Studies, Princeton University, where he spent two years. With John W. Shy, who was then a finishing graduate student at Princeton, he wrote his first book, Guerrillas in the 1960s (New York, 1961), a short work analyzing the nature of irregular warfare and the difficulties it posed to modern, industrialized societies, which was reprinted several times, and came out in an expanded edition the following year. In 1962, <mask> came to the University of California, Davis, as Visiting Assistant Professor. He was promoted to tenure the following year, and to full professor in 1966. During these years at an innovative, rapidly expanding campus, which he later characterized as the happiest in his academic career, he published a study of the modern French theory of political-military warfare, French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria (New York, 1966), and an expanded version of his dissertation, Yorck and the Era of Prussian Reform (Princeton, 1966), a work combining ideological analysis with the study of operational and tactical doctrine, and prepared the context for his growing interest in the ideas and life of Clausewitz, who as a young officer was an active member of the Prussian reform movement.In 1969, after a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, <mask> was appointed Professor of History at Stanford University; and in 1977 he became the Raymond A. Spruance Professor of International History there. In 1976, having written several articles on the life and work of Clausewitz, he published a biography, Clausewitz and the State (now in its third expanded edition), which has been translated into three languages. <mask>'s work together with Raymond Aron's Penser la guerre: Clausewitz, published in the same year, placed Clausewitz firmly in the history of ideas and politics of the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, and post-Napoleonic periods. <mask> and Aron reviewed each other's works favorably, although their perspectives on the subject differed. Unlike Aron, <mask> has shown little interest in the influence of Clausewitz's ideas on more recent and contemporary conflicts. He studies him, he has said, as he would study Mozart – for what he has composed, not for how later conductors or opera directors perform his work. The title of <mask>'s book points to the powerful role the Prussian state played in Clausewitz's life, a power that reappears in the central role of policy and politics in Clausewitz's theories.The same year the biography appeared, Howard's and <mask>'s translation of Clausewitz's major theoretical work, On War, was published. Highly praised, it has also received some criticism. The work, now available in five English-language editions, has been repeatedly reprinted. <mask>'s recent article, “Translation, Literal or Accurate,” in The Journal of Military History, July 2014, outlines the principles he and Howard followed in converting Clausewitz's early 19th century German into modern English – principles of translation that also apply to <mask>'s and Daniel Moran's subsequent translations of Clausewitz's Historical and Political Writings (Princeton, 1992). A related project was <mask>'s new edition of Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton, 1986), which retained three essays from the 1943 original, revised four others, and added twenty-two new essays. The work continues to be widely read and used as a text. It is currently being translated into simplified Chinese, the 14th translation of the work.Since 1980, when his study of modern art and its enemies in imperial Germany, The Berlin Secession, appeared, <mask> has published several monographs and collections of essays in the history of art, three of which have been translated into German. He combined his interests in the history of art and the history of war in Imagined Battles: Reflections of War in European Art (Chapel Hill, 1997), a work dedicated "to the memory of the men with whom I served, and against whom I served, in New Guinea and the Philippines." In 1986 <mask> became the Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He retired in 1997. He continued to write, lecture and publish. Among his recent work is Clausewitz in His Time (New York:  Oxford, 2015), an expanded German edition of which, Clausewitz in seiner Zeit, appeared in 2017. He edited a volume of two essays by Hans Delbrueck (1848-1929) and himself, Krieg, Geschichte, Theories, Miles Verlag, Berlin 2018, and besides reviews in The Journal of Central European History and The Journal of Military History published an article on the function of history in Clausewitz's understanding of war in The Journal of Military History, October 2018.He celebrated his 95th birthday in April 2019 but continued to work. For example, an article, expansion of a lecture he gave at Princeton University in March 2019, which develops a new concept of Clausewitz's biography, appeared in the January 2020 issue of The Journal of Military History. A short article "From Document to Interpretation", will appear in the July 2020 issue of the journal. He introduced the 2020 Yearbook of the Clausewitz Research Association in Burg, Germany, and also published an article in the issue. <mask> died in September 2020 at the age of 96. Honors and awards

<mask> was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Member of the American Philosophical Society, which has awarded him its Thomas Jefferson Medal, an Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics, and an Honorary Member of the German Clausewitz Society, which in 2020 awarded him its Silver Pin of Honor. He has received an honorary doctorate from the Humboldt University, Berlin, as well as three other honorary degrees, and the German government awarded him the Cross, Order of Merit First Class, German Federal Republic (2000), and the Great Cross of the Order of Merit, German Federal Republic (2013).In 1993, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History In 2017, he received the $100,000 Pritzker Literature Award for Lifetime Achievement in Military Writing. Publications

A complete bibliography of <mask>'s publications is available on the home page of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. A list of all monographs and edited volumes, including foreign-language editions, complemented by a short biography appeared in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians, ed. A. Daum, H. Lehmann, J. Sheehan, New York 2016, pp. 420‒22; this volumes also includes an autobiographical essay entitled "External Events, Inner Drives" (pp. 72‒78). Further reading
 Andreas W. Daum, "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities", in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians.With a Biobibliographic Guide, ed. Andreas Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, , 1‒52. References

1924 births
2020 deaths
Academics from Utah
American male non-fiction writers
American military historians
American people of French descent
American people of Jewish descent
German emigrants to the United States
Cultural historians
Intellectual historians
Military personnel from California
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Davis faculty

masks:
Peter Paret
Paret
Hans Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
Peter Dudeck
Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
Paret
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<mask>, (born 6 September 1942) is an Australian former rugby union footballer and noted administrator. He played 17 Tests for Australia between 1962 and 1967, and was a captain of Queensland, for whom he played from 1962 to 1972. He served as national coaching director from 1974 to 1995, and was a leading figure in lifting the standard of Australian rugby. He also served on the Board of Queensland Rugby and was an inaugural member of rugby's International Technical Committee and drafter of the Game’s Charter. He received the Joe French Award for his contributions to Australian rugby in 2014, and remains active in debates on governance of Australian rugby. In 2020, he was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. He is the grandfather of Queensland Reds player Curtis Browning.Early life

<mask> was born in Bundaberg Queensland in 1942, and later attended boarding school at Brisbane Grammar School, where he was an accomplished sportsman and scholar and captained both cricket and rugby. <mask> progressed to the University of Queensland Rugby Club, and made the Queensland U19 team in 1961. Rugby career

