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Sir <mask> (also spelled Alen or Alleyn; c. 1500 – 1561)  was a leading  English-born statesman in sixteenth century Ireland. He was a member of the Irish House of Commons, and held the offices of Master of the Rolls in Ireland, Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Though he was childless himself,  one of his brothers, William,  founded a prominent landowning dynasty in County Kildare. The family's holdings included lands at Celbridge, St. Wolstan's and Kilteel, County Kildare,   as well as  substantial  lands in County Dublin. They also acquired a baronetcy. Family
He was born at Coltishall in Norfolk, son of Thomas Alen. The Alens were a numerous family and five of his brothers, of whom we know most about William and Thomas,   also  settled in Ireland.<mask>, Archbishop of Dublin, who was murdered in the Silken Thomas rebellion of 1534, was a close relative,   probably  a first cousin,  of the Lord Chancellor. Early career
Alen studied law at Gray's Inn,  and  then entered the service of Cardinal Wolsey who sent him to Ireland in 1528 to promote the Cardinal's authority as legate and to act as secretary to Alen's  cousin the Archbishop,  although he and  Wolsey had quarrelled. Neither Wolsey's downfall nor the retirement of the Archbishop from the Lord Chancellorship harmed Alen's career: he became clerk to the Irish Parliament, Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland (an office which he held for life) and in 1533 Master of the Rolls in Ireland. The latter office at that time was largely  administrative rather than judicial in nature: to be a qualified lawyer, like Alen himself,  was a  desirable but not essential  requirement, and at least two sixteenth-century Masters lacked any legal qualifications. Rebellion of  Silken Thomas
In 1533 Alen and Sir Gerald Aylmer, the future Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, with whom Alen was always closely associated, presented a petition to the Crown about the misgovernment of Ireland by Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare and his son Silken Thomas. Just before the outbreak of Silken Thomas's Rebellion in 1534, Alen and his brothers sent an urgent letter to London urging Thomas's arrest. The murder of their cousin Archbishop Alen was the most notorious act of the rebellion, but neither <mask> nor his brothers seem to have suffered any harm.Though by his own admission <mask> was "not a soldier" he played some part in suppressing the rebellion. Dissolution of the Monasteries
In 1539 Alen was appointed  to head the Commission for the Dissolution of the Monasteries in Ireland,  with instructions to receive voluntary resignations of monks and nuns  and surrender of monastic houses, and provide for the payment of pensions to those who willingly left the religious life. He  was also given power to "apprehend and punish" all those who maintained the papal authority. Alen had already received his reward: St. Wolstan's Priory, near Celbridge, County Kildare, had been suppressed in 1536 and granted to Alen. The estate  included Donaghcumper Church and the  lands attached to it. The Alen family  remained at St. Wolstan's for two centuries. He was also granted the lands of present-day Palmerstown in County Dublin: in his will he left these lands to his widow for her life, after which it was to pass to the children of his brother William.His brother Thomas, who had been appointed joint Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper,  received the former estate  of the Order of St John of Jerusalem at Kilteel; this may have been at <mask>'s request, or at the request of the last Prior of the Order, Sir <mask>, later Viscount Clontarf, whose natural daughter Mary married Thomas. Thomas  and Mary had at least one daughter, Eleanor, who married Robert Dillon, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas and had one son. Kilteel also remained in the Alen family for centuries: the Castle  survives and  is an excellent example of a medieval tower house. Lord Chancellor, removal from office  and return to power
In 1538, on the death of <mask>, 3rd Baron Trimlestown, Alen became Lord Keeper  of the Great Seal of Ireland, and subsequently Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Even his enemies acknowledged that he was a hard-working and conscientious judge. However he quarrelled with the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir Anthony St. Leger, who wrote to London complaining of Alen's conduct. Alen was summoned before the English Privy Council in 1546 and accused of corruption, as well as  the   rather vague charge of "promoting discord".Alen strongly defended himself, saying he was the "cleanest-handed Chancellor in the memory of man"; but the charges were upheld and he was removed from office and  imprisoned  briefly. Whether he was guilty of corruption or simply the victim of St. Leger's enmity it is difficult to say. Alen was accused by Walter Cowley, the Principal Solicitor for Ireland, who until then had been  generally regarded as Alen's  ally,  of inducing Cowley to write the so-called  "Gowran letter"  in which  St. Leger was accused of deliberately endangering the life of James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, of  whom <mask> was a strong
supporter. Cowley certainly wrote the letter but whether Alen  had any part in the Gowran affair  is unclear. He was deprived of his pension; yet a year later the Council ordered the restoration of all his property. In 1548 Alen regained the  Lord Chancellorship; but on St. Leger's return to power in 1550 he felt it best to retire, despite assurances of the King's continued  goodwill. Given the enmity between them, O'Flanagan regarded Alen's magnanimous conduct towards St. Leger on one crucial occasion  as praiseworthy.When  Archbishop Browne charged St. Leger with  having spoken treasonable  words, he gave Alen as his source. Alen however refused to repeat St. Leger's words on the grounds that they had been spoken in confidence. Last years
In 1553 on the death of Edward VI his sister Mary I reappointed Alen to the Privy Council of Ireland. Her letter to the Council is a tribute to the high regard in which he was held by the Crown: it praises him for his "trusty functions" under Henry VIII and Edward, and his "long experience and travail in public affairs". On a more personal note, the letter  refers to his age and infirmity and urges that he not be required to undertake any long journeys. Despite the reference to his age and infirmity, Ball notes that he was elected to the Irish House of Commons as member for Kinsale in 1560. Given the distance between Kinsale and his home in  County Kildare, and the   appalling condition of the Irish  roads  at the time,   we may infer that he was  an absentee  MP.Death and heirs

Alen died at his home at  St. Wolstan's in 1561 and was buried at Donaghcumper  Church; a memorial was erected to him and an Alen family vault was later added. Donaghcumper Church  is now a ruin. In his last will  he left much of his  property to his widow for her life, and after her death to his nephew <mask> (died 1616), who was almost certainly   the  son of his brother William of Kiloughter, now Celbridge. William
made his own  will in 1558, and  died a year or so later. In his will  he made provision for his widow Margaret,  and their seven children, five sons including <mask>, and two daughters (it seems that none of the children were yet married). <mask>, who also inherited Kilteel Castle from  his uncle
Thomas Alen,  was the grandfather of Sir Thomas Alen, 1st Baronet,  who  was created a baronet in 1621 in recognition of the services to the Crown of his relative  Archbishop Alen. The title died with him.King's Inns
Alen was closely associated with the foundation of the King's Inns in 1541. Although it was Patrick Barnewall, a  future Master of the Rolls, who first wrote to Thomas Cromwell in 1538 urging that the former religious house at  Blackfriars (near present-day Henrietta Street in Dublin city centre) should  become a "House of Chancery", the lease for 21 years granted by Henry VIII in 1541 has Alen at the head of the list of lessees; and in 1542 his name is on the petition to the King urging the grant of the property to the lessees in perpetuity. Character
O'Flanagan praises Alen  as an honest and honourable man, notes the high opinion of him held by three successive English monarchs and remarks that he was capable of magnanimous behaviour even to bitter political opponents like St Leger. Elrington Ball admits his good qualities, but adds that he was quarrelsome and undiplomatic, and under some suspicion of corruption. References

Lord Chancellors of Ireland
People from Coltishall
1500 births
1561 deaths
Irish MPs 1560
Masters of the Rolls in Ireland

masks:
John Alan
John Alen
John Alen
John
John
John Rawson
John Barnewall
Alan
John
John
John


