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<mask> (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990) was an Australian writer who published 12 novels, three short-story collections, and eight plays, from 1935 to 1987. <mask>'s fiction employs humour, florid prose, shifting narrative vantage points and stream of consciousness techniques. In 1973 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature", as it says in the Swedish Academy's citation, the only Australian to have been awarded the prize. <mask> was also the inaugural recipient of the Miles Franklin Award. Childhood and adolescence
<mask> was born in Knightsbridge, London, to <mask> and Ruth (née Withycombe), both Australians, in their apartment overlooking Hyde Park, London on 28 May 1912. His family returned to Sydney, Australia, when he was six months old. As a child he lived in a flat with his sister, a nanny, and a maid while his parents lived in an adjoining flat.In 1916 they moved to a house in Elizabeth Bay that many years later became a nursing home, Lulworth House, the residents of which included Gough Whitlam, Neville Wran, and <mask>'s partner Manoly Lascaris. At the age of four, <mask> developed asthma, a condition that had taken the life of his maternal grandfather. <mask>'s health was fragile throughout his childhood, which precluded his participation in many childhood activities. He loved the theatre, which he first visited at an early age (his mother took him to see The Merchant of Venice at the age of six). This love was expressed at home when he performed private rites in the garden and danced for his mother's friends. At the age of five, he attended kindergarten at Sandtoft in Woollahra, in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs. At the age of ten, <mask> was sent to Tudor House School, a boarding school in Moss Vale in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, in an attempt to abate his asthma.It took him some time to adjust to the presence of other children. At boarding school, he started to write plays. Even at this early age, <mask> wrote about palpably adult themes. In 1924, the boarding school ran into financial trouble, and the headmaster suggested for <mask> to be sent to a public school in England, a suggestion that his parents accepted. <mask> struggled to adjust to his new surroundings at Cheltenham College, England. He later described it as "a four-year prison sentence". <mask> withdrew socially and had a limited circle of acquaintances.Occasionally, he would holiday with his parents at European locations, but their relationship remained distant. However he did spend time with his cousin Jack Withycombe during this period, and Jack's daughter Elizabeth Withycombe became a mentor to him while he was writing his first book of poems, Thirteen Poems between the years 1927–29. While at school in London, <mask> made one close friend, Ronald Waterall, an older boy who shared similar interests. <mask>'s biographer, David Marr, wrote that "the two men would walk, arm-in-arm, to London shows; and stand around stage doors crumbing for a glimpse of their favourite stars, giving a practical demonstration of a chorus girl's high kick... with appropriate vocal accompaniment". When Waterall left school, <mask> withdrew again. He asked his parents if he could leave school to become an actor. The parents compromised and allowed him to finish school early if he came home to Australia to try life on the land.His parents felt that he should work on the land rather than become a writer and hoped that his work as a jackaroo would temper his artistic ambitions. <mask> spent two years working as a stockman at Bolaro, a  station near Adaminaby, on the edge of the Snowy Mountains, in southeastern Australia. Although he grew to respect the land and his health improved, it was clear that he was not cut out for this life. Travelling the world

From 1932 to 1935, <mask> lived in England, studying French and German literature at King's College, Cambridge University. During his time at Cambridge he developed a romantic attraction to a young man who had come to King's College to become an Anglican priest. <mask> dared not speak of his feelings for fear of losing the friendship and, like many other gay men of that period, he feared that his sexuality would doom him to a lonely life. Then, one night, the student priest, after an awkward liaison with two women, admitted to <mask> that women meant nothing to him sexually.That became <mask>'s first love affair. During <mask>'s time at Cambridge he published a collection of poetry entitled The Ploughman and Other Poems, and wrote a play named Bread and Butter Women, which was later performed by an amateur group (which included his sister Suzanne) at the tiny Bryant's Playhouse in Sydney. After being admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1935, <mask> briefly settled in London, where he lived in an area that was frequented by artists. There, the young author thrived creatively for a time, writing several unpublished works and reworking Happy Valley, a novel that he had written while jackarooing. In 1937, <mask>'s father died, leaving him ten thousand pounds in inheritance. The fortune enabled him to write full-time in relative comfort. Two more plays followed before he succeeded in finding a publisher for Happy Valley.The novel was received well in London but poorly in Australia. He began writing another novel, Nightside, but abandoned it before its completion after receiving negative comments, a decision that he later admitted regretting. In 1936, <mask> met the painter Roy De Maistre, 18 years his senior, who became an important influence in his life and work. The two men never became lovers but remained firm friends. In <mask>'s own words, "He became what I most needed, an intellectual and aesthetic mentor". They had many similarities: they were both gay and they both felt like outsiders in their own families; as a result they both had ambivalent feelings about their families and backgrounds, yet both maintained close and lifelong links with their families, particularly their mothers. They also both appreciated the benefits of social standing and connections and Christian symbolism and biblical themes are common in both artists' work.<mask> dedicated his first novel Happy Valley to De Maistre and acknowledged De Maistre's influence on his writing. In 1947, De Maistre's painting Figure in a Garden (The Aunt) was used as the cover for the first edition of <mask>'s The Aunt's Story. <mask> bought many of De Maistre's paintings. In 1974 <mask> gave all his paintings by De Maistre to the Art Gallery of New South Wales. Towards the end of the 1930s, <mask> spent time in the United States, including Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and New York City, which were artistic hotbeds at the time, where he wrote The Living and the Dead. By the time World War II broke out, he had returned to London and joined the British Royal Air Force. He was accepted as an intelligence officer, and was posted to the Middle East.He served in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece before the war was over. While in the Middle East, he had an affair with a Greek army officer, Manoly Lascaris, who was to become his life partner. <mask> and Lascaris lived together in Cairo for six years before moving to a small farm purchased by <mask> at Castle Hill, near Sydney, in 1948. After the death of <mask>'s mother in 1963, they moved into a large house, Highbury, in Centennial Park, where they lived for the rest of their lives. Growth of writing career

After the war, <mask> once again returned to Australia, buying an old house in Castle Hill, now a Sydney suburb but then semi-rural. He named the house "The Dogwoods," after trees he planted there. In this house, he settled down with Lascaris, the Greek he had met during the war.They lived there for 18 years, selling flowers, vegetables, milk, and cream as well as pedigree puppies. During these years he started to make a reputation for himself as a writer, publishing The Aunt's Story and The Tree of Man in the United States in 1955 and shortly after in the United Kingdom. The Tree of Man was released to rave reviews in the United States, but in what had become a typical pattern, it was panned in Australia. <mask> had doubts about whether to continue writing after his books were largely dismissed in Australia (three of them having been called 'un-Australian' by critics), but, in the end, he decided to persevere. His first breakthrough in Australia came when his next novel, Voss, won the inaugural Miles Franklin Literary Award. In 1961, <mask> published Riders in the Chariot. It was to become both a bestseller and a prizewinner, gaining him a second Miles Franklin Award.In 1963, <mask> and Lascaris decided to sell the house at Castle Hill. A number of <mask>'s works from the 1960s depict the fictional town of Sarsaparilla, including his collection of short stories, The Burnt Ones, and the play, The Season at Sarsaparilla. By now, he had clearly established his reputation as one of the world's great authors, but remained an essentially private person, resisting opportunities for interviews and public appearances although his circle of friends had widened significantly. In 1968, <mask> wrote The Vivisector, a searing character portrait of an artist. Many people drew links to the Sydney painter John Passmore (1904–84) and <mask>'s friend, the painter Sidney Nolan, but <mask> denied the connections. <mask> was an art collector who had, as a young man, been deeply impressed by his friends Roy De Maistre and Francis Bacon, and later said he wished he had been an artist. By the mid-1960s, he had also become interested in encouraging dozens of young and less established artists, such as James Clifford, Erica McGilchrist, and Lawrence Daws.<mask> was later friends with <mask>, the young star of Australian painting, in the 1970s. That friendship ended when <mask> felt that <mask>, a heroin addict, was deceitful and pushy about selling his paintings. A portrait of <mask> by Louis Kahan won the 1962 Archibald Prize. <mask> decided not to accept any more prizes for his work, and he declined both the $10,000 Britannia Award and another Miles Franklin Award. <mask> was approached by Harry M. Miller to work on a screenplay for Voss but nothing came of it. He became an active opponent of literary censorship and joined a number of other public figures in signing a statement of defiance against Australia's decision to participate in the Vietnam War. His name had sometimes been mentioned as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but in 1971, after losing to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, he wrote to a friend: That Nobel Prize!I hope I never hear it mentioned again. I certainly don't want it; the machinery behind it seems a bit dirty, when we thought that only applied to Australian awards. In my case to win the prize would upset my life far too much, and it would embarrass me to be held up to the world as an Australian writer when, apart from the accident of blood, I feel I am temperamentally a cosmopolitan Londoner. Nevertheless, in 1973, <mask> did accept the Nobel Prize "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has