<mask> played in the centres for Australia throughout the "Thornett Era", which saw the national side rise to new heights of success on the international stage. The Queenslander made an impact from an early age with his tackling skills, speed and ability to break the line. In 1962, he played for Queensland against the touring All Blacks, scoring the home side's only try. The selectors picked the 19 year old for the Second Test against the All Blacks in Sydney, however a bout of illness prevented him from playing. Later that year, he was selected for the 1962 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, captained by John Thornett.He debuted in the Second Test at Dunedin in the centres alongside Beres Ellwood, just two days after turning 20, and impressed with his fierce tackling. He cemented a place in the Wallaby side playing seven of 13 tour matches including two tests. In 1963 <mask> played in the historic defeat of the first England tour side in Australia, played at the SCG in driving rain. He was later selected for the watershed 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa, which saw Thornett's Wallabies tie a series against South Africa for the first time, and, in the process, became the first side to score back to back victories in the two tests over the Spring Boks since 1896. <mask> played in three of the four tests, setting up winger John Williams for a crucial try in the historic Third Test victory at Ellis Park, Johannesburg. <mask> was selected again for the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand, playing six of eight matches, including the three tests. The tour featured another historic high for Australian rugby, with a 29-5 victory in the Third Test at Wellington, which remains the highest margin loss for New Zealand at home to this day.More success following in 1965, when Australia won a series over South Africa for the first time. <mask> played against the Spring Boks in their two tests and for Queensland. He missed selection for Australia against the touring Lions the following year, but captained Queensland against the side. He then played in every test of the 1966–67 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France which saw an historic first victory over Wales and a record win over England. <mask> again played for Australia against the touring Irish in 1967, and captained Queensland against them. He then retired as Wallaby, but continued to play for Queensland until 1969 - and had a comeback season in 1972. He had played 51 matches for Australia at home and abroad, and captained the Wallabies against a French provincial side in 1967.He ranked the historic wins of the Spring Boks in 1963, New Zealand in 1964 and Wales in 1966 as career highlights. Rugby historian Jack Pollard described him as "a versatile centre who did everything sensibly and reduced mistakes to a minimum. There was nothing flash or colourful in his football, but he tackled hard and ran strongly...". Meares and Howell wrote that "His was a proud record. He had played fifty-one matches for his country, including 17 Tests. He was highly respected by his peers, so much so that when Rothmans set up its Director of Coaching position for rugby, he obtained the position in 1974." National coaching director 1974-1995

In 1974, <mask> became the inaugural Rothmans coaching director, with responsibilities for establishing a National Coaching Scheme for Australian Rugby.He remained in the job until 1995, through an unprecedented period of success for Australian rugby. He authored an influential coaching manual, instigated a number of coach and player development initiatives, and served on the first IRB Technical Committee and wrote a Charter of the Game. After the nadir of Australian rugby in the early 1970s and a 1973 loss to Tonga, the Australian Rugby Union created a National Coaching Plan to “teach coaches the art of coaching through demonstration and practical involvement.” As the first national Coaching Director, <mask> was tasked with writing a 300 page Rugby Coaching Manual, consisting of conceptual and practical tuition. Rugby writer Spiro Zavos describes the manual as "a compendium of the best in rugby thinking and practice at the time. It is a masterpiece. If Aristotle had written about rugby, this is the sort of manual he would have produced... The point in all of this is that the National Coaching Plan worked.From the despair of the 1970s Australian rugby gloried in nearly two decades of success." The rugby historians Meares and Howell wrote of <mask>' time as Coaching Director:

The <mask> directorship established a number of other innovations. Russel Tulloch of Norths Rugby wrote for The Australian newspaper that under the <mask> regime: "development officers used the national coaching process, the ground-breaking and world-recognised program developed under the auspices of David Clark from the Australian Institute of Sport, run by <mask> and Brian O’Shea, and sponsored by Rothmans. Some funding was available from the ARU but predominantly came from the clubs. This program consolidated skilled coaching processes and was available to all coaches throughout Australia. It provided a consistent and practical methodology and played a significant role in improving the quality of coaching of rugby in Australia... It is interesting to note that most of the players in the winning 1999 RWC had come from the amateur programs and were coached by people from the Clark/Marks/O’Shea program...".Rothman's sponsorship of the program ended in the mid 1990s, and <mask> was invited to continue in his position of National Director of Coaching on the payroll of the Australian Rugby Union. However, ill-health forced the resignation of the CEO, and his successor John O'Neil controversially replaced <mask> with Welsh coach Alex Evans,  whose background was not in coach education and whose tenure was short-lived. Nevertheless, wrote Meares and Howell, "the foundation laid by the coaching scheme ensured that outstanding Wallaby performances carried on through to the 1999 World Cup win." Later career, awards and activism

<mask> has made a name as a public speaker and master of ceremonies, "arguably the finest sports MC in the land" according to Meares and Howell. In 2014, he was awarded the prestigious Joe French Award for outstanding service to rugby over a long period of time. He remains influential in rugby circles, and in 2019 endorsed the #LetsFixAustralianRugby campaign to reform administration of the game in Australia, telling the Sydney Morning Herald: "We had a great system which won us two Rugby World Cups and produced Alan Jones, Bob Dwyer and Rod Macqueen. The emasculation of the system and the shutting down of the National Coaching Committee was the beginning of the end."In November 2020, <mask> was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame. Articles by <mask>

<mask>: Rugby failed to care for its precious garden by <mask> www.theaustralian.com.au; 19 May 2017. Let's Fix Australian Rugby by <mask>, 11 November 2019. The Solution? A recommended action by <mask>, 25 November 2019. External links
<mask> historical Wallaby profile. <mask> Statistics on ESPN.References

1942 births
Living people
Rugby union officials
Australian rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australia international rugby union players

