texts:
<mask> (1618–1700) was an English lawyer, courtier, diplomat and scientific writer. While not a published alchemist, he was a significant figure in English alchemical work from the 1650s onwards; he is known to have used the pen-name "Halophilus". Early life
The son of <mask> and his wife Anne, and brother to <mask>. he was baptised at St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street, City of London, on 15 June 1618. After attending school at Barnet and then at Cripplegate, London, under <mask>, he was entered as commoner at University College, Oxford, in 1634, and remained there five years without taking a degree. At the suggestion of Obadiah Walker and Abraham Woodhead, he studied mathematics, a student of William Oughtred at Albury, Surrey for nine months from 1636, finding it more stimulating than the teaching of his tutor John Elmherst. He also knew the Rosicrucian scholar William Backhouse, who was another of Oughtred's pupils.<mask> entered the Middle Temple, and in 1637 became tutor there to John Evelyn, to become a lifelong friend, and his brothers. On the outbreak of the First English Civil War he joined Charles I at York. Soon afterwards he went to London, and was taken prisoner by the Parliamentarians. Continental travel

<mask> was allowed to leave England, on giving security not to join the king's army again, and sailed to Holland. He took part in a campaign under William II, Prince of Orange; and then entered the French army, in which he became major, and at some point served under Sir Robert Moray. He subsequently travelled through Spain, and on to Italy, where he lived at Rome, Venice and Padua. He spent a period from late 1644 as the travelling companion of John Evelyn, whom he had encountered at Pisa.They visited Athanasius Kircher's showy rooms in Rome together. When Evelyn moved on to Venice, <mask> spent time accompanying the young Henry Howard. Evelyn, <mask> and Francis Bramston were then together at Padua for a period. At the end of the 1640s <mask> left to return to England. He left Paris, where he had been staying, and came back in 1650; or earlier, before the king's execution in January 1649. Under the Commonwealth
On his return to England <mask> kept a low profile into the 1650s, living a studious life in Kensington, then outside London. A "chemical club" in which he was involved was set up in 1650 by Robert Child: other members were <mask> and William Webbe.In alchemy he collaborated with Vaughan, who resided with him in Kensington, and Samuel Hartlib reported <mask>'s claims to have found the alkahest, with a formula of provenance from Jan Baptist van Helmont, via Hugh Plat. <mask> is referred to in the preface to Elias Ashmole's Way to Bliss (1658) as an expert in the occult science of the time; Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum (1652) had made good use of <mask>'s library. Hartlib noted <mask>'s plans for a college, one of a number of proposals of the time entertained also by Evelyn and his friend Abraham Cowley. <mask> was occupying the Pondhouse or Moathouse, in the manor of West Town, Kensington, a property that had been leased by his father. There for a period in the early 1650s a utopian "Christian Learned Society" existed; there was a group of eight, with <mask>, Vaughan and six others. Across the political divide of the time, <mask> kept in touch with Hartlib, and the title of the Society chimed exactly with the ideas of the Hartlib Circle, and in particular John Hall. The house itself was mostly demolished around 1800.Henshaw was called to the bar, in 1654, but dropped the practice of the common law. He sold his accommodation in the Middle Temple to Ashmole, in 1658. At about this time, according to one account, he attended meetings at Gresham College of the "Oxonian Society" for virtuosi and natural philosophers. Later life
<mask> was one of the council that succeeded the 1660 committee of 12, and that actually set up the Royal Society. He was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society at its first constitution in 1663, and was an officer of the Society over many years. He continued alchemical researches, with Sir Robert Paston. When the Society was in the doldrums in the 1670s, he was one of the group meeting with Robert Hooke to promote its activity.In 1688 he borrowed a work by Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont from Francis Lodwick, another of the "Hooke circle" that functioned also as a book club. In 1672 Henshaw attended Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, ambassador extraordinary to the court of Denmark, as secretary of the embassy and assistant to the duke. The latter died on 12 December of the same year, and Henshaw was commanded to remain in Denmark as envoy extraordinary, and held the office for two years and a half. He was appointed Charles II's under-secretary of the French tongue and gentleman of the privy council in ordinary; the appointment, gained with Evelyn's help, was during the 1670s. He continued as French secretary under James II and William III (inscription on his tombstone). Henshaw spent the last years of his life at his house in Kensington, where he died on 2 January 1700. Works
<mask> published, from the Italian of Álvaro Semedo, History of the Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, to which is added a History of the late Invasion and Conquest of the flourishing Kingdom of the Tartars, with an exact account of the other Affairs of China, London, 1655.After the Restoration minor papers appeared by him in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and two short treatises on making Salt Peter and Gunpowder. He edited with an epistle to the reader Stephen Skinner's Etymologicon Linguæ Anglicanæ, 1671. In 1654 there was printed at Spa a Vindication of <mask>, sometime Major in the French King's service, in justification of himself against the Aspersions throwne upon him. In this he repudiates any share in plots on behalf of Charles II, but calls Oliver Cromwell "the greatest murtherer". This, however, was by a cousin of the same name. Family
According to his tombstone in the chancel of the parish church of Kensington, <mask> married Anne Kipping, daughter of Robert Kipping of Tewdley, Kent; they had six sons and two daughters. His wife died 4 October 1671.A daughter Anne, his sole survivor, married <mask> of Gaddesden, Hertfordshire. References
Gillian Darley (2006), John Evelyn: Living for Ingenuity

Notes

Attribution

Further reading
<mask> and Sir Robert Paston’S Pursuit of the Red Elixir: An Early Collaboration Between Fellows of the Royal Society by Donald R. Dickson

1618 births
1700 deaths
English barristers
17th-century English diplomats
English alchemists
Original Fellows of the Royal Society
17th-century alchemists

masks:
Thomas Henshaw
Benjamin Henshaw
Nathaniel Henshaw
Thomas Farnaby
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Thomas Vaughan
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Thomas Henshaw
Henshaw
Thomas Halsey
Thomas Henshaw


type: original

texts:
<mask> (April 18, 1902 – November 16, 1975) was an American photographer whose work is included in over 90 major museum collections around the world. He received substantial critical acclaim during his lifetime, published numerous books and is mentioned in all the standard histories of modern photography. Life and career

Early career in music

<mask> was born in Chicago and raised in South Pasadena, California. As a boy, his passions were singing and athletics (football, baseball, swimming and tennis). After high school graduation, he moved to New York to pursue a musical career and was hired as a chorus member in Irving Berlin’s Music Box Revue. He occasionally sang the primary tenor role when headliner John Steele was unable to appear and then was given a major role with the Music Box Review Road Company. During the mid-1920s, he furthered his career in Europe, studying voice and giving concerts in France, Germany and Italy.While living in Paris, <mask> became fascinated with the work of the Impressionists and post-Impressionists. He then discovered the work of Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy and experienced an immediate affinity with photography, not only as an art form uniquely based on light, but also as a vehicle through which he could more creatively engage with the world. He bought his first camera and began taking pictures. Return to the United States

During the Great Depression of the early 1930s, <mask> stopped his European travels and settled in West Virginia to manage his first wife's family business interests. He stopped singing professionally, completed some pre-law courses at the state university, and continued to take photographs as a hobby. In 1938, he moved his family back to Los Angeles and enrolled in law school at the University of Southern California where his mother <mask> (California's first woman jurist) had studied law. Completely dissatisfied after a few weeks, he left USC and became a student of photography at the nearby Art Center School.From 1938 to 1940, <mask> became deeply involved in exploring alternative processes such as solarization and bas relief. After graduation from Art Center, his experimental work was exhibited in one of L.A. County Museum's early solo photographic exhibitions. During the early 40s, he worked as a commercial photographer and then enlisted in the Army. Released from the military to photograph for the aircraft industry, he was first employed at Lockheed and then headed the photographic department of Connors-Joyce until the end of the war. Remarried, and with a new daughter, <mask> traveled throughout California from 1945 to 1946, producing and selling postcard pictures while co-owning a commercial photographic business in Santa Maria. He also worked on developing a way to control the line effect of solarization for which he later was awarded two patents. In 1946, he settled with his family in Monterey, where he had obtained the photographic concession at the Fort Ord military base.He left the concession in 1959, but continued commercial free-lance work until 1968. <mask> and Weston

A major turning point in <mask>'s life as a creative photographer occurred in 1948, when he met Edward Weston. Inspired by the power and beauty of Weston's prints, he began to explore "straight photography" for himself. Throughout the decade of the 1950s, he devoted himself to developing his own vision, establishing deep, direct connections with nature. A lifelong learner, he also read widely in the areas of physics, general semantics, philosophy, psychology, eastern religion and art. Studying the work of such people as Albert Einstein, Korzybski, Alfred North Whitehead, Bertrand Russell, LaoTzu and Klee, he kept evolving his own dynamic system of principles and concepts that both reflected and nurtured his creative journey. The Family of Man

In the mid-1950s, <mask>'s artistry came into the public spotlight when Edward Steichen chose two of his photographs to include in the 1955 The Family of Man exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art.At the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, DC, his photograph "Let There Be Light," was voted the most popular of the show. The second, "Child in Forest," became one of the exhibition's most memorable images. By the end of that decade, his work was being featured in many exhibitions and publications worldwide. Color Light Abstractions

During the early 60s, <mask> departed from black-and-white imagery and produced a major body of work that he referred to as "Color Light Abstractions". For him, these photographs represented an in-depth exploration of light, manifesting his belief that light is a great force at the heart of all being, "perhaps," as he said, "the most profound truth in the universe." Although he was tremendously excited about this work, it proved to be ahead of its time in terms of available resources to reproduce it, and it remained largely unknown for almost 50 years. In 2008, the family estate started making high-resolution scans of his original 35 mm Kodachrome slides, producing archivally stable prints, and exhibiting and publishing the imagery.Philosophical explorations late in life

In the mid-1960s, frustrated by the limitations of color printing technology, <mask> returned to making black-and-white photographs, continuing to expand his vision to create innovative images that reflected his philosophical nature. Differentiating what he termed "reality", the visible and the known, from "existence", the underlying truth of things, he was ceaseless in his attempts to expand his own faculties of perception and understanding so he could come ever closer in his experiences to the essence of things. Finding the means to more fully evoke that essence was also a key part of his quest. Although he included several different alternative processes (extremely long time exposures, multiple images, up-side-down and negative printing) in his repertoire of techniques, each was always used in the service of symbolizing new ways of relating to and knowing the world. He wrote,