type: original

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<mask><mask>. (, ; born July 5, 1947) is an American historian specializing in international relations, security studies, American foreign policy, and American diplomatic and military history. He is a Professor Emeritus of International Relations and History at the Boston University Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies. He is also a retired career officer in the Armor Branch of the United States Army, retiring with the rank of colonel. He is a former director of Boston University's Center for International Relations (from 1998 to 2005), now part of the Pardee School of Global Studies. <mask> is the co-founder and president of the Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. <mask> has been "a persistent, vocal critic of the U.S. occupation of Iraq, calling the conflict a catastrophic failure." In March 2007, he described George W. Bush's endorsement of such "preventive wars" as "immoral, illicit, and imprudent."His son, <mask> <mask>, also an Army officer, died fighting in the Iraq War in May 2007. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Normal, Illinois, the son of Martha Ellen (née Bulfer; later Greenis) and <mask> Sr. His father was of Lithuanian descent and his mother was of Irish, German, and English ancestry. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1969 and served in the United States Army during the Vietnam War, serving in Vietnam from the summer of 1970 to the summer of 1971. Later he held posts in Germany, including in the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment; the United States; and the Persian Gulf up to his retirement from the service with the rank of colonel in the early 1990s. His early retirement is thought to be a result of his taking responsibility for the Camp Doha (Kuwait) explosion in 1991 in command of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. He holds a Ph.D. in American Diplomatic History from Princeton University, and taught at West Point and Johns Hopkins University before joining the faculty at Boston University in 1998. Writings
<mask> has described himself as a "Catholic conservative" and initially published writings in a number of politically oriented magazines, including The Wilson Quarterly.He advocates for a non-interventionist foreign policy. His recent writings have professed a dissatisfaction with the Bush Administration and many of its intellectual supporters on matters of U.S. foreign policy. On August 15, 2008, <mask> appeared as the guest of Bill Moyers Journal on PBS to promote his book, The Limits of Power. As in both of his previous books, The Long War (2007) and The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War (2005), <mask> is critical of U.S. foreign policy in the post-Cold War era, maintaining the United States has developed an over-reliance on military power, in contrast to diplomacy, to achieve its foreign policy aims. He also asserts that policymakers in particular, and the U.S. people in general, overestimate the usefulness of military force in foreign affairs. Bacevich believes romanticized images of war in popular culture (especially films) interact with the lack of actual military service among most of the U.S. population to produce in the U.S. people a highly unrealistic, even dangerous notion of what combat and military service are really like. <mask> conceived The New American Militarism as "a corrective to what has become the conventional critique of U.S. policies since 9/11 but [also] as a challenge to the orthodox historical context employed to justify those policies."Finally, he attempts to place current policies in historical context, as part of a U.S. tradition going back to the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson, a tradition (of an interventionist, militarized foreign policy) which has strong bi-partisan roots. To lay an intellectual foundation for this argument, he cites two influential historians from the 20th century: Charles A. Beard and William Appleman Williams. Ultimately, Bacevich eschews the partisanship of current debate about U.S. foreign policy as short-sighted and ahistorical. Instead of blaming only one president (or his advisors) for contemporary policies, <mask> sees both Republicans and Democrats as sharing responsibility for policies which may not be in the nation's best interest. In March 2003, at the time of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, <mask> wrote in the Los Angeles Times that "if, as seems probable, the effort encounters greater resistance than its architects imagine, our way of life may find itself tested in ways that will make the Vietnam War look like a mere blip in American history." <mask>'s book American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy, published in 2004, was highly praised by Professor of International Relations and author Peter Gowan for being "a tonic to read: crisp, vivid, pungent, with a dry sense of humour and sharp sense of hypocrisies."Gowan describes Bacevich as a "conservative, who explains that he believed in the justice of America's war against Communism, and continues to do so, but once it was over came to the conclusion that U.S. expansionism both preceded and exceeded the logic of the Cold War, and needed to be understood in a longer, more continuous historical durée." <mask> wrote an editorial about the Bush Doctrine published in The Boston Globe in March 2007. In an article of The American Conservative dated March 24, 2008, Bacevich depicts Democratic Presidential candidate Barack Obama as the best choice for conservatives in the fall. Part of his argument includes the fact that "this liberal Democrat has promised to end the U.S. combat role in Iraq. Contained within that promise, if fulfilled, lies some modest prospect of a conservative revival." He also goes on to mention that "For conservatives to hope the election of yet another Republican will set things right is surely in vain. To believe that President John McCain will reduce the scope and intrusiveness of federal authority, cut the imperial presidency down to size, and put the government on a pay-as-you-go basis is to succumb to a great delusion."In the October 11, 2009, issue of The Boston Globe, he wrote that the decision to commit more troops to Afghanistan may be the most fateful choice of the Obama administration. "If the Afghan war then becomes the consuming issue of Obama's presidency – as Iraq became for his predecessor, as Vietnam did for Lyndon Johnson, and as Korea did for Harry Truman – the inevitable effect will be to compromise the prospects of reform more broadly." In his article "Non Believer" in the July 7, 2010, issue of The New Republic, <mask> compared President George W. Bush, characterized as wrong-headed but sincere, with President Obama, who, he says, has no belief in the Afghanistan war but pursues it for his own politically cynical reasons: "Who is more deserving of contempt? The commander-in-chief who sends young Americans to die for a cause, however misguided, in which he sincerely believes? Or the commander-in-chief who sends young Americans to die for a cause in which he manifestly does not believe and yet refuses to forsake?" In an October 2010 interview with Guernica Magazine, <mask> addressed his seemingly contradictory stance on Obama. While Bacevich supported Obama during the 2008 presidential race in which Obama repeatedly said he believed in the Afghanistan war, <mask> has become increasingly critical of Obama's decision to commit additional troops to that war: "I interpreted his campaign rhetoric about Afghanistan as an effort to insulate him from the charge of being a national security wimp.His decision to escalate was certainly not a decision his supporters were clamoring for." Regarding nuclear policy in particular, <mask> noted in The Limits of Power that there is no feasible scenario under which nuclear weapons could sensibly be used and keeping them entails many other risks: "For the United States, they are becoming unnecessary, even as a deterrent. Certainly, they are unlikely to dissuade the adversaries most likely to employ such weapons against us – Islamic extremists intent on acquiring their own nuclear capability. If anything, the opposite is true. By retaining a strategic arsenal in readiness (and by insisting without qualification that the dropping of atomic bombs on two Japanese cities in 1945 was justified), the United States continues tacitly to sustain the view that nuclear weapons play a legitimate role in international politics ... ."

<mask>'s papers are archived at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University. Personal life
On May 13, 2007, <mask>'s son, <mask> <mask>, was killed in action in Iraq by an improvised explosive device south of Samarra in Saladin Governorate. The younger <mask>, 27, was a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army, assigned to the 3rd Battalion, 8th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division.<mask> also has three daughters. Works

Books

 Diplomat in Khaki: Frank Ross McCoy and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1949 (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1989) . American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004) . The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005) . The Long War: A New History of U.S. National Security Policy Since World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007) . The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism (New York: Macmillan, 2008) .Washington Rules: America's Path to Permanent War (New York: Macmillan, 2010) . Breach of Trust: How Americans Failed Their Soldiers and Their Country (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2013) . America's War for the Greater Middle East: A Military History (New York: Random House, 2016) . Twilight of the American Century (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2018)
 The Age of Illusions: How America Squandered Its Cold War Victory (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020)
 After the Apocalypse: America’s Role in a World Transformed (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2021)

Essays and reporting

 Reprinted:
 <mask><mask>, "The Old Normal: Why we can't beat our addiction to war", Harper's Magazine, vol. 340, no. 2038 (March 2020), pp. 25–32."In 2010, Admiral Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, declared that the national debt, the prime expression of American profligacy, had become 'the most significant threat to our national security.' In 2017, General Paul Selva, Joint Chiefs vice chair, stated bluntly that 'the dynamics that are happening in our climate will drive uncertainty and will drive conflict." (p. 31.) See also

 Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008
 The Imperial Presidency

References

External links

 Academic profile of Prof. <mask> at the Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University
 "Is the war in Afghanistan worth fighting?" Great Debate at Boston University, November 4, 2009

Democracy Now!

masks:
Andrew J
. Bacevich Jr
Bacevich
Bacevich
Andrew John
Bacevich
Bacevich
Andrew Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Andrew John
Bacevich
Bacevich
Bacevich
Andrew J
. Bacevich
Andrew Bacevich


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<mask> (born July 12, 1924) is a Hungarian-born American graphic designer and educator. Tscherny has received the highest honors among graphic designers. He was awarded the AIGA Medal in 1988, celebrated in the annual Masters Series in 1992 at the School of Visual Arts, and inducted into the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in 1997. He has worked in a number of areas ranging from U.S. postage to identity programs for large corporations and institutions. Working at the height of mid-20th century American modernist design, Tscherny displayed "an ability to seize the essence of the subject and express it in stunningly simple terms" and to reduce "complex content to an elemental graphic symbol expressing the underlying order or basic form of the subject." At the same time, Tscherny straddled the line between the high European design of the early 20th century and the more popular forms of design communication in the burgeoning post-War American consumer culture. Reflecting on his career in Print magazine in 2014, <mask> writes, “Unlike the fine artist who values only the original, I as a commercial artist, honor the reproduction as well as its source.I find myself comfortable at the intersection of high and low art”. Early life and education

<mask> was born July 12, 1924 in Budapest, to parents Mendel <mask> and Bella Heimann. In 1926, the family moved to Berlin, Germany where they lived until he was 14. In December 1938, one month after Kristallnacht, <mask> and his 12-year-old brother escaped illegally into Holland, where they were granted asylum. Tscherny studied cabinet-making in Holland’s vocational school system while living in various homes for refugee children. Meanwhile, his parents in Berlin having received deportation orders managed to emigrate via Norway to the United States, where they worked to secure United States visas and passage for their sons. <mask> and his brother, having to return to Berlin in 1941 to secure entrance visas to Portugal, were confronted by the Gestapo for violating the deportation order not having realized that the order had applied to them as well.They were given two weeks to leave Germany, fortunately extended several times. In June 1941, <mask> and his brother boarded a sealed train which took them from Berlin via France and Spain to Lisbon where they boarded the SS Mouzinho, arriving in New York on June 21, 1941, the very day that Germany attacked Russia. Tscherny settled in Newark, New Jersey where he found a factory job. In June 1944, exactly 3 years after having left, Tscherny landed back in Europe as a soldier in the United States Army, working as a German interpreter in a small prisoner of war compound in Normandy and later with military government in Germany. Discharged in 1946, Tscherny attended art school on the G.I. Bill, first at the Newark School of Fine and Industrial Art, transferring in the fall of 1947 to Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, where he studied under Herschel Levit and James Brooks. In 1947, he met Sonia Katz, and the two were married in 1950.For these past seven decades Sonia has had a profound influence on his private as well professional life. They occupy a New York City townhouse which also incorporates Tscherny’s design studio. They have two daughters. Tscherny cites as some of his earliest influences the photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson, the American graphic designer Lester Beall, and the type designer Imre Reiner, and later the Bernard Rudofsky and E.H. Gombrich, the jazz composer John Lewis, and the architect and designer <mask>. Career
In 1950, <mask> began his professional career as a packaging designer with Donald Deskey Associates. In 1953, Tscherny joined George Nelson & Associates, a firm in the vanguard of post-war Modernist design. Tscherny became an associate and head of the graphics department before leaving the Nelson office to open an independent design office in 1956.<mask> began to teach in the same year. Around the same time, he was hired by the Cartoonist and Illustrators School (soon to become the School of Visual Arts) to establish a graphic design department and change the direction of the curriculum. He also designed a series of posters to appear in the subway that would reflect the new image and expanded goals of the school and later designed the school's current logo. The Tscherny design office quickly acquired a distinguished roster of institutional and corporate clients. <mask> was appointed design consultant to the Ford Foundation. In 1955, he designed the first appointment calendar for the Museum of Modern Art. The Tscherny office designed comprehensive identification programs for United Aircraft, Texasgulf, and W.R. Grace, as well as corporate annual reports for RCA, American Can, Burlington Industries, Colgate Palmolive, General Dynamics, Johnson & Johnson, CPC International, Morgan Stanley, SEI Investments, Uris Buildings, Colonial Penn Group, Mickelberry Corp., and Overseas National Airways.A wide range of other assignments has included the design of a U.S. postage stamp commemorating Alexander Graham Bell and the centennial of the telephone, cigarette packaging for Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co., and illustrations for the Saturday Evening Post. Past clients include: Champion Papers, Monadnock Paper, Strathmore, Simpson Paper, Air Canada, PanAm, Mobil, IBM, Bankers Trust, Goethe House, J.C. Penney, Bergamo Fabrics, American Federation of Arts, Interactive Language Teaching, Owens-Corning Fiberglas, Millipore, and numerous others. Tscherny’s posters are represented in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, N.Y.; the Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum, N.Y.; the Library of Congress, Washington, DC; and the Kunstgewerbemuseum, Zürich. A comprehensive collection of Tscherny’s work is included in the Graphic Design Archives at Rochester Institute of Technology and in the Milton Glaser Design Study Center and Archives at the School of Visual Arts. Over 100 posters and other examples of work are included in the AGI archives of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. <mask> served two terms (1966–1968) as president of the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) and is a member of Alliance Graphique Internationale (AGI). In 1988, the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) awarded <mask> their annual medal “In recognition of distinguished achievements and contributions to the graphic arts.” In 1997 Tscherny was inducted into the N.Y. Art Directors Hall of Fame.The book “AIGA Self Portraits 2015” featured self-portraits by established designers with their advice to young designers. Tscherny contributed a self-portrait with the comment: “Respect for the past, enthusiasm for the present, and Hope for the future.”