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Randy Walker (August 21, 1968 – November 30, 1995), of the stage name <mask>, was an American rapper and record producer, working in Live Squad. In the early 1990s, he joined 2Pac's rap group Thug Life. The November 30, 1994, shooting of Shakur led to their split. On November 30, 1995, exactly one year after the shooting of Shakur, <mask> was shot and killed  at the age of 27. He stood  tall. Live Squad
Randy Walker was born in 1968 in Springfield Gardens, Queens, to an American father and Jamaican, immigrant mother. Randy had a younger brother and two sisters.His father died in 1981, and his mother, Lucilda, was a nurse at New York University Medical Center. In the late 1980s, Randy, dubbed <mask>, and his brother Christopher, dubbed Majesty, teamed with DJ K-Low, forming Live Squad. In 1988, both rapping and producing it, Live Squad debut with an EP, titled BQ In Full Effect, which, featuring Percee P, includes the tracks "Troopin It" and "We Ain't Havin' It." Noteworthy is <mask>'s voice, deep and raspy. In 1990, <mask> met Shock G of Digital Underground, the Bay Area rap group's 1991 album featured <mask> on its track "Family of the Underground." That year, Live Squad remixed the group's single "No Nose Job." That summer, Stretch met Underground ally Tupac "2Pac" Shakur.The two became fast friends. Rapping his February 1992 single "If My Homie Calls" on Yo! MTV Raps, 2Pac was backed by <mask>, friend of host Ed Lover, who, praising Live Squad's demo tape and taking "executive producer" credit on its releases, helped Live get signed to Tommy Boy Records. In 1992, Live Squad released a double A side, "Murderahh! "/"Heartless," followed by single, "Game of Survival"/"Pump for a Livin'," in 1993. Live Squad also released an ultra-violent promo short film, Game Of Survival, on VHS tape, showcasing six songs from through group's forthcoming album. But in June, national outrage had broken out over the Los Angeles area's original gangsta rapper Ice-T's side project, his rock band Body Count's album of heavy metal with its track "Cop Killer."Tommy Boy, favoring radio friendliness, dropped Live Squad and shelved the album. Teaming with 2Pac
While Tupac filmed his breakthrough role in Juice, Stretch and Treach, of rap group Naughty By Nature, were extras. Once Tupac's trailer was robbed of jewelry, they delivered a beatdown on set. In late 1991, after studio recordings, live shows, and TV appearances with <mask>, 2Pac put out his debut album, 2Pacalypse Now, with two tracks, including "Crooked Ass Nigga," where Stretch produces and raps. Recently unable to put a track on Juice's soundtrack, 2Pac saw his album sell modestly, but Juice's release in 1992 sent his star on the rise. In 1993, 2Pac's second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., found Live Squad producing and featured on "Strugglin'," while featured, along with Treach and rapper Apache, on "5 Deadly Venomz." That was produced by Stretch, who produced two more tracks, "The Streetz R Deathrow" and, featuring Live Squad, "Holler If Ya Hear Me."Stretch made cameo appearances in music videos for the Mac Mall song "Ghetto Theme," directed by Tupac, and, in 1993, for the Above The Law, Money B, and Tupac song "Call It What You Want," as well as in movies, Ed Lover & Doctor Dre's 1993 film Who's the Man? and Tupac's 1996 film Bullet. In March 1994, on The Arsenio Hall Show, 2Pac and Stretch performed "Pain," a track on the Above the Rim soundtrack's only cassette version and merely a single's B side, but swiftly a rap favorite. 2Pac's group Thug Life
In 1992, with rapper Big Syke, 2Pac and Stretch recorded "Thug Life." In 1993, that song is still unreleased, Tupac expanded the group, named Thug Life, and got it on Interscope Records, releasing in 1994 the group's only album, Thug Life: Volume 1. Here, Stretch produces and raps on "Thug Music" and the lead single, "Bury Me a G." Amid controversy over lyrics, the label cut "Out on Bail", which Tupac and Stretch performed at The '94 Source Awards, anyway, and "Runnin' from tha Police", featuring Biggie Smalls. In 1993, Tupac met Biggie, a promising young rapper from Brooklyn, on his visit to California, whereupon Tupac supported and mentored him, a prospective member of Thug Life.During 1993, Live Squad, 2Pac, and Biggie performed a joint set at Maryland's Bowie State University, in Prince George’s County, Maryland. and recorded "House Of Pain," unreleased, for Biggie's debut album in the making. Biggie's debut album would arrive, without the song, in 1994 as Ready to Die. But the alliance would be severed through events on the night of November 30, 1994, at the Times Square building of Quad Recording Studios. November 1994 shooting
In late 1994, Tupac was reportedly hired by fledgling music manager James "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond to record a verse for rapper Lil' Shawn's single "Dom Perignon." Arriving with Stretch and two others, they reportedly found rapper Lil' Cease—a member of the Bad Boy record label's circle via Biggie's side group Junior M.A.F.I.A.—watching the sidewalk from above and greeting them. But in the lobby, three men pulled pistols to rob Tupac, who, resisting, was shot five times.Suspecting shooting as the primary motive, Tupac pointed to, among others, Henchman and Biggie. Blaming Henchman for the setup, Tupac accused Biggie of withholding prior knowledge. The very day after the shooting, Tupac was convicted, in a Manhattan court, of sexual assault. And on February 14, 1995, he was sentenced to at least a year and a half in prison. In March, 2Pac's third album, Me Against the World, was released with Stretch removed from its track "So Many Tears." In a jailhouse interview published in April, Tupac discusses the November shooting and Stretch, incidentally 6'8": "I was, like, 'What should I do?' I’m thinking Stretch is going to fight; he was towering over those niggas.From what I know about the criminal element, if niggas come to rob you, they always hit the big nigga first. But they didn’t touch Stretch; they came straight to me." In the interview, Tupac also reflects,

No strong evidence emerged to implicate Stretch in the crime. Publicly responding, Stretch contends, "Pac's saying all this shit in the interview, like, 'I thought that Stretch was gonna fight. He was towering over them.' Now, that nigga know I ain't never going out like no bitch. But I ain't dumb.I ain't got no gun, what the fuck am I supposed to do? I might be towering over niggas, but I ain't towering over no slugs." Meanwhile, some reporting would suggest forensics evidence that Tupac had shot himself. Stretch offers, "Me personally, I only heard one shot. ... Tupac got shot trying to go for his shit. He tried to go for his gun, and he made a mistake on his own. But I'll let him tell the world that.... He tried to turn around and pull the joint out real quick, but niggas caught him. Grabbed his hand when it was by his waist." Bill Courtney, retired New York Police Department officer, once with its infamous "Hip-Hop Squad," suggests that the stickup answered Tupac's comments, published in New York's Daily News, about Jimmy Henchman's associate Haitian Jack, big in the Queens nightlife scene and criminal underworld. Haitain Jack and two other men had been indicted with Tupac for the November 1993 sexual assault, on a woman in Tupac's hotel room, whereby Tupac was convicted on December 1, 1994. By then, Haitain Jack had taken a misdemeanor plea deal for no jail time, and the newspaper published Tupac's gripe. The onetime "Hip-Hop Squad" officer hazards, "A message was being sent to him not to name-drop."Jimmy Henchman has since commented, "Nobody came to rob you. They came to discipline you." On June 15, 2011, the day before what would have been Tupac's 40th birthday, Dexter Isaac, imprisoned for murder, sent from Brooklyn's Metropolitan Detention Center to AllHipHop.com a confession. Isaac stated that he had been one of the men who in November 1994 robbed and shot Tupac at Jimmy Henchman's behest. <mask>'s murder
On October 12, 1995, with bond posted via Suge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, and pending appeal, Tupac was released from prison in upstate New York. Joining the label in Los Angeles, Tupac feverishly recorded his fourth album, All Eyez on Me. Two tracks, in particular—"Ambitionz Az a Ridah" as well as "Holla At Me"—have lyrics against <mask>, one envisioning his death.But by the album's release on February 13, 1996, <mask> was already dead. Released a few months later, in July 1996, the sophomore album, It Was Written, by rapper Nas, from Queensbridge in Queens, would have Live Squad production on two tracks, "Take It In Blood" as well as "Silent Murder," from <mask>'s final recording session exactly one year after the November 30, 1994, shooting of Tupac. On November 30, 1995, leaving the Nas recording session at midnight, <mask> on his way to a Biggie Smalls event, dropped off his own brother Majesty at his Queens Village home. Two or three men in a black car pulled up beside and chasing Stretch's green minivan, rolled down the window and fired at it. Stretch crashed at 112th Avenue and 209th Street, just after 12:30 AM, and was found dead at the age of 27 via four bullets to his back. In one theory, Stretch had robbed "a big drug dealer of over 10 bricks" and, despite the "pressure on the street," refused to return the over 10 kilograms of cocaine, why "a hit was issued." In April 2007, via separate investigation into the murder of Jam Master Jay, legendary DJ of Run-DMC, in his native Jamaica, Queens, federal prosecutors named as a suspect in both murders one Ronald "Tenad" Washington.After Tupac's death by drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, in September 1996, a Live Squad production, the track "Nothing to Lose," would appear on the first posthumous 2Pac album, released in 1997, R U Still Down? (Remember Me). Released the next year, Greatest Hits has the cryptic "God Bless the Dead," dedicated to "Biggy Smallz," but not the famed Live Squad and onetime 2Pac associate Biggie Smalls who is otherwise called The Notorious B.I.G., and instead a Latino rapper who worked with one of 2Pac's main producers, Johnny J. In 1999, a promotional release for The Notorious B.I.G. 's own posthumous album Born Again has a Bad Boy remix of "House of Pain," featuring Stretch and 2Pac. <mask>'s brother Majesty would found Grand Imperial Records jointly with rapper E-MoneyBags, who would be slain in July 2001, allegedly by order of Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff, a suspect behind the murder of Jam Master Jay. In 2001, Majesty released the Live Squad album that Tommy Boy Records had nixed, Game Of Survival.Discography