"Searching is everything – going beyond what you know. And the test of the search is really in the things themselves, the things you seek to understand. What is important is not what you think about them, but how they enlarge you."In the early 70s, <mask> started on a new leg of his creative journey, one that he found completely absorbing and deeply satisfying but which was cut short by incurable cancer. Many of his photographs from that period reveal light emanating from within the heart of things, life glowing and pulsing with energy and vitality. Other photographs are of natural forms that depict or suggest universal human qualities, humanity "deeply embedded in" and re-united with nature. Throughout his career, <mask> was an active lecturer, workshop leader and teacher, giving of himself to fellow seekers. As a master photographer, <mask> was one of five artists whose archives established the University of Arizona’s Center for Creative Photography. His work may also be found in the permanent collections of over 90 major institutions throughout the world as well as in numerous publications. Background

Family

<mask> married Mary Elizabeth McCarty in 1925; the marriage ended in divorce, in 1941.They had two children: <mask> (Mimi) (1930 ) and George (1935–1942). He married Edna Jeanette Earle in 1943 and they had two daughters: Barbara Ann (1945 ) and Lynne Marie (1953 ). Mimi, Edna, Barbara and Lynne each appear in images made during the 1950s. A year after <mask> died in 1975, Edna took up photography and enjoyed a twenty-year career as an artist before she died in 1997. Barbara formed collaborative relationships with both her parents during their lifetimes and has written extensively on their work. Education

<mask> took courses at Columbia University, 1925, and University of West Virginia, mid-1930s; attended and graduated from Art Center School in Los Angeles, 1938-1940. He was a lifelong student of philosophy, physics, general semantics, psychology, theology, spirituality and art.Influences

Impressionist and post-Impressionist paintings stimulated <mask>’s initial interest in the visual arts. The photographs of Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy influenced his early experimental work as did Art Center School professor, Edward Kaminski. Although <mask> enjoyed close associations with Edward Weston, Imogen Cunningham, Ansel Adams, Ruth Bernhard and other prominent west coast photographers, he said,
"Theoretical scientists who probe the secrets of the universe and philosophers who seek answers to existence, as well as painters such as Paul Klee who find the thoughts of men of science compatible with art, influence me far more than most photographers." Noteworthy accomplishments

<mask> obtained patents in the U.S., Canada, and Great Britain for a "Photographic Process for Producing Line Image" in the late 1940s. He was granted a second U.S. patent on the "Methods and Means for Matching Opposing Densities in Photographic Film" in the early 1950s. In 1957, he was honored with a medal from the Salon of International Photography and, throughout the 1960s, he received several awards from various professional photographic organizations. In 1968, <mask> became a trustee and chairman of the exhibition committee during the formative years of Friends of Photography in Carmel, California.Along with Ansel Adams, Harry Callahan, Aaron Siskind and Frederick Sommer, he became part of the founding group of photographers whose archives established the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona in 1975. <mask> taught advanced photography courses at the Institute of Design in Chicago during Aaron Siskind's sabbatical and at San Francisco State College at the invitation of John Gutmann. He was a guest instructor for the Ansel Adams Yosemite Workshops. Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, he lectured widely, led photographic workshops, and participated in many seminars and symposia on various topics and issues in photography. Quotes by <mask>

I didn't want to tell the tree or weed what it was. I wanted it to tell me something and through me express its meaning in nature. Light to me is perhaps the most profound truth in the universe.My thinking has been deeply affected by the belief everything is some form of radiant energy. I love the medium of photography, for with its unique realism it gives me the power to go beyond conventional ways of seeing and understanding and say, "This is real, too." I feel all things as dynamic events, being, changing, and interacting with each other in space and time even as I photograph them. As sounds in a musical composition can be used not to express physical objects but ideas, emotions, harmonies, rhythmic orders and most any expression of the human mind and spirit, so light can be used visually to express the mind and spirit. Light used in its own right, as in light pictures, gives to photography the wonderful plasticity that paint gives to painting without loss of the unmatched reality of straight photography. What you see is real - but only on the particular level to which you've developed your sense of seeing. You can expand your reality by developing new ways of perceiving.Mysteries lie all around us, even in the most familiar things, waiting only to be perceived. Notes

References

Further reading
<mask>, <mask> (1976). The Photograph as Symbol. Palo Alto: Artichoke Press. Zucker, Steven W.; Chasanoff, Allan; & Chuang, Joshua (Ed.) 2008. First Doubt: Optical Confusion in Modern Photography.New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. Sander, Gloria Williams (2006). The Collectible Moment – Catalogue of Photographs in the Norton Simon Museum. New Haven: Yale University Press. Jensen, Brooks (2004). Rare and Unknown Bullock. Seattle: LensWork, October/November 2004.Weber, Al (2002). ‘'Tribute to <mask> <mask>: The Century Birthday Celebration. Photo Techniques, September/October, 2002. Sinsheimer, Karen (2002). Remembering <mask> <mask>. Photovision Art and Technique, May/June 2002. Gross, Phillipe L.; & Shapiro, S. I.(2001); The Tao of Photography: Seeing Beyond Seeing. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. .<mask> <mask>: Listening with the Eyes, Seeing with the Heart'' essay by James Rhem, Stephen Daiter Gallery, Chicago, 2002. External links

Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona
American Photography Archives Group: <mask> <mask> bio
The Nearby Café, A. D. Coleman
Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago Illinois
Weston Gallery, Carmel California
Biography at Stephen Daiter Gallery
Lumiere Gallery Exhibit of Bullock Works
 "Altering Perceptions; Capturing beauty and terror, renewal and decay." By William Meyers. The Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2014. Landscape photographers
Nature photographers
1902 births
1975 deaths
Photographers from California
People from Monterey, California
20th-century American photographers
People from South Pasadena, California

masks:
Wynn Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Georgia Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Mary Wynne
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Wynn
Wynn
Bullock
Wynn
Bullock
Wynn
Bullock
Wynn
Bullock


texts:
<mask>, (; 7 May 1913 – 19 July 2004) pseudonym Dopiaza, was a Bengali polymath, pathfinder creative professional who is known as the very first Muslim cartoonist in the Indian subcontinent. Painting and drawing cartoons for many different renowned magazines from 1937 to 1980, Kasem have played different roles in his region from using arts to influence political movement to paint masterpieces for the national museum. <mask> was awarded for painting best cover art for children's publication by Bangla Academy, he was awarded for promoting child literature twice in a row by National Book Council of Bangladesh. Many of his assorted line drawings and illustrations were used in school's national textbook. Early life

Kasem was born in his uncle's house in Umedpur, Shailkupa, Jhenaidah to parents <mask> and Meher Un Nisa Khatun. He lost both of his parents by the age of five. He was then taken care by his maternal uncles.Driven by extreme thrust for knowledge, young Kasem enters to a Pathshala (school for pupils) mentored by Baser Munshi and arrogant and abusive teacher, upon witnessing Baser's brutal punishment toward the kids, Kasem decide to get an admission in Akharjani Primary School instead, where he first finds his artistic self through a drawing of an Ilish fish by the headmaster of the school. While living with his maternal uncles, he finishes up to fourth grade in G. T. elementary school. He skips fifth grade and moves on to Baliakandi High School through Pangsha, where he ends up awarded Bursary in seventh grade for his extraordinary result in final exams. Kasem was inspired by some colored paintings of nature, initially collected by his mother Meher Un Nisa, he was then moved by the artworks of Abinash Chandra Sarkar and Nagendranath Kabiraj. As his uncles were from an extreme religion background, Kasem started training himself to draw and paint secretly. At this crucial verge of his life, his older brother <mask> <mask> Hosen (1911-1974, fictional literature) had encouraged his younger brother the foremost to proceed with his dream and become an artist. Calcutta: 1926–1950
Kasem's artwork was spotted by a padre named Reverend Barber, Barber acknowledges the potential artist living within the young artist and takes Kasem with him to provide an opportunity by finding admission to Calcutta Government School of Art.Kasem passes the entry examination but unfortunately, he was too young to start his college life there and forced to return to his motherland. <mask> focuses on studying seventh grade in Baliakandihigh school after returning from Calcutta for the first time, meanwhile his older brother <mask> <mask> Hosen convinced his younger brother to join him on a journey to Assam a state of India located north-east from Bangladesh, Kasem was convinced upon realizing that he will have the chance to paint additional natural scenery up there. They start their journey to Assam and Kasem puts an end to his academic career. Kasem have drawn many oil paintings in Assam, most of them of nature only, he and his brother started taking shelter in random places at night, they start travelling Kamarupa, Kamakhya, Pandu, Guwahati, Lumding and many other places, mostly surrounded by rocky mountains or forestry. From excessive traveling, Kasem becomes fatigue and financially broke. As a result, Kasem start working as Railway Contractor in Lumding train station, that is how Kasem put an end to pursuing his academic career. After recovering from money crisis he takes a route leading to Calcutta instead home saying farewell to his older brother.He, once again, sits for an admission to enter Calcutta Government School of Art, but this time, he was short funded and was rejected for the final time. Without having a chance enter in his dream institution, Kasem admits himself to another art school named Indian Art School in the same city. Understanding Kasem's situation, Shamsur Rahman a legendary poet, columnist, and journalist of Bangladesh tried to help him, but due to the poor standard of teaching of that school, Kasem dropped himself out once again. Shamsur Rahman wrote on one of his books, Pochish Bochor (পচিশ বছর, twenty-five years);

Occupational life and homecoming

From the help of Shamsur Rahman, Kasem starts his professional career as an artist working for N. Mittra & co. a commercial art studio. Despite the fact of low monthly salary, Kasem bloomed into an aesthetic artist hence an asset of the studio. In 1941 he leaves the studio and starts working as an Artist Designer under culture department of Bengal Government. In early 1950 Kasem was appointed as an art instructor to teach students in Vocational Training Centre for Demobilized Personnel.Kasem returns homeland Bengal Presidency of Khulna on mid fifty, he then moves to Dhaka and starts working as a freelance artist from his house. He had to hire a couple of art college interns for professional use due to overloading tasks from the clients. Meanwhile, he worked as a part-time art reviewer for the national textbook foundation. Until 1966 he worked full-time as art director for Franklin book programs. He resumed his freelance career after terminating the last job. Works