References

External links
 George Tscherny Collection at the Milton Glaser Design Study Center and Archives, School of Visual Arts
 <mask> Collection at the Graphic Design Archive, Rochester Institute of Technology
 SVA Subway Series Hall of Fame: <mask>
 Interview at Designculture
 <mask>, Designer of SVA's Logo and First Subway Poster, Looks Back video
 Biography of Tscherny online at the Art Directors Club
 Biography of Tscherny online at AIGA
 Article and interview at Eye magazine

Further reading
 Longyear, William. Advertising Layout. The Ronald Press, New York. 1954. Who’s Who in Graphic Art, 1st edition. Amstutz & Herdeg Graphis Press, Zurich.1962. W.R. Grace & Co. Speaking Out on Annual Reports: Commentaries on the Organization and Creation of Annual Reports, 2nd Edition. S.D.Scott Printing Co. Inc., New York. 1963. Kamekura, Yusaku. Trademarks and Symbols of the World.Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York. 1965. Graphic Designers in the U.S.A., Vol. 3. Bijutsu Shuppan-Sha, Tokyo. 1972. Includes a 29-page retrospective.Fox, Martin and&Carol Stevens Kner. Print Casebooks 2: The Best in Annual Reports, 2nd Annual Edition. RC Publications, Inc., Washington, D.C. 1977. Thompson, Philip & Peter Davenport. The Dictionary of Visual Language. Boyle Books Ltd., London. 1980.Kince, Eli. Visual Puns in Design: The Pun Used as a Communications Tool. Watson-Guptill, New York. 1982. Who’s Who in Graphic Art, Volume 2. Walter Amstutz (editor). De Clivo Press, Dübendorf, Switzerland.1982. Igarashi, Takenobu. World Trademarks and Logotypes. Graphic-sha Publishing Company, Tokyo. 1983. Morgan, A. L. Contemporary Designers. Macmillan, London.1984. For the Love of Letters. Pastore DePamphilis Rampone, New York. 1984. Craig, James & Bruce Barton. Thirty Centuries of Graphic Design, Watson-Guptill, New York. 1987.Igarashi, Takenobu. World Trademarks and Logotypes: A Collection of International Symbols and Their Applications, Vol. 2. Graphic-sha Publishing Company, Tokyo. 1987. Horn, Maurice. Contemporary Graphic Artists, Vol 3, Gale Research Co., Detroit.1988. Cato, K. First Choice: Leading International Designers Select the Very Best of Their Own Work. Graphic-sha, Tokyo. 1989. Henrion, F.H.K. AGI Annals. Graphic-sha, Tokyo.1989. Gottshall, Edward M. Typographic Communications Today. The MIT Press. 1989. Heller, Steven. (1989). “The Disarmingly Simple Design of <mask>,” Graphic Design USA.10. Elam, Kimberly. Expressive Typography: The Word as Image. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1990. Sato, Koichi, ed. Catalogue and Pamphlet.Graphic-sha Publishing Company, Tokyo. 1991. Naylor, Colin, ed. Contemporary Masterworks. St. James Press, Chicago. 1991. Holland, D.K.; Michael Bierut & William Drenttel. Graphic Design: New York: The Work of Thirty-Nine Great Design Firms from the City That Put Graphic Design on the Map. Rockport Publishers, Beverly, MA. 1992. Who’s Who in Graphic Design. Benteli-Werd Verlag, Zurich, Switzerland. 1994.Pile, John. The Dictionary of 20th Century Design. Da Capo Press, Cambridge, MA. 1994
 The 100 Best Posters from Europe and the United States 1945-1990. Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., Tokyo. 1995. Transition of Modern Typography: Europe & America, 1950s-'60s.Ginza Graphic Gallery, Tokyo. 1996. Martin, Diana & Lynn Haller. Street Smart Design. North Light Books. 1996. Gold: Fifty Years of Creative Graphic Design.Pbc International. 1997. The 76th Art Directors Annual. The Art Directors Club, NY. 1997. Tscherny's Hall of Fame induction. Friedl, Friedrich; Nicolaus Ott & Bernard Stein, eds.Typography: When Who How. Köneman, Germany. 1998. Fishel, Catherine & Gail Deibler Finke. Minimal Graphics: The Powerful New Look of Graphic Design. Rockport Publishers. 1999.Anderson, Denise; Rose Gonnella & Robin Landa. Creative Jolt. North Light Books. 2000. Cullen, Cheryl Dangel. Identity Design That Works: Secrets for Successful Identity Design. Rockport Publishers.2003. Lipton, Ronnie. The Practical Guide to Information Design. Wiley. 2007. Bos, Ben & Elly Bos. AGI: Graphic Design Since 1950.Thames & Hudson, New York. 2007
 Heller, Steven. Icons of Graphic Design. Thames & Hudson, New York. 2008. <mask>: Architect, Writer, Designer, Teacher. Vitra Design Stiftung, Weil am Rhein, Germany.2008. Grafiks, Bildi. Tempest Fugit: World’s Best Calendar Design. Index Book, Barcelona, Spain. 2009. Milani, Armado. No Word Poster.RIT Press, Rochester, NY. 2015. Hungarian graphic designers
American graphic designers
AIGA medalists
1924 births
Living people
Artists from Budapest
Pratt Institute alumni
Hungarian emigrants to the United States

masks:
George Tscherny
Tscherny
George Tscherny
Tscherny
Tscherny
Tscherny
George
George Nelson
Tscherny
Tscherny
Tscherny
Tscherny
George Tscherny
George Tscherny
George Tscherny
George Tscherny
George Tscherny
George Nelson


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<mask> (October 13, 1921 – October 30, 2017) was a family therapist born and raised in San Salvador, Entre Ríos, Argentina. He developed structural family therapy, which addresses problems within a family by charting the relationships between family members, or between subsets of family (Minuchin, 1974). These charts represent power dynamics as well as the boundaries between different subsystems. The therapist tries to disrupt dysfunctional relationships within the family, and cause them to settle back into a healthier pattern. Career
<mask> served as a physician in the Israeli army after obtaining his degree in medicine. Once his service was finished, he traveled to New York City to be trained in child psychiatry with Nathan Ackerman. When his training with Ackerman was complete, Minuchin returned to Israel to assist displaced children as a child psychiatrist (Nichols, 2010).In 1954 he returned to the United States to be trained in psychoanalysis at the William Alanson White Institute. After completing his psychoanalytic training, Minuchin worked as a child psychiatrist at the Wiltwyck School for delinquent boys, where he decided that treating whole families would be worthwhile. While he held his position at the Wiltwyck School, Minuchin developed a form of family therapy with his co-workers. Their method involved Minuchin or another psychiatrist performing a therapy session with a family while the other psychiatrists viewed the session through a one-way mirror (Nichols, 2010). Observing one another work allowed the therapists to learn techniques easily and led Minuchin to develop structural family therapy. In 1962, once Minuchin had generated his theoretical formulations for family structure, he traveled to Palo Alto to work with Jay Haley. Minuchin's work at the Wiltwyck School led to his first book, Families of the Slums (1967), which outlined his theoretical model of family therapy.Minuchin supervised both Esther Perel and Virginia Goldner. In 1965 Minuchin became the director of the Child Guidance Clinic in Philadelphia. He stepped down from this position in 1976 to become the head of training at the center until 1981, when he left Philadelphia to practice and teach child psychiatry in New York (Nichols, 2010). In 1996, he moved to Boston and retired from his career. Minuchin died on October 30, 2017  in Boca Raton, Florida. Friendship with Jay Haley

One of the developments that came out of Minuchin's work with Jay Haley was the collaborative friendship between the two professionals. Minuchin once wrote of Haley as his most important teacher, a man who was "forever pushing the envelope, testing the limits of new ideas" to challenge Minuchin and himself.Minuchin characterizes their relationship as similar to the friendship between Spock and Captain Kirk from the television show Star Trek in that Jay Haley was highly intellectual, while Minuchin was extremely pragmatic (Minuchin, 2007). Theoretical contributions to family therapy

<mask>n made several important contributions to the field of family therapy during his career, the most important of which was the development of structural family therapy (Nichols, 2010). When Minuchin first began to work as a family therapist, he wrote about enmeshed and disengaged families, which became an important component of structural family therapy. Minuchin also suggested that most families try to solve their problems through first-order changes (changes of single behaviors) and that in order for a family's structure to significantly change and become healthy again, second-order changes (alterations of the family's rules) are necessary. These concepts informed his conception of structural family therapy and influenced other branches of family psychology. Psychosomatic model for treatment of anorexia nervosa

In 1978 Minuchin helped write Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context, which details a clinical model for the causes and treatment of anorexia nervosa based on an integration of medical research and previously successful psychological interventions (Minuchin, Rosman, & Baker, 1978). The psychosomatic model of anorexia nervosa specifically combines elements of psychodynamic and behavioral theory to create a comprehensive account of the origins of anorexia nervosa in a family system.According to the book, optimal treatment of anorexia nervosa involves the application of behavioral and structural family therapy methods. The book also features four case studies of families whose members have suffered from anorexia nervosa and how the model's treatment was successfully applied to their situation. Criticisms of postmodern therapy

In an editorial in The Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Minuchin (1998) expressed concerns about postmodern family therapy. He argued that both narrative therapy and solution-focused therapy bring unique and useful methods to the practice of family therapy, such as emphasizing alternative personal narratives to cope with problems. However, he stated that postmodern therapies lost the information that family dialogues produced, the spontaneity of therapist-directed enactments, the focus on the therapist as a positive and helpful, that the therapist can make a family feel more connected, and the acknowledgement that the therapist must function with personal bias. In other words, Minuchin felt that postmodern therapy displaced the family and created a paradigm for therapy that was not representative of the psychological experience of a family. In a follow up to his initial criticisms, Minuchin (1999) also stated that he felt the focus of postmodern therapy was too broad to be effectively applied to the specific problems of a family unit.He suggests that family therapy should be used to alleviate stress of pain within a family, not to remove the influence of overarching cultural narratives. Minuchin Center for the Family
When Minuchin moved to New York in 1981, he established the Family Studies Institute, where he could teach family therapists and interface directly with the foster care system through consultation services (Nichols, 2010). Renamed the Minuchin Center for the Family after Minuchin's retirement in 1995, it is dedicated to teaching the concepts and techniques of structural family therapy, and to consulting with organizations that work with families challenged by poverty, racism, and discrimination due to gender or sexual orientation. Selected works