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 introduced a new continent into literature". His cause was said to have been championed by a Scandinavian diplomat resident in Australia. <mask> enlisted Nolan to travel to Stockholm to accept the prize on his behalf. The award had an immediate impact on his career, as his publisher doubled the print run for The Eye of the Storm and gave him a larger advance for his next novel.<mask> used the money from the prize to establish a trust to fund the Patrick <mask> Award, given annually to established creative writers who have received little public recognition. He was invited by the House of Representatives to be seated on the floor of the House in recognition of his achievement. <mask> declined, explaining that his nature could not easily adapt itself to such a situation. The last time such an invitation had been extended was in 1928, to Bert Hinkler. <mask> was made Australian of the Year for 1974, but in a typically rebellious fashion, his acceptance speech encouraged Australians to spend the day reflecting on the state of the country. Privately, he was less than enthusiastic about it. In a letter to Marshall Best on 27 January 1974, he wrote: "Something terrible happened to me last week.There is an organisation which chooses an Australian of the Year, who has to appear at an official lunch in Melbourne Town Hall on Australia Day. This year I was picked on as they had run through all the swimmers, tennis players, yachtsmen". Personal life
<mask> and Lascaris hosted many dinner parties at Highbury, their Centennial Park home, in a leafy part of the affluent Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. In <mask>, A Life, his biographer David Marr portrays <mask> as a genial host but one who easily fell out with friends. <mask> supported the conservative, business oriented Liberal Party of Australia until the election of Gough Whitlam's Labor government and, following the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, he became particularly antiroyalist, making a rare appearance on national television to broadcast his views on the matter. <mask> also publicly expressed his admiration for the historian Manning Clark, satirist Barry Humphries, and unionist Jack Mundey. Failing health
During the 1970s, <mask>'s health began to deteriorate: he had issues with his teeth, his eyesight was failing and he had chronic lung problems.It was during this time that <mask> became more openly political. He began to occasionally comment on current issues. He was among the first group of the Companions of the Order of Australia in 1975 but resigned in June 1976 in protest at the dismissal of the Whitlam government in November 1975 by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr. In 1979, his novel The Twyborn Affair was shortlisted for the Booker Prize, but <mask> requested that it to be removed to give younger writers a chance to win. (The prize was won by Penelope Fitzgerald, who ironically was just four years younger than <mask>.) Soon after, <mask> announced that he had written his last novel, and from then on, he would write only for radio or the stage. Director Jim Sharman introduced himself to <mask> while walking down a Sydney street.This occurred some time after <mask> had seen a politically loaded stage revue by Sharman, Terror Australis, which had been panned by Sydney newspaper critics. <mask> had written a letter to the editor of a newspaper defending the show. There a significant difference in their ages. However, after a while the two men became friends and Sharman and his theatrical circle, as well as his visual style as a director, would inspire <mask> to write a couple of new plays, notably Big Toys with its satirical portrayal of a posh and vulgar upper-class Sydney society. A few years later, Sharman asked <mask> if he could make a film of The Night the Prowler. <mask> agreed and wrote the screenplay for the film. In 1981, <mask> published his autobiography, Flaws in the Glass: a self-portrait, which explored issues about which he had publicly said little, such as his homosexuality, his dislike of the "subservient" attitude of Australian society towards Britain and the Royal family, and also the distance he had felt from his mother.On Palm Sunday, 1982, <mask> addressed a crowd of 30,000 people, calling for a ban on uranium mining and for the destruction of nuclear weapons. In 1986 <mask>jian Gray" with <mask> named as editor. In the same year, Voss was turned into an opera, with music by Richard Meale and the libretto adapted by David Malouf. <mask> refused to see it when it was first performed at the Adelaide Festival of Arts, because Queen Elizabeth II had been invited, and chose instead to see it later in Sydney. In 1987, <mask> wrote Three Uneasy Pieces, which incorporated his musings on ageing and society's efforts to achieve aesthetic perfection. When David Marr finished his biography of <mask> in July 1990, his subject spent nine days going over the details with him. <mask> died in Sydney on 30 September 1990.Legacy
In 2009, The Sydney Theatre Company staged <mask>'s play The Season at Sarsaparilla. In 2010 <mask> received posthumous recognition for his novel The Vivisector, which was shortlisted for the Lost Man Booker Prize for 1970. In 2011 Fred Schepisi's film of The Eye of the Storm was released with screenplay adaptation by Judy Morris, Geoffrey Rush playing the son Basil, Judy Davis as the daughter Dorothy, and Charlotte Rampling as the dying matriarch Elizabeth Hunter. This is the first screen realisation of a <mask> novel, fittingly the one that played a key role in the Swedish panel's choice of <mask> as Nobel prize winner. List of works

Novels
Happy Valley (1939)
The Living and the Dead (1941)
The Aunt's Story (1948)
The Tree of Man (1955)
Voss (1957)
Riders in the Chariot (1961)
The Solid Mandala (1966)
The Vivisector (1970)
The Eye of the Storm (1973)
A Fringe of Leaves (1976)
The Twyborn Affair (1979)
Memoirs of Many in One (1986)
The Hanging Garden (2012) (Unfinished, posthumous)

Short story collections
The Burnt Ones (1964)
The Cockatoos (1974)
Three Uneasy Pieces (1987)

Poetry
Thirteen Poems / under the pseudonym <mask> Martindale. – Sydney : Privately printed, (ca. 1929)
The Ploughman and Other Poems.– Sydney : Beacon Press, (1935)

Plays
Bread and Butter Women (1935) Unpublished. The School for Friends (1935) Unpublished. Return to Abyssinia (1948) Unpublished. The Ham Funeral (1947) prem. Union Theatre, Adelaide, 1961. The Season at Sarsaparilla (1962)
A Cheery Soul (1963)
Night on Bald Mountain (1964)
Big Toys (1977)
Signal Driver: a Morality Play for the Times (1982)
Netherwood (1983)
Shepherd on the Rocks (1987)

Screenplay
 The Night the Prowler (1978)

'AutobiographyFlaws in the Glass (1981)

Honours and awards
In 1970, <mask> was offered a knighthood but declined it. Both <mask> and Nugget Coombs were members of the first group of six people appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the civil division, (now called the general division).The awards were announced in the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours List. They both resigned from the order in 1976, when the Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) was created. <mask> resigned in protest at the November 1975 dismissal of the Whitlam government by Sir John Kerr. Commemoration

<mask> is commemorated by the <mask> Lawns adjacent to the National Library of Australia in Canberra. The lawns are on two levels, with the part nearest the library about  wide from the approximately  retaining wall of the main library entrance esplanade and  higher than the lower lawn. The lawns extend from the library north to Lake Burley Griffin and provide a venue for concerts and other large scale public events under the auspices of the National Capital Authority. Notes

References

Further readingA Conversation with <mask>, Australian Writers in Profile, Southerly, No.3 1973
Barry Argyle, <mask>, Writers and Critics Series, Oliver and Boyd, London, 1967
Peter Beatson, The Eye in the Mandala, <mask>: A Vision of Man and God, Barnes & Noble, London, 1976
John Docker, <mask> and Romanticism: The Vivisector, Southerly, No.1, 1973
Simon During, <mask>, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, VIC, 1996.Michael Wilding, Studies in Classic Australian Fiction, Sydney Studies in Society and Culture, 16, 1997
Ian Henderson and Anouk Lang (eds.) <mask> Beyond the Grave, Anthem Press, 2015
Helen Verity Hewitt, <mask> and the Influence of the Visual Arts in his Work, Doctoral Thesis, Dept. of English, University of Melbourne, 1995. Clayton Joyce (ed.) <mask>: A Tribute, Angus & Robertson, Harper Collins, North Ryde, 1991. Brian Kiernan, <mask>, Macmillan Commonwealth Writers Series, The Macmillan Press, London, 1980. Alan Lawson (ed.)<mask>: Selected Writings, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1994
David Marr, <mask> – A Life, Random House Australia, Sydney, 1991. David Marr (ed. ), <mask> Letters, Random House Australia, Sydney, 1994. Irmtraud Petersson, ‘'New "Light" on Voss: The Significance of its Title, World Literature Written in English 28.2 (Autumn 1988) 245-59. Laurence Steven, Dissociation and Wholeness in <mask>'s Fiction, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Ontario, 1989. Elizabeth McMahon, Brigitta Olubas. Remembering <mask> : contemporary critical essays, Rodopi, Amsterdam, New York, 2010.Denise Varney, <mask>'s Theatre: Australian Modernism on Stage, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 2021. <mask>, <mask> Speaks, Primavera Press, Sydney, Publisher Paul Brennan, 1989. Stephen Michael Sasse, Companion notes to the Aunt's story by <mask>, WriteLight, 2012. Cynthia Vanden Drissen, Writing the nation : <mask> and the indigene, Rodopi, Amsterdam, New York, 2009. William Yang, <mask>: The Late Years, PanMacmillan Australia, 1995

External links

<mask> – Existential Explorer—essay by Karin Hansson at the official Nobel Prize website. Why Bother With <mask>?—excerpts from <mask>'s novels, as well as a range of critical interpretations of his work and personal remembrances of <mask> as a man, courtesy of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <mask> reappraised from the Times Literary Supplement
Press release from the National Library of Australia (NLA) to announce the acquisition of a large collection of <mask>'s personal documents and manuscripts.Online catalogue of the documents and manuscripts acquired by the NLA. Detailed analysis of <mask>'s acclaimed novel Voss, by Len Webster. <mask> on Trove
"Autobiography", Nobel prize

1912 births
1990 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Australian anti–nuclear weapons activists
Anti–Vietnam War activists
Australian dramatists and playwrights
Australian of the Year Award winners
Australian male short story writers
Australian gay writers
LGBT writers from the United Kingdom
Nobel laureates in Literature
People educated at Cheltenham College
People from Knightsbridge
Writers from Sydney
Writers from London
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Australian Nobel laureates
Miles Franklin Award winners
ALS Gold Medal winners
Adaminaby
20th-century Australian novelists
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
Australian LGBT novelists
LGBT Nobel laureates
Former Companions of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian short story writers
Australian male