Known mostly for his paintings, Kasem drew caricatures, cartoons; written poems, rhymes, short stories and songs. His writings for children books were notable, he had painted the illustration for most of his books which were enriched with imagery.His cartoon and caricature were most notable for them politically playing a crucial role during the Language Movement. During his visit to Calcutta, many famous people such as Abanindranath Tagore the creator of Indian Society of Oriental Art, folklorist Gurusaday Dutt, leading Bengali novelists Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay and many more, who inspired him to chase his dream to become a pathfinder artist. While working in Calcutta, Kasem created quite a few drawing and illustrations of these great people which also brought him to the limelight. Art and music
In his lifetime, Kasem has created hundreds of pictures, cartoons, and caricatures, a large portion of his arts were published in various famous magazines in Calcutta, also he painted a number paintings for exhibition, few among the exquisite creation of Kasem's arts are stored in Bangladesh National Museum, located in Shahbag open for public display. There were three different kinds of Arts which Kasem researched for years;
 Tender Arts
 Landscape Painting
 Caricatures

He was very diligent at drawing traditional Tender Arts in a form of painting, in some of his pictures he has introduced a different lining and texturing phenomena, which introduced a new trend in creative painting. His technique of successfully blending live paints with caricature is also very popular among the art critiques. Dopiaza was the pseudonym Kasem used as a trademark sign after finishing with any political cartoons, his cartoons were published in Saogat, Hanafi and many other famous magazines based on renowned editorial board.Different newspapers such as Ittefaq, Daily Shangbad, Daily Azad use to publish his political cartoons. A feature animation studio hired <mask> as key animator, he also worked as an inbetweener for making an animated feature called Shabash under producer V. P. Malik Debaprakash Malik in 1946 on Mumbai. To take a break from constantly producing illustrations, paintings, and cartoons; <mask> used to practice music composition and singing, he uses to perform gigs on radio featuring as a vocal artist in All India Radio station in the mid-1940s. He was awarded silver medals twice for Outstanding Performance in Music by Shri Dev Narayan Dev, Councilor of Calcutta Corporation. From very young age Kasem was attracted to music, when he was in Calcutta he took lessons on Indian classical music, Ghazal and folk music from Ustaad Mohamed Husain Khasru (1903-1959), classical musician and composer; Ustad Abdul Karim Khan, Girija Shankar and Ustad Kader Baksh, known as the teacher of the most renowned tabla player of twentieth century. Kasem has composed more than hundreds of songs, a book was published on 1967 from his selected 26 songs called Ganguli Mor (My songs), the book contained, Ragga (3), baul (1), Jhumur (1), Vatiyali (1), Ghazal (3) and Aadhunik (15) etc. 11 songs among the 26, were broadcast on Dhaka Radio Station, most of the songs were composed and instrumented by Ustad Kader Jameri.References

1913 births
2004 deaths
Bangladeshi painters
Bangladeshi lyricists
Recipients of Bangla Academy Award

masks:
Kazi Abul Kasem
Kasem
Kazi Makbul Ali
Kazi
Abul
Kasem
Kazi
Abul
Kasem
Kasem


texts:
<mask> ( also childhood name Abu al-Hareth) (born in Syria on January 1, 1974), a Syrian citizen, arrived in Canada in 1999 claiming refugee status. He has been since held, and accused of terrorist connections and ideology, for his "reputation... for obtaining false documents", and his relationship with Ibn al-Khattab following time shared together during the Civil war in Tajikistan. He had "not supported Khattab financially or otherwise", but "admired Khattab... had pictures of Khattab on his computer; and visited Chechen extremist websites". The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) has also alleged that <mask> has demonstrated a "devotion to Osama bin Laden and his ideals... by fighting in Afghanistan", although he fought Communist-backed troops and rival forces in Afghanistan between 1990-1994 while bin Laden was still living in the Sudan. He has argued that it is "gross stereotyping" to suggest that every person who fought the Soviets in Afghanistan must therefore support Osama bin Laden. He claims to believe al-Qaeda is "contrary to the teachings of Islam", and refers to them as a terrorist organisation which participates in unjustified violence. CSIS claims that his role as a soldier in both Afghanistan and Tajikistan prove that he believes in "guns and violence" nevertheless.After a special prison was built for the five long-term prisoners held on security certificates, four were released on bail and house arrest terms, leaving Almrei as the sole occupant of the prison which continued to operate at a cost of $2.6 million annually to house Almrei alone. He was ordered released under house arrest by a Federal Court judge on January 2, 2009. On December 14, 2009, he was further released and not considered a suspect anymore. The evidence against him was based on informants' tips, wiretaps, and his admission of travel to places like Afghanistan and Pakistan. The case against him was based on outdated and sketchy knowledge of Al Qaeda and other extremist Islamic groups, and loaded with information that "could only be construed as unfavourable to Almrei without any serious attempt to include information to the contrary." Life
Although born in Syria, Almrei's family moved to Dammam, Saudi Arabia when he was 7 since his paternal uncle had been sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for his role in the Muslim Brotherhood - his father was sentenced to death in absentia in Syria, as he worked as a teacher in Saudi Arabia. He has eight siblings in Saudi Arabia, and one sister who moved to Lebanon with her husband.He memorised the Quran while he was young. He claims to have been self-employed since February 1990 when he finished high school, though he later stated that he'd spent several months doing office work for the charitable Muslim African Agency following graduation. He later explained that he had traveled towards Afghanistan, after using his father's contacts in the Muslim Brotherhood to purchase a forged Syrian passport, to attend a Jalalabad camp run by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, a commander in the Northern Alliance. However, he contracted malaria and remained in a guest house called Bait al-Ansar in Peshawar for a year before attending Sayyaf's camp, where'd he trained on an AK-47 with a group named Ittihad-i-Islami. He made three subsequent trips into Afghanistan to stay at the camps under Sayyaf's leadership, using his savings to finance the third trip. In 1994 left Sayyaf's company and traveled to Kunduz to follow Ibn al-Khattab instead, and met Nabil al-Marabh. Almrei claims he traveled to Pakistan to investigate business possibilities selling honey and perfume.He was in Pakistan from November 1994 through March 1995, and went to Yemen in March 1995. He also claims to have traveled twice in Tajikistan during the year, where he scouted on Soviet positions for Ibn al-Khattab, and although he was willing to fight in combat, he claims he served chiefly as an Imam to the group and was never involved in any major combat, though he saw several skirmishes. When Khattab moved on to fight in the First Chechen War, he would still phone and fax Almrei with updates on the struggle. He has stated that he closed his business from as early as 1996 to as late as January 1998, and was unemployed from thence on. Although New York Times reporter Judith Miller claimed that he used his honey business to smuggle money for militants, analysts say there is no evidence to support that and Almrei has raised issue with Miller's history of controversy. After her story was published, he claimed that he sold chiefly perfume and oud, but later stated that he sold primarily honey, importing 500 kg from Pakistan. He unsuccessfully tried to immigrate to Canada with his Syrian passport #3286630 on April 19, 1998, stating that he wished to visit Hisham Al Taha in Richmond, British Columbia.He later claimed to have never spoken to al Taha and that he'd just put down his name on the advice of a friend who told him it would improve his chances of being accepted for a visa. He traveled to Thailand in August 1998, where he met a Palestinian people smuggler named Ghaled whom he befriended given his own reputation for acquiring false passports. In Canada

On January 2, 1999, he flew to Toronto Pearson International Airport from Jordan. Upon landing he claimed that he had used a forged passport from the United Arab Emirates and had destroyed it. He was picked up at the airport by his "good friend" Ahmed Al Kaysee, whom he'd met while in Afghanistan. In September 1999, Almrei and five other men had been in a restricted portion of Pearson Airport, as they "appeared to have access cards and codes". The explanation has been offered that these six men were working in the airport at temporary jobs, and their credentials were legitimate.He also maintained contact with the Thai smuggler. Attending Jami Mosque, Almrei met Ibrahim Ishak, who introduced himself as a Bosnian immigration consultant. Almrei later directed two people seeking help acquiring G-class driver's licences to Ishak, who paid him for the referral. Within months of arriving, he had become close friends with <mask>, and would help him with his fruit stand, where he initially had trouble speaking to female customers due to his religious upbringing; but later began to flirt openly with them as his religious stance relaxed. He suggested that he was interested in finding a prospective wife. Ahmed would later register a cell phone for Almrei in his name. Almrei says he was contacted by al-Marabh, from the Kunduz guesthouse, while the latter was still living in the United States, and was asked to help him acquire a false passport for C$2,000.He says that since al-Marabh introduced himself as "Abu Adnan", he did not immediately recognise that it was him. Almrei used his childhood name, "Abu al-Hareth", during the transaction. The two met at the Toronto copy store owned by al-Marabh's uncle, Ahmed Shehab, where a number of prominent forged identity cards were later found - and Almrei sold him the fake passport. Almrei says he was later asked to find a second passport for him, but refused. After al-Marabh was arrested trying to illegally enter the United States hiding in a tractor trailer, Almrei visited him in the Thorold prison, and collected money from colleagues to loan him C$2,500 for bail. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated Almrei's procurement of the false passport, but opted not to press charges. He was granted refugee status in June 2000, stating that he feared persecution in Syria due to his father's alleged membership in the Muslim Brotherhood.In January 2000, Almrei purchased a Middle Eastern eatery named Eat-A-Pita for C$22,000. One of his employees who was working "under the table" due to her visa restrictions, asked Almrei if he knew any men who might enter a marriage of convenience if she offered them C$4,000 to allow her to remain in the country. Knowing that Ishak, whom he'd met a year earlier at the mosque, was in need of money, Almrei informed him of the proposal, and the pair had a civil marriage at city hall as well as a formal Islamic marriage at the mosque, and Almrei served as a witness to both marriages. Almrei also drafted a fake reference letter from his restaurant to indicate that Ishak was an employee, to help support his case for sponsoring his new wife to become a Canadian. On September 13, 2000, Almrei's residence was searched and the forged passport was discovered. Ishak was stopped in Detroit while flying back to Canada on January 14, 2001 and charged with carrying bundles of fake identification and a crimping machine. Ishak returned to Bosnia, withdrawing his sponsorship of Almrei's former cashier.Feeling personally responsible, Almrei paid her back the C$4,000 Ishak had taken, out of his own pocket in October 2001, when he learned that Ishak was convicted of scamming prospective emigrants in Bosnia. Friends spoke of Almrei as having poor financial sense, and often had to borrow money. In August 2000, Almrei sold the restaurant for $18,500. He reported becoming depressed and being unemployed for a while, until a friend had to travel overseas due to his father's death, and asked Almrei if he would run his business for several months. He was paid with a used van, and used it to find work making restaurant deliveries throughout the city, earning $800–1000 monthly. His cell phone was cut off due to lapsed payments, and he sometimes drove uninsured because he could not afford the payments. Arrest