Books
 with Braulio Montalvo; Bernard G. Guerney, Jr.; Bernice L. Rosman,; Florence Schumer, Families of the Slums. New York: Basic Books, 1967. The Disorganized and Disadvantaged Family: Structure and Process (1967)
 Psychoanalytic Therapies and the Low Socioeconomic Population (1968)
 Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1974.
 with B. Rosman, B.& L. Baker. Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978.
 with H. C. Fishman. Family Therapy Techniques. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004.
 with Michael P. Nichols; 'Family Healing Strategies for Hope and Understanding' New York, NY: The Free Press, 1998. Articles
 "Where is the family in narrative family therapy?" The Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, vol.24, 397-403. (1998)
 "Retelling, reimagining, and re-searching: A continuing conversation". The Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, vol. 25, 9-14. (1999)
 "Jay Haley: My Teacher". Family Process, vol. 46, 413-414.(2007)

References

External links
 The Minuchin Center
 The Philadelphia Child and Family Therapy Training Center

1921 births
2017 deaths
Argentine Jews
Argentine people of Russian-Jewish descent
Argentine expatriates in Israel
Argentine emigrants to the United States
Psychotherapists
Family therapists
People from Entre Ríos Province

masks:
Salvador Minuchin
Salvador Minuchin
Salvador Minuchi


texts:
<mask> is a Professor who holds the Canada Research Chair (Tier 1)  in Vibrations and Fluid-Structure Interaction, Department of Mechanical Engineering at McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Biography and achievements

<mask> was born and raised in San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy. He studied at the University of Ancona (now renamed Marche Polytechnic University) where he received his M.S. in Mechanical Engineering. He obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Bologna. Amabili is very well known for his extensive research on nonlinear vibrations and dynamic stability of shell and plate structures, a subject to which he has given many innovative contributions. Professor Amabili serves as Contributing Editor for International Journal of Non-linear Mechanics (Elsevier).He is also Associate Editor of the Journal of Fluids and Structures, Elsevier; he served as associate editor of Applied Mechanics Reviews, ASME, and Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, ASME. He is member of the editorial board of several journals, including the Journal of Sound and Vibration, Elsevier. He is a member of the executive committee of the Applied Mechanics Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the Chair of the ASME Technical Committee Dynamics and Control of Systems and Structures. <mask> is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He received the Christophe Pierre Research Excellence Award from McGill University in 2015, was elected Fellow of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2018 and as foreign member of Academia Europaea in 2020. He is a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering and the Engineering Institute of Canada. He was elected chair of the Canadian National Committee for IUTAM (International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics) in 2019.<mask> delivered the Koiter lecture of the Dutch Research School on Engineering Mechanics in 2019. The Koiter lecture honors researchers who have made profound contributions to the field of Engineering Mechanics, and it has a rich history. In 2020 he received the Worcester Reed Warner Medal of the ASME; established in 1930, is one of the society award with the longest history. He received the 2021 Raymond D. Mindlin medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) for outstanding research contributions to applied solid mechanics. He was awarded the Cataldo Agostinelli and Angiola Gili-Agostinelli International Prize for mechanics of the Lincei National Academy of Sciences of Italy in November 2021. Professor <mask> is working in the area of vibrations, nonlinear dynamics and stability of thin-walled structures, reduced-order models, fluid-structure interaction and vascular biomechanics. His research is multi-disciplinary, and it has been utilized in the design and analysis of aeronautical and aerospace structures, laminated and FGM shell structures, improving the design of vascular grafts, safety of pressure tanks and innovative flow-meters.Amabili is the author of over 500 papers (about 250 in refereed international journals, including Nature Communications, Physical Review X and PNAS) in applied mechanics and has achieved a high h-Index. He is the author of the monographs Nonlinear Vibrations and Stability of Shells and Plates  and Nonlinear Mechanics of Shells and Plates in Composite, Soft and Biological Materials  both published by Cambridge University Press. Amabili, together with M.P. Païdoussis and F. Pellicano, showed for the first time the strongly subcritical behavior of the stability of circular cylindrical shells conveying flow. A series of papers  presented theoretical, numerical and experimental investigations, showing that a supported circular shell made of aluminum presents divergence for much smaller velocity than predicted by linear theory. Since 2014, Amabili developed innovative shell theories with thickness deformation. These theories were extended to model soft biological tissues that undergo large thickness deformations and are described as incompressible and hyperelastic.This interest was expanded into the experimental and numerical study of the mechanics of the human aorta, the viscoelastic characterization of aortic tissues and aortic grafts. In 2017 Amabili participated to a research with the Technical University of Delft to identify the Young modulus of Graphene nano-drums from nonlinear vibrations; the outcome of the study was published in Nature Communications. Around the same time he started developing, for the first time, original and innovative models of nonlinear damping for geometrically nonlinear vibrations of structural elements, a very complex and important problem in engineering applications. Education

Ph.D. in Mech. Eng. – University of Bologna, Italy, 1996
M.Sc. in Mech.Eng. – University of Ancona, Italy, 1992

International awards
Worcester Reed Warner Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 2020
Raymond D. Mindlin Medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2021
Cataldo Agostinelli and Angiola Gili-Agostinelli International Prize of the Lincei National Academy of Sciences of Italy, 2021
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, 2020
Foreign Member of Academia Europaea, 2020
Member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2018
Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, 2019
Member of the European Academy of Sciences
Koiter lecture of the Dutch research school on Engineering Mechanics in 2019
Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, 2020
Christophe Pierre Research Excellence Award, McGill University, 2015
Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 2011

Books

M. <mask>, Nonlinear vibrations and stability of shells and plates, Cambridge University Press (2008). M. <mask>, Nonlinear mechanics of shells and plates in composite, soft and biological materials, Cambridge University Press (2018). References

McGill University faculty
Living people
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the Canadian Academy of Engineering
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Marco Amabili
Marco Amabili
Marco Amabili
Amabili
Amabili
Amabili
Amabili


texts:
<mask> (born January 4, 1927) is an American actress. In 1954, <mask> won the Golden Globe Award as most promising female newcomer for her role in the 1953 American science-fiction film It Came from Outer Space. Later in her career, <mask> became a regular performer in the television series Peyton Place, and appeared in TV movies, miniseries, and a variety of other programs, including the soap opera All My Children and family drama 7th Heaven, as well as starring in films, including The Young Philadelphians, The Young Lions, Robin and the 7 Hoods, and Hombre. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Denver. Her father, Roy, was a lawyer for a Midwest mining company. She grew up in Santa Barbara, California. She attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduated in 1948.She started her career in the university's theatre program. Career
<mask> performed on stage at the Pasadena Playhouse before signing with Paramount Pictures. She made her screen debut in 1950's The Goldbergs. In 1951, she co-starred in the classic George Pal sci-fi film When Worlds Collide. In 1952, she starred in Flaming Feather with Sterling Hayden and Victor Jory. In 1954, she won the Golden Globe Award for "Most Promising Newcomer – Female" for her performance in It Came from Outer Space. <mask> starred as the wife of James Mason in the acclaimed 1956 drama Bigger Than Life, in which a school teacher's use of an experimental drug results in his threatening harm to his family.She was the love interest of reluctant soldier Dean Martin in the war story The Young Lions and of ambitious lawyer Paul Newman in The Young Philadelphians. <mask> began her career on stage, and it has always been a part of her professional life. In 1970, she earned the Sarah Siddons Award for dramatic achievement in Chicago theatre for her leading role in Forty Carats and brought her one-woman play A Woman of Independent Means to Broadway in 1984. She began working on television in the 1950s. She later became a regular performer in TV movies, miniseries, and a variety of other shows including Peyton Place and the soap opera All My Children. In 1962, she guest-starred as Linda Kinkcaid in the episode "Make Me a Place" on The Eleventh Hour starring Wendell Corey and Jack Ging. In 1962–1963, she appeared three times as Lizzie Hogan on Saints and Sinners.In 1965, she appeared in a two-part episode of The Fugitive titled "Landscape with Running Figures" as Marie Gérard, wife of police detective Lt. Philip Gérard. 1967, she guest-starred on the series Custer. She often played a willful woman of means or a polished, high-society doyenne. <mask> also was cast in an occasional villainess role, as in the Rat Pack's gangster musical Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964). In the 1967 Western drama Hombre, she played a rich, younger, condescending wife of a thief - and ends up taken hostage and tied to a stake. She portrayed the devious Nora Clavicle in the TV series Batman. In 1976, <mask> played the role of Ann Sommers/Chris Stewart, the mother of female sci-fi action character Jaime Sommers in The Bionic Woman.After appearing in the 1980 disco-themed Can't Stop the Music, <mask> returned to television work. She was a cast member on the early 1980s soap opera Flamingo Road as Eudora Weldon. In 1998, she was featured in an episode titled "Balance of Nature" on the television series The Outer Limits. In 1989, <mask> toured on stage in the national company of Steel Magnolias as the character M'Lynn. She has continued to make guest appearances on television. In 2007, she played the recurring role of Grandma Ruth Camden on the series 7th Heaven. Since then, she has made occasional appearances for the Theatre Guild in an Orange County , CA.Personal life
<mask> married actor Jeffrey Hunter in 1950; they divorced in 1955. She married publicist Warren Cowan in 1959, but they divorced in 1969. <mask> married sculptor Jim Gruzalski in 1970 after they met at an Engelbert Humperdinck concert. They divorced in 1973. <mask> has two children, Christopher Hunter (with Hunter) and Claudia Cowan (with Cowan). The latter is a journalist with Fox News. She is the aunt of actress Carolyn Hennesy.As of May 1997, <mask> lived in the Harold Lloyd Estate in Beverly Hills, California. In popular culture

In the 1975 film Shampoo, the hairdresser to the stars, with a reputation of sleeping with his clients, is portrayed by Warren Beatty. When seeking a bank loan, he is asked if he has any references, to which he replies “I do <mask>.”

