texts:
<mask> (born 2 June 1948) is an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 28 June 2018. On 24 September 2020, he resigned the rights associated with the cardinalate. An archbishop since 2001, he held several appointments in the diplomatic service of the Holy See between 1984 and 2011, including those of Apostolic Nuncio to Angola and to Cuba. From 2011 to 2018 he was Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State, a key position in the Roman Curia. He was head of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints from 2018 to 2020, when he resigned from that office and from the rights and privileges of a cardinal, including the right to participate in a papal conclave, after being implicated in a financial corruption scandal; he retains the title of cardinal. In July 2021, a Vatican judge ordered Becciu and nine others to stand trial on charges of embezzlement, abuse of office and subornation.The charges are in connection with an investment in London real estate. Becciu said he was innocent and "the victim of a conspiracy". <mask>'s trial will be the first criminal trial of a cardinal in a Vatican court. Early years

<mask> was born in 1948 in Pattada (Sassari),  Sardinia, Italy. After completing his studies in theology and philosophy he was ordained to the priesthood on 27 August 1972. He attended the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, where he earned a doctoral degree in canon law. In diplomatic service

He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 May 1984.He worked at the missions in Central African Republic, Sudan, New Zealand, Liberia, Great Britain, France, and the United States. Becciu knows French, English, Spanish, Sardinian, and Portuguese. Nuncio to Angola

On 15 October 2001, Pope John Paul II appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Angola and Titular Archbishop of Rusellae. On 15 November he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to São Tomé and Principe as well. He received his episcopal consecration on 1 December 2001 from Cardinal <mask> with co-consecrators Archbishop Paolo Romeo, a Vatican diplomat, and Bishop Sebastiano Sanguinetti, who hailed from Becciu's native diocese in Sardinia. Becciu "played a crucial rôle" in the controversial 2005 appointment of Filomeno do Nascimento Vieira Dias, then auxiliary bishop of Luanda, as bishop of Cabinda. Because he was not from Cabinda and because of his family links to the regime of José Eduardo dos Santos, Vieira Dias's appointment was met with massive protests by Cabindan Catholics, and his installation was delayed for well over a year.The controversy around Vieira Dias's nomination resulted in the beating of Apostolic Administrator Eugenio Dal Corso while he was preparing to celebrate mass, the suspension of a number of priests, and a protracted strike in which many Cabindan clergy refused to celebrate mass for several months. In response, <mask> emphasized that Vieira Dias's nomination was a matter of papal prerogative and would not be revoked. <mask> went to Cabinda in order to meet with Dal Corso and with local clergy and laypeople. His meeting with laypeople was "hostile" and his car was stoned by a crowd. Vieira Dias's installation ultimately took place in June 2006. In advance of Benedict XVI's 2009 visit to Angola, Becciu defended the pope's rejection of condoms as a means of preventing the spread of AIDS, saying "It's too easy and it's very cheap to say the solution of AIDS is the condom, you don't have the solution there.... So what the Pope is saying is that we must surpass this, because AIDS means there is a lack of understanding of the concept of true love between men and women.... Because of that, many times we are not of the same thinking as NGOs."As he left Angola for his next assignment, <mask> denounced popular belief in witchcraft that led to children being accused as sorcerers and abused: "the charges are a frequent practice on the African continent and they must be eliminated". Nuncio to Cuba

On 23 July 2009 Pope Benedict named him Apostolic Nuncio to Cuba. Becciù's selection for this challenging role was seen by observers as a sign of his high reputation in Rome. Cuban President Raul Castro praised his work on behalf of improved relations between Cuba and the Holy See. In January 2015, after Cuba and the United States announced efforts to improve their relationship, Becciù, now the Substitute of the Secretariat of State, expressed his support for an end to the U.S. embargo, citing "the right of peoples not to be deprived of daily economic and social subsistence". He credited the thaw in relations to Pope Francis and said that he expected the Cuban government to introduce a less centralized economic system. Secretariat of State

On 10 May 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed <mask> to the office of Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State, replacing Fernando Filoni.The Substitute for General Affairs reports to the Cardinal Secretary of State. He usually met with the Pope each day to handle the business of the Roman Curia; his position was comparable to chief of staff. It had been described as "the most complex job in the Roman Curia" and a key to "the administrative success or failure of a papacy". Though <mask> was viewed as "a genial and effective diplomat", his appointment was unusual in that he lacked experience in the Curia. 2013 conclave

During the conclave that followed the resignation of Benedict XVI, <mask> was responsible for directing the Vatican personnel who ensured the security and secrecy of its proceedings. A few months after his election as pope, Francis named a new Secretary of State and confirmed <mask>'s appointment as Substitute. Public statements

In his role as substitute, Becciu periodically spoke on behalf of the Vatican, addressing specific events in the news while allowing the Pope to avoid becoming involved in public debates.On scandals in the Curia

When stolen documents about Vatican finances were leaked to the press, Becciu downplayed the sharp disagreements between Curial officials that they documented. He wrote in 2012 that some "criticize the monarchic and absolutist nature of the church's central government" but then pretend to be "scandalized because someone writing to the Pope expresses ideas or even complaints about how that government is organized. Many of the published documents do not reveal power struggles or vendettas, but the freedom of thought which the church is criticized for not allowing." In January 2014, when retired Commander of the Swiss Guard Elmar Mäder told the Swiss weekly Sonntag that a gay network existed in the Roman Curia, Becciu condemned "generic accusations" and challenged Mäder to provide specifics: "When he was in service, did he have any suspects? Are these suspects still present? Come here and tell us exactly to whom it relates." In January 2016, discussing books that charged the Vatican with financial mismanagement, Becciu defended Vatican employees: "The Vatican is not a den of thieves.To represent it as such constitutes an absolute falsehood. I find it extremely unjust that our employees, proudly carrying out a service for the Pope and the church, have gotten to the point, for some time now, of being ashamed to tell people they work here." On Amoris laetitia

In December 2016, Becciu addressed reactions to Pope Francis' comments in his apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia on the pastoral care of Catholics in irregular marriages: "I will not go into the controversies but I do wish to reiterate the principles I have always been taught by the healthy tradition of the Church: as the Pope's humble collaborator, I feel I have a duty to loyally tell him what I think when a decision is being taken. Once it is taken, I obey the Holy Father fully." On same-sex unions

When a Catholic radio station broadcast a Dominican friar's statement that the enactment of same-sex civil unions had caused recent earthquakes, Becciu said, "They are offensive statements for believers and scandalous for those who do not believe." On immigration

Asked about U.S. President Donald Trump's order restricting immigration in January 2017, Becciu stated: "Certainly there is concern because we are messengers of another culture, that of openness. The pope insists on the capacity for integration [of] those who arrive in our society and culture.We are builders of bridges, not of walls. Christians must be strong in reaffirming this message." McCarrick scandal

In his August 2018 "Testimony," Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò alleged that Becciu, as substitute, "knew in every detail the situation" regarding former Cardinal Theodore McCarrick's sexual abuse of adult priests and seminarians, reports of which had reached Rome. In his capacity as substitute, Becciu had direct contact with McCarrick on numerous occasions. In his book Il Giorno del Giudizio, Andrea Tornielli states that after each of the international trips McCarrick undertook in and around the year 2012—unauthorized trips that he was not supposed to undertake—McCarrick would send detailed reports that he addressed to the Pope, Vatican Secretary of State Bertone, and Substitute <mask>, even receiving responses of thanks from the Secretariat of State. Further, according to emails leaked by Msgr. Anthony Figueiredo, a former aide to McCarrick, McCarrick had plans to meet with <mask> in person on 14 February 2013, immediately before the 2013 conclave; he was also involved in helping arrange a 2016 meeting between Pope Francis and McCarrick.Financial dealings

IDI

During his time as substitute, <mask> was reportedly involved in repeated attempts to secure loans to support the Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI), a struggling hospital in Rome originally owned by the Italian province of the Sons of the Immaculate Conception (PICFIC). In July 2011, Fr. Franco Decaminada,

masks:
Giovanni Angelo Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Angelo Sodano
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu


type: original

texts:
 the president of the IDI, approached Becciu with a proposal that the Vatican supply the IDI with 200 million euros to take over Milan's San Raffaele Hospital. In September 2011, Decaminada hired <mask>'s niece Maria Piera <mask> as his personal secretary. The proposal to buy San Raffaele ultimately came to nothing. In October 2019, Becciu professed not to remember the proposal and stated that he "never dealt with this question." The IDI eventually went bankrupt in 2012 with debts of more than 800 million euros.PICFIC was declared insolvent by an Italian court in 2013, and Decaminada was arrested in 2013 and, along with 40 other figures in the IDI's administration, was charged with using the hospital for embezzlement and money laundering, including the diversion of hundreds of thousands of euros of IDI money into an oil exploration company. Decaminada was sent to prison and laicized. In February 2013, Benedict XVI appointed Cardinal Giuseppe Versaldi to govern the Congregation of the Sons of the Immaculate Conception, PICFIC's parent order, as his pontifical delegate and to be commissioner of the IDI. Late in 2014, Cardinals Versaldi and Becciu reportedly requested that the Institute for the Works of Religion (IOR), the Vatican's commercial bank, grant a 50 million euro loan to IDI in order to keep it afloat. Determining that the IDI would never be able to repay the loan, the IOR board in 2015 rejected the proposal, with Cardinal George Pell, the prefect of the Secretariat for the Economy, reportedly "vocally opposed" to it. <mask> and Versaldi subsequently requested that the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (APSA) grant a similar 50 million euro loan to the Fondazione Luigi Maria Monti (FLMM), a for-profit partnership of the Vatican Secretariat of State and the Congregation of the Sons of the Immaculate Conception that had been created to take over the IDI and nominally replace PICFIC as the owner the hospital. The FLMM shared some of the same leadership personnel as PICFIC and has been described as "nothing other than the friars under a different name."APSA granted the loan to the FLMM, possibly in contravention of international regulatory agreements not to provide commercial loans, and in April 2015 the FLMM acquired the IDI for a reported 131 million euros. Reportedly influenced by the lobbying of Becciu, Pope Francis subsequently withdrew oversight over APSA's investment decisions from Pell's office. In order to remove the loan from APSA's books, officials from the Secretariat of State sought a $25 million grant in June 2017 from the U.S.-based Papal Foundation. Lay board members were reportedly initially led to believe that the loan would go to fund the IDI; in fact, the recipient of the grant was the Holy See. The grant request created internal turmoil inside the Papal Foundation and the disbursement of funds was repeatedly stalled; in the end, the $13 million already disbursed to the Holy See was reclassified as a "loan" against future foundation grants. In October 2019, APSA's head conceded that it had had to write off 30 million euros of the loan after the Papal Foundation grant was stopped. While some sources in APSA told reporters that Becciu was behind the grant request to the Papal Foundation, Becciu denied this, stating that after Pietro Parolin's assumption of the office of Secretary of State in 2013, he "no longer concerned [him]self with IDI."In November 2019, Cardinal Parolin claimed that he was personally responsible for the APSA loan to the FLMM and the request to the Papal Foundation. Falcon Oil

In 2012, Angolan businessman Antonio "Mosquito" Mbakassi, an "oligarch" with close ties to the family of president José Eduardo dos Santos, who had met Becciu during the latter's time as nuncio to Angola, directly approached the Vatican secretariat of state to propose that the Holy See invest US$200 million in an oil exploration project to be carried out by his company Falcon Oil Holdings SA. Credit Suisse, which served as the banker and financial adviser to the secretariat, asked WRM, the family office and investment fund of London-based Italian financier Raffaele Mincione, to perform due diligence on the potential loan. WRM advised against the loan, and the money was instead invested in a property deal through Mincione. On 7 October 2020, Becciu's lawyer stated that Becciu had been accused of, but denied, using Holy See money to invest in Mosquito's business activities. London investment

Unnamed sources within the Vatican alleged in 2015 that Becciu attempted to conceal a $200 million London real estate purchase in violation of accounting rules regulating creative accounting. According to statements made to a UK court by businessman Gianluigi Torzi, a broker involved in the London property deal, a lay Secretariat of State employee named Fabrizio Tirabassi "openly admitted" blackmailing Becciu.In July 2021 a judge ordered Becciu and others to stand trial, charged with financial crimes relating to the London investment. Becciu said he was "the victim of a conspiracy" and protested his "absolute innocence". The BBC commented that the Pope's sanctioning the indictment and trial of a cardinal who was a senior member of the Vatican hierarchy and reported to be a friend of Francis indicated his intention to take unprecedented action to clean up the Church's reputation regarding financial misdeeds, at the risk of publicly revealing the possible mismanagement of the Holy See's finances. Special Delegate to the Knights of Malta

On 2 February 2017, Pope Francis named him his Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, following a public dispute between the Pope and the Grand Master of the Order, Matthew Festing. In a letter dated 15 April, Becciu instructed Festing not to travel to Rome for the election of his successor at the end of April. He wrote that many members of the Order felt his presence would "reopen wounds" and prevent a return to harmony. Festing disregarded this injunction, came to Rome and participated in the election of his successor.Becciu withdrew his letter. <mask>'s original mandate was to expire upon the election of a new Grand Master. When Giacomo dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto was elected Grand Master on 2 May 2018, Pope Francis extended Becciu's mandate indefinitely. On 1 November 2020, Pope Francis replaced Becciu as Special Delegate to the Sovereign Military Order of  Malta with  Silvano Tomasi. Cardinal and prefect

On 20 May 2018, Pope Francis announced he would make Becciu a cardinal on 28 June, and on 26 May the Holy See announced he would end his term as Substitute on 29 June and become Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints at the end of August. At the 28 June consistory, he was assigned the deaconry of San Lino. He was the seventh cardinal from Sardinia.<mask> became Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints on 31 August 2018, succeeding Cardinal <mask>. Financial scandal, resignation as Prefect, and renunciation of Cardinal privileges

On 24 September 2020, Pope Francis requested <mask>'s resignation as Prefect and his renunciation of his prerogatives as a cardinal, after Becciu was accused of embezzlement and nepotism. While Becciu retained his cardinal's title, he lost his right to participate in a future papal conclave or consistory, and his right to be tried by the pope alone. The Order of Malta later announced that his role as Special Delegate to the Knights of Malta ended in October 2020 and he was replaced in that office on 1 November. On 14 October 2020, Cecilia Marogna, a business associate of Becciu, was arrested in Milan, Italy, after she was implicated for receiving 500,000 euros (US$587,350) from funds that had been intended to finance a "parallel diplomacy" program to help African conflict zones. These funds were embezzled while Becciu was still serving as the Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State in 2018. The arrest warrant, which had been issued by the Vatican, involves embezzlement and aggravated misappropriation in complicity with others.On 18 November 2020, Becciu sued the weekly magazine L'Espresso in civil court in Sassari, Sardinia, Italy, for ten million euros to be given to charity, claiming it had damaged his reputation and prospects of becoming pope by making unsourced claims of embezzling Vatican funds to enrich his family. Vatican court indictment

On 3 July 2021, a Vatican judge indicted Becciu on multiple charges, including embezzlement, money laundering, fraud, extortion and abuse of office. Pope Francis personally approved his indictment. Also indicted were ten other people,  four of whom were former Vatican officials and five of whom were outsiders. The other churchmen charged were a former head and deputy head of the Vatican's internal financial monitor and two former employees of the Secretariat of State, including a priest who formerly served as secretary to Becciu. The outsiders charged included two Italian brokers and an Italian woman who worked for Becciu. After he was charged, Becciu said that he was "the victim of a plot hatched against me" and was innocent.Trial

On 27 July 2021, the trial against him at a Holy See court opened. Becciu appeared in person in court and denied any wrongdoing. He asked the court not to order his arrest and the trial was adjourned. See also

 Cardinals created by Francis

Notes

References

External links

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

Living people
1948 births
Cardinals created by Pope Francis
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
21st-century Italian cardinals
Apostolic Nuncios to Cuba
Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni
Apostolic Nuncios to Angola
Apostolic Nuncios to São Tomé and Príncipe
People from the Province of Sassari
Members of the Congregation for the Causes of

masks:
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Becciu
Angelo Amato
Becciu