See also
27 Club
List of murdered hip hop musicians
List of unsolved murders

Notes

External links
 Stretch at Discogs
 Live Squad at Discogs

  Live Squad Fan Site (archived)

1968 births
1995 deaths
1995 murders in the United States
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American rappers
African-American male actors
African-American male rappers
American rappers of Jamaican descent
Deaths by firearm in Queens, New York
Gangsta rappers
Male murder victims
Murdered African-American people
Musicians from Queens, New York
People murdered in New York City
Rappers from New York City
Unsolved murders in the United States
20th-century African-American musicians

masks: Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch Stretch


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<mask> (October 11, 1840 – May 16, 1910) was a colonel in the Union Army who received the Medal of Honor. He was born in Danville, Vermont and served in the 17th Maine Infantry during the American Civil War. He was captured and interned as a prisoner of war for nine months. Later, he commanded the Maine State Militia and served as a Brigadier General during the Spanish–American War. He was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1880, was a county attorney for Cumberland County, Maine, and argued a case before the Supreme Court. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Danville, Vermont on October 11, 1840, as the only son of <mask> and <mask>. His father Henry was born in Middlebury, Vermont on December 12, 1805, and worked as a merchant and banker for most of his life, including as a cashier at the Caledonia National Bank in Danville.He died in 1844, when <mask> was three years old. Henry's brother, Samuel, also worked at the bank later on, as did Samuel's son. <mask>'s mother Martha was born in Danville, and married Henry in 1839. <mask>, <mask>'s grandfather, was the former Vermont State Treasurer, and commanded a Connecticut company during the American Revolutionary War. When <mask> was 10, his mother remarried to Issac Dyer, a Maine lumberman, and moved with <mask> to his home in Baldwin, Maine. <mask> studied at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and Lewiston Falls Academy in Auburn, Maine. In 1858, <mask> entered Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, at the time a small college town, and graduated in 1862.During his school years, he was a member of both the Peucinian Society and Delta Kappa Epsilon, and studied elocution and German under professor Joshua Chamberlain. In 1861, <mask> was elected by his peers as the Peucinian Orator, missing only 4 votes. In May of that year, at the beginning of the American Civil War, Mattocks formed a military company under the name of the "Bowdoin Guards." They were supplied arms and ammunition, but not uniforms, by the government. In all, 75 of the 144 students volunteered for the unit, to be commanded by <mask>. While at Bowdoin, Chamberlain "challenged him to bear down and live up to his potential." Chaimberlain and <mask> both enlisted in the Union Army in the summer of 1862, along with 25 other students, three of whom joined Charles in the 17th Maine Volunteers.Military service

American Civil War

In 1862, upon his graduation from Bowdoin College, <mask> enlisted in the Union Army. He was commissioned as a lieutenant of the 17th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment and fought with the Army of the Potomac in all its major battles, including the Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Appomattox Court House. <mask> began a journal on April 18, 1863, that he kept almost every day until June 14, 1865, detailing his experiences throughout the war. His regiment fought in the Battle of Chancellorsville, where his company lost 14 men and two officers. A few days after the battle, he and his company were mentioned by name in the official report written by Brigadier General J. H. Hobart Ward, commending "their valuable assistance and gallant conduct on the night of the 2d of May." On July 2, 1863, in the Wheatfield during the Battle of Gettysburg, his regiment lost over 100 soldiers. According to his letters to his mother, both men standing beside him had been killed.On July 22, <mask> was chosen as a "Conscript Delegate," ordered to organize conscripts from Vermont, Maine, and Massachusetts that would eventually reinforce the 17th Maine. In January 1864, the colonel of the 17th Maine Infantry Regiment was promoted and the lieutenant colonel was on detached duty. <mask> was given command of the regiment for two months as a major. After the lieutenant colonel returned in March and took command as colonel, <mask> had a short leave of absence. Less than a week after <mask> returned from leave in late March 1864, he was moved from the 17th Maine Infantry and placed in command of the 1st United States Sharpshooters. He commanded the 1st United States Sharpshooters in the Battle of the Wilderness, after which he was captured by the Confederate Army. He was a prisoner for six months, until he escaped the Confederate prison camp outside Columbia, South Carolina on November 3, 1864, alongside Captain Julius Litchfield and Lieutenant <mask>, officers from other Maine regiments who were captured in the same battle.On their way back to Union territory, they trekked for two days without food before encountering a slave, who fed them "chicken, corn bread & potatoes." He also received material support from both Union and Confederate Freemasons while in prison camps and during his escape. <mask> was recaptured  from the Union lines, on November 28, by Cherokee scouts, then in service of the Confederacy. He was forced to walk over  to Morgantown, West Virginia, where they were then transported by train to a prison camp in Danville, Virginia. <mask> was exchanged and released in late February, 1865. Rather than resuming his previous command of the 1st United States Sharpshooters, <mask> was granted permission from the Secretary of War to rejoin the 17th Maine Infantry Regiment as major. Upon his return, he first served outside Petersburg, Virginia.After the fall of Petersburg, <mask> led the regiment in the Appomattox Campaign and was distinguished in leading a charge at the Battle of Sailor's Creek. Sailor's Creek was the last battle of the American Civil War in which <mask> participated. Three days later, on April 9, 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House. <mask> was appointed a brevet colonel of volunteers, to rank from April 9, 1865, for his actions in the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865, for which he also was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1899. He was appointed a full colonel of volunteers, to rank from May 15, 1865. <mask> was mustered out of the volunteers with his regiment on June 4, 1865. On February 21, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated <mask> for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, for "faithful and meritorious services" during the war, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 2, 1867.Regarding his command style, one of his enlisted soldiers, John Haley, wrote after the war that, "I can't think of any officer I'd sooner part with, for he was very pompous and had yards and yards of superfluous red tape about him." Medal of Honor
On April 6, 1865, Major <mask> led his regiment in a charge during the Battle of Sailor's Creek. His regiment of 220 men captured two stands of colors, two pieces of artillery, about 300 prisoners, and a loaded wagon train. He was awarded the Medal of Honor on March 29, 1899. Timeline