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<mask> (; born January 1953) is a retired Chinese politician. Among other positions, he was once the Mayor of Shenzhen, Executive Vice-Governor of Hunan province, and Governor of Shanxi province. He resigned as Shanxi governor in 2007 and then transferred to serve as Party Branch Secretary and Vice Minister of Culture. In October 2008, <mask> was unexpectedly removed from the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and his party membership was put on probation for two years, a disciplinary measure that is considered to be just short of expulsion. He eventually re-joined government as a deputy director of the Office of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of the State Council. He retired in 2015 and joined the faculty of his alma mater, Sun Yat-Sen University as a full-time professor. Political career
A native of Feng County in Jiangsu, <mask> holds a doctorate in philosophy.He joined the CPC in June 1976. Working in Guangdong province, he eventually served as the party secretaries of various districts in the city of Guangzhou. From 1994 to 2000 he was a member of the provincial Party Standing Committee and concurrently head of the provincial party organization's propaganda department, holding a sub-provincial level office. <mask> came to prominence as Mayor of Shenzhen, China's first and arguably most successful Special Economic Zone (SEZ), from 1999 to 2003. In November 2002, an 18,000-character essay "Shenzhen, who has abandoned you?" published online by a netizen 'Crazy for her' (wǒwèiyīkuáng) attracted much attention for its comprehensive and data-rich examination of various public policies pertaining to the SEZ and the implications of extending them to other parts of the country. <mask> met with the author of the essay Guo Zhongxiao () on January 19, 2003, to discuss his essay and exchange views on Shenzhen and its development.His act was hailed in various media as a great step forward in boosting communication and dialog between high officials and Internet users. <mask> was promoted to Vice Governor of Hunan province and deputy secretary of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee in June 2003. In 2005 he was promoted again to become governor of the coal-rich province of Shanxi. During his time in Shanxi, he undertook several key initiatives including the closure of several thousand illegal coal mines and the improvement of the environment. <mask> was also known for attracting investment into the province, which was credited with fostering the province's explosive economic growth. <mask> came onto the international spotlight following the 2007 Chinese slave scandal involving children and migrant workers who were forced to work in kilns located in Shanxi province. He publicly apologized for the mishap and offered a self-criticism, an act virtually unheard of in Chinese politics.<mask> resigned as governor in September 2007, and was succeeded by Meng Xuenong. As part of a wider Party reshuffle in preparation for the formation of the new Cabinet in 2008, <mask> resigned his party and government positions in Shanxi in September and October 2007 respectively. He was then appointed the party secretary and Vice Minister of the Ministry of Culture. <mask> was chosen as a member of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 2007,

Departure from politics
Following his assumption of the position of party secretary, <mask>jun was unexpectedly passed over for promotion to Minister of Culture in the March 2008 Cabinet reshuffle. However, eventually the post went to Cai Wu. In October 2008, during the Third Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection submitted a report on disciplinary offenses committed by <mask>, which was approved by the party rank-and-file. <mask> was then removed him from the Central Committee; his party membership was also subject to a two-year probationary period.No details on <mask>'s apparent impropriety were officially confirmed or released, but Hong Kong media speculated that this may have been related to political maneuvering at the Ministerial level. Probation implied that <mask> had lost many of his rights as a senior party member including the right to vote for party representatives and the right to stand for party offices. However, according to party rules he could be restored as a full member should he show "remorse" for his actions. He was the only member of the 17th Central Committee to have been given this treatment, which also led to widespread belief that his removal was politically motivated. During his probation, <mask> took the time to write two books, one focused on Chinese history from 1919 to 1965, trying to piece together an accurate account of historical events during that time period; the other was entitled The 500 Year History of Socialism. The books were well received and awarded several state awards. South-North Water Diversion Project
<mask> was officially restored to a government post in February 2011 when he was appointed as deputy director of the Office of South-North Water Transfer Project.This project is widely acknowledged to be largest and most ambitious water diversion project in history, with a budget several times that of the Three Gorges Dam. This indicated that he had re-gained favour and his case was not serious. After taking on the post, <mask> routinely inspected and directed work, and helped to complete the East and Middle segments of the massive project. In January 2015, <mask> retired from his government post due to reaching of the mandatory retirement age. State media cited that <mask> was the oldest member of the leadership team of the Water Diversion Project. Upon retirement, <mask> joined the faculty of his alma mater, Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangdong Province. References

External links
 <mask>'s official biography Xinhua
 <mask>'s biography at the South-to-North Water Diversion Project Commission
 “明星领导”于幼军落马祸起深圳 'Star leader' <mask>'s downfall: trouble originated in Shenzhen (profile of <mask>'s political career) Yangtse Evening Post (2008-11-04)

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1953 births
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Governors of Shanxi
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Mayors of Shenzhen
Political office-holders in Guangdong
Political office-holders in Hunan
Vice-governors of Hunan

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<mask> (baptised 19 June 1608 – 16 August 1661) was an English churchman and historian. He is now remembered for his writings, particularly his Worthies of England, published in 1662, after his death. He was a prolific author, and one of the first English writers able to live by his pen (and his many patrons). Early life
<mask> was the eldest son of <mask>, rector of Aldwinkle St Peter's, Northamptonshire. He was born at his father's rectory and was baptised on 19 June 1608. Dr John Davenant, bishop of Salisbury, was his uncle and godfather. According to John Aubrey, <mask> was "a boy of pregnant wit".At thirteen he was admitted to Queens' College, Cambridge, then presided over by John Davenant. His cousin, Edward Davenant, was a tutor there. He did well academically; and in Lent 1624–1625 he became B.A. and in July 1628, at only 20 years of age, received his M.A. After being overlooked in an election of fellows of his college, he moved to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in November 1628. In 1630 he received from Corpus Christi College the curacy of St Bene't's, Cambridge. <mask>'s oratory soon attracted attention.In June 1631 his uncle gave him a prebend in Salisbury, where his father, who would die in the following year, already held a canonry. The rectory of Broadwindsor, Dorset, then in the diocese of Bristol, was his next preferment (1634); and on 11 June 1635 he achieved the degree of Bachelor of Divinity from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. In 1640, he was elected proctor for Bristol in the memorable Convocation of Canterbury, which assembled with the Short Parliament. On the sudden dissolution of the latter he joined those who urged that convocation should likewise dissolve. That opinion was overruled; and the assembly continued to sit by royal writ. <mask> wrote a valuable account of the proceedings of this synod in his Church History, although he was fined £200 for remaining. Civil War period
At Broadwindsor, early in 1641, <mask>, his curate Henry Sanders, the churchwardens, and five others certified that their parish, represented by 242 adult males, had taken the Protestation ordered by the speaker of the Long Parliament.<mask> was not formally dispossessed of his living and prebend on the triumph of the Presbyterian party, but he relinquished both preferments about this time. For a short time he preached with success at the Inns of Court, and then at the invitation of the master of the Savoy, Walter Balcanqual, and the brotherhood of that foundation, became lecturer at their chapel of St Mary Savoy. Some of the best discourses of the witty preacher were delivered at the Savoy to audiences which extended into the chapel-yard. In one he set forth with searching and truthful minuteness the hindrances to peace, and urged the signing of petitions to the king at Oxford, and to the parliament, to continue their care in advancing an accommodation. In his Appeal of Injured Innocence <mask> says that he was once deputed to carry a petition to the king at Oxford. This has been identified with a petition entrusted to Sir Edward Wardour, clerk of the pells, Dr Dukeson, "Dr <mask>," and four or five others from the city of Westminster and the parishes contiguous to the Savoy. A pass was granted by the House of Lords, on 2 January 1643, for an equipage of two coaches, four or six horses and eight or ten attendants.On the arrival of the deputation at the Treaty of Uxbridge, on 4 January, officers of the Parliamentary army stopped the coaches and searched the gentlemen; and they found upon the latter "two scandalous books arraigning the proceedings of the House," and letters with ciphers to Lord Viscount Falkland and the Lord Spencer. A joint order of both Houses remanded the party; and <mask> and his friends were briefly imprisoned. The Westminster Petition reached the king's hands; and it was published with the royal reply. When it was expected, three months later, that a favourable result would attend the negotiations at Oxford, <mask> preached a sermon at Westminster Abbey, on 27 March 1643, on the anniversary of Charles I's accession, on the text, "Yea, let him take all, so my Lord the King return in peace." On Wednesday 26 July, he preached on church reformation, satirising the religious reformers, and maintaining that only the Supreme Power could initiate reforms. He was now obliged to leave London, and in August 1643 he joined the king at Oxford, where he lodged in a chamber at Lincoln College. Thence he put forth a witty and effective reply to John Saltmarsh, who had attacked his views on ecclesiastical reform.<mask> subsequently published by royal request a sermon preached on 10 May 1644, at St Mary's, Oxford, before the king and Prince Charles, called Jacob's Vow. The spirit of <mask>'s preaching, characterised by calmness and moderation, offended the high royalists. To silence unjust censures he became chaplain to the regiment of Sir Ralph Hopton. For the first five years of the war, he "had little list or leisure to write, fearing to be made a history, and shifting daily for my safety. All that time I could not live to study, who did only study to live." After the defeat of Hopton at Cheriton Down, <mask> retreated to Basing House. He took an active part in its defence, and his life with the troops caused him to be afterwards regarded as one of "the great cavalier parsons."He compiled in 1645 a small volume of prayers and meditations – the Good Thoughts in Bad Times – which, set up and printed in the besieged city of Exeter, where he had retired, was called by himself "the first fruits of Exeter press." It was inscribed to Lady Dalkeith, governess to the infant princess, Henrietta Anne (b. 1644), to whose household he was attached as chaplain. The corporation gave him the Bodleian lectureship on 21 March 1646, and he held it until 17 June following, soon after the surrender of the city to the parliament. The Fear of losing life Old Light (1646) was his farewell discourse to his Exeter friends. Under the Articles of Surrender <mask> made his composition with the government at London, his "delinquency" being that he had been present in the king's garrisons. In Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician (1646), partly authentic and partly fictitious, he satirised the leaders of the Revolution; and for the comfort of sufferers by the war he issued (1647) a second devotional manual, entitled Good Thoughts in Worse Times, abounding in fervent aspirations, and drawing moral lessons in beautiful language out of the events of his life or the circumstances of the time.In grief over his losses, which included his library and manuscripts (his "upper and nether millstone"), and over the calamities of the country, he wrote his work on the Cause and Cure of a Wounded Conscience (1647). It was prepared at Boughton House in his native county, where he and his son were entertained by Edward Lord Montagu, who had been one of his contemporaries at the university and had taken the side of the parliament. For the next few years of his life <mask> was mainly dependent upon his dealings with booksellers, of whom he asserted that none had ever lost by him. He made considerable progress in an English translation from the manuscript of the Annales of his friend Archbishop Ussher. Under the Commonwealth