texts:
<mask> (November 2, 1914 – October 6, 1997) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher, most notably for the Cincinnati Reds. <mask> is most notable for being the only pitcher in Major League Baseball history to throw two consecutive no-hitters. After the impressive start to his major league career, he experienced problems controlling the accuracy of his pitching, and his later career was marked by inconsistent performances. Baseball career
Born in Prospect Park, New Jersey, he moved with his family to Midland Park, New Jersey in 1918. He had an inauspicious start to his professional baseball career. He was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers as an amateur free agent in 1933 and assigned to the Dayton Ducks.Dayton then sold his contract to a Boston Bees minor league affiliate, the Scranton Miners of the New York–Pennsylvania League. The Miners found his playing ability to be lacking and sent him to the Cincinnati Reds affiliate, the Nashville Volunteers, in a trade for Tiny Chaplin. From Nashville, he was sent to the Durham Bulls, where the Bulls manager and catcher, <mask>, was credited with helping control the wildness of <mask> <mask>'s pitching. In 1936, he posted a record of 19 wins against six losses for Durham. <mask> <mask> made his major league debut with the Cincinnati Reds on April 22, 1937 at the age of 22. He went 3–4 before being sent back to the minor leagues with the Syracuse Chiefs for most of the season when the Reds recalled him in September. The following year on June 11, 1938, <mask> <mask> pitched a no-hitter against the Boston Bees.Four days later against the Brooklyn Dodgers in what was the first night game ever held at Ebbets Field, he threw another no-hitter, becoming the only player in major league history to throw two straight no-hitters. <mask> <mask>'s performance earned him the role as the starting pitcher for the National League team in the 1938 All-Star game held at Cincinnati's Crosley Field. The American League team – having won four of the previous five All-Star games – was favored to win the game, but <mask> <mask> pitched three scoreless innings and allowed only one hit, as the National League went on to win 4–1. He ended the season with a 15–10 record and a 3.12 earned run average for the fourth place Reds. He might have won more games, but spent nearly a month in the hospital being treated for boils late in the season. After his impressive rookie season, <mask> <mask> had a disappointing 1939 season, when he fell ill during spring training, and then suffered an injury when he slipped on a wet pitching mound in Pittsburgh. He posted a 5–9 record and an earned run average of 4.67.Early in the 1940 season, he began to experience problems controlling the accuracy of his pitches. In June, the Reds released him back to the minor leagues where he played for the Indianapolis Indians and went 6–4. He returned to the major leagues in September and posted a 3–1 record, including a win for pitching 12 innings against Philadelphia on September 18; a win that clinched the National League pennant for the Reds. Leading off the 13th inning, <mask> <mask> hit a double, advanced to third on a sacrifice bunt, stayed at third on an infield hit, then scored the winning run on a sacrifice fly. [Note: the Sacrifice Fly was not an official statistic in 1940, so the At Bat by Ival Goodman counted, as did his RBI]. In the 1940 World Series against the Detroit Tigers, <mask> <mask> made only one appearance when he entered Game 5 in the fifth inning with the Reds trailing 7–0. He pitched three scoreless innings as the Reds lost 8–0.The Reds went on to win the series in seven games. It would be the only post-season appearance of <mask> <mask>'s career. In 1941, <mask> <mask>'s performance improved somewhat with a 16–12 record and six shutouts while leading the league with 202 strikeouts. On June 6, 1941, in a game against Philadelphia, he allowed only one hit. <mask> <mask> later recalled that the only hit in the game could have been ruled an error, as shortstop Eddie Joost fielded the ground ball, then dropped it before throwing to first base. He earned his third All-Star selection in the 1942 All-Star Game, and once again threw three scoreless innings in a 3–1 loss to the American League. He finished the 1942 season with a career-high 18 wins against 12 losses and once again led the league in strikeouts.He posted a 15–16 record in 1943 for the second place Reds and led the league in strikeouts for a third consecutive year. On March 3, 1944, <mask> <mask> joined the United States Navy and was stationed at Sampson Naval Training Station in New York where he would play for the Navy baseball team. He was discharged from the Navy in December 1945, having lost two years of his major league career to his military service, but <mask> <mask> claimed that his extensive military play made him less wild as a pitcher, which his record partially supports. The 31-year-old pitcher returned to play for the Reds in 1946 although he was not able to recapture his previous form. <mask> <mask> was an incidental witness when his Cincinnati teammate Ewell Blackwell almost duplicated his consecutive no-hit feat in 1947, by pitching a no-hitter against the Braves, then in his next appearance held the Dodgers without a hit until the ninth inning when he gave up two hits. He produced one more notable season in 1948 when he went 17–14, before his contract was sold to the Chicago Cubs in February 1950. After an ineffective year with the Cubs, he was released in March 1951 and was signed as a free agent by the Cleveland Indians.He appeared in only one game for the Indians on May 7, 1951, before being released on June 30, 1951, at the age of 36. <mask> <mask> returned to the minor leagues where he played for five more seasons until the age of 40. In 1952, 14 years after his consecutive no-hitters, <mask> <mask> pitched a no-hitter for the Tulsa Oilers against the Beaumont Roughnecks in the Texas League. Career statistics
A four-time All-Star, <mask> <mask> compiled a 119–121 record with 1,294 strikeouts and a 3.44 ERA in  innings over a 13-year Major League career. He had 29 career shutouts, ranking third on the Reds franchise list. His 1,251 strikeouts with the Reds were the team record at the time of his retirement in 1951. Along with Dizzy Dean (1932–1935), Warren Spahn (1949–1952), Randy Johnson  (1999–2002), Tim Lincecum (2008–2010), and Max Scherzer (2016–2018), <mask> <mask> is one of only six NL pitchers since 1930 to lead the league in strikeouts in three straight seasons (1941–1943).Later life
After retiring as a player at the age of 40, <mask> <mask> became a minor league manager in the Cincinnati Reds organization for ten seasons before retiring in 1962. After his retirement from baseball, he worked for a brewing company. He was inducted as part of the inaugural class into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1958. He died of an abdominal aneurysm at his home in Tampa, Florida, on October 6, 1997, at the age of 82. References

External links

1914 births
1997 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
Baseball players from New Jersey
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Dayton Ducks players
Daytona Beach Islanders players
Durham Bulls players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nashville Vols players
National League All-Stars
National League strikeout champions
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
People from Midland Park, New Jersey
People from Prospect Park, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey
Syracuse Chiefs managers
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players

masks:
John Samuel Vander Meer
Vander Meer
Johnny Gooch
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer
Vander
Meer


texts:
Aurora "<mask><mask> (1860 – June 22, 1957) was an American woman who became one of the first policewomen in the United States. In 1908, she was sworn in by the City of Portland as Superintendent of the Women's Auxiliary to the Police Department for the Protection of Girls (later renamed the Women's Protective Division), with the rank of detective. <mask> grew up in Rochester, New York, and taught in nearby public schools. She relocated to Lincoln, Nebraska, where she taught, then married. She, her husband, and their two sons later lived in several U.S. cities, where <mask> engaged in volunteer social work related to unwed mothers and other young women in trouble. In 1904, when <mask> was 44, the family moved to Portland, where her husband continued his dry goods career. Women's groups such as the Travelers Aid Society, concerned that the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, scheduled for 1905 in Portland, posed a danger to single women working at the fair, hired <mask> to supervise a project to protect girls and women.Success at the fair led to similar work thereafter, and eventually to her hiring in 1908 as a police officer. Throughout her policing career, <mask> stressed crime prevention and favored reform over incarceration. She promoted laws to protect women, advised other jurisdictions about women's law-enforcement issues, and demonstrated by example that women could be effective police officers. After her retirement from the police in 1922, she gave public lectures for the Oregon Social Hygiene Society and served on the board of the Hillcrest School of Oregon, the Oregon Parole Board, and the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor. <mask>, sometimes referred to as a "municipal mother", died in Portland on June 22, 1957 at the age of 97. Early life
Born Aurora "<mask>" Greene in 1860, in Elmira, New York, <mask> grew up largely in Rochester, where her family moved when she was quite young. Her parents, of Irish Protestant heritage, enrolled her in the city's Christ Church Episcopal School for Girls, and she later attended Rochester High School.When her father died in 1877, she was forced to withdraw from school and seek work, finishing her high school studies on her own. She passed the New York State qualifying exam for teachers, and taught near Rochester until 1880 when she moved alone to Lincoln, Nebraska, a city that was seeking teachers. After passing the Nebraska qualifying exam, she taught for three years at Lincoln Preparatory High School. By 1884, she had met and married LeGrand M<mask>, a dry goods merchant originally from Vermont. As was expected then of single women teachers who married, <mask> resigned her job at the high school. During her remaining years in Lincoln, she found paid clerical work, and volunteered as a social worker focused on helping "wayward" girls. She also gave birth to two sons, Myron and Pierre.After they left Lincoln in 1893, over the next 10 years the <mask>s lived variously in Boston, Yonkers, Norfolk, and Providence, Rhode Island as LeGrand pursued his dry goods career. He eventually joined E. P. Charlton & Company, which had a chain of more than 50 stores across the United States. In each city the family moved to, <mask> continued her volunteer work, including serving on the boards of two Florence Crittenton Homes. They were part of a national network of rescue homes for "unfortunate lost girls", which at the time meant rescued prostitutes and unwed mothers. In 1904, the Charlton Company sent LeGrand to Portland to open its first store in the Pacific Northwest. <mask> worked in the store's business office and joined the board of the city's Florence Crittenton Home. Lewis and Clark Exposition
In 1904, Portland officials were preparing for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition.Among their concerns was a possible influx of non-resident criminals to the city. Officials feared some would target young women and girls, and lure or coerce them into sexual activity, including prostitution. As part of the exposition preparations, women's groups, including the Travelers Aid Society, the YWCA, and many local secular and religious organizations, made plans to prevent the sexual exploitation of young women during the fair. The Portland YWCA hired <mask> as project supervisor with funds provided partly by the national Travelers Aid committee. She and her associates compiled lists of local lodging and working places they deemed safe for young women. When the exposition opened on June 1, 1905, volunteers met young women at Union Station and other entry points to the city and offered advice about lodging and employment, and in some cases other aid such as meal vouchers. Volunteers patrolled the exposition, especially venues such as risque sideshows, dimly lit structures, the beer garden, and the shooting gallery (carnival game), all of which they considered sexually dangerous.In her final report on the exposition, <mask> reported that Travelers Aid had helped 1,640 women and girls in various ways, including finding safe jobs for more than 500. After the fair ended, <mask> retained a position with the local Travelers Aid branch, based at the YWCA. Over the next three years, she continued the kinds of work she had done during the exposition, often helping runaways and young women with legal troubles. Supported by Mayor Harry Lane and the Portland police, she eventually convinced the City Council to create and fund what was formally named the Women's Auxiliary to the Police Department for the Protection of Girls, later renamed the Women's Protective Division (WPD). On April 1, 1908, she was sworn in as superintendent of the auxiliary with the rank of detective. Depending on the definition of "policewoman", <mask> was the first except for Marie Owens, thought to have begun her policing career in Chicago in 1891. Another candidate for the title of "first" is Alice Stebbins Wells, who joined the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910.All three specialized in law enforcement related to women and children. Louise Bryant, writing about <mask> for Sunset magazine in 1912, described her as a "municipal mother". Women's Protective Division superintendent: 1908–22
<mask>'s police work, centering on the protection of women, continued through 1922. It took various forms, such as lobbying for laws to protect women, urging state officials to open a home for troubled women, and advising other states and cities on women's law-enforcement issues. Through her accomplishments, she demonstrated that women could be effective police officers. The social hygiene movement as well as the social purity movement, which sought to maintain traditional 19th-century Victorian morality through the Progressive Era, were major influences on <mask>'s work. At the turn of the century Portland was "rampant with vice and corruption".An elaborate system supported the business of prostitution, which flourished in brothels, hotels, rooming houses, saloons, and other places, especially in the red-light district north of Burnside Street in the central city. <mask> was one of 15 commissioners appointed to the Portland Vice Commission in 1911 to study the problem of venereal disease (VD) and its relation to the commercial sex trade. The commission estimated that nearly 25 percent of the cases being seen by the city's physicians involved VD. A commission review of 547 Portland establishments thought to harbor prostitutes confirmed that 431 supported acts that were "immoral". Another commission study conducted between mid-1911 and late 1912 found that police had raided 216 vice establishments and made 1,900 prostitution arrests during the prior 18 months. <mask> and other city officials worked in many ways to reduce the personal and social dangers related to commercial sex:

The goal was to cleanse and uplift the evil city, and make it morally and physically safe for families, single working women, and children. Advocates believed that the police power should be utilized to attack a broad range of concerns.Under pressure from social hygienists, many of whom were physicians, municipalities initiated sanitation and public health programs, venereal disease control, vice and prostitution abatement, commercial amusement reform, and other correctives for situations perceived as dangerous to the public welfare. Targets for elimination from the city included "any business that exploited young women". During the years that <mask> led the WPD, this included not only brothels but also fortune-telling establishments, massage parlors, shooting galleries, and dance halls. Preferring prevention to jail time for young women, <mask> helped single mothers connect to social services, persuaded city officials to keep women out of saloons, and established an after-care system for delinquent girls. Later life
Troubled by changing cultural norms after World War I, <mask> retired from the police force in 1922. In her 1921 annual report, she expressed dismay at what she viewed as a general lowering of moral standards. She said this was evidenced by such things as tobacco smoking by women, increased juvenile delinquency, and the rise of the flapper "bad girl" mode of dress and behavior.After her official retirement at age 62, <mask> continued to lecture on venereal disease and vice for the Oregon Social Hygiene Society, served on the board of the Hillcrest School of Oregon, traveled to other cities to encourage formation of women's police divisions, served on the Oregon Parole Board as well as the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, and continued to support the Women's Protective Division of the Portland police. During her retirement, she also assisted her husband and sons in running a bakery. LeGrand <mask> died in 1941; <mask> died in 1957, at the age of 97. One hundred years after <mask> became a policewoman, Portland Mayor Tom Potter proclaimed April 1, 2008, to be <mask> <mask> Centennial Day in honor of her achievements. See also
 Penny Harrington, first female chief of the Portland Police Bureau
 Sybil Plumlee, police officer who served in the Women's Protective Division from 1947 to 1967

Notes

References

Further reading

Works cited

External links

 Women Police Officers – Lloyd Sealy Library at John Jay College of Criminal Justice

1860 births
1957 deaths
American women educators
American women police officers
American people of Irish descent
Burials at River View Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)
People from Elmira, New York
People from Rochester, New York
Portland Police Bureau officers
Schoolteachers from Nebraska

masks:
Lola
" Greene Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Lola
Baldwin
. Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Baldwin
Lola Baldwin
Baldwin
Lola Greene
Baldwin


texts:
<mask>ovese (May 28, 1941 – January 2, 2007) was an American historian best known for her works on women and society in the Antebellum South. A Marxist early on in her career, she later converted to Roman Catholicism and became a primary voice of the conservative women's movement. She was awarded the National Humanities Medal in 2003. Biography
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Cornell professor Edward Whiting Fox, a specialist in the history of modern Europe, and <mask>née Simon) Fox, whose brother was real estate mogul Robert Simon. Her father was Protestant, of English, Scottish and Irish descent; her mother was Jewish, from a family that immigrated from Germany. <mask> studied at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris in France and attended Bryn Mawr College.In 1963 she received a BA in French and history. At Harvard University, she earned a Master's degree in history in 1966 and a PhD in 1974. In 1969 she married fellow historian Eugene D. Genovese and changed her surname to Fox-Genovese. They collaborated on some historical works in the course of their careers and had a professional partnership. In the 1970s they founded the journal Marxist Perspectives, publishing the first issue in Spring 1978. Described as "brilliant but short-lived", it was published into the early 1980s. In 2012, in a partnership with the Brooklyn Institute for Social Research, Dissent magazine
announced plans to digitize issues of the journal and make them available online.After completing her PhD, Fox first taught at Binghamton University and The University of Rochester. In 1986 she was recruited as founding director for the Institute for Women's Studies at Emory University. At the Institute, she served as director and began the first doctoral program in Women's Studies in the US; she personally directed thirty-two doctoral dissertations. She also taught history as the Eleonore Raoul Professor of the Humanities. In 1993 L. Virginia Gould, one of her former graduate students, named Fox-Genovese and Emory University as co-defendants in a sexual discrimination and harassment lawsuit. Emory settled the lawsuit out of court. Financial details were not released.Fox-Genovese grew up in a household of secular intellectuals who were respectful of Christianity, but nonbelieving. For most of her adult life, she considered herself Christian only "in the amorphous cultural sense of the word." Having "thoroughly imbibed materialist philosophy," she inhabited "a world that took it as a matter of faith that 'God is dead'." In 1995, however, Fox-Genovese publicly converted to Roman Catholicism, due in part to her deep unease about "moral relativism" (since she found "a world in which each followed his or her moral compass" neither rational nor viable). She said she was also reacting to the pride and self-centeredness that she had witnessed in the secular academy. Some observers regarded her reputation as a feminist as being at odds with her conversion, but she found it to be "wholly consistent." She wrote, "Sad as it may seem, my experience with radical, upscale feminism only reinforced my growing mistrust of individual pride."Fox-Genovese died in 2007, aged 65, in Atlanta. She had lived with Multiple sclerosis for 15 years. The following year, Eugene Genovese published a tribute to his wife, Miss Betsey: A Memoir of Marriage. Scholarship
Fox-Genovese's academic interests changed from French history to the history of women in the United States before the American Civil War. Virginia Shadron, assistant dean at Emory, later said that Fox-Genovese's Within the Plantation Household (1988) cemented her reputation as a scholar of women in the Old South. Contemporary reviews praised it; one described her work as bridging "the gap between the study of individual identity and the economic and social milieu." Mechal Sobel of The New York Times wrote, "<mask>-Genovese undertakes the enormous tasks of telling the life stories of the last generation of black and white women of the Old South, and of analyzing the meanings of these connected stories as a way of illuminating both Southern and women's history—tasks at which she succeeds brilliantly."This book received the following awards:
 1988 C. Hugh Holman Award, Society for the Study of Southern Literature
 1989 Julia Cherry Spruill Prize, Southern Association for Women Historians
 1989 Outstanding Book Award, Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America

Fox-Genovese also wrote scholarly and popular works on feminism. Through her writings, she alienated many feminists but attracted many women who may have considered themselves conservative feminists. Princeton University history professor Sean Wilentz said, "She probably did more for the conservative women's movement than anyone... [Her] voice came from inside the academy and updated the ideas of the conservative women's movement. She was one of their most influential intellectual forces." Fox-Genovese reportedly had no patience with the cultural feminist trend of viewing women and men as possessing completely different values, and she criticized the idea that women's natural instincts and experience of oppression gave them a superior capacity for justice and mercy. For this, she had been labeled by Cathy Young as an "antifeminist". Honors
 2003, National Humanities Medal
 Cardinal Wright Award from the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars
 Doctor of Letters from Millsaps College
 C. Hugh Holman Prize from the Society for Southern Literature
 ACLS & Ford Foundation Fellowship

Selected writings
 .Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism,  New York/ York: Oxford University Press, 1983. (with Eugene D. Genovese)
 Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South, series on Gender and American Culture, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Feminism Without Illusions: A Critique of Individualism, University of North Carolina Press, 1991. "Feminism Is Not the Story of My Life": How Today's Feminist Elite Has Lost Touch with the Real Concerns of Women, Anchor reprint, 1996
 The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview Cambridge University Press, 2005. (with Eugene D. Genovese)
 Posthumous publications
 Marriage: The Dream that Refuses to Die, Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2008. Slavery in White and Black: Class and Race in the Southern Slaveholders' New World Order,  Cambridge University Press, 2008. (with Eugene D. Genovese
  (5 vols.)References

Further reading
  (traduction from English original.) .
 . External links
 . .
 .

1941 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American historians
21st-century American women writers
American feminist writers
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American women historians
Binghamton University faculty
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Catholics from Massachusetts
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Emory University faculty
Female critics of feminism
Feminist historians
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Historians of slavery
Historians of the Southern United States
Individualist feminists
National Humanities Medal recipients
Roman Catholic writers
University of Rochester faculty
Women's historians
Writers from Boston
Historians from Massachusetts
Catholic feminists

masks:
Elizabeth Ann Fox Gen
Elizabeth Ann Fox
Elizabeth Mary (
Elizabeth Fox
Elizabeth Fox


texts:
<mask> (Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà, Spain 1914 – La Paz, Bolivia 1999) was a Catalan politician and businessman. He was a member of Unió de Rabassaires and Republican Left of Catalonia (Catalan: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya)

Biography

Second Republic and Spanish Civil War

He was mayor of the municipality of Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà from 4 September 1936 until 17 February 1937 for the Unió de Rabassaires of Catalunya. He was a councillor of the municipality of Barcelona in the consistory of Carles Pi i Sunyer, and soon after he took charge of the supplies council of that municipality. He actively participated in the events of October 1934 (the 1934 revolution in Spain - in Barcelona, the government of the Generalitat of Catalonia, chaired by Lluís Companys from Republican Left of Catalonia, proclaimed the Catalan State within a non existent Federal Spanish Republic in the night of 6 October), for which he was subjected to martial court. When the Spanish Civil War broke out, he joined the army and asked to be sent to the front as a soldier. He enrolled in the column of Macias-Companys and he was the political commissar from the Catalan Republican parties that reached the highest rank, finally ascending to colonel. His ideological fervor created him bitter enemies amongst communist elements, which largely dominated the army.In December 1938 he issued a report to the standing committee of his party, Republican Left of Catalonia, as Deputy Commissioner Brigadier, occupying the position of commissioner of the 62nd division, part of the XXIV corps. This report sought to picture the political composition of the authorities of the Spanish Republican Army. The predominant complaint on it was that the percentage of chiefs, officers and commissioners who had communist sympathies, or were members of the Communist Party of Spain, was very high: up to 50 percent, and this high percentage could negatively affect the morale of Republican soldiers of the Spanish Republican Army. Following this report, which was distributed among Communists and others, he was accused in 1939 of high treason against the Republic, being detained for 12 days and released after in Arenys de Munt. Exile