 Commissioned first lieutenant July 31, 1862. Promoted to captain, Company A, December 4, 1862. Promoted to major, December 22, 1863.Assigned to command the 1st Berdan USS, by order of Major General William Birney on May 5, 1864. Captured at the Battle of the Wilderness, May 5, 1864. Prisoner of war until March 22, 1865. Appointed brevet-colonel of US Volunteers for "gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Amelia Springs"; promoted to lieutenant colonel. Promoted to Colonel, 17th Maine, May 9, 1865. Mustered out with the regiment, June 4, 1865. Other engagements
After the Civil War, <mask> entered the Maine State Militia as a captain in 1868.In 1879, he was promoted to colonel, commanding all infantry in the state. During the Spanish–American War, <mask> served as a Brigadier General of Volunteers in the United States Army, commanding the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Division under Major General James F. Wade. The regiments under him were the 1st Maine Volunteer Infantry, 52nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry, and the 1st Mississippi Volunteer Infantry. <mask> was ordered to take command of the regiments at Chickamauga, Georgia, but the war ended before he was able to take part in the action. On October 7, 1898, <mask> along with 28 other generals were honorably discharged from the volunteer army of the United States by the War Department. This was not due to the performance of the generals, but rather because the size of the army had been reduced by 50%, and there was no longer a need for such a large number of officers. Post-Civil War

<mask> attended Harvard Law School, studied under Edward Fox, and graduated in 1867.On June 27, 1871, he married Ella R. Robinson, daughter of Augustus Robinson, in Portland, Maine. He then opened a law office in Portland, and in 1869, became county attorney for Cumberland County, Maine. He held the position from 1870 to 1873. During October 1882, Morril v. Jones appeared in front of the Supreme Court of the United States. <mask> represented the defendant, Treasurer Lot M. Morrill, who lost the case. <mask> maintained a large farm in Baldwin, Maine. <mask> was an active member of the executive committee of the Union Soldiers and Sailors, a post-war veterans group campaigning against the Democratic Party.<mask> was a Freemason, as well as an Adjutant General and Department Commander in the Grand Army of the Republic in Maine. He was also one of the first members of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. <mask>, along with 20 other Maine veterans, was appointed to the Portland Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Association, in order to supervise the creation of the Our Lady of Victories monument, memorializing Portland soldiers and sailors who died during the Civil War. He also acted as the orator to introduce a statue of Major General Joseph Hooker, erected in Massachusetts. In 1880, <mask> was elected to the Maine House of Representatives, as a Republican, and served there for four years. He was appointed Inspector-General on Governor Frederick Robie's staff on January 12, 1883. <mask> was appointed judge of probate for Cumberland County in December 1900.World's Columbian Exposition
In 1893, <mask> served as executive commissioner from Maine to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. He was in charge of the creation and execution of Maine's building for the exposition. It was described by Campbell's Illustrated Weekly as "one of peculiar shape, being somewhat irregular and running to a point" and designed to be different from any other State's building. It was built with granite and slate, much of which was donated by Maine quarrymen. Death and legacy
<mask> died at 17 Lewis Street in Portland, Maine, on May 16, 1910 from nephritis. He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery with full military honors. After his death, his wife, <mask>, was paid $50 monthly as part of <mask>'s military pension.In 1955, the <mask> P. <mask> Scholarship was established at Bowdoin College. The Brown Memorial Library in Baldwin, Maine, also home to the Baldwin Historical Society, was established in 1907 based on a tract of land originally donated by <mask>. Publications

See also

 List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)
 List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Harvard Law School alumni
 Maine in the American Civil War

Notes

References

External links

 <mask>' Congressional Medal of Honor
 <mask>' speech to the Maine Historical Society (Page 162)

1840 births
1910 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Bowdoin College alumni
Burials in Maine
Harvard Law School alumni
Maine lawyers
Maine Republicans
Maine state court judges
Members of the Maine House of Representatives
Politicians from Portland, Maine
People from Danville, Vermont
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
Phillips Academy alumni
Union Army colonels
United States Army generals
People of Maine in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
Grand Army of the Republic officials