Amongst his benefactors was Sir John Danvers of Chelsea, the regicide. <mask> in 1647 began to preach at St Clement's, Eastcheap, and elsewhere in the capacity of lecturer. While at St Clement's he was suspended; but soon recovered his freedom and preached wherever he was invited.At Chelsea, where he also occasionally officiated, he covertly preached a sermon on the death of Charles, but he did not break with his Roundhead patrons. James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle made him his chaplain, and presented him in 1648 or 1649 to the curacy of Waltham Abbey. His possession of the living was in jeopardy on the appointment of Oliver Cromwell's "Tryers"; but he evaded their inquisitorial questions by his ready wit. He was not disturbed at Waltham in 1655, when the Protector's edict prohibited the adherents of the late king from preaching. There is good reason to suppose that <mask> was at the Hague immediately before the Restoration, in the retinue of Lord Berkeley, one of the commissioners of the House of Lords, whose last service to his friend was to interest himself in obtaining him a bishopric. A Panegyrick to His Majesty on his Happy Return, one of the many contemporary poems celebrating the restoration of Charles II, was the last of <mask>'s verse efforts. After the Restoration
On 2 August 1660, by royal letters, he was admitted Doctor of Divinity at Cambridge.He resumed his lectures at the Savoy, where Samuel Pepys heard him preach; but he preferred his conversation or his books to his sermons. <mask>'s last promotion was that of Chaplain Extraordinary to Charles II. Death

In the summer of 1661 <mask> visited the West in connection with the business of his prebend, which had been restored to him. On Sunday 12 August, while preaching at the Savoy, he was seized with typhus fever, and died at his new lodgings in Covent Garden on 16 August. He was buried in St Dunstan's Church, Cranford, Middlesex (of which he was rector). A mural tablet was afterwards set up on the north side of the chancel, with an epitaph which contains a conceit worthy of his own pen, to the effect that while he was endeavouring (i.e. in the Worthies) to give immortality to others, he himself attained it.Works

 David's Heinous Sinne, Heartie Repentance, Heavie Punishment (1631). <mask> published a poem on the subject of David and Bathsheba. The Historie of the Holy Warre (1639). A history of the Crusades from the fall of Jerusalem under Titus in 70 AD through 1290. Includes critical commentary, a complete chronology, and bibliography. With an introduction by English classical scholar James Duport (1606–1679). The History of the Holy War is an 1840 edition of the work.Joseph's party-coloured Coat (1640). His first published volume of sermons. The Holy State and the Prophane State (1642). This work describes the holy state as existing in the family and in public life, gives rules of conduct, model "characters" for the various professions and profane biographies. It was perhaps the most popular of all his writings. A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine and the confines thereof; with the history of the Old and New Testaments acted thereon (1650). With facsimiles of all the quaint maps and illustrations of the original edition.Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex, who lived at Copt Hall, near Waltham, gave him what remained of the books of the lord treasurer his father; and through the good offices of the marchioness of Hertford, part of his own pillaged library was restored to him. <mask> was thus able to prosecute his literary labours, producing successively his descriptive geography of the Holy Land. Abel Redevivus: or The dead yet speaking. The lives and the deaths of the moderne divines. Written by severall able and learned men (whose names ye shall finde in the epistle to the reader.) And now digested into one volumne, for the benefit and satisfaction of all those that desire to be acquainted with the paths of piety and virtue. (1651).London, John Stafford. Church-History of Britain, from the birth of Jesus Christ until the year 1648 (1655). Church-History was printed with The History of the University of Cambridge since the Conquest and The History of Waltham Abbey. These works were furthered by his connection with Sion College, London, where he had a room. The Church History was angrily attacked from the high-church side by Peter Heylin. At the Oxford Act of 1657, Robert South, who was Terrae filius, lampooned <mask>, whom he described in this Oratio as living in London, ever scribbling and each year bringing forth new folia like a tree. At length, continues South, the Church-History came forth with its 166 dedications to wealthy and noble friends; and with this huge volume under one arm, and his wife (said to be little of stature) on the other, he ran up and down the streets of London, seeking at the houses of his patrons invitations to dinner, to be repaid by his dull jests at table.His last and best patron was George Berkeley, 1st Earl Berkeley (1628–1698), of Cranford House, Middlesex, whose chaplain he was, and who gave him Cranford rectory (1658). <mask> afterwards dedicated The Appeal of Injured Innocence (1659), his reply to Heylyn's Examen Historicum, to Berkeley. In An Alarum to the Counties of England and Wales (1660) <mask> argued for a free and full parliament—free from force, as he expressed it, as well as from abjurations or previous engagements. Mixt Contemplations in Better Times (1660), dedicated to Lady Monk, tendered advice in the spirit of its motto, "Let your moderation be known to all men: the Lord is at hand". 'Notes upon Jonah', (1657). John Stafford. History of the Worthies of England (1662).<mask>'s best-known work. The Poems and translations in verse, including fifty-nine hitherto unpublished epigrams of <mask> and his much-wished form of prayer for the first time collected and edited with introduction and notes, by rev. Grosart, 257 pp., Liverpool, printed for private circulation (1868). A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine – Gallery

Reception
<mask>'s sense of humour kept him from extremes. "By his particular temper and management", said Laurence Echard in his History of England, "he weathered the late great storm with more success than many other great men". He was known as "a perfect walking library". Antithetic and axiomatic sentences abound in his pages."Wit," wrote Coleridge after reading the Church History, "was the stuff and substance of <mask>'s intellect". Charles Lamb made some selections from <mask>, and admired his "golden works." Family
In about 1640 <mask> married Eleanor, daughter of Hugh Grove of Chisenbury, Wiltshire. She died in 1641. Their son, John, baptised at Broadwindsor by his father on 6 June 1641, was afterwards of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, saw his father's Worthies of England through the press in 1662, and became rector of Great Wakering, Essex, where he died in 1687. About 1652 <mask> married his second wife, Mary Roper, youngest sister of <mask>, 1st Viscount Baltinglass, by whom he had several children. Notes

References
Bailey, J. E. (1874) The Life of <mask>, with Notices of his Books, his Kinsmen and his Friends.800 p. London: B. M. Pickering (with a detailed bibliography (pp. 713–762) of his works)
 <mask>, <mask> (1840) The History of the University of Cambridge: from the Conquest to the year 1634. Cambridge University Press (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )
<mask>, <mask> (1811) The Worthies of England, reprinted by John Nichols (1811) and by P. A. Nuttall (1840) Vol.1 Vol.2  Vol.3 at books.google. <mask>, <mask> (1891) Collected Sermons; edited by J. E. Bailey; completed by W. E. A. Axon. 2 vols. London: Unwin Bros

Attribution

External links

 Thomae <mask>i Pharmacopoeia extemporanea oder die sichere, vollständige und auserlesene Apotheke : worinnen mehr als tausend Hülfsmittel zu finden, die bey allen dem Menschen zustossenden Krankheiten, sicher und mit Nutzen gebraucht werden können ; zum allgemeinen Besten derer, so auf dem Land und entfernten Orten wohnen. Basel : Im Hof, 1750.Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

<mask>, The History of the Holy War (1840 edition, at the Internet Archive)
<mask>, Joseph's Party-Coloured Coat (1867 edition)

1608 births
1661 deaths
Doctors of Divinity
English Anglicans
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Historians of the Crusades
People from Aldwincle

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<mask> (Paarl, 26 June 1841 – Bloemfontein 1 November 1909) was a South African (Boer) civil servant, Government Secretary of the Orange Free State (1879–1902), and served twice as Acting State President, first after the death of President Brand (1888–1889), and again after the resignation of President Reitz in 1895–1896. After the conclusion of the South African War, Blignaut served as member of both the legislative council and the Legislative Assembly of the Orange River Colony. He was also a member of several state commissions. Biography

<mask> was a member from an old Cape family, the son of <mask> and Johanna Emerentia de Villiers. He was named after his grandfather <mask>, a burgher of Stellenbosch, who married 25 October 1801 with Maria Dorothea de Villiers. Blignaut himself was married twice, first with Caroline Erskine (1850 – 11 February 1883), and after her death with Ms. C.J. Steyn, sister of President Steyn.From his two marriages Blignaut had six children. Early life and career
Blignaut went to the State School in his birthplace Paarl, where he subsequently attended the Gymnasium (Grammar School). After his exams Blignaut went to Cape Town, where he joined the colonial administration. In 1861 he passed the examination for the State Service Certificate of the Cape Colony and in 1862 he moved to the Orange Free State. Here he was appointed to the position of clerk to the Landdrost and Justice of the Peace of Philippolis (17 September 1862). At the time, civil, judicial, and military administration were still very much in the same hand. In view of Basotho threats, President Brand ordered the reorganisation of the Orange Free State defence, and the formulation of clear regulations for the different Volunteer Corps, which were administered by the Landdrosts' offices.For Philippolis <mask> and J.G. Fraser attended the conference. Blignaut held the position of clerk for four years, from 12 January 1865 working in that position in Fauresmith. Here he was promoted to Landdrost on 25 October 1866 and another four years later, on 28 September 1870 he was transferred to Kroonstad in the same position. Government Secretary