For that reason, with the support of his party he went to France, where he stayed as a refugee in the internment camps, first in Argelès and after in Agde. From his time in these camps Anna Murià (wife of Agustí Bartra) wrote in her biographical notes on Bartra: "<mask> <mask> was a leader, mentor and protector, brother and father of the Catalans in the concentration camps. He understood everyone and cared about everyone".During this stage he maintained frequent communication with Carles Pi i Sunyer. Thereafter he went to Montpellier and stayed in the residence of his party. In the early years of the exile in France he was one of the most important leaders of Republican Left of Catalonia. On 20 August 1944 he entered Barcelona clandestinely with his wife (Montserrat <mask> Torrents- “a modern young woman with very clear ideas”), as the first representative of the leadership of Republican Left of Catalonia in exile in Paris, under the chairmanship of Josep Irla. His mission was to reorganize the internal leadership of the party and to form a unity government of the Generalitat. He adopted the clandestine names of Esteve Serra or Esteve Serrallonga Mono. During this period he was also in charge of the organization and propaganda of Republican Left of Catalonia, and of the publication of the clandestine journal "La Humanitat".Furthermore, he was responsible for and director of the internal party newsletters "Butlletí" and "Butlletí d´Informació", in the edition of which his wife also actively participated. On 24 January 1947 he was arrested by Francisco Franco´s police and escaped. Some characters of the time consider this escape was facilitated by the police due to the pressure they were receiving from the civil governor, the consuls of the foreign democratic powers (which kept conversations and relationships with Republican Left of Catalonia) and other Catalan personalities such as Jose Maria Pi i Sunyer, Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Barcelona. He entered again clandestinely in Barcelona several times in 1947, to take over the party’s crisis and to connect with Pous i Pages and the National Council of Catalan Democracy (in Catalan: Consell Nacional de la Democràcia Catalana). His task was to redirect the existing difficult relationship between the Council and the government in exile, and between the Council and Republican Left of Catalonia. Moreover, he represented President Josep Irla to see the possibilities of creation of a unity organism of the inside Catalan political forces, contrary to Francisco Franco´s regime, and to connect them with the government of Catalonia. To this end he held several meetings and interviews.He was in charge of the information service of the Generalitat of Catalonia in exile (1947–49). In 1949 he left to Bolivia, where he held various management positions in private companies, founding also his own. In this country he was president of the Association of Spanish (1953-1959) an apolitical institution of Cochabamba, and member of social and economic institutions such as the House of Spain and the Spanish Chamber of Commerce in Bolivia, of this last one for a period of eighteen years of which six (1978-1984) he was president. During his exile he wrote several articles in the Catalan newspaper Avui. In 1983 he was appointed Commander of the Order of Civil Merit by His Majesty King Juan Carlos I of Spain for his full support for the work of rapprochement between Spain and Bolivia. The character Puig of the book "Xabola" of Agustí Bartra is <mask> Puig. Bibliography

 La humanitat.Number 626. November 14, 1933
 Molas i Batllori, Isidre, Diccionari dels partits politics de Catalunya segle XX (Spain, Enciclopedia Catalana, 2000) Page 78. Pi i Sunyer, Carles, 1939: Memories Del Primer Exili (Spain, Fundacio Carles Pi i Sunyer d'Estudis Autonomics i Locals, 2000)
 Pi i Sunyer, Carles, Memories De L'Exili, El Govern De La Generalitat Paris 1945-1948 (Spain, Curial, 1979). <mask>, <mask>, Informe sobre el ejercito. December 1938. Biblioteca Pavelló de la Republica, Universidad de Barcelona. Quaderns de l´Arxiu Pi i Sunyer.Number 3: Des dels camps. Cartes de rufiagts i internats al migdia francés l´any 1939. ( Fundación Carles Pi I Sunyer, 1998). http://pisunyer.org/arxiu-historic/publicacions/quaderns-de-larxiu-pi-i-sunyer/3-des-dels-camps-cartes-de-refugiats-i-internats-al-migdia
 Subirats Piñana, Josep, Entre vivencias. (Spain, Viena, 2010). Viladot i Presas, Albert. Nacionalisme i prensa clandestina (1939-1951) (Spain, Curial, 1987).Vilanova i Vila-Abadal, Francesc, Als dos costats de la frontera. Relacions politiques entre exili i interior a la postguerra, 1939-1948. (Spain, Publicacions de l´Abadia de Montserrat, 2001)

References

1914 births
1999 deaths
Politicians from Catalonia
Mayors of places in Catalonia

masks:
Pere Puig Subinyà
Pere
Puig
Puig
Pere
Puig
Pere


texts:
<mask> of Tang (March 31, 867 – September 22, 904), né Li Jie, name later changed to Li Min and again to Li Ye, was the penultimate emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. He reigned from 888 to 904 (although he was briefly deposed by the eunuch Liu Jishu in 900 and restored in 901). <mask> was the seventh son of <mask> of Tang and younger brother of Emperor Xizong of Tang. Later Li Jie was murdered by Zhu Wen, the Later Liang ruler who overthrew the Tang dynasty. During <mask>'s reign, the Tang Dynasty fell into total disarray and rebellions, which had been ongoing since the reign of his older brother <mask>, as they erupted throughout the country while the imperial government's authority effectively disappeared. In the midst of all this, <mask> tried to salvage the dying dynasty. However, his efforts to reassert imperial power generally backfired, as his unsuccessful campaigns against Li Keyong, Chen Jingxuan, and Li Maozhen, merely allowed them to re-affirm their power.Eventually, the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong seized control of the imperial government and in 904 had <mask> killed as the prelude of taking over the Tang throne. Zhu also killed many of <mask>'s ministers, including the chancellor, Cui Yin. Zhu then placed <mask>'s 13-year-old son as a puppet emperor (as <mask>). By 907, Zhu himself took over the throne, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang. <mask>'s reign lasted almost 16 years and he was buried in Heling (). He was 37. Background
Li Jie was born in 867, during the reign of his father <mask>, in the eastern palace at the imperial capital Chang'an.His mother was <mask>'s concubine Consort Wang, who was said to have come from a humble background and whose rank within the palace was not recorded. She appeared to have died shortly after giving birth to Li Jie. (As Li Jie was also said to have been from the same mother as his older brother Li Yan, whose mother was a different Consort Wang, it might have been that he was raised by Li Yan's mother.) In 872, <mask> created Li Jie the Prince of Shou. In 877, by which time Li Yan (named Li Xuan by this point) was emperor (as <mask>zong), Li Jie was given the honorary titles of Kaifu Yitong Sansi (), commandant at You Prefecture (幽州, in modern Beijing), and military governor (Jiedushi) of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered at Beijing). (At that time, Lulong Circuit was actually governed by the warlord Li Keju.) It was said that Li Jie was particularly close to <mask> since they shared the same mother, and he followed <mask> in flight from Chang'an from the attack of the agrarian rebels led by Huang Chao in 880.While on this flight, Li Jie, who was then 13, ran out of energy and requested a horse from the eunuch Tian Lingzi, who dominated <mask>'s court; Tian refused and whipped Li Jie's attendant for the request. Li Jie thereafter bore a deep resentment for Tian. In 888, by which time Huang's rebellion had been crushed and the imperial court had returned to Chang'an, <mask> grew gravely ill. It was said that <mask>'s younger brother and Li Jie's older brother Li Bao () the Prince of Ji was the oldest among <mask>'s surviving brothers and was considered wise, and so the imperial officials wanted him to succeed <mask>, but the powerful eunuch Yang Fugong (who had succeeded Tian as the surveyor of the eunuch-controlled Shence Armies) wanted Li Jie to succeed <mask>, so <mask> issued an edict creating Li Jie crown prince. Shortly after, <mask> died, and Li Jie, changing his name to Li Min, took the throne as <mask>. During the mourning period, the chancellor Wei Zhaodu served as regent. Reign