masks:
Charles Porter Mattocks
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Henry Mattocks
Martha Osgood Porter Mattocks
Charles
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Samuel Mattocks
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Charles Hunt
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<mask> (; 1829 – February 1892), also known as <mask>, was a Chinese politician and businessman. He was the eldest of the three sons of <mask>, the founder and financier of Tan Tock Seng Hospital. He was consul for Japan, Thailand and Russia, and was a member of the Royal Court of Siam. He was one of Singapore's leading Chinese merchants and was one of its richest men in Singapore at that time. He was also the first Asian member of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. After his father, <mask>'s death, he became the Kapitan Cina of the Straits Chinese community. He is believed to have been the head of the Triad in Malaya.Businessman
In his day, <mask> <mask> was one of Singapore's leading Chinese merchants, one of the richest men in Singapore and had sizable business interests in Singapore, Siam, Vietnam and Malaya. His business boomed with rice mills he owned in Bangkok and Saigon. After the death of his father, the name of the firm "Tan Tock Seng" – mainly involved in the rice business – was changed to "Tan Kim Ching". The business was carried on at "River-Side" (now known as Boat Quay) from 1851 to 1859 by <mask> <mask> as sole owner. In 1860, having admitted his brother <mask> Lim as a partner, the firm was known as "Tan Kim Ching & Brother", chop Chin Seng Ho, but a few months later <mask> Lim left the firm. The business which finally became known as "Kim Ching & Co." chop Chin Seng (成行) attained considerable success, and he bought rice mills at Saigon, Siam, and elsewhere which supplied him with his milled rice. In 1888, the company opened a branch in Hong Kong.Apart from the rice business he had mining concessions in Patani, whose workers he could supply with his own rice. He was one of the earliest merchants to import silk from China. He also involved himself in the shipping business. In 1863, he paid $120,000 to found and set up the Tanjong Pagar Dock Company (the forerunner of today's Port of Singapore Authority), purchased two steamships, Siam and Singapore and promoted the Tanjong Pagar Dock Co. Some historians have said that the history of Kra Buri began with its governor, <mask> <mask>. He was a Siamese official and had tin mining operations on the Kra Province. British ally
He played a significant role in fostering relationships between Singapore and the colonial government on the one hand, and Siam and its ruler King Mongkut (Rama IV) on the other.He helped Sir Harry Ord secure a new treaty with Kedah in 1867, and played an integral role in ending the Larut wars by getting Abdullah to seek British intervention, which led to the signing of treaties at Pangkor. Man of the people in Singapore
When the Hokkien-Teochew Riots which broke out on 5 May 1854 over 400 people were killed during 10 days of violence. In a meeting with British authorities, <mask> <mask> represented the Hokkiens and with his assurance and that of Seah Eu Chin of the Teochews, the situation was brought to an end. A man of influence in Singapore, Hokkien marriages were often solemnized in his office and the marriage certificates authenticated with the company rubber stamp. In 1860 the Hokkien Huay Kuan was established in the premises of the Hock Keng Temple at Telok Ayer Street and <mask> <mask> was installed as its first leader. He held the position of president for 30 years. He was especially noted for his establishment of a marriage registry for the Hokkiens.In 1864, he was elected to the grand jury as one of five Chinese members on the jury. In 1865 he was made a Justice of the Peace by the British Straits Settlements government. In 1888, he was appointed to the municipal council. He was also made a Kapitan Cina, responsible for the conduct and administration of the Chinese population in Singapore. He was fluent in Malay and was arguably the most powerful Chinese leader in the region in the 19th century. Towards the end of his life he was prosecuted for keeping slaves, but he was discharged. At his death, he was the owner of the steamers Siam and Singapore, and of a large number of mining concessions, including some at Mount Ophir, Kampong Rusa, Patani, and various others, which had not been prospected.<mask> <mask>, Anna and The King of Siam
He played a key role in strengthening ties between Singapore and Siam. <mask> <mask> had a very close relationship with the royal family of Siam and often served as their go-between. In recognising the importance of his role, he was appointed ‘the first Siamese Consul in Singapore’ by King Mongkut in 1863 and in 1885, King Chulalongkorn elevated his title to that of consul-general. He was bestowed the royal title Phraya Astongt Disrarak Siamprajanukulkij. He was also Special Commissioner for Siam in the Straits Settlements. He introduced his business partner in Singapore, Read, to the Siamese king in the late-1850s when the king desired to get out of a disadvantageous treaty with France. He had great influence on the Chinese outside the colony, especially in the northern Malay States bordering Siam, Kelantan and Patani (originally all the Malay states were vassals of Siam but British intervention brought them under the control of the British Empire as "independent states".Eventually Patani was reannexed in 1909 as part of the Kingdom of Siam). Exercising this influence, during the time of Sir Andrew Clarke, <mask> <mask> was instrumental in settling a difficulty that arose between the Siamese and Perak governments. When King Mongkut of Siam (also known as King Rama IV) wanted to find someone who would help educate the members of his immediate family without attempting to convert them through use of Christian indoctrination it was his consul in Singapore, <mask> <mask>, that he turned to, pointing out "It is not pleasant to us if the school mistress much morely endeavour to convert the scholars to Christianity than teaching language literature etc. like the American missionaries here." In response, and upon a suggestion from William Adamson of The Borneo Company, <mask> <mask> recommended a suitable teacher in Singapore at that time who happened to be Anna Leonowens, a young widow, looking for work to support herself and her two children. The story of the schoolteacher and the King of Siam has been made popular through the films The King And I (Yul Brynner and Deborah Kerr) and Anna and the King (Chow, Yun Fatt and Jodie Foster). When the King and Queen of Siam landed in Singapore in 1890 they stayed at <mask> <mask>'s home, "Siam House", in North Bridge Road.It was reported that the king, who was expected to arrive in Singapore at Tanjong Pagar Wharf on board the royal vessel Ubon Burratit on 30 May 1890, had landed at Johnston's Pier instead. Due to the late arrival, only <mask> <mask> was at the pier to receive him. When the king wished to acquire property in Singapore it was to <mask> <mask> that he turned, resulting in the acquisition of "Hurricane House" in the vicinity of Orchard Road. Philanthropy

Tan Tock Seng Hospital
On 25 July 1844, the foundation stone of the Tan Tock Seng Hospital was laid on Pearl's Hill. The stone was laid but the construction took three years. After that the hospital stayed empty for another two years because of insufficient funding. In 1852, in order to ease overcrowding at the hospital founded by his father <mask> Seng, <mask> offered to bear the cost of additions to the building, approximately two thousand dollars ($2,000).His generous gesture led to many other merchants increasing monthly subscriptions to Tan Tock Seng Hospital. By 1854, the additions were completed. An inscription engraved in stone at the hospital gate acknowledges the donation of $3,000 by <mask> <mask>. After all of that it was decided that the Tan Tock Seng Hospital had to move as the government wanted to build a new building. <mask> agreed to the move, on condition that the rebuilt hospital should not cost less than the original one. He also requested a female ward, which his mother paid for in 1858 to perpetuate the memory of <mask>ck Seng. In 1858, two years after the government's decision to acquire Pearl's Hill, construction work began and <mask> <mask> donated an additional $3,340.<mask> Chong Su
Tan together with <mask> Beng donated funds to build an ancestral temple to serve the needs of the <mask> clan (people bearing the <mask> surname) and in 1876 the Tan Si Chong Su was built. School funding
In 1849, when the Chinese school Chung Wen Ge was built, he donated $100. In 1854, he donated $150 towards the construction of the Chui Eng School. Royal Asiatic Society
In March 1878 The Straits Asiatic Society (formed on 4 November 1877) was renamed The Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society and <mask> <mask> was one of its founding members. Klang concessionaire
In 1866, <mask> <mask>, along with William Henry Macleod Read (Chairman of the Straits Chamber of Commerce), secured the lease for Klang from Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, the administrator of Klang. Among the benefits of this lease arrangement was being able to collect taxes. Their attempts to collect taxes from Raja Mahdi whose father Raja Sulaiman was Klang's headman, however, sparked off a civil war that became known as The Klang War or The Selangor Civil War.The Larut Wars and The Pangkor Engagement
 See articles at Larut War and Pangkor Engagement

<mask> <mask> was a member of the Ghee Hin secret society and a supporter of the Raja Muda Abdullah of Perak and the Ghee Hin in Larut. It was <mask> <mask> who had encouraged Abdullah to write seeking the involvement of the British. Released from his arrest at sea, and his temporary incarceration on Penang, and forbidden return to Perak, Abdullah ventured to Singapore in October 1873 to seek help from the Ghee Hin there. Had Ngah Ibrahim not already aligned himself with the Hai San, he would not have got it. As it was, he arrived at an accommodation with <mask> <mask> whose influence among the Chinese, at that time, was without comparison. After going through the introduction provided by the Ghi Hin from Penang <mask> <mask> offered to put Abdullah on the throne in return for five elevenths (5/11) of all duties collected between Telok Serah and Krian for a period of ten years. <mask> <mask> together with an English merchant in Singapore (W. H. M. Read) drafted a letter to Governor Sir Andrew Clarke, which Abdullah signed, in which Raja Muda Abdullah expressed his desire to place Perak under British protection, and "to have a man of sufficient abilities to show him a good system of government."In the British intervention in Malaya 1867-1877 Parkinson tells us that Sir Andrew Clarke, just weeks after his arrival in Singapore, had already found evidence of the continuing

masks:
Tan Kim Ching
Tan Kim Cheng
Tan Tock Seng
Tan Tock Seng
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Swee
Tan Swee
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Tock
Tan
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan
Tan To
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Si
Tan Swee
Tan
Tan
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching


texts:
 disturbances in Perak and Selangor. Apart from his executive council, he talked to <mask> Cheng. Clarke decided that both the Hai San and Ghee Hin should have access to Larut with neither side being excluded, a complete reversal of the policy of his predecessor, Sir Harry Ord. <mask> <mask> agreed and wrote to the Ghee Hin on Penang to put this to them and advocate peace. Clarke then sent Pickering to Penang to talk to the respective headmen in Penang. Pickering gave <mask> <mask>'s letter to Chin Ah Yam. Twenty Ghee Hin headmen met through the night at the Ghee Hin Kongsi house considering <mask> Cheng's letter.In the morning they met with Pickering and agreed to surrender their forces in seven days time. Following that outcome and the outcome of a meeting with Chung Keng Quee whom Pickering also met, Sir Andrew Clarke then gathered the main Chinese leaders (principally Chung Keng Quee and Chin Ah Yam) and some Malays – including Abdullah – at Pulau Pangkor where the "Pangkor Engagement" was formulated and signed, recognising Abdullah as Sultan, and getting the Chinese to agree to settle their differences in Larut under British arbitration. Singapore syndicates
During the tenure of Chiu Sin Yong's Revenue Farming syndicate in Singapore, backed by Khoo Thean Poh, <mask> testified against Cheang Hong Lim and his group who had mobilized all of their allies and affiliates and organized a conspiracy to scuttle Chiu's farming syndicate. <mask> Cheng's testimony was a godsend for Chiu and Khoo. <mask> and his father <mask> Seng, representing most of the Malacca-born Hokkien, led the Haizhang group while their archrivals Cheang Sam Teo and his son, Cheang Hong Lim led the Zhang Hai group, the division between Hokkien migrants from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. Awards
Commander of the Third Class of the Order of the Rising Sun of Japan. Special letter of thanks from the Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir Andrew Clarke, for his role in settling a difficulty that arose between the Siamese and Perak governments.Special letter and honour from China for his contribution to the Famine Fund in 1890. "It is usual in the Straits to speak of well-to-do Chinamen as gentlemen but as a fact, very few of them would be entitled to the distinction in China; and none with exception perhaps of the Honorable Mr. Whampoa, a member of the Legislative Council of this Colony, and Consul for China, and Mr. <mask> <mask> the Siamese Consul who has some Chinese rank, none would be allowed to stand upright in the presence of a Mandarin." Personal life
<mask> had three wives and a total of 19 children. He had seven children with his first wife, Chua Yee Ren, three children with Khunying, Puen Anukulsiamkit, and nine children in his third marriage. His eldest daughter, <mask> Gay (), who had been taught Chinese and also a little English, was the first among those appointed trustees of his estate to take out probate of his will, one of the rare instances of a Chinese lady being appointed and assuming the duties of executrix of the will of a Chinese testator. Five of his grandsons (and who were all sons of <mask> Toh), <mask> Liat, <mask> Pin (), <mask> Liang (), <mask> Swee () and <mask> Wah () were well known members of the Chinese community. <mask> died in February 1892 and his remains were interred at his private burial ground at the thirteenth mile on the Changi Road.Reports from local and foreign newspapers of the time suggest the high esteem in which he was held and give us an idea of what it was like. For example, an Australian paper, The North Queensland Register, quoting The Singapore Free Press Reports:

"The remains of the late Mr <mask> <mask> were this morning removed with more than usual pomp and display from his residence in North Bridge Road for interment in his private burial ground at Changi. Judging by the long lines of spectators and the throngs of Orientals at all the windows and street corners, all along the route of the procession, the ceremony was one of more than ordinary interest to the many sections of the Chinese community who were, thus represented, and who had assembled in thousands to do honour to the head of the Seh Tan, the deceased having, been for years one of the leading citizens in Singapore. Mr <mask> <mask> was during his lifetime Consul-General for Siam, and as representing His Siamese Majesty there were in attendance three Siamese priests, who took part in the unwieldy yet orderly procession, which covered more than a mile in length. Leading the procession, which was unusually picturesque on account of t e numerous, costly and rainbow tinted presentation banners freely subscribed for by the deceased's compatriots, was a gigantic figure which cost 40dol, some 15 feet or more in height, by name the Kye Loh Sin, a kind of Chinese Beelzebub whose functions was to act in some sort as a scarecrow for devils. And sufficiently terrible for this purpose he looked with his stark, staring red face and huge rolling eyes in violent oscillation with every jolt of his wooden car. Following these were the bearers of the titles of the deceased, which were apparently many and varied, other Mandarin monstrosities, painted Kling, Malay and Malacca bands, and innumerable detachments of discordant Chinese with a never ceasing rumble of drums and banging of brazen instruments.The coffin according to custom was carried in a most elaborate palanquin with a highly decorated a canopy the whole structure being carried by a band of 72 coolies in mourning costume. In the rear were the females of the deceased's family clad in sackcloth. The funeral cortege left the house in North Bridge Road shortly after eleven o'clock, and proceeded slowly along, via the Lochore Police Station, past the Gas Works to the thirteenth milestone is on the Changi Koai, the great body of the procession however, dispersing at a refreshment booth on the line of route. The interment proper, all things being favourable, and the astral influences sufficiently benign, will take place this evening about eight o'clock." Legacy
The setting up of the Tao Nan School, established on 18 November 1906, financed by the Hokkien Huay Kuan (which was led by <mask> <mask> before he died), was initiated by <mask> Liat, the grandson of <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask>'s residence at Siam House served as temporary grounds for the school which moved to its own premises in Armenian Street and later Marine Parade (1982). Although he was buried in Changi, his grave was transferred to Bukit Brown in 1940.There are two roads named after him in Singapore: the Tan Kim Cheng Road in Bukit Timah and the Kim Cheng Street in Tiong Bahru. References