When Government Secretary Höhne died in April 1879, Blignaut was asked to fill the position and was appointed as such by the State President on 20 May. Blignaut held the position of Government Secretary for twenty-one years, first through a period of growing economic prosperity for the country, and then through the South African War (Second Boer War). In both periods Blignaut showed himself an efficient and dedicated civil servant, with a keen eye for both home and foreign affairs.Already in 1880 Blignaut was entrusted with the difficult task of mediating between the British and the Transvaal. In later years Blignaut was regularly charged with difficult tasks. Blignaut had a sociable and open personality, which made him popular with both the burghers of the Orange Free State and the civil servants, who showed their high regard at his 30-year jubilee, in 1892. Blignaut also had the full confidence of the Volksraad and the three State presidents he worked with. The length of his tenure made that he became one of the most knowledgeable persons in the Orange Free State where affairs of the state were concerned. In view of all these qualities, Blignaut was the natural candidate to fill the position of Acting State President when President Brand suddenly died in 1888 and after the unexpected resignation of President Reitz in 1895. When war broke out in October 1899, and British troops stood to conquer Bloemfontein in March 1900, Blignaut organised the removal of the government to Kroonstad, including the state archives.Afterwards he stayed with the government in the field, moving from place to place. In January 1901, gravely ill, he was issued with a laissez-passer to travel to his farm Secretarispan near Bloemfontein, where he stayed for the remainder of the war, effectively on leave from his position as Government Secretary. His wife, C.J. Steyn, was also active in the war. She set up a Ladies' Committee, initially to supply Boer prisoners of war with clothes, and later also to look after the welfare of the women and children in the British concentration camps. British service
After the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902, Blignaut quickly adapted to the new political situation. Where his counterpart in the South African Republic, State Secretary Reitz, signed the treaty, but on principle did not want to take the oath of allegiance to the British government, Blignaut did so without qualms within a week, on 6 June 1902.Perhaps his months of illness and contact with the British authorities during the last phase of the war influenced <mask>'s thinking about the future of the Orange Free State and his own position therein. The British government almost immediately appointed Blignaut as member of the Central Repatriation Committee for the Orange River Colony, that was charged with the repatriation and resettlement of the thousands of Free Staters who had fled their homes, were incarcerated in concentration camps, and had been in the field to fight the war. The Central Repatriation Committee was part of the Treaty of Vereeniging. Privately, Blignaut pointed the administration of the Orange River Colony at the poverty and destitution of many white Free Staters, arranging for employment opportunities to be created for them. In 1903 the British government appointed him to the legislative council of the colony, and in 1907 after the return to responsible government, Blignaut became a member of the Legislative Assembly. A better civil servant than politician, his impact on the proceedings of these two institutions was limited. His expertise was put to better use with his appointment as delegate to the South African Customs Conference of 1903 and as member of the Central Committee of the Conference of Landdrosts in Bloemfontein.In 1909, while still working, Blignaut got septicaemia and despite a successful operation, he died the day after in his residence. He was a South African Freemason. He was buried in Bloemfontein with a Freemason's ceremony, conducted by the members of the Rising Star Lodge, of which he had been a member. References

Notes

Literature

External links

1841 births
1909 deaths
People from Paarl
Afrikaner people
State Presidents of the Orange Free State
Alumni of Paarl Gimnasium
 South African Freemasons

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Pieter Jeremias Blignaut
Family Blignaut
Johannes Jeremias Cornelis Blignaut
Pieter Jeremias Blignaut
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Princess <mask> of Schleswig-Holstein   (Franziska Josepha <mask>; 12 August 1872 – 8 December 1956) was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Early life
Princess <mask> was born at Cumberland Lodge in Windsor Great Park. By birth, she was member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. Her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, the third son of Duke Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Countess <mask> of Danneskjold-Samsøe. Her mother was Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, the fifth child and third daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She was baptized on 18 September 1872. Her godparents were Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria and Queen <mask> of Hanover.Her parents resided in the United Kingdom, and the Princess was considered a member of the British Royal Family. Under Royal Warrant of May 15 1867, the children of Prince and Princess Christian were to be styled "Highness". From her birth in 1872 therefore Princess <mask> was styled Her Highness Princess <mask> of Schleswig-Holstein, albeit only in the United Kingdom. She was known to her family as "Louie". She was a bridesmaid at the 1885 wedding of her maternal aunt Princess Beatrice,  to Prince Henry of Battenberg. Marriage
On 6 July 1891, Princess <mask> married Prince Aribert of Anhalt (18 June 1866 – 24 December 1933) at St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. Prince Aribert was the third son of Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt, and his wife, Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg.The bride's first cousin, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, had been instrumental in arranging the match. Though contemporary sources did not directly suggest it was a cause of his marriage dissolution, a number of contemporaries and subsequent historical accounts suggest Aribert was bisexual or homosexual, and some have suggested an indiscretion with a male attendant was the catalyst for the dissolution and that the marriage had never been consummated. The marriage was annulled on 13 December 1900 by his father. Princess <mask>, on an official visit to Canada at the time, immediately returned to Britain. According to her memoirs, she regarded her marriage vows as binding, so she never remarried. Activities, charity and patronages

After the annulment, Princess <mask> devoted herself to charitable organisations and patronage of the arts. She inspired the creation of Queen Mary's Dolls' House to showcase the work of British craftsmen.She established the Girl's Club in Bermondsey that served as a hospital during World War I. She was also active in the work of the Princess Christian Nursing Home at Windsor. She took part in all official occasions of the royal family, including coronations and funerals and processed as a princess of the blood royal at events such as the coronation of George VI and the carriage procession for princesses of the blood royal at the coronation of Elizabeth II. Scouting

In 1919 the Wolf Cub pack from the 4th Streatham Scout Group, met Princess <mask> on her visit to Streatham, South London. The group provided her with a guard of honour for her visit to Streatham. She was so impressed with the group and their high standards, that she declared the group as her own, and it has since been known as the 4th Streatham Sea Scout Group (Princess <mask> Louise's Own). World War I
In July 1917, when George V changed the name of the British Royal House from the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to House of Windsor, he also ordered his numerous cousins and in-laws, who were British subjects, to discontinue the use of their German titles, styles, and surnames.Never taking other titles or surnames, Princess <mask> and her unmarried sister, Princess Helena Victoria, became known simply as "HH Princess <mask>" and "HH Princess Helena Victoria", giving them the odd distinction of being princesses but not, apparently, members of any particular royal family. This approach differed from the one accepted by George V's other relatives, who relinquished all princely titles, not just their German designations, and in turn received British titles of nobility from the King. Their titles of Princess were derived from their father, and they were not officially princesses of the United Kingdom. However, their unmarried status and their right to be styled Highness dating from Queen Victoria's concession of 1867 rendered their situations awkward, so that it was easier to allow them to retain their status as princesses while avoiding the question of immediate family membership altogether. Later life
Princess <mask> attended four coronations in Westminster Abbey, those of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1902; King George V and Queen Mary in 1911; King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937; and Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. In 1956, she published her memoirs, My Memories of Six Reigns. She died at her London home, 10 Fitzmaurice Place, Berkeley Square, a few months later and is buried at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore at Windsor Great Park.Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles
1872–1891: Her Highness Princess <mask> of Schleswig-Holstein
1891–1900: Her Highness Princess Aribert of Anhalt
1900–1917: Her Highness Princess <mask> of Schleswig-Holstein
1917–1956: Her Highness Princess <mask>

Honours
CI: Lady of the Order of the Crown of India
GCVO: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1953)
GBE: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (1919)

Ancestry

Notes

Sources
Ronald Allison and Sarah Riddell, eds., The Royal Encyclopedia (London: Macmillan, 1992). Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victoria's Descendants (New York: Atlantic International Publishing, 1987). Princess <mask> (née Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenberg), My Memories of Six Reigns (London: Evans Brothers, 1956). "Obituary: Princess <mask>, Patron of Social Services," The Times 10 December 1956, p. 14. British princesses
House of Augustenburg
Companions of the Order of the Crown of India
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Double dames
1872 births
1956 deaths
People from Old Windsor
Princesses of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
House of Ascania
Burials at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore

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Marie Louise
Louise Augusta Marie Christina Helena
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<mask> (born June 15, 1942 in Chelan, Washington, United States) is an American blues and folk singer-songwriter and guitarist. She toured the UK with Van Morrison and throughout the United States with Mississippi John Hurt. Her singing, songwriting, and guitar playing secured her invitations to tour nationally and internationally with Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Doc Watson, Jerry Ricks, Phil Ochs, and Joan Baez, in addition to television appearances on The Dick Cavett Show and the Old Grey Whistle Test. In addition, <mask>'s songs have been recorded by Kate Wolf, Irma Thomas, and Jackie DeShannon. Biography
<mask> started taking piano lessons at the age of five. She picked up the guitar at age 18 and also plays banjo, auto harp, parade snare drum, and bass. <mask>'s early influences as a musician came from classical music, country artists of the 1940s and 1950s such as Hank Snow, Hank Williams, Buddy Holly, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, The Everly Brothers and Ivory Joe Hunter, as well as records from the 1920s and 1930s from Blind Willie McTell, Bessie Smith, Rabbit Brown and artist Bob Dylan.At the age of 22, <mask> played the Berkeley Folk Festival in 1964. She was then invited back by creator/producer Barry Olivier to perform in 1966, and 1970. It was there that she formed a friendship with Mississippi John Hurt, which led to the two touring together. Billboard magazine reviewed her debut release in 1964 with: "A beautiful new female voice is now on the folk horizon. Its owner's name is <mask>. She sings with a clean freshness that is exciting in its simplicity. A folk find!"In 1964, she met with musician Frank Zappa at a coffeehouse in Santa Monica, California. By chance as they both were waiting to meet the same person, guitarist Steve Mann. <mask> became a member of Zappa's band, The Mothers of Invention, which at the time was mostly a blues band. Zappa wanted to incorporate <mask>'s acoustic delta style with his electric leads. However she lasted only a few months with the group and left before they made their debut album Freak Out!. <mask> did not make any recordings with the group. Zappa later said he fired <mask> from the band because she could not play "Louie Louie", although his highly sarcastic sense of humor leaves no doubt that this was intended to be a joke.On November 28, 1971, <mask> appeared on BBC Television's Old Grey Whistle Test, a television program that aired in Europe. In addition to <mask>, a group named Redwing appeared, which among others, featured Timothy B. Schmit (later of The Eagles). <mask> and Redwing were both on the Fantasy label. In 1972, <mask> sang the title theme song to the X-rated cartoon movie Fritz the Cat, with music done by Ed Bogas. On January 2, 1973, <mask> appeared on The Dick Cavett Show, hosted at the time by George Carlin. Other guests on the show included Shelley Winters and Jimmy Breslin. During this time, she also performed with Rosalie Sorrells, Jack Elliott, Doc Watson, Jerry Ricks, Phil Ochs, and Joan Baez.In 1974, <mask> sat in with Fantasy Records label-mates, Jerry Garcia and Merl Saunders, several times, including at The Lion's Share in San Anselmo, California. Guitar Player magazine featured an article on <mask> in 1974, titled, "Well, so much for 'Mary Hamilton'". Rolling Stone profiled <mask> in 1975 in a feature, "Guitars of the Stars", where she was mentioned alongside Chet Atkins, Mike Bloomfield, David Bromberg, Jose Feliciano, Bonnie Raitt, and Doc Watson. In the autumn 2006, <mask> contributed her song "Highway" to the album project Artists for Charity – Guitarists 4 the Kids, produced by Slang Productions, to assist World Vision Canada in helping underprivileged kids in need. Currently, she lives in the Seattle area and tours with her band, The Formerlys, which consists of Marc Willett, who was in The Kingsmen from 1984 to 1992, and Steven Flynn, formerly of Chuck Berry's band and Jr. Cadillac.