On October 19, 2001, Almrei was brought to his lawyer's office for a CSIS interview; where he again reiterated his travels and denied having ever been to Sudan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Dagestan or Chechnya.He was also confronted with the fact that photographs of Ibn Khattab, Osama bin Laden and Mohamed Atta were found on his computer, though he protested that agents were taking them out of context and had simply been photos from news agencies such as BBC which were included in online stories he had read, and were saved in his web cache. He was arrested on a security certificate nevertheless, and the following month judge Danièle Tremblay-Lamer found the certificate "reasonable". On November 10, 2002 he retracted part of his statement and said that he had worked as an Imam in Afghanistan but worried that in the wake of the terrorist attacks the truth would be incriminating. He also said that he had been tasked to run a girls' school in Tajikistan by Al Haramin. While at the Toronto West Detention Centre, he staged two hunger strikes - a 39-day fast that succeeded in ensuring winter clothing and shoes in his cell during the winter, and a 73-day fast calling for an hour of exercise per day. During the first strike, guards at the prison had offered to slip him some shoes against the rules, but he refused and said he would wait until the court ruled he was legally entitled to them. In 2003, <mask>, who volunteered as a janitor in the prison, witnessed a prison guard being assaulted by an inmate and intervened, helping to pull the attacker off the officer and then hitting an emergency button to call other guards to assist.Subsequently, he carries a stigma and requested he be allowed to remain in solitary confinement rather than released into the general prison population, as he maintained the guards were his "friends". In 2005 he mentioned that he'd lost respect for his friend Al Kaysee, who had remained friends up until the day of Almrei's arrest, and since then had not even asked mutual friends how he was faring, muchless visited him in prison. He spent most of his time in prison watching the CPAC Parliamentary channel, and said he did not harbour a grudge against Canada for his treatment since he came from Saudi Arabia and Syria which have even fewer human rights. In April 2006, he was moved to a new detention facility at Millhaven Institution, specifically meant to house those held under security certificates. Applications for release
At his first application for bail release, in June 2003, it was proposed that Almrei, who has no family in Canada, could live with Dr. Diana Ralph and her partner Jean Hanson, who spent C$38,000 renovating their basement apartment to accommodate Almrei and offered C$10,000 in cash towards the bail amount. As evidence that Almrei was not an extremist, Ralph pointed out that he had accepted her, a Jewish lesbian, as a close friend and had told her that only God could judge people. At Almrei's second application for release, in 2005, he attracted the attention of Alexandre Trudeau, who offered to post C$5000 after meeting him while filming a documentary on the security certificate issue.He was again requesting to be released to Ralph and Hanson who volunteered to coach him towards studying at the University of Toronto. In addition, his close friend <mask> offered to post C$3000 in bail. Elizabeth and Francis Barningham put forward C$10,000 as did Frank Lloyd Showler, a retired human rights activist. Imam Ali Hindy offered C$28,000, Matthew Barents offered C$2500, professor Sharon Aiken offered C$1000 and another five people also donated C$100 or less, including Member of Parliament Alexa McDonough. At his third application for release in 2007, Almrei was supported by two new Members of Parliament who offered to act as sureties and post bail for him, Bill Siksay (C$10,000) and Andrew Telegdi (C$500), while McDonough again reiterated symbolic support ($250) and Trudeau again offered C$5000, while Ralph and Hanson increased their bail offer to C$60,000. Erma Wolfe also offered C$3000 and suggested Almrei could live in the basement apartment attached to her house. And Hindy, the local Imam, gathered C$15,000 from the local Muslim community to contribute.On October 5, Justice Lemieux dismissed the application noting that the proposed bail conditions were "wholly inadequate". In Carolyn Layden-Stevenson's ruling rejecting the second application, she quoted a confidential CSIS agent named only as P.G. as having testified about Ahmed Khadr dying in 2004, when he actually died in 2003. He also stated that he "was not aware" of any detainees in Guantanamo or elsewhere who had not "take[n] up terrorist activities" once they were released, even though 279 detainees had been released from Guantanamo alone, of whom between 3-30 were alleged to have taken up militant activities upon their release. Another CSIS agent identified only as J.P., the Deputy Chief of Counterterrorism and Counterproliferation in the Ottawa Regional Office as of 2005, testified against the petitions for release by Almrei, Jaballah and Charkaoui. J.P. also testified that the Peshawar guest house had been "associated with al-Qaeda... since 1984", although even the most liberal estimates suggest that the group did not exist until 1988-1990. Almrei was ordered released under house arrest by Federal Court Justice Richard Mosley on January 2, 2009, under strict monitoring conditions including an electronic tracking leg-bracelet.This judge was a federal assistant deputy justice minister who helped draft Canada's post 9/11 anti-terror laws before being appointed in 2003. Release
On December 14, 2009, more than eight years after his arrest, the same judge who ordered his house arrest disposed the security certificate against him. The judge concluded that the evidence – both secret and public – against him did not hold up to scrutiny. While there were "reasonable grounds to believe that <mask>i was a danger to the security of Canada when he was detained in 2001" he concluded that "there are no longer reasonable grounds to believe that he is a security risk today". In a comment this was paraphrased: what was reasonable in 2001 because much was unknown, was not reasonable anymore in 2009,

The court was critical of CSIS and the federal ministers of Public Safety and Immigration, who signed a new certificate in 2008 against Almrei and four others. Mosley said CSIS and the ministers "breached their duties of utmost good faith and candour to the court by not thoroughly reviewing the information in their possession, prior to the issuance of the February 2008 certificate." Earlier in 2009, another judge threw out a security certificate against Adil Charkaoui, after the Canadian Security Intelligence Service withdrew secret evidence, fearing its disclosure would jeopardize its sources.References

1974 births
Living people
Syrian Sunni Muslims
Syrian refugees
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Syrian people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of Canada
Syrian emigrants to Saudi Arabia
Publication bans in Canadian case law

masks:
Hassan Ahmed Almrei
Almrei
Hassan Ahmed
Almrei
Hassan Ahmed
Hassan Almre


texts:
<mask> known as <mask> (24 May 1818, in Pest – 14 May 1866, in Pest) was a Hungarian portrait and history painter in the Realism movement. He is considered as one of the most important Hungarian painters of the  Biedermeier period. <mask> was as an excellent portrait painter of his time and a significant figure in Hungarian history painting. Accordingly, he was one of the members of artists working on the creation of national art in the 1830s and 1840s. His most successful paintings are the death of John Hunyadi, the King Matthias and Ilonka Szép, and the King Solomon in prison. He had a great influence on his contemporaries, and his students included Károly Lotz. In the 1860s, he made lithographs presenting Hungarian historical events for the journal “Az Ország Tükre”.The Hungarian National Gallery preserves several paintings and drawings of this master of the Biedermeier painting. Early life
<mask> was born in Pest, Kingdom of Hungary. His father, Mihaly Wéber, immigrated to Hungary from abroad and soon became a respected merchant. Wishing at all costs that his son would become a scientist, he not only did his best to train his son, but also required him to spend all his free time with books. Although the young <mask> was eager to study, he preferred painting and drawing much more and pondering on his picture books for hours. His books were filled with all sorts of magnificent figures he drew. His father once noticed this and surprised him with a master of drawing, a local artist named János Tóbiás Kaergling (1780-1845).Under whose leadership he soon made such great progress that both his teachers and colleagues encouraged him to a painter career with the best of hopes. Austrian period

After graduating from high school in 1834, he enrolled at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1835. Here, in addition to his studies, he taught art lessons, taught drawing and worked as lithographer to provide for his basic necessities of life. In particular, he was the student of Johann Ender and Leopold Kupelwieser, who taught the history of aesthetics. Under their influence, he rejected the prevailing Academicism and embraced Realism. But also, through his great diligence as well as his talent, he soon became one of the most outstanding students of the institute. This is best demonstrated by the Academy’s laudatory diplomas and the Gundel-Preis awarded in 1837, which rewarded him as the most deserving.In 1838 he took part in the exhibition "Der Fischerknabe" and "Toilette einer Braut" at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Vienna with his genre paintings "Palmsonntag" in the year of his return. German period
When he returned to Hungary in 1839, he was already recognized as an artist who had exhibited abroad. But <mask>'s ambitions were not satisfied by his orders. Not being a portrait painter, so that, displeased with the rudimentary artistic relations, he soon traveled abroad. Already in 1840, we find it in Munich, in the company of the greatest artists of his time, Kaulbach, Cornelius, Genelli, Hess and others. He became a student at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, where he graduated in 1842. He also interrupted this stay in Munich twice, in 1841 and 1842, during which time he visited Tyrol and Switzerland for landscape studies.Italian period

Then in 1845, he went on an artistic tour again through Italy until 1847. He visited Venice, Florence, Rome and Naples where he found a great inspiration. During this trip, he spent his time in the company of Carl Rahl, Eugene de Blaas, Louis Mayer, copying the works of the greatest masters like Leonardo da Vinci. <mask> painted many Italian landscapes and female figures dressed in Italian folk costumes. It was here that he became acquainted with Michelangelo Grigoletti, among the newer Italians, who had a deeper influence on his art. Also, during this stay in Rome, the Invasion of King Matthias in Buda in 1458 was completed. An historical image published as a work sheet by the "Képzőművészeti Társulat" as a membership fee until 1855.Return to Hungary and later career