Filmography

The Goldbergs (1950) as Debby Sherman
Quebec (1951) as Madelon
The First Legion (1951) as Terry Gilmartin
When Worlds Collide (1951) as Joyce Hendron
Flaming Feather (1952) as Nora Logan
Prince of Pirates (1953) as Countess Nita Orde
It Came from Outer Space (1953) as Ellen Fields
Taza, Son of Cochise (1954) as Oona
Magnificent Obsession (1954) as Joyce Phillips
The Black Shield of Falworth (1954) as Meg
Captain Lightfoot (1955) as Aga Doherty
Kiss of Fire (1955) as Princess Lucia
World in My Corner (1956) as Dorothy Mallinson
Bigger Than Life (1956) as Lou Avery
Flight to Hong Kong (1956) as Pamela Vincent
Oh Men! Oh Women! (1969-1972, 2 episodes) as Dorothy Carpenter / Nadine Cabot
Medical Center (1969-1974, 4 episodes) as Claire / Pauline / Judy / Nora Caldwell
Love, American Style (1970, 1 episode) as Carol (segment "Love and the Motel")
The Mod Squad (1971, 1 episode) as Mrs. Hamilton
Ironside (1971-1972, 2 episodes) as Lorraine Simms / Mme. Jabez
Night Gallery (1971, 1 episode) as Agatha Howard (segment "Cool Air")
Maude (1972, 1 episode) as Phyllis 'Bunny' Nash
The Streets of San Francisco (1973, 1 episode) as Anna Slovatzka Marshall
The New Dick Van Dyke Show (1973-1974, 3 episodes) as Margot Brighton
Cannon (1975, episode "Lady on the Run") as Linda Merrick
The Bionic Woman (1976, 1 episode) as Ann Sommers / Chris Stuart
The Eddie Capra Mysteries (1978, 1 episode)
Fantasy Island (1978-1984, 3 episodes) as Mildred Koster / Kathy Moreau / Professor Smith-Myles
The Love Boat  (1979, 2 episodes) as Eleanor Gardner
The Seekers (1979 miniseries) as Peggy Kent
Flamingo Road (1980-1982, 38 episodes) as Eudora Weldon
Knight Rider (1983, 1 episode) as Elizabeth Knight
Magnum, P.I. (1984-1987, 2 episodes) as Phoebe Sullivan / Ann Carrington
Murder, She Wrote (1987, 1 episode) as Eva Taylor
Hearts Are Wild (1992, 1 episode) as Caroline Thorpe
All My Children (1992-1994, 35 episodes recurring) as Nola Orsini
Burke's Law (1995, 1 episode) as Judge Marian Darrow
The Outer Limits (1998, 1 episode) as Barbara Matheson
7th Heaven (1997-2007, 10 episodes) as Ruth Camden

References

External links

1927 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American radio actresses
Actresses from Denver
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Actresses from California
Paramount Pictures contract players

masks:
Barbara Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Rush
Barbara Rush


texts:
<mask>ai <mask> (born in 1981), is a Hong Kong born artist, working with various types of media such as paintings, sculpture, collages, installations, videos and photography. Through her works, she explores her internal conflicts, raising and answering questions about the journey of motherhood, her fears, and her struggle with self-doubt. Background
Born in Hong Kong in 1981, <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2004, and a Masters in Fine Arts from the University of Leeds in 2005. She was also the Founder of the Observation Society in Guangzhou and now teaches as a part-time lecturer at the City University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. She joined the Department of Fine Arts, Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2012. Work
<mask>'s works include painting, sculpture, collage, installations and photography. She frequently investigates the nature of what is real or fake, what constitutes art and what does not.Creating emulators, <mask> juxtaposes 'raw' pieces alongside the original articles, dispelling the notion of an ideal framework, and encouraging viewers to question the nature of authenticity; challenging preconceptions whilst blurring boundaries. <mask> has exhibited her works extensively in Hong Kong, as well as showcases in Japan, U.S.A, Singapore and Guangzhou. Personal life
<mask> currently lives and works in Hong Kong. She is married to artist Kwan Sheung-chi, with whom she has worked on several projects such as "EVERYTHING GOES WRONG FOR THE POOR COUPLE", addressing questions such as "What are Hong Kong's core values?" and "What is art?". The couple has one son together. Exhibitions

Selected Solo Exhibitions
 2016."Without Trying", Spring Workshop, Hong Kong
2011. "Becoming a Different Person Might be Hard" – A Painting Exhibition of <mask> <mask>, iPRECIATION, Hong Kong
 2011. "From <mask> <mask>'s Collection to the Hong Kong Art Archive", Asia Art Archive, Hong Kong
 2010. "Woofer Café Ten", Woofer Ten, Hong Kong
 2009. "L'Écume des choses" – l'art de <mask> <mask>, Observation Society, Guangzhou, China

Selected Group Exhibitions
 2014. "Man's Future Fund", Discover Asia, Art Fair Tokyo, Japan
 2013. ""But is it Art?""I know but I don't know. "", Gallery EXIT, Hong Kong
 2013. "The Imperfect Circle", Osage Gallery, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
 2013. "BiennaleOnline 2013"
 2013. "Hong Kong Eye", ArtisTree, Hong Kong
 2012. "Mobile M+: Yau Ma Tei", Yau Ma Tei, Hong Kong
 2012. "Why Do Trees Grow Till the End?", SOUTHSITE, Hong Kong
 2012. "Wearable Exhibition: Bring Art Everywhere", Fotan, Hong Kong
 2011. "Primitive Craftsmanship – Contemporary Mechanism", Artist Commune, Hong Kong
 2011. "Except why not just come right out and say it:", Collectors House, Heerlen, The Netherlands
 2010. "Siu Sai Gual Bananale", Woofer Ten, Hong Kong
 2010. "Taipei Biennial 2010", Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei, Taiwan
 2010. "Everything Goes Wrong for the Poor Couple", ART HK 10, Hong Kong
 2010."Go: The First OCAT Youth Exhibition", OCT Contemporary Art Terminal, Shenzhen, China
 2010. "A Guide to Job Loss", Inheritance Projects, Shenzhen, China
 2010. "FAX", Para/Site Art Space, Hong Kong
 2009. "ISCP Open Studio", ISCP, New York, USA
 2009. "One Degree of Separation", Chinese Arts Centre, Manchester, UK
 2009. "Louis Vuitton: A Passion for Creation", Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong
 2009. "Muse", Louis Vuitton Gallery, Hong Kong
 2009."Some Rooms", Osage Gallery, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
 2009. "Charming Experience", Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong
 2009. "Reality Revisited", OC Gallery, Hong Kong
 2008. "Wanakio 2008", Okinawa, Japan
 2008. "Reversed Reality", Worksound, Portland, USA
 2008. "The 3rd Guangzhou Triennial", Guangdong Museum of Art, Guangzhou, China
 2008. "Inside Looking Out", Osage Gallery, Singapore
 2008."Women's Work", Osage Gallery, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
 2008. "Sick Leaves" Conceptual Art Exhibition, C&G Artpartment, Hong Kong
 2008. "Shek Kip Mei / World: Public Housing 20/20", MOST, Jockey Club Creative Arts Centre, Hong Kong
 2008. "Hong Kong Anarchitecture Bananas: Artists who reclaim space", Artist Commune, Hong Kong
 2008. "Fair Enough", Blue Lotus Gallery, Hong Kong
 2008. "Sun of Beach", Wong Wai Wheel Artspace, Hong Kong
 2008. "Fotanian: Fotan Artists Open Studios 2008", =(o-otter studio, Fotanian Artists Studios, Hong Kong
 2007."Vending Art Machine" Made in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong
 2007. "Copied Right", Para/Site Art Space, Hong Kong
 2007. "Time After Time", Basement, Hollywood Centre, Hong Kong
 2007. "97+10" Reversing Horizons, Artist Reflections of the Hong Kong Handover 10th Anniversary, MoCA Shanghai, Shanghai, China
 2007. "Exhibitions On – Fire! ", Para/Site Central, Hong Kong
 2007. "Variances in Singular", Too Art, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong
 2007."Fotanian: Open Studio 2007", =(o-otter studio, Fotanian Artists Studios, Hong Kong
 2006. "Dream a little dream", Basement, Hollywood Centre, Hong Kong
 2006. "aWay" Group Exhibition of Contemporary Visual Artists, 1a space, Hong Kong
 2005. "Hong Kong Art Biennial Exhibition 2005", Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong
 2005. "Art SuperMart＠Para/Site", Para/Site Art Space, Hong Kong
 2005. "Studio Visit", Bankley House Studios, Manchester, UK
 2005. "Meeting Point" MA Fine Art Graduation Show, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
 2004."Build: HK Spirit Red White Blue", Hong Kong Heritage Museum, Hong Kong
 2004. "CUHK Fine Art Graduation Show", The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
 2004. "Sculpture non Sculpture", 1a space, Hong Kong
 2003. "Fotanian", Yiliu Painting Factory, Fotanian Artists Studios, Hong Kong
 2003. "Hong Kong Art Biennial Exhibition 2003", Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong
 2003. "Just Do It" Sharon Lam, Doris To and <mask>-yin Joint Exhibition, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
 2002. "Cho Siu-yee and <mask> Wai-yin Joint Exhibition", The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Curated Projects
 2011."Love and Community", Woofer Ten, Hong Kong
 2010. "Kanyu Weiti Fengshui Weiyong Sculpture Installation", Woofer Ten, Hong Kong
 2008. "Sun of Beach", Wong Wai Wheel Artspace, Hong Kong

Awards
 2009. "ADC and ACC Artist-in-Residence Fellowship", Hong Kong Arts Development Council and Asian Cultural Council, Hong Kong
 2004. "The British Chevening Scholarship", Hong Kong Arts Development Council, Hong Kong
 2003. "Hui's Fine Arts Award", The Art of CUHK 2003, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
 2003. "Cheung's Fine Arts Award", The Art of CUHK 2003, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Artist-In-Residence
 2011."From <mask> <mask>'s Collection to the Hong Kong Art Archive", Asia Art Archive, Hong Kong
 2009–2010. ISCP, New York, USA
 2008. "Wanakio 2008", Okinawa, Japan
 2008. Worksound, Portland, USA

Collections

Private Collections
Hong Kong Museum of Art
 Hong Kong Kadist Art Foundation, Paris/San Francisco
 M+, Hong Kong

References

1981 births
Living people
Alumni of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Hong Kong artists
Hong Kong women artists

masks:
Doris Wong W
Yin
Wong
Wong
Wong
Wong
Wong
Wong Wai
Yin
Wong Wai
Yin
Wong Wai
Yin
Wong Wai
Wong
Wong Wai
Yin


texts:
<mask> (, ; born 26 June 1946)  is a Ukrainian engineer, an expert in the field of construction, reconstruction, the theory of structural systems, information technology, calculation and design of structures, methods of optimization and rationalization of the scientific theory of rationalization building constructions. He is an academician of the Academy of Construction of Ukraine (1999), doctor of technical sciences (1997), professor (2001), winner of the State Prize of Ukraine in Architecture (1995), Laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology (2020), Honored Scientist of Ukraine (2015), emeritus professor of O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv (2014), chief of the department of building construction of O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, a member of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures IASS (1980), a member of the American Concrete Institute (1997). Biography