Further reading
Pioneers of Singapore: Builders of Our Land By Lee Chin Lim, Soon Onn Chan Contributor Lee Chin Lim Published by Asiapac, 2004; ,
"Singapore Story" by the National Library Board of Singapore
The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither by Isabella L. Bird (Mrs. Bishop) published 1892 G.P. Putnam's Sons
James Brooke of Sarawak: A Biography of Sir James Brooke - Page 251 by Emily Hahn - 1953 - 271 pages, Published 1953 by A. Barker
An Ode To Friendship—Celebrating Thailand-Singapore Relations, Mr Wong Wee Hon, Head (Archives Reference Room), National Archives of Singapore
Tanjong Pagar: A Pictorial Journey (1819–1989) = <mask> Pa-Ko T'u P'Ien Chi - Page 88 1989 - 149 pages Published 1989 by Tanjong Pagar Citizens'Consultative Committee
The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912-1949 By <mask>t Yong, R. B. McKenna Published 1990, SUP
Singapore: Wealth, Power And The Culture Of Control By Carl A. Trocki Published 2006 Routledge (UK)
The Greek Favourite of the King of Siam - Page xiv by Sitsayamkan (Sit) - 1967 - 362 pages Published 1967 Donald Moore Press
Handbook to Singapore with Map, and a Plan of the Botanical Gardens By George Murray Reith Published 1892 Singapore and Straits Print. Off. Anna and the King of Siam - Page 74 by Margaret Landon, Lessing J. Malaysian Branch - Published 1922
Singapore Then & Now, Ray Tyers, University Education Press, 1976
The London Illustrated News, 6 March 1858
The Free Press, 31 May 1890
The Sunday Times, 30 November 1969
A King of Siam Speaks By M.R. Kukrit Pramoj, Mongkut, Seni Pramoj Published 1987 by The Siam Society
From Competition to Constraint: The International Rice Trade in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, A. J. H. Latham, University of Wales, Swansea
Tao Nan School by Mr Dhoraisingam S. Samuel
Lim Siew Yeen & Renuka M, National Library Board, Singapore, 2002
The King of Siam's Eclipse: The Total Solar Eclipse of 18 August 1868 by Heather Hobden
Ancestors of Claudine Chionh, Claudine Chionh, 2005
Lawrence Tan's Family Tree, Lawrence Tan
Koh Saeng Tat - The Opium King by Carl A Trocki
Lecture 3.2 The underside of Development, Topic 3: Singapore's Economic Development, Associate Professor Karl Hack, Humanities and Social Studies Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education
Class Structure and Social Mobility in the Chinese Community in Singapore and Malaya 1800-1911
Yen Ching-Hwang Modern Asian Studies, Vol.21, No. 3 (1987), pp. 417–445
Chinese Capitalism and the British Empire By Carl A. Trocki—A paper presented to the International Association of Historians of Asia, Conference, Taiwan, Taipei, 6–10 December 2004
The Siamese Royal Agent in Singapore: The Activities of <mask> <mask> by Miyamata, Toshiyuki., Southeast Asia: History & Culture, Number 31, 30 May 2002
"Rescuing Businesses through Transnationalism: Embedded Chinese Enterprise and Nationalist Activities in Singapore in the 1930s Great Depression" by Kuo, Huei-Ying, Enterprise & Society - Volume 7, Number 1, March 2006, pp. 98–127
The rice trade between Siam and Singapore in the late nineteenth century : <mask> <mask> and Siam 'Garden Rice' by Toshiyuki Miyata
The Straits Settlements, 1826-67: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony By Constance Mary Turnbull Published by Athlone Press, 1972; pp. 32, 125, 296
Methodist Schools in Malaysia: Their Record and History By Seng Ong Ho Published by Board of Education, Malaya Annual Conference, 1965; p. 209
Journeys to Java by a Siamese King By Imtip Pattajoti Suharto Published by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, 2001; , ; p. 5, 20
American Association of Singapore, 50th Anniversary: 50th Anniversary By American Association of Singapore, Glenn A. Wood Published by American Association of Singapore, 1967; p. 21
Siam and the British, 1874-75: Sir Andrew Clarke and the Front Palace Crisis By Shunyu Xie Published by Thammasat University Press, 1988; p. 42
Play and Politics, Recollection of Malaya by an Old Resident By William Henry Macleod Read published in London by W. Gardner Darton, 1901

masks:
Tan Kim
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Tan
Tan Kim
Tan
Tan Tock
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan
Tan Cheng
Tan Soon
Tan Boo
Tan Cheow
Tan Kwee
Tan Kwee
Tan Kwee
Death Tan
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Boo
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Jung
Ching Fat
Tan Kim
Ching
Tan Kim
Ching


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<mask> (born 8 June 1992) is a Japanese kickboxer, fighting out of Futtsu, Japan. He is the former Krush Super Featherweight champion. As of 1 August 2020, he is ranked the #9 flyweight in the world by Combat Press. He first entered the rankings in May 2019. Kickboxing career
<mask> enjoyed one of the best runs of his career in 2014, when he went on a five fight winning streak, including a first round TKO of Leona Pettas. This run earned a chance to fight Hirotaka Urabe for the Krush Super Featherweight title. He failed to capture the title, as Urabe won a unanimous decision.He lost three of his next four fights, before entering the 2016 K-1 Super Featherweight Grand Prix. He managed a TKO win against Hitoshi Aketo in the quarterfinal, but lost by TKO to Koya Urabe in the semifinals. In July 2016, <mask> fought Motoki for the MA Japan Kick Super Featherweight title. He won the fight by unanimous decision. He would lose two of his next three fights, before successfully defending the MA Japan title, with a second round KO of Ryoji Washio. Shimano fought Masanobu Goshu for the Krush Super Featherweight title at Krush 89. He won the fight by unanimous decision.After defeating Rungphet Wor Rungniran, <mask> was scheduled to defend his Krush title for the first time at Krush 96, when he faced Tatsuya Oiwa. The fight went into an extra round, after which <mask> won a decision. <mask> was scheduled to defend his Krush title for the second time against Yuma Saikyo at Krush 99. Saikyo won the fight by unanimous decision. During the MA Japan Kick - Soeno Dojo 50th Anniversary event, <mask> was scheduled to fight Tapejyun Saichan for the WMAF World Super Featherweight title. He won the fight by a split decision, after an extra round was fought. He would follow this up with a second win with MA Japan, as he scored a knockout over Woo Seung Beom.<mask> extended his winning streak to four, with a unanimous decision win against Satoru Nariai, and a TKO win against Junpei Sano. He was scheduled to fight Ryusei Ashizawa at K-1 World GP 2020 in Tokyo. Ashizawa won the fight by TKO in the second round after a back and forth round, during which both Ashizawa and Shimano were knocked down. He won a unanimous decision against Yuki Miwa at K-1 World GP 2021: K’Festa 4 Day.2. <mask> was afterwards scheduled to fight Sano Tenma at K-1 World GP 2021: Japan Bantamweight Tournament. <mask> was scheduled to face Hirotaka Urabe in a 61kg catchweight bout at K-1 World GP 2022 Japan on February 27, 2022. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2019-03-09|| Loss ||align=left| Yuma Saikyo || Krush.99 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-12-16|| Win||align=left| Tatsuya Oiwa || Krush.96 || Tokyo, Japan || Ext.R Decision (Unanimous)|| 4 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-07-29|| Win||align=left| Rungphet Wor Rungniran || MA Japan Kick - Tekken 11 || Chiba (city), Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-06-30|| Win||align=left| Masanobu Goshu || Krush.89 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2018-03-10|| Win||align=left| Naoki Yamamoto || Krush.86 || Tokyo, Japan || KO (Left Hook)|| 1 || 1:53
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2017-09-18|| Loss||align=left| Kouzi || K-1 World GP 2016 -60kg World Tournament || Tokyo, Japan|| Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-07-17|| Win||align=left| Jira Banchamek || MA Japan Kick - Tekken 10 || Chiba (city), Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-04-30|| Win||align=left| Ryoji Washio || MA Japan Kick - Festival of Martial Arts～FIGHT FOR PEACE8～ || Tokyo, Japan || KO || 2 || 1:51
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2017-03-03|| Win||align=left| "Dynamite" Yuta Takahashi || Krush.74 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2016-12-04|| Loss||align=left| Ryuki || MA Japan Kick - Tekken 9|| Japan || Decision (Majority) || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2016-10-15|| Loss ||align=left| Hayato || Krush.70 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous)|| 3 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2016-07-24|| Win||align=left| Motoki || MA Japan Kick - Tekken 8 || Chiba (city), Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
!

masks:
Kotaro Shimano
Shimano
Shimano
Shimano
Shimano
Shimano
Shimano
Shimano
Shimano
Shimano