After returning home from Italy, <mask> settled permanently in Budapest, where he received orders for many portraits and other works from well-known families and personalities. So, he was no longer forced to travel abroad. In 1858 he married Anna Calderoni, his last wife. In the 1860s, he made several lithographs presenting the history of the Huns, the Árpád dynasty and the Hunyadi family for the journal “Az Ország Tükre”. In the midst of success, he became ill in the 1860s and died in Pest on May 14, 1866 at the age of 47. Legacy
The influence of Viennese Biedermeier portrait and life painting, which preserves the values of the family-centered civic mentality, on family portraits (The <mask> Family, 1846, Budapest Gallery; composer Mihály Mosonyi and his wife, Hungarian National Gallery) and on his life paintings (The Children's Room, 1840). In most of his historical compositions he worked on events related to the Hunyadi family (death of John Hunyadi, 1844; invasion of King Matthias to Buda, 1853, Hungarian National Museum).The painting depicting the gallant adventure of (King Matthias and the beautiful shepherdess in Buda, 1845, private property) is an outstanding domestic work of the historical genre painting. His Hungaria, painted in the early 1840s, symbolized the self-consciousness of a glorious past and the hope of a prosperous, peaceful future. In the 1860s, he made lithographs (Béla's answer between crown and sword, 1862) presenting the history of the Huns, the Árpád dynasty and the Hunyadi family for the journal “Az Ország tükre”. Gallery

Citations

“Istvan Ferenczy, <mask>, Karoly Marko and Miklos Izso left us emblematic representations of the 19th century image of the nation. Along with them, they conferred the task of inquiring into a deeper historical understanding of the works and their ideas. If these represent an enduring self-image, then we are also charged with the task of reinterpreting them from time to time. From a National Imagination to an Image-creating Nation: Ideas about the Origins of Hungarian Art.”

- Erzsébet Király from the book Art and Nation: Image and Self-Image (p.138).References

External links

1818 births
1866 deaths
Portrait painters
Hungarian painters
People from Pest, Hungary
Realist painters
History painters
Biedermeier painters
19th-century Hungarian painters
19th-century male artists
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Hungarian male painters

masks:
Henrik Wéber
Henrik Weber
Henrik Weber
Henrik Weber
Weber
Weber
Henrik Weber
Weber
Weber
Henrik Weber


texts:
<mask> (February 7, 1749 – October 22, 1808) was an American Baptist minister the main organizer of the Freewill Baptists (Randall Line) in the northeastern United States. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born February 7, 1749, at New Castle, Province of New Hampshire to sea captain <mask>, Jr. (born 1712), and his wife, the former Margaret Mordantt. He was the oldest of 9 children born to the pair, both of whom were of ethnic English heritage. <mask> was provided with a "good commercial education" in the primitive public schools of the day, supplemented with extensive personal reading. A considerable part of <mask>'s youth was spent as a cabin boy aboard his father's ship, but he did not enjoy the experience, being a sensitive and pious youth who read the Bible daily. At the age of 17 <mask> was apprenticed to a sailmaker in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with whom he remained until the age of 21. He parlayed the sewing skills he developed as a sailmaker to the profession of tailoring, becoming proficient at the craft, and occasionally venturing to the related craft of tent-making when such work was to be found.On September 23, 1770, Christian evangelist George Whitefield paid a visit to Portsmouth as part of his last speaking tour of the country, arriving barely a week before his death. <mask> heard Whitefield's sermons several times and was shaken and moved by news of his death. A short period of religious meditation followed with the effect that <mask>'s piety was awakened and he was himself energized as an evangelist of Christianity. Despite his religious awakening, <mask> continued to work in Marblehead and Salem, Massachusetts during 1771, returning to his native New Castle in the fall of that year to set up shop as a sailmaker in October of that year. In November 1771 he married Joanna Oram (born 1748) of Kittery, Maine, the daughter of another sea captain. In 1772 <mask> and his wife became members of the Congregationalist church of New Castle, but he soon came to find it unfulfilling, finding himself possessed of a zealous religious passion and determination to save souls that was not reciprocated by his fellow congregants. In the spring of 1774 <mask> pushed the idea of conducting open meetings which might be attended by a broader public, who could be drawn into the church through the reading of printed sermons, public prayer, and singing.The holding of public meetings by laymen soon drew the ire of the local church pastor, who quickly came to regard <mask> as a rival. This drama would be interrupted by the coming of the American Revolutionary War. Military interlude

<mask> was an ardent American patriot during the revolutionary crisis of 1775 to 1776, and with the outbreak of armed hostilities he briefly enlisted in the Massachusetts militia in the company of Captain John Parsons at New Castle during the first half of 1775. The immediate crisis subsided, however, and the company was soon dismissed. Following another brief scare in the fall of 1775 <mask> again enlisted for a term of two months as an assistant commissary. He would reenlist in September 1776 as a sergeant in a regiment headed by Colonel Pierce Lang, ultimately serving as a militia soldier for a year and a half. <mask> remained devout in his Christianity during his military stint, later declaring that he "never lived nearer to God than during that campaign experience."During his military tenure <mask> made a point of regularly visiting the sick and performing the duties of a chaplain in offering religious consolation. <mask> was mocked by some within the ranks for his religious exuberance but his actions were ultimately backed by the unit's commanding officer, who threatened severe punishment to any who continued to deride <mask>'s heartfelt efforts, thereby easing the situation. Religious conversion

In 1776 <mask> found himself in fundamental agreement with the evangelical teachings of the Calvinistic Baptists, and he joined this comparatively small, isolated, and unpopular sect, which believed in active evangelism and the doctrine of baptism by immersion. He soon was an active participant in the Baptist church, reading published sermons and becoming a layman preacher of original sermons in 1777. <mask> was a zealous public speaker on behalf of his faith, holding public meetings day and night and preaching an average of four times a week. Some 30 people were converted at <mask>'s revival meetings, which were non-standard in form and perceived as a threat by many in the community. <mask> later recalled that "persecution grew very hot, and such threatening language was used that I really felt my life in danger."He was nearly struck in the head with a thrown piece of a brick when walking down the street one day, narrowly escaping death or serious injury when the shard grazed his hair. <mask> spent the summer of 1777 traveling farther and farther afield on preaching tours throughout the New England region. In March 1778 <mask> and his family left New Castle for a new home in New Durham, New Hampshire, where they would settle for the rest of <mask>'s life. <mask> became the only resident preacher in the town, his predecessor having recently resigned over a salary dispute. The people of the community built a meeting house for their new religious leader, who maintained himself through the voluntary contributions of his congregation and various odd jobs in tailoring, also tending a small household farm. He would continue to travel and preach to outlying communities, making New Durham his base of operations. Break with Calvinism

<mask>'s theological orientation tended towards the idea of rapid salvation, freely available to all who repented of their sins and believed.This idea of free salvation proved to be in conflict with the fundamental doctrines of Calvinism, including predestination, which dominated the official Baptist church. Orthodox followers of the church's doctrine charged <mask> with teaching anti-Calvinist doctrines, prompting his split from the church in 1780. On April 5, 1780, <mask> was ordained in New Durham, which was at the time performed by two ordained ministers in good standing laying hands upon the candidate. Two such local ministers were found and <mask> was thereby officially qualified for the ministry, given the honorific "Elder," a title commonly given to gospel ministers in the day. In June 1780, new Articles of Faith and Church Covenant were drawn up by <mask> in New Durham and the first Free Baptist church was established — although for the first two decades after this date no prefix to the Baptist name was used. By the end of the year the church numbered seven men and thirteen women. <mask>'s doctrine was based upon the notion that human beings had minds which provided them the free will to act and that God was ready to fully forgive behavioral errors resulting from that free volition.Complete atonement for sin was available to all based upon genuine repentance, which was a requirement of God. The duty of religious exhortation to make known that free salvation was available for any to embrace were fundamental pillars of <mask>'s belief. <mask> and his followers were dismissed by many contemporaries as adherents of a fanatical sect and were pejoratively called a variety of names, including "<mask>ites," "General Provisioners," "New-Lights," and "Freewillers." Death and legacy
From the time of his lay preaching until his death of tuberculosis on October 22, 1808, <mask> was instrumental in planting many Freewill Baptist churches throughout New England. See also
 Arminianism
 Free Will Baptist Church
 American Baptist Church

Notes and references

Further reading
 Scott Bryant, The Awakening of the Freewill Baptists: <mask> and the Founding of an American Religious Tradition. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2011. John Buzzell, Life of Elder <mask>: Principally Taken from Documents Written by Himself.Limerick, ME: Hobbs, Woodman and Co., 1827. Frank S. Mead, Handbook of Denominations in the United States. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2001. I. Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States, Containing Authentic Accounts of their Rise, Progress, Statistics, and Doctrines... Philadelphia: J.Y. Humphreys, 1844. I.D. Stewart, The History of the Freewill Baptists for Half a Century, with an Introductory Chapter: Volume 1, from the Year 1780 to 1830.Dover, DE: Freewill Baptist Printing Establishment, 1862. Frederick Levi Wiley, Life and Influence of the Rev. <mask>: Founder of the Free Baptist Denomination. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1915. 1749 births
1808 deaths
Free Will Baptists
Arminian ministers
Baptist ministers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from New Castle, New Hampshire
People from New Durham, New Hampshire
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
Tuberculosis deaths in New Hampshire

masks:
Benjamin Randall
Benjamin Randall III
Benjamin Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Benjamin Randall
Benjamin Randal
Benjamin Randall


texts:
<mask> (; born <mask>; December 31, 1988), is a Bosnian human rights activist,  martial artist, journalist and political analyst who is best known as the leader of the UDIK, an organisation campaigning for human rights and reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia. He works in subjects including human rights, cultural memory, transitional justice and democracy. Early life

Born in Brčko, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina). He grew up in Gračanica and Brčko, studied in Sarajevo and Istanbul, lives in Sarajevo. He graduated in 2012 from the University of Sarajevo with a degree in journalism. In 2018 in the same university he earned a master's degree in political science. Career