Shmukler was born on June 26, 1946, in the city of Krasnoyarsk, USSR. His family moved to the city of Kharkiv in 1949. His father, Samuel I<mask> was a mechanical engineer and worked all his life in the construction and mounting trust No. 86 as a chief mechanic. His mother, Shklovskaya Asya Abramovna was a chemist and the head of the laboratory at the pharmaceutical institute.In 1964 he entered the Kharkiv Institute of Civil Engineering (now – Kharkiv National University of Building and Architecture) on faculty "Industrial and Civil Engineering," from which he graduated in 1969. After graduating in civil engineering from 1969 to 1986, he worked in the Kharkovproekt consistently occupying positions from the engineer to the chief of the department, and from 1986 to 1990 – in the Ukrgorstroyproekt, where he occupied positions from the head of technical department to the deputy chief engineer of the institute. In 1977, he defended the PhD thesis, and in 1997 – thesis for the degree of the doctor of technical sciences. Since 1990, <mask> has been working in O. M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy (ex – Kharkiv National Academy of Municipal Economy), consistently occupying positions: the professor of building structures and the chief of building structures department (since 2012). Work in state design institutes

After graduating from the Kharkiv Institute of Civil Engineering, <mask> from 1969 to 1990 worked in the research and design institutes, Kharkovproekt (1969–1986), Ukrgorstroyproekt (1986–1990), where he occupied the positions from the head of the technical department to the deputy chief engineer of the institute. During the time he spent in Kharkovproekt, he created one of the first computation center and computer-aided design of industrial and civil structures in Ukraine. Under his leadership and with direct participation a number of CAD software systems were created.The results of these developments were the basis of his dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences "flat concrete casing sresearch work." The work suggested and developed new methods of accounting for physical and geometrical nonlinearities in solving the problems of static stability of membranes covering. Also, in these years, <mask> co-authored a series of CJC (Complex Kharkiv Series) for the construction of large sixteen residential buildings and was one of the organizers of a network of data centers roses State Construction Committee of Ukraine. Over the years of work in the GUI (Ukrgorstroyproekt), <mask> was one of the pioneers in the creation and development of youth and housing construction in Ukraine. After the earthquake in Armenia he took an active part in the reconstruction of housing, that had welfare and cultural purposes. He was one of the first to engage in the implementation of the industrial facilities of reinforced concrete and metal spatial structures in buildings and structures of the country. Scientific activity

<mask>'s scientific interests are associated with the theory of structural systems, information technology for calculation and design of structures, and methods of their optimization and rationalization.His main works in this area include: integrated gradient method for finding the global extremum of functionals on many variables; method for solving multiobjective optimization problems; overdetermined contour collocation method for solving boundary problems in the theory of plates and shells; compilation methods for solving nonlinear problems of the theory of constructions. A cycle of his work devoted to the creation of direct design methods, well-founded principles of new energy, is the basis of the formation of constructions with a simple external and complex internal geometry. Based on them, the following were created and implemented: architectural construction systems RAMPA, IKAR, DOBOL, intended for housing and civil engineering; a family of gantry and bridge cranes up to 800 tons, etc. In 1999, he was elected as the member of the Ukrainian Academy of Construction. <mask>'s scientific achievements were marked with state awards: for the organization, implementation and development of the youth construction in Ukraine – 40 Years of Youth Residential Complex Movement Medal (2011); for his outstanding contribution to the development of science, technology and engineering in Ukraine – Silver Medal of the Academy of Construction of Ukraine (2013) and Gold Medal of A. N. Podgorny of the Engineering Academy of Ukraine (2014). In 2015 he was awarded with the honorary title «Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine». References to <mask>'s works can be found in a number of books, articles, dissertations, research reports of other authors.The constructions developed by him are used and applied in a number of projected and constructed facilities. Educational activity
Since 1990, <mask> has been combining active scientific work with teaching activities at O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy, consecutively occupying the positions of: professor of the Building Designs Department, and since 2012 – the Head of Department. <mask> gives lectures on the modern theory of building designs, including the latest advances in the field of construction and applied mechanics, computer science, materials and structural systems. The audience of his lectures consists of students, graduate students, doctoral students and university professors, as well as specialists in the construction field. <mask> also works with graduate students and doctoral candidates of the Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University and Kharkiv State Technical University of Construction and Architecture. He pays much attention to the integration of science and education. Over the years, <mask> made a significant contribution to the development of the scientific theory of rationalization of building designs.He is the author of many important initiatives, including the establishment of the school "Structures and materials for residential and civil buildings" (1992). Within the framework of the school he is heading, multidisciplinary theoretical and experimental research of constructions is conducted, both for Ukraine and other countries. Works of the school are the basis for the functioning of the master's, postgraduate and doctoral studies at the Building Designs Department of the University. Paying great attention to the training of highly qualified personnel, <mask> prepared 12 candidates and 1 doctor of technical sciences. His students successfully work in universities, factories of Ukraine and many other countries. <mask> is a member of the Specialized Academic Council (D 64.056.4) at the Kharkiv State Technical University of Construction and Architecture for doctoral and master's theses on the construction specialization 05.23.01 "Building constructions, buildings and structures." For valorous work, <mask> was awarded with numerous certificates of honor of the USSR State Construction Committee, Kharkiv City Council, administrations of design institutes, Rector of O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy, etc., and also was awarded the diploma "Excellence in Higher Education of Ukraine" (2002).In 2014, <mask>, for his scientific and pedagogical contribution, professional and human qualities, providing high performance work so entrusted to him, was awarded the title of "Honoured Professor of O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy." Publications
<mask> is an author and co-author of over 180 scientific papers and 60 inventions. His works have been published in leading scientific journals in Ukraine, Russia, Great Britain, Italy, China, Japan, US, and Iraq. <mask> is a member of the editorial boards of scientific journals, namely the Concrete and Reinforced Concrete in Ukraine (Poltava), the Scientific Construction Bulletin (Kharkiv), and the Urban Economy of Cities (Kharkiv). He is a co-author of seven books and teaching aids:

– Complex of programs for the calculation of the shallow shells supported along the contour considering physical and geometric nonlinearity. – M., 1975;

– Program system of drawing schemes and designs. – M., 1986;

– Information technology for calculating and structural design.– Kiev; Kharkiv, 2003;

– Frame systems of facilitated type. – Kharkiv, 2008;

– Practical calculation of elements for concrete structures under DBN V. 2.6-98:2009 as compared to the calculations under SniP 2.03.01-84* and EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2). – Kharkiv, 2015;

– Numerical and experimental methods of rational design and construction of constructive systems - Kyiv, 2017;

- Rational Design of Structural Building Systems : monograph / V. Babayev, I. Ievzerov, S. Evel, A. Lantoukh-Liashchenko, V. Shevetovsky, O. Shimanovskyi, V<mask>, M. Sukhonos. – Berlin : DOM publishers, 2020. – 384 p. – (Construction and Engineering Manual). And national regulatory documents:

– DBN V.2.6-98-2009 "Concrete and reinforced concrete structures";

– Project DSTU-Н Б EN 1996-1-Eurocode 6 "Design of masonry structures";

– DSTU B V.2.6-2010 "Construction of buildings and structures. Monolithic, reinforced concrete structures of buildings"; recommendations for the use of reinforcing bars under DSTU 3760–98 in the design and manufacture of reinforced concrete structures without pretension;

– DSTU-N B.2.6-205: 2015.The name of the design of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete constructions of buildings and structures, etc. For the list of <mask>'s published works and inventions, see References section. References

Shmukler V. S. on the official website of O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy (Building Designs Department)

Shmukler V. S. on the website of Scientific activity of O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy

 official website of O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy

Patents of the author Shmukler V. S. on the website of Patents Base of Ukraine

Patents of the author Shmukler V. S. on the website of search for patents

Shmukler V. S. on the Wikipedia page about O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy

Favorite professors of O. M. Beketov Kharkiv National University of Urban Economy

List of published works and inventions of Professor <mask> V. S. on the website of the library of O. M. Beketov Kharkiv

1946 births
Living people
Ukrainian engineers

masks:
Valery Samuilovich Shmukler
. Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
Shmukler
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<mask> (12 August 191330 January 2011) was a Thai Buddhist monk. He was thought by many of his followers to be an arahant (someone who has attained full enlightenment). He was a disciple of the esteemed forest master Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta, and was himself considered a master in the Thai Forest Tradition. Following the death of Ajahn Thate in 1994, he was considered to be the Ajahn Yai (or head monk) of the Thai Forest Tradition lineage until his death in 2011. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Baan Taad village in the northeastern province of Udon Thani. He was one of 16 children of a rich family of rice farmers. When he was 21, his parents asked him to enter the monkhood for a season, a Thai tradition to show gratitude towards one's parents.He entered Yothanimit monastery and was ordained on 12 May 1934, with Venerable Chao Khun Dhammachedi as his preceptor. His preceptor gave him the Pali name Ñāṇasampanno, meaning 'one endowed with wisdom'. At the time, Bua had no intention of remaining a monk for the rest of his life. As Phra Ñāṇasampanno, he studied the incarnations of the Buddha and his Arahant Disciples. He has said he was so impressed that he decided to seek the same enlightenment as had the Buddha's original disciples. He tried to understand the ways of practicing the Dhamma (Dharma) which would eventually lead to Nibbana (Nirvana). He studied Pali, the language of the Theravada Buddhist scriptures, as well as the Vinaya (the Buddhist monastic rules).After seven years, he passed the third level of Pali studies, and achieved the highest level in Dhamma and Vinaya studies. He then concentrated entirely on the practice of Dhamma in hopes of studying with Venerable <mask> Mun, one of the most renowned meditation masters of his time. Venerable <mask> Mun

Nanasampanno then went in search of Venerable <mask> Mun. When he finally met him, he was pleased with his efforts, since it seemed as if Mun already knew his desires, intentions, and doubts. Mun clarified the questions in his mind and showed him the paths leading to Nibbana still exist. Nanasampanno said to himself:

"Now, I have come to the real thing. He has made everything clear and I no longer have doubts.It is now up to me to be true or otherwise. I'm determined to be true!" He learned the meditation methods followed by Mun, based on the principles of Buddhism and the code of Buddhist discipline. He continued to follow these methods in his own teaching of monks and novices. Due to his deep respect and admiration for Mun, whom he likens to a father and mother to his students, he was inspired to write a biography of Mun to disseminate his methods of practice and document his character for coming generations. He has also written 'Wisdom develops samadhi' and "Patipada' His transcribed talks he gave to laypeople and monks have formed several hundred books in Thai language, but only a few of his talks have been translated into English. He solely focuses on the practice of Buddhist meditation and has only one aim for his disciples: Reaching the end of dukkha.Several hundred of talks given to his monk disciples were recorded and several thousand of talks given to laypeople, normally after the meal or in the evening were also recorded. He allowed them to be recorded, so that his fellow practitioners may have a guide in the practice of meditation. Seclusion and establishing a monastery
In 1950, after the death of Mun, Bua sought a secluded place. He went to Huey Sai village in Mukdahan province. He was very strict and serious in teaching the monks and novices, both in the austere dhutanga practices and in meditation. He continued his teaching until these same principles became established amongst his followers. Learning that his mother was ill, he returned home to look after her.Villagers and relatives requested that he settle  permanently in the forest south of the village and no longer wander in the manner of a forest monk. As his mother was very old and that it was appropriate for him to look after her, he accepted the offer. With a donation of  of land, he began to build his monastery in November 1955. It was given the name Wat Pa Baan Taad. Wat Pa Ban Taad
<mask> said:

"This monastery has always been a place for meditation. Since the beginning it has been a place solely for developing the mind. I haven't let any other work disturb the place.If there are things which must be done, I've made it a rule that they take up no more time than is absolutely necessary. The reason for this is that, in the eyes of the world and the Dhamma, this is a meditation temple. We're meditation monks. The work of the meditation monk was handed over to him on the day of his ordination by his Preceptor — in all its completeness. This is his real work, and it was taught in a form suitable for the small amount of time available during the ordination ceremony — five meditation objects to be memorized in forward and reverse order — and after that it's up to each individual to expand on them and develop them to whatever degree of breadth or subtlety he is able to. In the beginning the work of a monk is given simply as: Kesa — hair of the head, Loma — hair of the body, Nakha — nails, Danta — teeth, Taco — the skin which enwraps the body. This is the true work for those monks who practice according to the principles of Dhamma as were taught by the Lord Buddha."The wilderness surrounding the monastery has vanished, as it has now been cleared for cultivation. The forest inside the monastery is all that remains. Wat Pa Baan Taad preserves this remnant in its original condition, so that monks, novices, and lay people can use its tranquility for the practice of the Dhamma as taught by the Lord Buddha. Rise to fame
<mask> has traveled to London to give lectures. He also founded the Help Thai Nation Project, a charitable effort dedicated to helping the Thai economy. He has been visited and supported by the King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit of Thailand. <mask>'s biographer wrote:
"Ven.<mask> <mask> <mask> is well known for the fluency and skill of his Dhamma talks, and their direct and dynamic approach. They obviously reflect his own attitude and the way he personally practiced Dhamma. This is best exemplified in the Dhamma talks he gives to those who go to meditate at Wat Pa Bahn Tahd. Such talks usually take place in the cool of the evening, with lamps lit and the only sound being the insects and cicadas in the surrounding jungle. He often begins the Dhamma talk with a few moments of stillness — this is the most preparation he needs — and then quietly begins the Dhamma exposition. As the theme naturally develops, the pace quickens and those listening increasingly feel its strength and depth." Some basic teachings on the 'Citta'

Bua observes the essential enduring truth of the sentient being as constituted of the indestructible reality of the citta (heart/mind), which is characterized by the attribute of Awareness or Knowingness.This citta, which is intrinsically bright, clear, and aware, gets superficially tangled up in samsara but ultimately cannot be destroyed by any samsaric phenomenon. Although <mask> is often at pains to emphasise the need for meditation upon the non-Self (anatta), he also points out that the citta, while getting caught up in the vortex of conditioned phenomena, is not subject to destruction as are those things which are impermanent, suffering, and non-Self (anicca, dukkha, anatta). The citta is ultimately not beholden to these laws of conditioned existence. The citta is bright, radiant, and deathless, and is its own independent reality. The fundamental problem that besets human beings, according to Bua, is that they have taken fake and false things as their true self and lack the necessary power to be their 'own true self'; they allow the wiles and deceits of the mental defilements to generate fear and anxiety in their minds. Fear and anxiety are not inherent within the citta; in fact, the citta is ultimately beyond all such things and indeed is beyond time and space. But it needs to be cleansed of its inner defilements (the kilesas) before that truth can be realised.Bua goes on to attempt to describe the inner stages and experience of the cleansed citta. When its purgation of defilements is complete, it itself does not disappear – only the impermanent, suffering, and the non-Self disappear. The citta remains, experientially abiding in its own firm foundation, yet ultimately indescribable. Some of the notions found here are reminiscent of the Tathagatagarbha tradition found in Mahayana Buddhism— although the latter posits an original, primordial purity to the mind, whereas Bua sees that purity as needing to be established through mental and moral cultivation. Kammatthana
Kammatthana literally means "basis of work" or "place of work". It describes the contemplation of certain meditation themes used by a meditating monk so the forces of defilement (kilesa), craving (tanha), and ignorance (avijja) may be uprooted from the mind. Although kammatthana can be found in many meditation-related subjects, the term is most often used to identify the forest tradition (the Kammatthana tradition) lineage founded by Ajahn Sao Kantasilo <mask>a and his student Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta <mask>a.Notes

References

External links

Luangta <mask> <mask>'s homepage
Luangta <mask> <mask>'s biography, Cremation, Legacy and history of Wat Pa Baan Taad
Arahattamagga Arahattaphala - The Path to Arahantship
Luangta <mask> <mask>'s biography of <mask> Mun
Patipada – Venerable Acariya Mun's Path of Practice. written by <mask> <mask> <mask>
English Books
Dhammatalks in Thai
Straight from the Heart, as translated from the Thai by Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu at dhammatalks.org
Things As They Are, as translated from the Thai by Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu at dhammatalks.org

1914 births
2011 deaths
Thai Theravada Buddhist monks
People from Udon Thani province

masks:
Ajahn Maha Bua
Bua
Ajahn
Ajahn
Ajahn
Bua
Bua
Bua
Ajahn
Maha
Bua
Bua
Mahather
Mahather
Maha
Bua
Maha
Bua
Maha
Bua
Ajahn
Ajahn
Maha
Bua


texts:
Air Vice-Marshal <mask>,  (27 July 1911 – 31 October 1997) was an officer in the Royal Air Force. During the Second World War he was credited with sinking three German U-boats—, , and —in one month while serving in RAF Coastal Command. He was in charge of the British nuclear tests of hydrogen bombs in the Pacific Ocean in Operation Grapple in 1957. Early life
<mask> was born in Monks Coppenhall, Cheshire, on 27 July 1911, the first of eight children of <mask>, a schoolteacher. His mother, Martha  Wellings, died when he was young, and his father remarried. He was educated at Abertillery County School, where his father was the chemistry teacher. He was awarded a scholarship to University College, Cardiff, where he studied engineering, but in 1929 he entered the Royal Air Force College Cranwell.He represented the RAF College at boxing and was awarded the Abdy Gerrard Fellowes Memorial Prize. <mask> graduated at the top of his class, and was commissioned as a pilot officer in the Royal Air Force on 25 July 1931. He trained as a pilot at No. 3 Flying Training School, and then as a flying boat pilot at RAF Calshot. On 4 April 1932 he was posted to No. 204 Squadron at RAF Mount Batten, where he flew Supermarine Southampton and Supermarine Scapa flying boats. He was posted to No.202 Squadron in Malta on 19 August 1932; he was promoted to flying officer on 25 January 1933. He joined the staff of RAF Hal Far on 29 November 1933, and married Sarah (Terry) Davies in Malta in 1935. The couple had three sons, two of whom joined the Royal Air Force; the other joined the Royal Canadian Air Force. <mask> returned to the United Kingdom as a student at the Air Navigation School on 17 March 1936, and became an instructor at the school on 11 November 1936. He was promoted to squadron leader on 1 December 1938. He was also the RAF squash champion in 1938–39. Second World War
When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, <mask> was flying Avro Ansons with No.217 Squadron, based at RAF Pembroke Dock, but he was soon reassigned to the Ministry of Aircraft Production. He was mentioned in despatches on 20 February 1940. <mask> was promoted to wing commander on 1 March 1941, and sent to Washington, DC, to organise training in North America for RAF navigators. On 1 April 1943, he was appointed commander of No. 58 Squadron RAF, flying Handley Page Halifax bombers. In May 1943, he participated in the sinking of three German U-boats in the Bay of Biscay. He attacked and sank  on 7 May, then  on 15 May.On 31 May, he shared in the sinking of  with aircraft of No. 228 Squadron RAF and No. 10 Squadron RAAF. For this feat he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 4 June 1943. In October 1943, <mask> became commander of RAF Lajes, a newly established base in the Portuguese Azores. From this base, No. 206 Squadron RAF and No.220 Squadron RAF covered part of the Mid-Atlantic gap with their Flying Fortress bombers. For this service, he was made a companion of the Distinguished Service Order on 12 November 1943. He was promoted to group captain on 1 January 1944, and became commander of the flying boat base at RAF Castle Archdale in Northern Ireland. He was mentioned in despatches a second time on 2 June 1944. In March 1945, <mask> was appointed deputy director of maritime operations in Northern Ireland. At the end of the war he was deputy director of flying (air traffic) control, and established the air traffic control arrangements for the new airport at Heathrow Airport. He was mentioned in despatches a third time on 8 June 1945.Postwar
In 1946, <mask> became the director of the Joint Anti-Submarine School at RAF Ballykelly in Northern Ireland. On 1 October that year, he reverted to his permanent rank of wing commander. He joined the faculty of the Joint Services Staff College in 1948, and was promoted to group captain again on 1 Jan 1949. This was followed by a posting to South America as air attaché to Argentina in 1950. <mask> was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1953 Coronation Honours. He attended the Imperial Defence College in 1954, and joined the directorate of staff training before becoming director of operations. He was promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1955.In 1956, the British hydrogen bomb programme approached fruition, and preparations began for a nuclear test series, which was given the secret codename Operation Grapple. Rear Admiral Kaye Edden, the Commandant of the Joint Services Staff College was approached to be the Task Force Commander (TFC), but he pointed out that the test series would primarily be an RAF responsibility, and that it would be more appropriate to have an RAF officer in charge. <mask> was appointed TFC on 6 February 1956, with the acting rank of air vice-marshal from 1 March 1956. Christmas Island was chosen as a base. It was claimed by both Britain and the United States, but the Americans were willing to let the British use it for the tests. <mask>'s wartime experience establishing a base in the Azores was useful in developing one in the Pacific Ocean. The first test series was not a success, and a second series was required.This time the desired result was achieved. <mask> was promoted to the substantive rank of air vice-marshal on 1 January 1958, and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1958 New Year Honours. His final posting was on 21 April 1958, as Senior Air Staff Officer at Headquarters Coastal Command at RAF Northwood. He retired from the RAF at his own request on 1 January 1961. Later life
<mask> joined the board of EMI Electronics, where he oversaw the company's military programmes, and forged a business partnership with Hughes Electronics in the United States. He was an honorary fellow of Cardiff University, and a fellow of the Royal Institute of Navigation and of the Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers. He was a member of the Royal Institute of Navigation Council from 1962 to 1965, and was its Vice President in 1965.He wrote two books, Christmas Island Cracker (1987), about his experiences in Operation Grapple, and Technocrat (1995), a biography of the American nuclear scientist Allen Crocker. His wife Sarah died in 1990, and the following year he married Leticia Malcolm. He died of bladder cancer and prostate cancer at Lymington, Hampshire, on 31 October 1997. His remains were cremated, and his ashes scattered over the Bay of Biscay by an aircraft of No. 206 Squadron. Bibliography