Campaigns against Chen Jingxuan and Li Keyong
Emperor Zhaozong's ascension created great anticipation in the people's minds, as he was considered intelligent, handsome, decisive, and talented, with ambitions to restore imperial power that had been lost during Emperor Xizong's reign.Not long after taking the throne, he changed his name further to Li Ye. As soon as <mask> took the throne, he received petitions from Wang Jian and Gu Yanlang, advocating that Tian Lingzi's brother Chen Jingxuan the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), be removed from his post. (Wang, who was allied with Gu (the military governor of neighboring Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), had been fighting Chen for the control of Xichuan but was unable to prevail against Chen by himself.) Still resenting Tian, who was then sheltered by Chen from edicts that <mask> had previously entered ordering Tian into exile, <mask> ordered Chen back to Chang'an and commissioned Wei Zhaodu as his replacement. When Chen refused to be replaced, <mask> ordered a general campaign against him, with Wei in command, assisted by Wang, Gu, and Yang Fugong's adoptive nephew Yang Shouliang the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi). While the campaign against Chen was starting, another campaign that had been ongoing during the latter years of <mask>'s reign was ending. Qin Zongquan, formerly the Tang military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), had declared himself emperor at Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture () in 885 and had sent out armies to conquer the nearby Tang circuits.By 888, his power had waned under attacks by Tang's military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), Zhu Quanzhong, and in late 888 he was overthrown in a coup by his officer Shen Cong (); he was subsequently delivered to Zhu, who then delivered him to Chang'an to be executed. Even though Yang Fugong had been instrumental in having <mask> made emperor, by 889 conflicts had begun between the emperor and the chief eunuch, leading to a public argument between Yang and the chancellors Kong Wei on one occasion over Kong's accusation that Yang was disrespecting the emperor. Nothing further came of the dispute publicly at this point, however. Nevertheless, at the suggestion of Kong's colleague Zhang Jun, who advocated that a strong imperial army directly under the emperor was essential for the restoration of imperial power to counteract the warlords and the eunuch-commanded Shence Armies, <mask> began recruiting an imperial army that eventually numbered 100,000 by spring 890. At that point, Kong and Zhang believed that it was time to test this army, to show its strengths in the struggle against Yang at court. Zhang, therefore, advocated a campaign against the warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi)—one of the most powerful warlords of the realm and archrival to the also powerful Zhu Quanzhong—as both Zhu and Li Kuangwei the military governor of Lulong were at that time also requesting an imperial campaign against the expanding Li Keyong. <mask>, despite his reservations, approved the campaign, which got under way in summer 890, with Zhu's army attacking Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), then also under Li Keyong's control, from the southeast; Li Kuangwei and Helian Duo the military governor of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi) attacking from the northeast; and the main imperial army, under Zhang's command and supplemented by the armies of various circuits around Chang'an, attacking from the southwest.Zhu's army was able to seize Zhaoyi quickly, due to the assassination of Zhaoyi's military governor Li Kegong (李克恭, Li Keyong's brother) by his officer An Jushou (), but the imperial official sent to take over Zhaoyi, Sun Kui (), was intercepted and captured by Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunxiao (and subsequently executed when he would not submit to Li Keyong), badly affecting the imperial army's morale. Li Cunxiao subsequently put Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture () under siege, forcing Zhu's army to withdraw. Li Kuangwei and Helian's armies were also repelled by Li Keyong's adoptive sons Li Cunxin and Li Siyuan, leaving Zhang's imperial army to face Li Keyong himself. By late 890, the imperial army was suffering repeated defeats at the hands of Li Keyong's Hedong army, and the supplemental troops from Jingnan (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) Circuits abandoned the imperial army and withdrew by themselves, eventually leading to a total collapse of the imperial army, with Zhang and his deputy, Han Jian the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) escaping with just a small contingent; the rest of the imperial army was effectively lost. With Li Keyong subsequently threatening an invasion, <mask> was forced to restore Li Keyong to his titles and positions and exile Zhang and Kong, ending the campaign against Li Keyong in disaster. With the defeat against Li Keyong, and the campaign against Chen in a stalemate—the imperial army had put Xichuan's capital Chengdu under siege and caused a terrible famine within the city, but had not been able to capture it—the imperial treasury was being drained, and Emperor Zhaozong decided to end the Xichuan campaign as well. He pardoned Chen and recalled Wei, while ordering Gu and Wang (for whom he had created a Yongping Circuit () out of parts of Xichuan territory) back to their circuits.Wang was unwilling to accept this result, however, and he intimidated Wei into returning to Chang'an by himself, while Wang continued the siege of Chengdu. In fall 891, Chen and Tian surrendered to Wang, and Wang took over Xichuan Circuit. Initial conflict with Li Maozhen
The end of the campaign against Li Keyong, which Yang Fugong had opposed, did not end the tension between <mask> and Yang, but intensified it. In fall 891, Yang sought to retire, and <mask> approved the retirement. Soon thereafter, rumors that Yang was planning a rebellion at Chang'an against the emperor, along with his adoptive nephew Yang Shouxin (). <mask> sent the imperial guards to preemptively attack Yang Fugong's mansion, and Yang Fugong and Yang Shouxin fled to Yang Shouliang's Shannan West Circuit. Yang Fugong thereafter started a rebellion against the imperial government, along with Yang Shouliang, Yang Shouxin, and other adoptive sons and nephews, including Yang Shouzhong () the military governor of Jinshang Circuit (金商, headquartered in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), Yang Shouzhen () the military governor of Longjian Circuit (龍劍, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), and Yang Shouhou () the prefect of Mian Prefecture (綿州, also in modern Mianyang).In response to the Yangs' rebellion, Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), along with his allies Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) and Han Jian, as well as his brother Li Maozhuang () the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Tianshui, Gansu) and Wang Xingyu's brother Wang Xingyue () the military governor of Kuangguo Circuit (匡國, headquartered in modern Weinan), submitted a joint petition for Li Maozhen to be made the commander of the forces against the Yangs. <mask>, while inimical to the Yangs, was hesitant to give Li Maozhen more authority and territory, and therefore initially denied the request. However, Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu launched an attack anyway, forcing <mask> into approving Li Maozhen as the commander against the Yangs. By winter 892, Xingyuan had fallen to Li Maozhen, and the Yangs fled (and were eventually captured by Han and delivered to Chang'an to be executed). Li Maozhen wanted to add Shannan West to his territory, so he requested to be Shannan West's military governor, fully expecting that <mask> would allow him to retain both Fengxiang and Shannan West. Instead, <mask> issued an edict making him the military governor of Shannan West and Wuding (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong) Circuits, while making the chancellor Xu Yanruo the military governor of Fengxiang. Despite the misgivings of the chancellor Du Rangneng, <mask>zong launched a campaign against Li Maozhen, with Du in charge of the logistics and Li Sizhou () the Prince of Qin in command of the imperial guards, which Emperor Zhaozong had rebuilt with new recruits.The imperial army had low morale and little battle experience, however, and when Li Sizhou set to engage Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu's experienced armies, the army collapsed. Li Maozhen approached Chang'an, demanding Du's death. <mask> capitulated, ordering Du to commit suicide and allowing Li Maozhen to retain Fengxiang, Shannan West, Wuding, and Tianxiong. It was said that after this point, Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu, in alliance with the chancellor Cui Zhaowei, were heavily influencing imperial governance, such that the emperor would not dare to carry out any measures that they opposed. The next point of contention came in 895, when Wang Chongying the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), died, precipitating a succession struggle between his nephew Wang Ke (the adoptive son of Wang Chongying's brother and predecessor Wang Chongrong and biological son of another brother, Wang Chongjian ()), whom the Huguo soldiers supported, and his son Wang Gong the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), who coveted the more prosperous Huguo Circuit. Li Keyong supported Wang Ke, while Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han supported Wang Gong, and all of them submitted competing petitions on the behalf of the feuding cousins. Emperor <mask> approved Li Keyong's petition and made Wang Ke the military governor of Huguo.In response, Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han marched on the capital again, killing the chancellors Wei Zhaodu (who had returned to chancellorship after the Xichuan campaign) and Li Xi, whom they perceived to be behind <mask>'s decision.

masks:
Emperor Zhaozong
Zhaozong
Emperor Yizong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Zhaozong
Emperor Ai
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Yizong
Emperor Yizong
Emperor Yizong
Emperor Xi
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Xizong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhao
Emperor Zhaozong
Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong


texts:
 The actions of Li Maozhen, Wang Xingyu, and Han, in turn, drew a strong reaction from Li Keyong, who launched his army, crossed the Yellow River, and prepared to attack the three of them. Rumors developed that Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu both wanted to seize the emperor and take him to their domains. <mask>, in response, fled into the Qinling Mountains with his officials, and the people of Chang'an followed in droves. Meanwhile, Li Keyong engaged and defeated Wang's and Li Maozhen's troops, then put Wang's capital Bin Prefecture () under siege. Wang fled and was killed by his own subordinates in flight. Li Maozhen and Han capitulated, sending apologies and tributes to <mask>.<mask>, who returned to Chang'an, bestowed great honors on Li Keyong and his key subordinates, but hesitated when Li Keyong proposed to attack Li Maozhen, believing that if Li Keyong destroyed Li Maozhen, the balance of power would be lost. He therefore forbade Li Keyong from attacking Li Maozhen. Li Keyong withdrew to Hedong Circuit, and, owing to his eventual defeats at the hands of Zhu Quanzhong, would not be able to return again. Flight to Hua Prefecture
With Li Keyong gone from the region, Li Maozhen, who had been intimidated into an apologetic posture to the imperial court, again became arrogant. He became suspicious of <mask>'s attempts to rebuild the imperial guards and putting them under the commands of imperial princes, including Li Sizhou, Li Jiepi () the Prince of Yan, and <mask>'s uncle Li Zi the Prince of Tong. In summer 896, he launched an attack on Chang'an. <mask> immediately sought aid from Li Keyong, but with Li Keyong being unable to launch an army at that time and Li Maozhen's forces having defeated Li Sizhou's, Li Sizhou recommended fleeing to Hedong.<mask> initially agreed and prepared to head for Fu Prefecture (鄜州, in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), preparing to cross the Yellow River to Hedong from there; he also sent Li Jiepi to Hedong to prepare for his arrival. However, after he left Chang'an, Han Jian sent emissaries, and then personally arrived to meet with him, to persuade him to go to Zhenguo's capital Hua Prefecture () instead, promising to do all he could to uphold imperial power. As both <mask> and his officials were fearful of the lengthy trek to Hedong, <mask> agreed and headed for Hua Prefecture instead. Once <mask> arrived at Hua Prefecture, however, he became effectively under Han's control, and Han stopped any real imperial attempt to engage Li Maozhen militarily. Further, he forced <mask> to disband the imperial guards under the imperial princes' control, and, after Li Jiepi returned from Hedong—thus exposing the fact that Li Keyong was in no shape to launch an army to aid the emperor—slaughtered 11 imperial princes. <mask> made peace with Li Maozhen in spring 898, restoring the titles that he had previously stripped from Li Maozhen. With Zhu Quanzhong urging the emperor to move the capital to the eastern capital Luoyang, Han and Li Maozhen became apprehensive that he would launch an army to seize the emperor, and therefore repaired the palaces and governmental offices at Chang'an (which Li Maozhen's army had destroyed).In fall 898, <mask> returned to Chang'an, but with no army around him now other than the eunuch-controlled Shence Armies. Removal and restoration
Meanwhile, also rising in power at court was the chancellor Cui Yin, who hated the eunuchs ardently and who was allied with Zhu Quanzhong. By 900, <mask>, who had come to trust Cui and who would later describe him as "faithful but trickier" (than Han Wo, the official the emperor was making the comment to) was planning with Cui to slaughter the eunuchs. When Cui's fellow chancellor Wang Tuan urged against such action, believing the plans to be too drastic, Cui accused Wang of being in league with the powerful eunuchs Zhu Daobi () and Jing Wuxiu (), who served as the directors of palace communications (Shumishi). Upon Cui's accusations, <mask> ordered Wang, Zhu Daobi, and Jing to commit suicide, and it was said that from this point Cui became the leading figure at court, with the eunuchs angry at and fearful of him. The eunuchs also had become fearful of <mask> himself, who, after returning from Hua Prefecture, was described to be depressed, alcoholic, and unpredictable in his temperament. The four top-ranked eunuchs—Liu Jishu and Wang Zhongxian () the commanders of the Shence Armies, and Wang Yanfan () and Xue Qiwo () the new directors of palace communications—began plotting to remove him.After an incident in winter 900 in which <mask>, in a drunken rage, killed several attending eunuchs and ladies in waiting, Liu Jishu led Shence Army troops into the palace and forced <mask> to yield the throne to his son Li Yu, Prince of De the Crown Prince. <mask> and his wife (Li Yu's mother) Empress He were honored as retired emperor (Taishang Huang) and retired empress (Taishang Huanghou) but put under house arrest. Li Yu, whose name the eunuchs changed to Li Zhen, was proclaimed emperor, but the eunuchs controlled the court. They wanted to kill Cui, but was fearful that Cui's ally Zhu Quanzhong might react violently, so they only relieved Cui from his secondary posts as the director of finances and the director of salt and iron monopolies. Cui, in turn, was in communications with Zhu, plotting to restore the emperor. He also persuaded the Shence Army officer Sun Dezhao () to join his cause, and Sun in turn persuaded his fellow officers Dong Yanbi () and Zhou Chenghui () to join. In spring 901, they acted.They first ambushed and killed Wang Zhongxian, and captured Liu and Wang Yanfan, who were then killed by caning. Xue tried to commit suicide by drowning, but was taken out of the water and decapitated. <mask> was restored to the throne. In gratitude to the three officers, he bestowed the imperial clan name of Li on them, renaming them Li Jizhao (), Li Yanbi (), and Li Jihui () respectively. Flight to Fengxiang
Shortly after <mask>'s restoration, Li Maozhen showed an intent of reestablishing his relationship with the emperor by visiting Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor <mask>. While Li Maozhen was still at Chang'an, Cui Yin made a proposal intending to eliminate the control that the eunuchs had over the Shence Armies—that he and fellow chancellor Lu Yi be put in command of the Shence Armies. This proposal was opposed by Li Jizhao, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi, however, and as Cui cited, as a rationale, the possibility that the Shence Armies could thus counteract the warlords, Li Maozhen was also suspicious of it.<mask>zong therefore rejected the proposal, and put the eunuchs Han Quanhui and Zhang Yanhong (), both of whom had previously served as eunuch monitors of the Fengxiang army, in command of the Shence Armies, and further wanted the retired eunuch Yan Zunmei () to serve as the overseer of both Shence Armies, but Yan declined and remained in retirement. Cui, apprehensive of allowing the eunuchs to command the Shence Armies again, requested Li Maozhen to leave a corps of Fengxiang troops at Chang'an to counteract the eunuchs; Li Maozhen agreed, and left his adoptive son Li Jiyun () in command of the Fengxiang soldiers at Chang'an. Despite this setback, Cui continued to try to plan to slaughter the eunuchs. The eunuchs headed by Han eventually became aware of this, and, in order to reduce Cui's power, they had the Shence Army soldiers claim that Cui was not giving them the proper winter uniforms. <mask>zong was forced to again remove Cui from his post as the director of salt and iron monopolies. Moreover, by this point they had persuaded Li Jiyun and his Fengxiang soldiers to be on their side. Cui, realizing that the eunuchs were intending to destroy him, became fearful, and wrote Zhu Quanzhong, urging him to bring troops to Chang'an to act against the eunuchs.Zhu agreed, and began mobilizing his army. Han and the other eunuchs, hearing of Zhu's impending arrival, believed that Zhu's forces were intending to slaughter them. They, with the cooperation of Li Jiyun, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi (but not Li Jizhao, who refused to align with them), seized <mask> and his household, and took them to Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality. Cui and the imperial officials largely remained at Chang'an, although some followed the emperor and the eunuchs to Fengxiang. After Zhu arrived at Chang'an to confer with Cui, he advanced to Fengxiang and put it under siege. Li Maozhen sought an alliance with Wang Jian. Wang Jian, however, tried to play both sides—outwardly aligning with Zhu, but secretly encouraging Li Maozhen to resist Zhu, while sending an army to head north to attack Li Maozhen's Shannan West Circuit.With Fengxiang under siege, Li Maozhen's holdings in the Guanzhong region fell one by one to Zhu, while Shannan West and nearby holdings fell to Wang. Still, Fengxiang's defenses were holding, and by fall 902, Zhu, with his attacks hampered by rains and illnesses to the soldiers, was considering a withdrawal. A trap advocated by and set by Zhu's officer Gao Jichang, however, induced Li Maozhen to send his troops outside the city walls to attack Zhu's troops, where they were crushed by Zhu's troops. From this point on, Li Maozhen could not fight back against Zhu any more, and by winter 902, Fengxiang was in such a desperate shape such that the residents were resorting to cannibalism. In spring 903, Li Maozhen sued for peace with Zhu, surrendering <mask> and the imperial household to him while killing Han and the other leading eunuchs, as well as Li Jiyun, Li Jihui, and Li Yanbi. Zhu took the emperor back to Chang'an, where one of the first actions Zhu and Cui carried out was to slaughter the remaining eunuchs, regardless of whether they supported Han's actions. This would be the effective end of the Shence Armies.Control by Zhu Quanzhong and movement to Luoyang
After <mask> returned to Chang'an, the capital became under the military control of the Xuanwu contingent; while Zhu Quanzhong himself returned to Xuanwu's capital Daliang, he left his nephew Zhu Youlun () in command at Chang'an. Cui Yin began to see signs that Zhu Quanzhong might be intending to seize the throne and became fearful, and therefore began to rebuild the imperial guards with himself in command, and a rift began to develop between Zhu and Cui. The rift became deeper after Zhu Youlun died in an accident while playing polo late in 903, which Zhu Quanzhong believed to be a murderous plot set up by Cui. He sent another nephew, Zhu Youliang (), to succeed Zhu Youlun, and further sent Xuanwu soldiers to infiltrate the imperial guards corps that Cui was trying to rebuild. In spring 904, he acted, writing to Cui and his associates Zheng Yuangui () the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) and the officer Chen Ban (), and then sending Xuanwu soldiers to surround Cui's mansion and kill Cui and his associates. Then, citing the possibility that Li Maozhen and his adoptive son Li Jihui (not the same person as the one killed in 903) the military governor of Jingnan Circuit may attack Chang'an, he forced <mask>ng. While on the journey to Luoyang, <mask> sent secret orders to Wang Jian, Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Huainan), and Li Keyong, asking them to start a campaign against Zhu Quanzhong, but his orders drew no immediate reactions.Death
Meanwhile, Zhu Quanzhong had long wanted to kill Li Yu, outwardly on the account that Li Yu had once improperly taken the throne (albeit under the eunuchs' pressure), but truly because he was apprehensive of Li Yu's status as the emperor's oldest son and his handsome appearance. <mask> resisted Zhu's wishes on this issue. Further, at that time, Li Maozhen, Li Jihui, Li Keyong, Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), Wang Jian, Yang Xingmi, and Zhao Kuangning the military governor of Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei) were all issuing declarations calling for the emperor's return to Chang'an. Zhu became apprehensive that, as he battled other warlords in campaigns, <mask> might find a way to rise against him at Luoyang, and therefore resolved to remove the emperor. In fall 904, he had his associate Jiang Xuanhui (), along with his adoptive son Zhu Yougong () and officer Shi Shucong (), take soldiers to the palace and assassinate <mask>. Jiang initially issued a declaration blaming the assassination on <mask>'s concubines Pei Zhenyi () and Li Jianrong (), but Zhu later blamed it on Zhu Yougong and Shi and forced them to commit suicide. <mask>'s son Li Zuo the Prince of Hui was first declared crown prince, and then emperor (as <mask>).By 907, <mask> would be forced to yield the throne to Zhu, ending <mask> and starting Zhu's new Later Liang. Chancellors during reign