2003–present: Martial Arts
At the age of 14, Ćudić joined the Academy of Martial Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (a member of the International Martial Arts Federation - IMAF Europe), led by Boško Vidović in Brčko.In the Academy, Ćudić trained for 8 years and earned a black belt in Jūjutsu. In 2017 in the same Academy he earned a black belt in Jūdō. From 2006 to 2008 he was a Jūjutsu instructor at the martial arts schools belonging to the Academy of Martial Arts of the Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Donji Žabar and in Gornji Zovik near Brčko. 2008–present: Journalism

As a journalist, he has collaborated with many regional media outlets, including Monitor, Peščanik, Danas, Preporod, Sabah, e-novine, Republika, Slobodna Bosna, Dnevni avaz and Behar. In addition to these media, he has worked  in various radio and  television stations. He wrote more than 150 reports from proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. In order to advance peace and reconciliation processes in the former Yugoslavia, <mask> has collaborated with local and foreign experts, artists, politicians, journalists, as well as professors around the world.Some of them are: Roy Gutman, Ron Haviv, Stjepan Mesić, Florence Hartmann, Robert King, Rémy Ourdan etc. In 2015 in cooperation with Jusuf Hafizović, he published two books including his newspaper interviews: Novinari o ratu u BiH and Političari o ratu u BiH, on testimonies of war journalists and politicians about Bosnian war. In 2017, Ćudić has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Bosniaks, Croats, Serbs  and Montenegrins. 2013–present: Human rights

In 2013, <mask> <mask> <mask> founded and become coordinator of the UDIK. It aimed to gather facts, documents, and data on genocide, war crimes, and human rights violations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia. UDIK works across national boundaries to assist post-conflict societies within the region reestablish the rule of law and deal with past human rights abuses. As a coordinator of the UDIK, he publishes and presents to the public documents on war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also works on mapping monuments to victims of wars in the countries of the former Yugoslavia.<mask> began his activism in UDIK with public commemorations dedicated to the victims of past war in the former Yugoslavia (1991-2001). At that time, some war crimes were marked for the first time in Sarajevo, as well as in other cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. These commemorations traced <mask> to one of the most famous human rights activists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2015, started documenting war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and on collecting and creating the Central register of memorials of the Yugoslav wars (1991-2001). The Central register of memorials of the Yugoslav wars is still the only register of memorials to victims of the Yugoslav wars on the territory of the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Through his actions and efforts, Ćudić greatly contributed to the memorization of war crimes in Kazani. He is one of the initiators of the erection of a memorial at that place.In 2019, <mask> was elected in Regional Council of the RECOM Reconciliation Network. The RECOM Reconciliation Network is a network of civil society organizations from post-Yugoslav countries which advocate for the establishment of RECOM – the Regional Commission tasked with establishing the facts about all Victims of war Crimes and other serious human rights violations committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 2001. Controversies

He was often the subject of threats from homophobic people and nationalists of all ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In February 2014 he came to the public during the unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a coordinator of the protests in the Brčko District, he received over 100 threats of death. In July he was threatened by Dino Šimunjak, a volunteer in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict who publicly told him: "You will not get out of this, Ćudić". In February 2015, in front of the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Sarajevo, while UDIK commemorated the anniversary of the Štrpci massacre, the group of hooligans attacked <mask> <mask> Ćudić.On that occasion, they said that activists must go to commemorate crimes in Banja Luka, alluding to the UDIK's marking of crimes in Kravica in January 2015. In May,  near the UDIK's office in Sarajevo, he was attacked with another UDIK activist. Just a few days later, a similar attack took place on the same site. Ambassador of the United States of America to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Maureen Cormack, reacted and said that it was unacceptable to attack stones a human rights activist in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In October, in front of the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Sarajevo in Sarajevo, while UDIK commemorated the anniversary of the crimes in Kazani, one hooligan try to physically attack <mask> <mask> Ćudić. A police reacted, but did not prosecute. In February 2017 Ćudić was attacked again in Sarajevo, along with two other UDIK activists.The attack took place near the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina building. On that occasion, young men attacked him with stones and called him Chetnik (right-wing nationalist Serb). In March, unknown persons vandalized his car parked near the UDIK's office in Sarajevo. In April 2019 Ćudić supported Bosnia and Herzegovina’s first LGBT Pride parade in interview for internet portal Source.ba. Due to the misinterpretation of the interview, and especially in the part relating  to the women rights in the Arab world, he received a large number of threats (including death treats) from the Islamic fundamentalists from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak. Fundamentalists also claimed that he is one of the organizers of the Parade. A few days later, UDIK denied that it is organizer of the Bosnia and Herzegovina’s first LGBT pride, but UDIK supports it and shows solidarity to all whose human rights are evidently deprived.In July, Ćudić and other UDIK's activist were attacked by hooligans near the UDIK's office in Sarajevo. On that occasion, the attackers called him as The Fags' leader. Ćudić made photos of the attackers and the case was reported to Novo Sarajevo Police Department. Police did not take the photos into consideration during the investigation. The Federal Ministry of Interior of the Bosnia and Herzegovina have never prosecuted the attackers. Published works

 Taj maj '92., Brčko, 2012
 Ne u naše ime: s one strane srbijanskog režima, Sarajevo, 2019

Honours

In 2012, the Bosnian poet Adem Garić dedicated him a poem I ne treba da šutiš (And you do not need to be silent). In 2014 and 2018, in the biographical lexicon Ko je ko u BiH (Who is Who in B&H), <mask> <mask> <mask> is listed among the most significant people in Bosnia and Herzegovina today, which through their works and actions contribute to a better Bosnia and Herzegovina and who make this country a happier place.In 2019, the Bosnian-born French sculptor Mirza Morić created a memorial dedicated to the killed civilians in Brčko (1992-1995). On that occasion, Morić engraved the story  (Maybe I should hate them) on the memorial, written by <mask> <mask> <mask>. The monument was installed in Paris.

masks:
Edvin Kanka Ćudić
Edvin Ćudić
Ćudić
Edvin
Kanka
Ćudić
Ćudić
Ćudić
Ćudić
Edvin
Kanka
Edvin
Kanka
Edvin
Kanka
Ćudić
Edvin
Kanka
Ćudić


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(born March 15, 1969 in  Kyoto, Kyoto) is a Japanese jockey. A legend in Japan, <mask> made his riding debut in 1987 and currently holds seven all-time records in his native country. Born in 1969, <mask> followed in his father's footsteps, as <mask> was also a famed jockey. In 1987, the younger <mask> notched his first career victory at Hanshin Racecourse aboard a horse named Dyna Bishop. He ended the season as the champion apprentice with 69 winners. Two years later, he was the overall champion jockey, and <mask> held that title continuously until 1999, with the exception of 1991. As of 27 December 2017, the Japan Racing Association credits him with 3,945 wins, of which 323 came in graded stakes, while 75 have come in Grade 1.<mask> has won at least one Grade 1 for 23 straight years and a graded stakes race for 31 consecutive years. He also has the most victories in a year: 212. Although <mask> has ridden a number of champions, he is most associated with legendary racehorse and champion sire Deep Impact. The pair won a total of seven Grade 1 races, including the 2005 Japanese Triple Crown, and Deep Impact has gone to be the premier sire in Japan. Currently, <mask> is known for riding Kitasan Black, the reigning Japanese Horse of the Year. <mask> has also shown his abilities abroad. He has 114 wins to his credit in eight countries, including Australia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States.A sampling of his international victories includes Group 1 wins in the Prix d'Ispahan (France) and Hong Kong Cup (Hong Kong), two races timed by Longines, the July Cup (England) and Dubai Duty Free Stakes (UAE). Family

He is the son of Kunihiko <mask>, known as a master, and his younger brother, Koshiro <mask> Sho, Tokyo Yushun, Kikuka Sho) with Deep Impact, which is the second undefeated horse that has won the classic. On March 25, 2007, <mask> <mask> won the Takamatsunomiya Kinen at Chukyo Racecourse aboard Suzuka Phoenix. The win gave <mask> a Group One victory for the 20th consecutive racing season.Also in 2007, <mask> won his fourth Japan Cup Dirt in seven years. <mask> <mask> was the recipient of the 2017 Longines and IFHA International Award of Merit, which recognizes distinguished horsemen and horsewomen for lifelong contributions to Thoroughbred racing. He was the first jockey to win that award.

masks:
Yutaka Take
Take
Kunihiko Take
Take
Take
Take
Take
Take
Take
Take
Takeki
Yutaka
Take
Take
Take
Yutaka
Take


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<mask>,  (born ) is a British professor (Emeritus) of human quantitative geography at the University of Bristol. He focuses on the quantitative modelling of social science data with complex structure through the application of multilevel models; especially in relation to change and health outcomes. Academic controversies
He has been involved in a number of academic controversies, and these debates have been of a methodological and substantive nature. They include:

 He has disagreed with the Wilkinson inequality hypothesis that within country differences in health and mortality are driven by invidious comparison; instead arguing that there is a materialist argument based on poverty even in advanced economies. The argument is based on critique of Wilkinson's use of aggregate data and supports the ideas of Hugh Gravelle that if there is a non-linear individual relationship between income and ill-health then the aggregate relationship will necessarily involve the 'spread' (standard deviation) of country income that is inequality. He has argued against Growth in a Time of Debt thesis and (with Andy Bell) re-analyzed the Reinhart and Rogoff data to show that the evidence for many counties is that the relationship is around the other way - the lack of growth produces debt, and that the relationship between debt and growth varies significantly between countries, meaning that an average "rule", such as that suggested by Reinhart and Rogoff, has little meaning or policy relevance. With colleagues, he has argued against Trevor Phillips that the UK is 'sleep walking to segregation', finding that ethnic residential segregation in London for example is decreasing.They dispute that Muslim ghettoes are developing in British cities, and that Australian suburbs are being 'swamped' by Asians and Muslims. He has argued that quantitative analysis in the form of quantitative geography has an important role in emancipatory human geography (see critical geography). He has argued that this involves adopting a realist philosophy of science distinguished as critical realism and not positivism. The arguments are made in "The Practice of Quantitative Methods" and are further developed and exemplified with colleagues in "Mutual misunderstanding and avoidance, misrepresentations and disciplinary politics: spatial science and quantitative analysis in (United Kingdom) geographical curricula" and a subsequent extended reply to critics in "One step forward but two steps back to the proper appreciation of spatial science". One commentator described this as "an extraordinary contribution. This is a panoramic survey of the legacy of half a century of innovation in spatial science—put into a critical, constructive engagement with half a century of innovation in critical social theory". He (with colleagues) has challenged the 'gold standard' that fixed effects should be the standard approach to the analysis of Panel data and that a Hausman test is an appropriate way of choosing between a Fixed effects model and a Random effects model.Somewhat controversially they argue that a particular form of the random effects model (the within-between model or the similar Mundlak model) offers all that fixed effects can provide and more. They also challenge the Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition (FEVD) model of Plumper and Troeger. One reaction was: "This paper and the instructive controversial over FEVD have shown me that my econometrics training had not - as I once assumed - taught me all that there is to know about fixed effects estimation. In particular, the authors' treatment of 'heterogeneity bias' clarifies the importance of addressing both 'within' and 'between' variation in the data and they make a compelling case for considering both 'individual' and 'ecological' influences". Another was: "Bizarre and often incorrect paper by two political scientists on the virtues of random-effects over fixed-effects". to "You can and should use a well-specified random effects model. Always.".These models shown algebraically in the table for a two-level panel model are discussed and illustrated with snippets of R code by Daniel Lüdecke, and there is a R package (panelr) for panel data analysis by Jacob Long that facilitates their implementation. An extensive review of the potential of this approach in economics concluded that it has been "unreasonably ignored" due in part to "disciplinary isolation" of the subject. In the psychological literature, Hamaker and Muthén, (2020)  report that “The most elaborate and animated treatment of the connection [between FE versus RE models and centering in multilevel models] can be found in the recent paper of Bell and Jones (2015). They build a compelling case for multilevel modelling, arguing that, while the problem of endogeneity is very real, the point is that we should simply use the right multilevel model to tackle it (i.e., based on person mean centering the time-varying covariate and/or including these means as a predictor at the between-level)”
 He and colleagues argue that group-mean centering in multilevel models can be a useful procedure in random coefficient models, thereby disagreeing that it is a 'dangerous' procedure. Reactions to this critique include "may the Saints & Angels protect us from ever having a paper this thoroughly dismantled" and "Seriously though, if you are interested in multilevel modelling I highly recommend this short, instructive and frankly rather sassy paper." The essence of the argument is that in a two-level model, the slope parameter associated with level-1 variable is a potentially uninterpretable mixture of within and between effects. The solution is to decentre the level-1 variable by subtracting the level 2 cluster mean and including these level 2 means in the model.The argument is made in terms of continuous variables and is extended to multicategory predictors by Yaremych  et al (2021). He contends that even with population data (e.g. a full enumeration of all pupils in all schools in a country), a statistical inference approach is required to deal with stochastic or natural variation. Observed outcomes are seen as a result of a stochastic process which could produce different results under the same circumstances. It is this underlying process that is of interest and the actual observed values give only an imprecise estimate of this. Working with Andy Bell, he has argued that the multilevel model (in the form of the hierarchical-age–period–cohort (HAPC) model) is not an automatic solution to the identification problem of the age period cohort model. This third-party site considers some earlier papers in the exchange between Bell and <mask> and Yang and Land, while this most recent paper gives in Table 1 the key papers (and arguments made).; the full list of papers that Bell and <mask> have written are available for download from Research Gate. A review of the debate is given by Barker, KM et al (2020) Cross-classified multilevel models (CCMM) in health research: A systematic review of published empirical studies and recommendations for best practices, SSM - Population Health, Volume 12. They conclude "Bell and <mask> (2018) have done much to explicate the debate, the ‘identification problem,’ and the methodological concerns. Despite this, the vast majority of researchers continue to employ CCMM for APC analysis without reference to the identification problem, the controversy itself, or any of the latest recommendations for best practices. Those that do refer to the identification problem often note this only within the limitations section of the manuscript. In light of the ongoing debate surrounding these methods, however, we urge substantial caution when conducting APC analysis and recommend a more meaningful engagement with the logic underlying the controversy. " Academic work and projects
He researches in three main areas:

 Geography of health: particularly geographical inequalities in mortality in advanced economies;
 Research design: especially to develop evidence-based research in non-experimental, observational studies;
 Realistically complex modelling: this research work focuses on the quantitative analysis of social-science data with complex structure, particularly when there are many levels of analysis such as panels, spatial series, and space-time series.His substantive and methodological work is wide-ranging and includes the following bodies of work:

Substantive research
 Geography of health
 Macro determinants of health;
 Multilevel modelling of health-related behaviors and outcomes
 Multilevel modelling of mental health outcomes
 Multilevel modelling of social capital, trust and volunteering
 Multilevel modelling of voting behaviors and electoral outcomes
 Forecasting geographical variations in the EU referendum
 Multilevel modelling of socio-demographic variation in China
 Modelling segregation: applying the new methodologies
 Multilevel modelling of property(house) prices
 Multilevel modelling of sporting outcomes

Methodological research
 Quantitative geography
 Statistical data analysis in the social sciences
 Multilevel modelling: scope, models and issues
 Multilevel analysis, software, manuals and data
 Fixed and Random effects analysis
 Modelling nationally predicting locally (multilevel regression with post stratification)
  Modelling segregation: methodological developments; this includes work on the modifiable areal unit problem;
 Modelling interactions: analysis of large tables of counts using a Poisson random effects model
 Age period cohort analysis A recent review Cross-classified multilevel models (CCMM) in health research: A systematic review of published empirical studies and recommendations for best practices, the article says "Bell and Jones (2018) have done much to explicate the debate, the ‘identification problem,’ and the methodological concerns. Despite this, the vast majority of researchers continue to employ CCMM for APC analysis without reference to the identification problem, the controversy itself, or any of the latest recommendations for best practices. " Access to publications and citations
 A Google Scholar profile gives up-to-date citation of his work; in 2022 his H-index score was 63. He makes available much of his academic output on Research Gate, where he frequently answers questions on statistical (especially multilevel) modeling. ; he has also explained his reasons for doing so in answer to a question on the site As of February 2022, he has over 1.2 million 'reads' on Research Gate and this is accruing at a rate of around 3,000 per week. There are also a ResearcherID site; an ORCID site; and a database of publications at the University of Bristol. Posts held

University of Newcastle, 1978-1979, Lecturer in Geography,;
University College Swansea, 1979-1980, Lecturer in Geography;
University of Reading, 1980-1981 SSRC Postdoctoral Fellow;
Portsmouth Polytechnic (post 1992, University of Portsmouth) 1981- 1994, Lecturer, Principal Lecturer, Reader;
Portsmouth University, 1994-2000, Professor of Geography (Personal Chair), Head of School (1997-2000);
Catholic University of Brussels, 1992-2011, Professor of Social Science Methodology;
University of Bristol, 2001-2018 Professor of Geography, (Personal Chair) (Head of School, 2005-2009 );
University of Bristol, 2018-  Emeritus Professor of Geography;
University of Leuven, 2011-   Professor at Leuven Statistics Research Centre (LStat).His and other reflections on his time at Portsmouth (Polytechnic and University) were produced on his election to the British Academy

Voluntary positions include:
RAE Panel Member for Geography 2001;
RAE Panel Member for Geography and Environmental Studies 2008;
Board Member of Bristol University Press, 2018-;
Member of Understanding Society Scientific Advisory Committee, 2018-;
Scrutiny Committee for Fellowship of the Learned Society of Wales (Economic and Social Sciences, Education and Law), 2016-. Recognition and awards
The election to a Fellowship of the British Academy was in 2016 and he was elected both to Sociology, Demography and Social Statistics (Section 4) and to Anthropology and Geography (Section 3)). The citation on election reads  ‘<mask> <mask> is an internationally leading quantitative social scientist. He has made major contributions to the analysis and interpretation of large and complex data sets in a broad field of quantitative social sciences, including geography, and is extremely active in promoting training in quantitative analysis in the social sciences.” He is also a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales, having been elected in 2013, and an Academician of the Social Sciences, elected in 2008. He was awarded the Murchison Award of the Royal Geographical Society in 2013 for his contribution to quantitative geography; an account of the ceremony was published in The Geographical Journal. 2019 Market Research Society Silver Medal: he was part of the team (Ron Johnston, David Rossiter, Todd Hartman, Charles Pattie, David Manley and <mask> <mask>) that won this award for best research paper, "Exploring constituency-level estimates for the 2017 British general election", which discusses the implications of constituency-level opinion polls as their predictive ability is improved. , he was listed in the top 20 most cited human geographers of the last half century.and since then his h-index as measured by Web of Science Researcher ID (Publons) has increased from 20 to 40 in 2021; comparable figures for different social sciences can be found in the LSE impact blog. His Rgate Score as of October 2021 is over 380, and that compares to the outlying high scores of over 100 identified by E. Oduna-Malea et al., 2017 reflecting his willingness to answer questions. Postgraduate teaching and supervision
He has taught a course on multilevel modeling annually at the Essex Summer School in Social Science Data analysis since 1992 and is a long term contributor to the Masters in Statistics and the Masters in Quantitative Social Science at the Leuven Statistics Research Centre. He also two led two five-day workshops (2009 and 2011) in Pennsylvania State University and UC Santa Barbara under the aegis of GISpopsci.org. He has supervised a number of students for their PhD; they include:
 Andrew Clegg
 Craig Duncan
 Nina Bullen
 SV Subramanian
 Sarah Johns
 Katherine French
 Min-Hua Jen
 Beatriz Caicedo Velasquez
 Caroline Wright- Commendations for PhD thesis and viva in the academic year 2014-15
 Zhixin 'Frank' Feng -winner of the 2013 Faculty Research Prize
 Andrew Bell
 Dewi Owen
 Yingyu Feng
 Gwilym Owen-  Winner of the Faculty prize for Best Doctoral Research Thesis 2016/17
 Gareth Griffith,
 Lucy Prior