Notes

References

1911 births
1997 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
People from Crewe
Military personnel from Cheshire
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force air marshals
Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell

masks:
Wilfrid Ewart Oulton
Wilfrid Ewart Oulton
Llewellin Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton
Oulton


texts:
<mask>, OBE (; 24 May 1918 – 13 August 2006) was a British World War II army sergeant and a POW, most well known for his dedicated efforts of tracking down Japanese war criminals and his determination displayed in defending the rights of Hong Kong war veterans. Early life
<mask> was born in Cardiff, Wales on 24 May 1918, in the suburb of Canton, joining the Territorial Army just before the outbreak of the Second World War. British Army career
<mask> was an army sergeant in the Royal Corps of Signals when Singapore fell to the Japanese in February 1942. He was interned for some time by the Japanese in the notorious Changi Prison before being transported to Taiwan, then the Japanese colony of Formosa. <mask> was put into the Kinkaseki POW camp, a mountainous region near Jiufen, where he and 525 other inmates were forced to work the copper mine daily in tropical heat. To get to the mine, parties had to walk up 250 steps to top of a ridge, then down 831 more to sea, and then descend a further 800 steps inside the mine to the working face on the lowest levels. So ever day before, and then again after work, the men had to walk up and down 1,881 crudely cut steps (by way of comparison there are 1,665 steps to the small platform on the top of the Eiffel Tower).His team was required to bring out 24 bogeys of copper every single day, if not, they were then beaten. As men died, or were transferred to other camps because they were too weak and ill to continue working, replacement contingents were drafted in to make up the numbers. From the initial contingent of 525 only 120 remained in Kinkaseki when the camp was abandoned between 16 and 30 May 1945. <mask> was moved to a remote jungle camp called Kukutsu in the Taihoku Heights about  from Shinten (now Xindian District). He was in the first party to arrive on 1 June 1945. Their first task was to construct the camp as the site was a derelict tea plantation with no facilities. All materials for the construction were carried by the prisoners who were forced to carry  each.On 28 August 1945 the USAAF started to drop food supplies on the camp and on the afternoon of 5 September American Marines arrived at the jungle camp. He and others were so emaciated that their eyes were sunken and their bodies mere skeletons of their former selves. After World War II
<mask> spent a year recuperating in Britain, then in 1946 he returned to Asia to help in the apprehension of Japanese war criminals and to give evidence at their trials  as part of the war crimes investigation team in Hong Kong. While visiting Kinkaseki he found Document No. 2701 — the only surviving copy of the Japanese order to massacre all prisoners of war if the Allies landed on the Japanese home islands — and an important piece of evidence at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. On his return to South Wales <mask> worked in local government. There, he felt an active discouragement from talking about the horrors he experienced as a POW.Unable to settle, he left for Hong Kong in 1963. <mask> took up a post as a housing officer in the housing department of the Hong Kong administration, later becoming a senior housing manager for Hongkong Land. There, he was actively involved in the Hong Kong Ex-Servicemen's Association as well as the Royal British Legion, becoming later on its chairman. He was also president of the St David's Society of Hong Kong. Life as a campaigner
In 1989, after the suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing, <mask> started to help the Hong Kong people with British Dependent Territories Citizenship (BDTC), to fight for the recognition as British Citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom from the British Government. He was featured in the open forum "Hong Kong - A Matter of Honour" which organized by RTHK in Hong Kong and the BBC in Britain, during which showed a Union Jack flag which was hoisted in Hong Kong during 1945, and defended the contributions from the British Army and local veterans in the program. Through his efforts as the chairman of the Royal British Legion (Hong Kong and China branch), in 1991 <mask> succeeded in winning monthly pension awards from the British government to ethnic Chinese veterans and their widows.A greater triumph came in 1996 when <mask> fought and won the granting of British citizenship to wives and widows of those veterans. He spoke out for the many in Hong Kong who during the occupation, had been forced to sell their businesses as well as property to the Japanese in exchange for the worthless Japanese military yen. Personal life
<mask>'s first marriage ended because of the war. In 1990, he married Polly Tam So-lan, a former member of a Chinese People's Liberation Army dance troupe whom he met in 1974. They lived in a flat in Sha Tin in the New Territories. Both he and Polly loved dancing by practising to the tunes of Taiwanese songs in their small living-room. <mask> spoke fluent Cantonese.He was survived by his wife and her daughter by her first marriage. Trivia
It took him 45 years to write his book Banzai You Bastards!. The first translator of his book, the Japanese journalist Shinji Nagino, was murdered in Montreal with two-thirds of the way to go. After being requested by Diana, Princess of Wales to find the grave of Major-General Merton Beckwith-Smith, the father of Princess Diana's lady-in-waiting who had died as a POW in Japan, <mask> managed to locate it. In 1981 the National Film Board of Canada released A War Story: Based on the Diaries of Dr. Ben Wheeler, docudrama produced, written, and directed by Anne Wheeler whose father was the Canadian doctor in the Kinkasekihe camp. <mask> was a featured commentator in the film, along with several other former POWs who were interviewed in the documentary. In 2000, a memorial was erected in Kinkaseki to which <mask> returned for the second time with the help of a grant of £10,000 from the British Government.<mask> and his other POW survivors escaped impending death at the hands of their Japanese captors by a mere two days due to the dropping of the two American atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. When American aircraft began to drop supplies into <mask>' POW camp near the end of the war, several POWs and civilians were killed by the supplies which were dropped too low for their parachutes to work. <mask> was the only one to know flag semaphore in the camp as he had learned it in the Boys' Brigade. As <mask> frantically signalled "Don't Drop" the American aircraft circling overhead was about to drop supplies on top of him until the crew realised <mask>' signals. There was only one crew member on the aircraft who could read semaphore and he had learned it in the Boy Scouts of America. Quotes

See also
A War Story (1981), a docudrama about Major Ben Wheeler the doctor in Kinkaseki

Notes

References

Further reading
POW rights campaigner <mask> dies, Taipei Times
<mask>, Telegraph
Stirring farewell to 'indomitable, fearless' <mask>, South China Morning Post, 2 September 2006
Gov't mourns WWII veteran <mask> Announcement from the Hong Kong Government

Military of Singapore under British rule
British Army personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Land developers of Hong Kong
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers
1918 births
2006 deaths
Military personnel from Cardiff
Hong Kong people of Welsh descent
British World War II prisoners of war

masks:
Jack Edwards
Jack Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Jack Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Jack Edwards
Jack Edwards
Jack Edwards
Jack Edwards


texts:
<mask> (born March 3, 1986) is a female American mixed martial artist who competes in Featherweight division of Bellator MMA. She has previously competed in Invicta Fighting Championships, where she is the former Invicta FC Featherweight Championship. As of October 5, 2021, she is #7 in the Bellator Women's Featherweight Rankings. <mask> was born in Blaine, Minnesota, United States. She started picked up kickboxing class to lose weight after suffering a period of depression due to a passing of her best friend. Sorenson began competing in kickboxing shortly later. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> started her professional mixed martial arts career in 2015.She fought all her fights under King of the Cage promotion prior joined Invicta Fighting Championships, amassing a record of 4-1. Invicta Fighting Championships
<mask> made her promotional debut on November 18, 2016 at Invicta FC 20: Evinger vs. Kunitskaya against Jessica-Rose Clark. She won the fight via split decision. Her next fight was on May 20, 2017 at Invicta FC 23: Porto vs. Niedźwiedź. She faced Ediane Gomes in a featherweight bout and she lost the fight in split decision. On July 15, 2017, <mask> faced Helena Kolesnyk  at Invicta FC 24: Dudieva vs. Borella. She won the via a submission in round one.Alpha One Sports
<mask>  faced Jan Finney on November 22, 2018 at Alpha One Sports: IT Fight Series 77. She won the fight via split decision. The Ultimate Fighter 28
Sorenson participated tryout in the Ultimate Fighting Championships (UFC) TV series The Ultimate Fighter 28 for the females featherweight weight class in 2018. However, she failed to make it as one of the cast in the program. Return to Invicta Fighting Championships
After one-year hiatus, <mask> returned to Invicta and faced Felicia Spencer on November 16, 2018 at Invicta FC 32: Spencer vs. <mask> for the vacant Invicta FC Featherweight Championship. She lost the fight via a rear-naked choke in round four. <mask> faced Kaitlin Young on August 9, 2019 at Invicta FC 36: <mask> vs. Young for the vacant Invicta FC Featherweight Championship after former champion Felicia Spencer signed with the UFC.<mask> won the fight and the title in a five round unanimous decision. Bellator MMA
On July 13, 2021, <mask> announced that she was released from Invicta FC, upon her request, and in the process vacated the title. Soon after it was announced that she had signed a multi-fight deal with Bellator MMA. <mask> faced Roberta Paim Samad on August 13, 2021 at Bellator 264. She won the bout via split decision. <mask> faced Arlene Blencowe on November 12, 2021 at Bellator 271. She lost the bout via unanimous decision.<mask> was scheduled to face Cat Zingano on March 11, 2022 at Bellator 276. However, Zingano was forced to pull out due to injury and the bout was cancelled.

masks:
Pam Sorenson
Background Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson
Sorenson