 Wei Zhaodu (888, 893-895)
 Kong Wei (888-891, 895)
 Du Rangneng (888-893)
 Zhang Jun (888-891)
 Liu Chongwang (889-892)
 Cui Zhaowei (891-895)
 Xu Yanruo (891-893, 894-900)
 Zheng Yanchang (892-894)
 Cui Yin (893-895, 896-899, 900-904)
 Zheng Qi (894)
 Li Xi (894, 895)
 Li Zhirou (895)
 Lu Xisheng (895)
 Wang Tuan (895-896, 896-900)
 Sun Wo (895-897)
 Lu Yi (896, 899-903)
 Zhu Pu (896-897)
 Cui Yuan (896-900, 904)
 Pei Zhi (900-903)
 Wang Pu (901-903)
 Pei Shu (901, 903-904)
 Lu Guangqi (901-902)
 Wei Yifan (902, 902)
 Su Jian (902-903)
 Dugu Sun (903-904)
 Liu Can (904)

Family
The Hu family of Xidi are descended from Hu Shiliang, from Wuyuan, who was a descendant of Hu Changyi, a son of <mask> of Tang who was adopted by the Wuyuan Hu family. 20, part 1. New Book of Tang, vol. 10. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 252, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265.任士英 (2005). 《正說唐朝二十一帝》 Taipei: 聯經. .

867 births
904 deaths
Tang dynasty emperors
10th-century Chinese monarchs
9th-century Chinese monarchs
10th-century murdered monarchs
Assassinated Chinese politicians
Murdered Chinese

masks:
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Zhaozong
Emperor Zhao
Emperor Zhao
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozongoya
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Zhaozong
Emperor Ai
Emperor Ai
Tang
Emperor Zhaozong


texts:
<mask> (26 July 1915 – 2 September 2012) was a German conceptual artist, painter and sculptor. He is known for his "hypnosis paintings" and "somnambulistic paintings" as well as for his sculptures. Life

<mask> grew up with two sisters, Marianne and Gisela, on Glücksburger street in Düsseldorf-Oberkassel. His father was the manager of the ironworks Association in Düsseldorf. During his high school years <mask> studied piano and performed in public as a piano soloist. His piano teacher recommended the philosophical work of Rudolf Steiner to him. In 1930 <mask> produced his first still life and within a year began his first figurative drawings.He created portraits of people in his neighborhood. In 1934 he traveled to the Goetheanum in Dornach (Switzerland) to study the works of Rudolf Steiner. In 1935, he began his study of medicine at the University of Marburg. He continued his study of medicine at Freiburg, Jena and at the Medical Academy in Düsseldorf. From 1940 to 1942 he served in the military service in France. In 1942 <mask> was called back to Düsseldorf due to the lack of military available in Düsseldorf during World War II. He received his doctorate there in 1943 and in January 1945 he sent to the Eastern Front as a military doctor.He was captured in Wroclaw and transported to Transcaucasia (Mingitschaur) to work as a roadbuilder and concrete worker as a Russian prisoner of war. During his imprisonment, on behalf of the prisoner-of-war camp management <mask> painted documentary images of the geological investigations of the terminal moraines. The prisoners also worked on archaeological excavations of medean graves. He was forbidden from painting and was ordered to create portraits of the guards. In 1949, he returned to Düsseldorf where he became a volunteer physician at the University Hospital in Hamburg. From 1951 to 1953 he worked as psychotherapist at the 2nd Medical Academy in Düsseldorf, specializing in hypnosis treatments. At this time he began the creation of his first hypnosis paintings.His public opposition against electroshock therapy and insulin shock treatments lead to his release from hospital in 1953/1954. During the summer semester, he attended a class called on monumental painting and wall painting under the direction of  at the Kölner Werkschulen. He applied to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf but was rejected. In 1954 he received the circular medical certificate to establish himself as a general medical practitioner. <mask> now specialized on nervous disorders and psychosomatic disorders. He focused on therapies that utilized hypnosis. After 1960, he began making somnambulistic paintings.A heart attack in 1965 forced <mask> to end working as a doctor. In 1973, he declared himself to be a freelance artist and started teaching painting lessons to children at his home. These lessons later became the first Waldorf kindergarten in Düsseldorf. <mask> also worked as a pianist in Waldorf schools. In 1974 he applied again to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and was accepted. He spent two years there. At the same time he attended lectures of philosophy at Heinz Rudolf at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf.Starting in 1990, <mask> created art which he described as Müllkunst (trash art). 1998 <mask> moved to the anthroposophically oriented Heinrich-Zschokke Senior house in Düsseldorf-Gerresheim, that he also initiated. In 2000, his works were presented to the general public during the presentation of his monography at the NRW Forum for the first time. Bazon Brock and Gabriele Lohberg, Director of the Europäische Kunstakademie Trier (European Academy of Fine Arts Trier) held the introduction speeches. (1)

Life in Anthroposophic Senior home became intolerable to him. Some of his art works were destroyed due to unannounced renovations at his senior home. (2) At age 91 he moved to a new senior him in the Kasierwerther Diakonie, Ratingen.In 2012 <mask> was involved in the exhibition "The Great," at the Museum Kunst Palast Düsseldorf where his hypnosis works were on display. He attended the exhibition. In the autumn of the same year <mask> died of heart failure. (3)

Work

<mask>'s key works are his hypnosis pictures from the early 1950s, his somnambulistic works, and his sculptures. The focus of his work is the human being. In his early work pure representations of people, such as portraits and nudes can be found. He approached his artwork with concepts drawn from his background as a physician and psychotherapist, applying concepts of the human psyche to his work.<mask> painted the hypnosis images after stories and pictures from his patients in trance. They were created after the end of World War II created until the early 1950s. <mask>'s art involved his work as a psychotherapist- using what he saw during hypnosis and narration from his patients, who were overcoming the personal traumas left by war. He claimed that he painted his pictures for the patients, in order to connect with them. He believed his works helped the patients while the patients' assisted his development as an artist creating works centered on the human psyche. In his understanding the artist could be a healer. With these works he had been one of the pioneers of the conceptual art movement in the 1960s in Europe.His hypnosis paintings were accompanied with Bazon Brock and a performance of Joseph Beuys washing feet. Bazon Brock wrote in his book "Der Barbar als Kulturheld" (The barbarian as a cultural hero): "The results of these images that emerged then, are ultimately that important because they are artistic formally on the absolute highest level of its time. There is nothing comparable in the '50s. "(5)

For Bierbrauer, since the late 1960s somnambulistic work had many parallels to works by informal artists like Emilio Vedova and Emil Schumacher. Their techniques are comparable also to the works of the abstract expressionism by Jackson Pollock or Jean-Michel Basquiat. <mask>, trained by the hypnosis of his patients, began in this period to abstract from the patient's images and now betook himself into a somnambulistic, in a daydream-like state. He made paintings based on the "incorporation" of others and the search for his own identity.<mask> also produced sculptures. In his bronze figures such as the elephantine tantrum from 2001 he used an expressive free, unbound to the concrete form design, which received its informal expression which is increased by the titles-finding. They appear as trash-like sculptures, mostly composed of found material (see also Arte povera), connected with glue, metal wires and tinfoil. Gallery Samples Hypnosis paintings

Art market
<mask> did no publicly show case his work until age 85, because he deemed his work a private matter. He did not receive public attention until the release of his monograph, when he gained public exposure. 2019 ZWISCHEN WELTEN / BETWEEN WORLDS, with Armin Baumgarten, Martin Leyer-Pritzkow, Düsseldorf
 2020 Pioneer of Social Sculpture - Part I, <mask>'s Hypnosispaintings, Martin Leyer-Pritzkow, Düsseldorf
 2020 Thomas Bernstein - Adolf Bierbrauer Skulpturen (sculptures), Martin Leyer-Pritzkow, Düsseldorf

Literature
 Heath Ines Willner, The end of my biography must lead into the future, Rheinische Post, 12 April 1994
 <mask>, Edited by Martin Leyer-Pritzkow with contributions by Helmut Reuter and Veronika Kolbe and Roswitha Mosl. Euregio Publisher., Nordhorn 1999,  (1)
 Bazon Brock, Collected Writings 1991–2002, Vol III, The Barbarian as a cultural hero, aesthetics of omission, IV strategies of aesthetics, visual science, 8, incorporation and representation, pp.with works of <mask> and Armin Baumgarten, with text German / English, Düsseldorf 2019,
 The Pioneer of Social Sculpture I - <mask>uer,edited by Martin Leyer-Pritzkow,text in english, Düsseldorf 2020,

External links
 official website of the artist <mask> at Martin Leyer-Pritzkow
 Literature about <mask> in the German National Library
 Literature about <mask> in the Bibliothèque Kadinsky, Centre Pompidou, France
 Bazon Brock: Incorporation and representation, Speech for the exhibition "<mask> Bierbrauer", January 19th, 2000, NRW-Forum Düsseldorf
 The Pioneer of Social Sculpture - Online-Booklet, 2020

Bierbrauer, Adolf
German contemporary artists
20th-century German painters
German male painters
Abstract expressionist artists
21st-century German painters
21st-century male artists
German conceptual artists
Modern artists
Anthroposophists
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Artists from Düsseldorf
Bierbrauer, Adolf
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century male artists
German male sculptors

masks:
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbra
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf Bierbrauer
Adolf