Major publications
Book length publications include:

 <mask>, Kelvyn and Moon, Graham (1987). Health, disease and society: a critical medical geography, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London. <mask> (1991).Multi-level Models for Geographical Research, Environmental Publications, Norwich. Moon, Graham; Gould, Myles; <mask>, Kelvyn et al. (2000). Epidemiology, Open University Press, Buckingham. Mohan, John; Barnard, Steve; <mask>, Kelvyn and Twigg, Lizbeth (2004). Social capital, place and health: creating, validating and applying small-area indicators in the modelling of health outcomes, Health Development Agency. <mask>, Kelvyn and Subramanian, SV (2014).Developing multilevel models for analysing contextuality, heterogeneity and change using MLwiN, Volume 1, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. <mask>, Kelvyn and Subramanian, SV (2013). Developing multilevel models for analysing contextuality, heterogeneity and change using MLwiN, Volume 2, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, United Kingdom. Personal life
He married Christina Thrush in 1979; Tina died of Breast Cancer in 2020. His hobbies are listening to classical music, especially opera and song; gardening and 'allotmenteering', cooking, wine tasting and watching Bristol Rugby. They have a son, Alex, born in 1987 who is a Fellow of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. References

Living people
Academics of the University of Bristol
British geographers
Welsh geographers
Fellows of the British Academy
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Academics of the University of Portsmouth
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Human geographers
Social geographers
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Kelvyn Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Kelvyn
Jones
Kelvyn
Jones
Jones
Jones Kelvyn
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


texts:
Vice-Admiral <mask> (Urdu:احمد تسنيم; born 1935), , is a retired three-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy who is notable for his command of the Hangor, a submarine, that sank the INS Khukri on 8 December 1971 during the third war with India, off the Diu, Gujarat in India. This was the first submarine kill since World War II, and the only one until a Royal Navy's Conqueror sank an Argentine cruiser General Belgrano during the Falklands War fought in 1980s. In 1990s, he was appointed chairman of the Karachi Port Trust and the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation while serving in the Navy until retiring from his service in 1994. Biography

Early life and career in Navy
In an interview conducted by A.H. Amin, <mask> stated that he was born to a Punjabi Arain family in a village, Mianwal Araian, located in Jalandhar district, East Punjab in British India, in 1935. In the same interview, he stated that his ancestors "most likely came from Iran" and "took up agriculture as their livelihood" after settling in the "area". His father, Mohammad Yakob, was a civil servant with Indian Civil Service of British government. In 1940, he moved with his father who was posted to Jhang in West Punjab and permanently moved to Burewala after the independence of Pakistan on 14 August as result of the partition of India.After matriculating from a local high school in Jhang, he was admitted at the Government College University in Lahore in 1950 but left his university studies after being selected for the military service exam in 1952. In 1954, he joined the Pakistan Navy, commissioned as Midshipman and was sent to the United Kingdom to attend the Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth, England. He shared his dormitory with army cadet Imranullah Khan who would also ascended into being a three-star army general. He graduated from the Britannia Royal Naval College in 1955, and was later sent to Australia for further sea training where he joined the Royal Australian Navy as an exchange officer, gaining commission as Sub-Lieutenant on 1 January 1957, and served aboard HMAS Sydney, an aircraft carrier. Briefly serving as an exchange officer, S/Lt. Tasnim was again set to England where he attended the Royal Naval College in Greenwich, where he graduated in War studies with strong emphasis on nuclear war. Upon returning to Pakistan, he was promoted as lieutenant, and was posted as executive officer to  which he served until 1961.During this time, he was posted in East Pakistan but return shortly after Lt. Tasnim was appointed as ADC to President Ayub Khan. In 1963, Lt. Tasnim personally excused himself from his assignment in order to join the newly established crew that was to be trained in the United States in order to operate the submarine acquired from the United States Navy. Alongside with then-Lt.Cdr K.R. Niazi, Lt. Tasnim arrived in the New London in Connecticut where he was trained on the USS Angler for the submarine operations. In 1964, the crew of Ghazi returned to Pakistan and reported back to its base, Karachi Naval Dockyard. War appointments in Navy: 1965 and 1971 war

In 1965, Lieutenant-Commander <mask> was the executive officer and Second-in-Command of the , and participated in second war with India in 1965. Ghazi, under command of Cdr KR Niazi, escorted the combined task group under Cdre S.M.Anwar, the OTC, to successfully raid a radar facility in Dwarka, India. Ghazi later patrolled the Arabian sea and reported back safely to its base once the ceasefire was broken by the Soviet Union between India and Pakistan. Lt. Cdr. Tasnim was honoured with Sitara-e-Jurat, alongside with the Ghazi in 1966. In 1967, Lieutenant-Commander Tasnim assumed the command of Ghazi and became concerned for her refit as time passed. After refitting of its computers, Ghazi under the command of Lt. Cdr. Tasnim embarked on the notable circumnavigation of Africa and Southern Europe in order for its mid-life update that were to be carried out in Gölcük Naval Shipyard in Turkey due to the closure of the Suez Canal because of the Six-Day War.After the refit trials, Lt. Cdr. Tasnim returned to Karachi and traveled to Paris to acquire the . There, he learned French language and took over of the command of the  in 1969 as Commander. Cdr. Tasnim arrived with Hangor submarines in 1970, and reported to its base in Karachi on 1 December 1970. On August 1971, Cdr. Tasnim volunteered to go behind the enemy lines to pick up intelligence on Indian Navy's movement, which was duly approved.On November 1971,  again sailed under his command with full wartime load of torpedoes, moving towards Bombay harbour, identifying the Indian armada but did not attack due to not being authorized. In an attempt to warn, Cdr. Tasnim broke the radio silence and dispatched a message that was immediately identified, leading the Indian Navy dispatching two ASW warships,  and INS Kirpan from 14th Squadron of the Western Naval Command of the Indian Navy. The Indian squadron under Captain M.N. Mullah identified Hangor on 2–3 December, and came forward to attack the submarine that was operating on the shallow waters. Cdr. Tasnim ordered the increase of depth of the submarine by 200 m and set their targets on approaching Indian Navy's ship that were now coming to attack the submarine.At about 20:00Hrs, Cdr. <mask> had his torpedo crew led by then-Lt. Fasih Bokhari calculate the enemy ship path and firing range, and order the crew to fire the torpedoes. The first homing torpedo did not target its ship which was aimed at Kirpan, and immediately opted a quick solution, firing second homing torpedo that hit the magazine of the Khukri. The crew of Hangor heard a loud explosion and began recording the orders being passed by Captain M.N. Mullah; a third homing torpedo was also fired but Kirpan fled the scene. Khukri sank quickly before Hangor could make an attempt to save the survivors, losing 250 men in this action including Captain M.N. Mullah.For almost a week, Cdr. Tasnim had the Hangor submerged due to being aware of massive search and destroy mission to locate Hangor, making his way to report back to its base with depleted hydrogen batteries. According to his personal admission in 2001, Tasnim maintained: "An extensive air search combined with surface ships made our life miserable but with intelligent evasive action we managed to survive these attacks and arrived in Karachi safely after the ceasefire." Staff and Command appointments

Upon returning to Pakistan, Cdr. <mask> was decorated with Sitara-e-Jurat for his actions of valour in 1972. In 1973, he was posted in Navy NHQ in Islamabad, becoming director submarine operations and assuming the command of submarine command  (COMSUBS) in 1974. In 1975–76, Cdr.Tasnim went to United States to attend the Naval War College in Rhode Island, returning with MSc. in war studies, and appointed  "Directing Staff" at the Naval War College in Karachi. In 1976, he was promoted to one-star assignment, and Capt. <mask> was appointed as Director-General Naval Operations (DGNO) and then Naval Secretary at Navy NHQ in Islamabad. In 1978, Cdre. was selected by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) for a diplomatic assignment, and briefly tenured as military attaché at the Embassy of Pakistan in Paris until 1981. Upon returning, Cdre.<mask> was tactical officer commanding of the 25th Destroyer Squadron, later commandant of the Naval War College in Karachi and posted as the ACNS (Training) until promoted to two-star rank. In 1984, Rear-Admiral <mask> was directed to join the faculty of National Defence University (NDU) in Islamabad, teaching courses on military studies of which then-Brig. Pervez Musharraf was also this student. He remained Chief Instructor (CI) at the NDU until 1987. In 1987–88, Rear-Admiral <mask> was appointed as DCNS (Personnel) and later became a senior fleet commander in 1989–91, with as three-star rank, Vice-Admiral. In 1991, Vice-Admiral <mask>'s name was announced  to be appointed as Chairman of the National Shipping Corporation which he stayed until 1992. In 1992, Vice-Admiral <mask> was moved as chairman of Karachi Port Trust (KPT), which he remained until his retirement from the Navy in 1994.In 1992, Vice-Admiral <mask> was moved as chairman of Karachi Port Trust (KPT), which he remained until his retirement from the Navy in 1994. Retirement and defence analyst

In 2001, Admiral Tasnim refuted the Indian Navy's claim of sinking the Ghazi, maintaining on the ground that "the sub was lost due to operational accident and Indians have never claimed it as such." In 2016, Admiral Tasnim backed the ISPR's claim of detecting the Indian Navy's submarine patrol the Karachi coast, claiming that: the Indian submarine was detected 40 nautical miles off Pakistani coast." Talking to Dawn, Tasnim was of the opinion that "the submarine had come for intelligence gathering purposes. Intelligence gathering is a common practice, but the skill is not to get caught – like we did in our times." Portrayal
In December 2021, ARY Digital release a telefilm Hangor S-131, based on real incidents from 1971 Indo-Pak war in which role of Tasnim was played by Zahid Ahmed. See also
Submarine warfare
Hangor-class submarine (1968)

References

External links

1935 births
Living people
People from Jalandhar district
Punjabi people
People from Jhang District
Military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Submarine commanders
Pakistani people of Iranian descent
Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Naval War College alumni
National Defence University, Pakistan alumni
Pakistan Navy admirals
People from Islamabad
Pakistani television personalities
Pakistani columnists
Defence and security analysts in Pakistan

masks:
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