masks:
Alice Stuart
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<mask>  (15 July 193314 August 2020) was an English classical guitarist and lutenist. Regarded as one of the most distinguished classical guitarists of the 20th century, he played a significant role in improving the public perception of the classical guitar as a respectable instrument. Over the course of a career that spanned more than half a century, Bream helped revive interest in the lute. Early years
Bream was born in Battersea, London, England, to Henry and Violet Jessie (née Wright) Bream. At the age of two he moved with his family to Hampton in London, where he was brought up in a musical environment. His father was a commercial artist and an amateur jazz guitarist, who was unable to read music but had a finely attuned ear and could play a lot of popular music. His mother, a homemaker of Scottish descent, had a warm and loving personality, but no interest in music.His parents divorced when he was 14. His grandmother owned a pub in Battersea, and Bream spent much time there during his youth. The young Bream was impressed by the playing of Django Reinhardt; he  later named his dog "Django". Bream played the piano and cello as a child and Reinhardt inspired Bream to take up guitar. Bream began his lifelong association with the guitar by strumming along on his father's jazz guitar at an early age to dance music on the radio. He became frustrated with his lack of knowledge of jazz harmony, so read instruction books by Eddie Lang to teach himself. His father taught him the basics.The president of the Philharmonic Society of Guitarists, Boris Perott, gave Bream further lessons, while his father became the society librarian, giving young Bream access to a large collection of rare music. On his 11th birthday, Bream was given a small gut-strung Spanish guitar by his father. He became something of a child prodigy, at 12 winning a junior exhibition award for his piano playing, enabling him to study piano and composition at the Royal College of Music. He made his debut guitar recital at Cheltenham on 17 February 1947, aged 13; in 1951, he debuted at Wigmore Hall. Bream's father had reservations about his pursuing classical guitar. He claimed Bream would find it difficult to earn a living unless he played jazz or something similarly modern. His father's remarks made Bream more persistent and committed to becoming a professional classical guitarist.Bream played the guitar first, then the piano for his audition at the Royal College of Music, even though the guitar was not taught at the institution at the time. When the college accepted Bream, he was advised not to bring his guitar. Bream brought along his guitar regardless as he played for late-night performances. When the school's director discovered he was playing the guitar in one of the school's practice rooms, Bream was asked again to leave his guitar at home. Bream's response to the request was to leave the college. Leaving the RCM in 1952, Bream was called up into the army for national service. He was originally drafted into the Pay Corps, but managed to sign up for the Royal Artillery Band after six months.This required him to be stationed in Woolwich, which allowed him to moonlight regularly in London with the guitar. Career

After three and half years in the army, he took any musical jobs that came his way, including background music for radio plays and films. Recording sessions and work for the BBC were important to Bream throughout the 1950s and the early 1960s. He played part of a recital at the Wigmore Hall on the lute in 1952. Bream pursued a busy career playing around the world. His first European tours took place in 1954 and 1955, followed (beginning in 1958) by extensive touring in the Far East, India, Australia, the Pacific Islands and many other parts of the world. His first North America tour was in 1959.1960 saw the formation of the Julian Bream Consort, a period-instrument ensemble with Bream as lutenist. The consort led a great revival of interest in the music of the Elizabethan era. In 1963, Bream performed for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston with the US debut of his Consort. In addition to master classes, Bream was a tutor of the music summer school at Dartington. Later career

In 1984, Bream seriously injured his right arm in a car accident. In 1991, BBC Radio and TV broadcast Bream's BBC Prom performance of Malcolm Arnold's Guitar Concerto. He also participated in a recital and concerto performances of works by Toru Takemitsu at the Japan Festival in London with the London Symphony Orchestra.During the 1992–93 season he performed on two occasions at the Wigmore Hall – at their Gala Re-opening Festival, and at a special concert celebrating his 60th birthday. In the same period, he toured the Far East, visiting Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan, and performed the premiere of Leo Brouwer's arrangement for guitar and orchestra of Albéniz's Iberia at the Proms. In 1994 Bream made debuts in both Turkey and Israel to great acclaim, and the following year played for the soundtrack to the Hollywood film Don Juan DeMarco. In 1997, in celebration of the 50th anniversary of his debut, he performed a recital at Cheltenham Town Hall. A few weeks later, the BBC dedicated a television tribute This Is Your Life programme to Bream, filmed after a commemorative concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London. Other engagements around that time included a gala solo performance at the Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool; a Kosovo Aid concert at St. John's, Smith Square, London, with the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields; recitals at the Snape Proms, Aldeburgh, and at the Norfolk and Norwich Festival; and a tour of National Trust properties in summer and autumn 2000. In November 2001 he gave an anniversary recital at Wigmore Hall, celebrating 50 years since his debut there in 1951.His final recital was at Maddermarket Theatre, Norwich, on 6 May 2002. Style and influences
Bream's recitals were wide-ranging, including transcriptions from the 17th century, many pieces by Bach arranged for guitar, popular Spanish pieces, and contemporary music, for much of which he was the inspiration. He stated that he was influenced by the styles of Andrés Segovia and Francisco Tárrega. Bream had some "sessions" with Segovia but did not actually study with him. Segovia provided a personal endorsement and scholarship request to assist Bream in taking further formal music studies. Bream's work showed that the guitar could be capably utilized in English, French, and German music. Bream's playing can be characterised as virtuosic and highly expressive, with an eye for details, and with strong use of contrasting timbres.He did not consistently hold his right-hand fingers at right angles to the strings, but used a less rigid hand position for tonal variety. Bream met Igor Stravinsky in Toronto, Canada, in 1965. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade the composer to write a composition for the lute and played a pavane by Dowland for him. The meeting between Bream and Stravinsky, including Bream's impromptu playing, was filmed by the National Film Board of Canada in making a documentary about the composer. Recordings
Bream recorded extensively for RCA Victor and EMI Classics. These recordings won him several awards, including four Grammy Awards, two for Best Chamber Music Performance and two for Best Classical Performance. RCA also released The Ultimate Guitar Collection, a multi-CD set commemorating his birthday in 1993.Despite his importance as a classical guitarist, however, many of his RCA recordings (including the series of 20th-century guitar music) were out of print for several years. In 2011, RCA released My Favorite Albums, a 10-CD set of albums chosen by <mask> himself. In 2013, RCA issued <mask>: The Complete RCA Album Collection, a 40-CD set which also includes two DVDs with The Lively Arts – <mask>m:  A Life in the Country, the 1976 BBC film; and four BBC shows:  Omnibus:  Anniversary of Sir William Walton [1982], The Julian Bream Consort (1961), Monitor – Film Profile of <mask> [1962], and The Julian Bream Consort (1964). Television and video
A film, A Life in the Country, was first shown on BBC TV in 1976. In it, the narrator and Bream discuss his beginnings and his life as a concert guitarist. Bream also presented a series of four master-classes for guitarists on BBC TV. In 1984 he made eight film segments on location in Spain for Channel 4.The collection of segments ¡Guitarra! A Musical Journey Through Spain explored historical perspectives

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Julian Alexander Bream
Julian Bream
Julian Bream
Julian Brea
Julian Bm


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 of Spanish guitar music. The 2003 DVD video profile <mask>: My Life in Music contains three hours of interviews and performances. It has been declared by Graham Wade "the finest film contribution ever to the classic guitar" and it became "Gramophone DVD of the year". Dedications and collaborations
Many composers worked with Bream, and among those who dedicated pieces to him were Malcolm Arnold, Richard Rodney Bennett, Benjamin Britten, Leo Brouwer, Peter Racine Fricker, Hans Werner Henze, Humphrey Searle, Toru Takemitsu, Michael Tippett, William Walton and Peter Maxwell Davies. Britten's Nocturnal is one of the most famous pieces in the classical guitar repertoire and was written with Bream specifically in mind. It is an unusual set of variations on John Dowland's "Come, Heavy Sleep" (which is played in its original form at the close of the piece).Bream also took part in many collaborations, including work with Peter Pears on Elizabethan music for lute and voice, and three records of guitar duets with John Williams. Personal life
Bream's first wife was Margaret, daughter of the writer Henry Williamson, with whom he adopted a son. After their divorce he married Isabel Sanchez in 1980. That marriage also ended in divorce. He lived for over 40 years at Semley, Wiltshire, at first dividing his time between there and Chiswick, London, then moving permanently in 1966 to a Georgian farmhouse in Semley, living there until 2008. In 2009 he moved to a smaller house at Donhead St Andrew, Wiltshire. Bream was keen on the game of cricket and was a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club.Bream died on 14 August 2020, at his home at Donhead St Andrew, at the age of 87. Pieces written for Bream
Many compositions were written for Bream, including:

 Reginald Smith Brindle: Nocturne for Guitar Solo (1946)
 Lennox Berkeley: Sonatina, Op. 52, No. 1 (1957)
 Benjamin Britten: Songs from the Chinese for high voice and guitar, Op. 58 (1957)
 Hans Werner Henze: Drei Tentos (Kammermusik 1958)
 Denis ApIvor: Variations for Guitar, Op. 29 (1958)
 Tristram Cary: Sonata (1959)
 Malcolm Arnold: Concerto for Guitar and Chamber Orchestra, Op. 67 (1959)
 Benjamin Britten: Nocturnal after John Dowland, Op.70 (1963)
 Richard Rodney Bennett: Impromptus (1968)
 Tom Eastwood: Ballade-Phantasy (1968)
 Peter Racine Fricker: Paseo (1969)
 Reginald Smith Brindle: Variants on two themes of J. S. Bach (1970)
 Richard Rodney Bennett: Guitar Concerto (1970)
 Malcolm Arnold: Fantasy, Op. 107 (1971)
 Alan Rawsthorne: Elegy (1971)
 William Walton: Five Bagatelles (1972)
 David Lord: Soliloquy (1973)
 Humphrey Searle: Five (1974)
 Lennox Berkeley: Guitar Concerto, Op. 88 (1974)
 Hans Werner Henze: Royal Winter Music (first sonata, 1976)
 Giles Swayne: Suite, Op. 21 (1976)
 Peter Maxwell Davies: Hill Runes (1981)
 Michael Berkeley: Sonata in One Movement (1982)
 Richard Rodney Bennett: Sonata (1983)
 Michael Tippett: The Blue Guitar (1984)
 Giles Swayne: Solo for Guitar (1986)
 Leo Brouwer: Concerto elegiaco (Guitar Concerto No. 3) (1986)
 Toru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987)
 Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990)
 Peter Maxwell Davies: Sonata (1990)
 Toru Takemitsu: Muir Woods (In the Woods) (1996)
 Harrison Birtwistle: Construction with Guitar Player: Beyond the White Hand (2013) (Commissioned by the <mask>m Trust)
 Leo Brouwer: Ars Combinatoria (Sonata No. 5) (2013) (commissioned by the Julian Bream Trust)

Awards and recognitions
 1964: Officer of the Order of the British Empire
 1964: Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance at the Grammy Awards of 1964 for Evening of Elizabethan Music performed by the Julian Bream Consort
 1966: Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music
 1967: Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance – Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra) at the Grammy Awards of 1967 for Baroque Guitar (Works of Bach, Sanz, Weiss, etc.) II, Westminster
 Concertos for Lute and Orchestra, RCA ARL1-1180
 Dances of Dowland, RCA LSC-2987
 Elizabethan Lute Songs, RCA LSC-3131
 Elizabethan Music by The <mask> Bream Consort, RCA LSC-3195
 The Golden Age of English Lute Music, RCA LSC-3196 RCA LD-2560
 J.S.Bach Lute Suites Nos. 1 and 2 (1966), RCA LSC-2896
 Julian & John, 1972 RCA LSC-3257
 Julian & John/2, 1974 RCA ARL1-0456
 <mask>'s Greatest Hits, Westminster
 <mask>'s Greatest Hits Volume Two, Westminster 9008-8185
 Lute Music of John Dowland, RCA ARL1-1491
 John Dowland: 14 Lute Pieces, Westminster W-9079
 Music for Voice and Guitar with Peter Pears, RCA LSC-2718
 Popular Classics for Spanish Guitar, RCA
 Rodrigo: Concerto De Aranjuez, Berkeley Guitar Concerto (1975), RCA
 Sonatas for Lute and Harpsichord—Bach, Vivaldi with George Malcolm, RCA LSC-3100
 Villa-Lobos, Twelve Etudes for Guitar, Suite populaire bresillienne (1978), RCA
 Julian Bream, The Art of the Spanish Guitar (1970) RCA SRS 3002
 The Woods So Wild, RCA LSC-3331
 ¡Guitarra! : The Guitar in Spain (1985), RCA (contains material not on the CD)

CDs
 Fret Works (1990), MCA
 Guitarra: The Guitar in Spain (1990), RCA
 Joaquin Rodrigo: Concerto Elegiaco/Fantasia Para Un Gentilhombre (1990), RCA
 <mask>ream plays Bach (1990), RCA
 <mask>ream Plays Granados & Albéniz (Music of Spain, Volume Five) (1990), RCA
 Music of Spain, Vol. 7 (1990), RCA
 Two Loves with Peggy Ashcroft (1990), RCA
 Baroque Guitar (1991), RCA
 La Guitarra Romantica (1991), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Villa-Lobos: Preludes (1991), RCA
 Romantic Guitar (1991), RCA
 Baroque Guitar (1993), RCA
 A Celebration of Andrés Segovia—Bream (1993), RCA
 Highlights from the Julian Bream Edition (1993), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Fantasía para un gentilhombre No1-5 (1993), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Takemitsu: To the Edge of Dream with Simon Rattle and the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (1993), Capitol
 Together/Julian Bream & John Williams (1993), RCA
 Together Again/ Julian Bream & John Williams (1993), RCA
 Villa-Lobos: Guitar Concerto; Preludes; Etudes with André Previn and the London Symphony Orchestra (1993), BMG International
 Bach Guitar Recital (1994), EMI Classics
 Bach: Lute Suites, Trio Sonatas (1994), RCA
 Guitar Concertos (1994), RCA
 Julian Bream Consort, Vol. 6 (1994), RCA
 Music of Spain (1994), RCA
 Popular Classics for Spanish Guitar (1994), RCA
 Romantic Guitar (1994), RCA
 Sonata (1995), Angel
 20th Century Guitar I (1996), RCA
 The Golden Age of English Lute Music (1996), RCA
 Music for Voice & Guitar (1996), RCA
 Music of Spain: Milán, Narváez (1996), RCA
 Popular Classics for the Spanish Guitar (1997), RCA
 Julian Bream Edition, Volume 1: The Golden Age of English Lute Music (28 CDs) (1998), RCA
 The Romantic Hours (1998), RCA
 Spain—Sor, Vol. 24 (1998), BMG Classics
 Guitar Concertos (1999), RCA
 Guitar Music by Albeniz, Vivaldi, Rodrigo & Grandos (2 CDs) (1999), RCA Classics/BMG
 Woods So Wild (1999), RCA
 Nocturnal: Martin, Britten, Brouwer, Lutoslavski (2000), EMI
 The Ultimate Guitar Collection (2 CDs) (2000), RCA
 Duos de Guitares with John Williams (2001), RCA
 Spanish Guitar Music (remastered) (2001), Deutsche Grammophon
 Spanish Guitar Recital (2001), RCA
 Rodrigo: Concierto de Aranjuez; Fantasía para un gentilhombre; Tres piezas espanolas; invocacion y danza (remastered) (2004), RCA
 Spanish Guitar Recital (2004),
 Guitar Recital: Bach, Sor, Turina, Tippet, Schubert (2005), Testament
 Music of Spain (2005), RCA
 Elizabethan Lute Songs, Decca
 Julian Bream & Friends, Musical Heritage Society
 Lute Music from the Royal Courts of Europe, BMG Classics
 Music of Spain: The Classical Heritage, RCA
 My Favorite Albums, RCA/Sony Classical

References

Sources

  Photographs by Daniel Meadows, includes discography (pp. 204–16)

External links

 Biography  at julianbreamguitar.com
 Julian Bream at myspace.com
 Biography at hazardchase.co.uk (Archive)
 Interview at gramophone.co.uk
 LP covers at Oviatt Library Digital Collections

1933 births
2020 deaths
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Benjamin Britten
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English classical guitarists
English male guitarists
English lutenists
Lutenists
English people of Scottish descent
Grammy Award winners
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Musicians from London
People from Battersea
British performers of early music
RCA Victor artists
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Army Pay Corps soldiers
Royal Artillery

masks:
Julian Bream
Julian Brea
Julian
Julian Bream
Julian Bm
Julian B
Julian B


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<mask> (4 January) is a Scottish fashion designer who launched her first fashion collection in 1981. She has created clothes for the likes of Ian Astbury of The Cult, Paula Yates, Marie Helvin, Siouxsie Sioux and Debbie Harry of Blondie. Early life
She was born in Paisley, near Glasgow, Scotland. After her studies of Fine Art and Printed Textiles at the Glasgow School of Art, she won the Newbury Medal of Distinction, the Frank Warner Memorial Medal, the Leverhulme Scholarship and the Royal Society of Arts Bursary, she subsequently went on to further study at the Royal College of Art in London, where she gained her Master of Arts degree. Interested in music she joined her first band 'Rubbish' at the end of the seventies regularly supporting The Pogues in their infancy. Fashion Career
<mask> launched her first fashion collection in 1981 while still just in her 20s. She was, along with Bodymap, one of the new wave of designers who emerged at the beginning of the 1980s in London.<mask> first sold her designs at Hyper Hyper at Kensington Market and later from her own shop in London's West-end always refusing to 'sell out' to the mainstream fashion industry. Her collections bore names such as Psychedelic Jungle (1981), Warrior Queen (1989), Best Dressed Chicken in Town, And God Created Woman and Wild Wild Women of the West. She had a minor hit with Britain's first acid house band, The Garden of Eden, with  Kiss FM DJ Steve Jackson, vocalist Angela McCluskey and record producer Mark Tinley. Her solo show at the Kelvingrove Art Galleries in 1990, was the first fashion design exhibition to be held there and was well attended. In 1991, Terry Wogan introduced her onto his TV show as "one of the most original, inventive, creative designers in Britain" adding, "She has reached what is called Cult Status". In the same year a brief appearance on stage in Nashville with industrial noise band Pigface reaffirmed her love of performing, resulting in her shifting focus back to writing music full-time. Unexpectedly landing the support act with Debbie Harry in 1993, she formed new band 'Doll' in five days, and in 1994 with the band firmly established, opened for the post punk band The Raincoats.Between 1999 and 2001, her continued love of designing and making clothes resulted in two catwalk collections and her first Fashion Film "Accelerator" starring Anita Pallenberg, Bobby Gillespie and Patti Palladin. She also clinched cameo roles from Daryl Hannah, David Soul and Primal Scream towards the end of 2002, having discovered a latent talent for script writing and directing. In 2003 <mask> was approached by Jarvis Cocker collaborator Jason Buckle to form a "Cramps like band" which would become known as Hoggdoll. Using his swamp like Rockabilly sounds as a backdrop she wrote and recorded 6 tracks in as many weeks and built up an underground following across the globe Her unexpectedly tender song 'Honeyland' touched a nerve and eventually surfaced on The Berlin Based Art Riot band Chicks on Speed 'Girlmonster' compilation in 2006. Inspired by Siouxsie Sioux's Japanese concept, she designed the costumes for her 2004 world tour Dreamshow. In 2006, the Spanish curator Xavier Arakistain invited <mask> to exhibit in the traveling Art exhibition "Switch on the Power" alongside Yoko Ono, Leigh Bowery, Warhol and Kraftwerk. This allowed her to return to the video medium, producing and directing two promos incorporating her clothes and music.She cast a host of friends including Siouxsie Sioux and Alison Mosshart from the Kills to appear alongside her in the new twin collections inspired by shiny metals and reflective surfaces. The resulting videos 'Opal Eyes' and 'Electricman' were viewed by a whole new unexpected audience via YouTube and Myspace as well as the exhibition itself. This direct access and exposure regenerated a newfound interest in <mask>'s work and pushed the cat suit back into the spotlight resulting in media attention from magazines including

In 2007, Kylie Minogue appeared in <mask>'s black mesh metal studded cat suit in her "2 Hearts" video, and Siouxsie Sioux wore numerous distinctive <mask> signature cat suits throughout her 2008 tour and appearance on Later with Jools Holland. During the show, <mask> was interviewed and announced her imminent return to fashion. In October 2008, the prestigious Fashion store Browns of South Molton St London, was the first to stock the new <mask>-Couture collection. She was further asked to dress their windows for Halloween, an honour rarely given to one designer. In April 2013 <mask> was honoured during "Britweek", for her achievements.In Los Angeles. <mask> was given a Fashion Show, the models included Lady Victoria Hervey. The show called "Opfashart" was part of an art installation, consisting of British Artists from Los Angeles and London. This included artists Duggie Fields and The Head of BAFTA, in Los Angeles, Nigel Daly, hosted by the artist and writer Amanda Eliasch, with Lisa Zane singing opera with Charles Eliasch. In October the same year she won The Creative Excellence prize from The Scottish Council. A 2014 exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, featured <mask>'s dresses designed for Lady Mary Charteris was shown. <mask>'s collections have since been worn by an entire new generation of celebrities including Lady Gaga, Jessie J, Kelly Rowland, Tyra Banks, Alice Dellal, Jamie Winstone, Björk, Rihanna, Daisy Lowe, Lily Allen, Peaches Geldof, Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer.In February 2011 Kate Moss, the day after London Fashion Week wore a Hogg black leather dress to the NME Awards on the same night as Alison Mosshart, wearing a <mask> Hogg fur coat, picked up the prize for Hottest Woman, "Toni and Guy". <mask> designed the trophies for the 2016 Brit Awards. References

External links

Scottish fashion designers
British women fashion designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
People from Paisley, Renfrewshire

masks:
Pam Hogg
Pam Hogg
Hogg
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<mask> (15 April 1795 – 6 January 1847) was the mother of Alois Hitler, and the paternal grandmother of Adolf Hitler. Family
<mask> was born in the village of Strones in the Waldviertel region of Archduchy of Austria. She was the daughter of farmer Johannes Schicklgruber (29 May 1764 – 12 November 1847) and Theresia Pfeisinger (7 September 1769 – 11 November 1821). <mask> was a Catholic; what is known about her is based on church and other public records. <mask> was one of eleven children, only six of whom survived infancy. Her early life was that of a poor peasant child in a rural and largely forested area in the northwest part of Lower Austria, northwest of Vienna. In 1821, <mask>'s mother died when <mask> was 26 years old.She received an inheritance of 74.25 gulden, which she left invested in the Orphans' Fund until 1838. By that time it had more than doubled to 165 gulden. At that time, a breeding pig cost 4 gulden, a cow 10–12 gulden and an entire inn perhaps 500 gulden. Werner Maser wrote she was a "thrifty, reserved, and exceptionally shrewd peasant woman." The birth of Alois

In 1837, when she was 42 years old and still unmarried, her only child, Alois, was born. Maser notes that she refused to reveal who the boy's father was, so the priest baptized the baby Alois Schicklgruber and entered "illegitimate" in place of the father's name on the baptismal register. Historians have discussed three candidates for the father of Alois:
 Johann Georg Hiedler, who later married <mask>, whose name was added to the birth certificate later in Alois's life, and who was accepted officially by Nazi Germany as Alois's father (i.e., as the paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler).Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, Johann Georg's brother and Alois's step-uncle, who raised Alois through adolescence and later willed him a considerable portion of his life savings, but who, if he were the real father of Alois, never found it expedient to admit it publicly. A Jewish man named Leopold Frankenberger, as reported by ex-Nazi Hans Frank during the Nuremberg Trials. Historians dismiss the Frankenberger hypothesis (which had only Frank's speculation as evidence) as baseless, as there were no Jewish families in Graz at the time <mask> became pregnant. At the time of the birth of Alois, <mask> was living with a Strones village family by the name of Trummelschlager. Mr and Mrs Trummelschlager were listed as Alois's godparents. <mask> soon began residence with her father at house number 22 in Strones. After an unknown period, the three Schicklgrubers were joined by Johann Georg Hiedler, an itinerant journeyman miller.On 10 May 1842, five years after Alois was born, <mask> Schicklgruber married Johann Georg Hiedler in the nearby village of Döllersheim. <mask> was 47 years old, and her new husband was 50. Whether or not Johann Georg Hiedler was actually the biological paternal grandfather of Hitler may remain unknown as he was not recorded originally as the father on Alois's birth certificate. Illegitimacy was common in lower Austria; in some areas, it reached as many as forty percent of births, and as late as 1903 the rate was twenty-four percent, with the children normally legitimized at a later date. Hitler's ancestry was questioned when his opponents began spreading rumours that his paternal grandfather was Jewish, since one of Nazism's major principles was that to be considered a pure "Aryan" one had to have a documented ancestry certificate (Ahnenpass). In 1931, Hitler ordered the Schutzstaffel (SS) to investigate the alleged rumours regarding his ancestry; they found no evidence of any Jewish ancestors. He then ordered a genealogist by the name of Rudolf Koppensteiner to publish a large illustrated genealogical tree showing his ancestry.This was published in the book Die Ahnentafel des Führers ("The pedigree of the Leader") in 1937, which concluded that Hitler's family were all Austrian Germans with no Jewish ancestry and that Hitler had an unblemished "Aryan" pedigree. As Alois himself legitimized Johann Georg Hiedler as his biological father (with three witnesses affirming and watching this) and the priest changed the father's blank space on the birth certificate in 1876, this was considered certified proof for Hitler's ancestry, and thus Hitler was considered an "Aryan". Death and gravesite

<mask> died during the sixth year of her marriage, at the age of 51 in Klein-Motten where she was living with her husband in the home of kin, the Sillip family. She died of "consumption resulting from pectoral (thoracic) dropsy" in 1847. She was buried in the parish church cemetery in Döllersheim. After the Anschluss of Austria in 1938, a search failed to find her grave so she was given an "honour grave" next to the church wall. This grave was tended by local Hitler Youth groups whilst Döllersheim and the surrounding areas were made proving ground areas.In 1942, this area became part of an artillery training area and the local inhabitants were moved out. Military training continued during the Soviet occupation after the war, and also by the Austrian Army until about 1985, by which time most of the towns and villages were in ruins. The church at Döllersheim is now preserved and undergoing reconstruction. The cemetery is being tended, but there is no grave marker remaining for <mask>ruber. Relatives
In 1940, Hitler's second cousin, Aloisia Veit, was gassed at Hartheim Euthanasia Centre. Veit, a 49-year-old woman with schizophrenia, was killed as part of Action T4, the Nazi program to systematically kill people with disabilities. See also
 Hitler family

References
Notes

Further reading
 Bullock, Alan Hitler: A Study in Tyranny 1953
 Fest, Joachim C. Hitler Verlag Ullstein, 1973
 Kershaw, Ian Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris W W Norton, 1999
 Maser, Werner Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality Penguin Books Ltd 1973
 Smith, Bradley F. Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth Hoover Institution, 1967
 Vermeeren, Marc "De jeugd van Adolf Hitler 1889-1907 en zijn familie en voorouders".Soesterberg, 2007, 420 blz. Uitgeverij Aspekt. 1795 births
1847 deaths
Austrian Roman Catholics
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Hitler family
Tuberculosis deaths in Austria
People from Lower Austria

masks:
Maria Anna Schicklgruber
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria Anna
Maria
Maria
Maria Schicklg