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<mask>n (; November 7, 1920 – April 28, 2015), also known as Kwang-hsien Hsu, was a Chinese chemist. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Science who is respected for his contributions in both theoretical and experimental chemistry. He is a former president of the Chinese Chemical Society, and is known as "The Father of Chinese Rare Earths Chemistry". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang on November 7, 1920. He entered Hangzhou Advanced Industrial Vocational School in Zhejiang (now part of Zhejiang University of Technology). Due to the Anti-Japanese War, the students and faculty were relocated to an advanced industrial school in Ningbo, where <mask> graduated in 1939. In 1940 <mask> entered Jiaotong University in Shanghai (now known as Shanghai Jiao Tong University, SJTU).Again, there was disruption at the university because of the war. <mask> received his B.Sc. in 1944. In 1945, <mask>n worked as a teaching assistant at SJTU, with professor Gu Jidong. He married one of his classmates, chemist Gao Xiaoxia in 1946. <mask> and Gao passed national examinations for studying abroad in 1946. <mask> traveled to the United States in 1948 to attend the graduate school of Washington University in St. Louis.After ranking first in a probationary summer class at Columbia University in New York City, he was able to transfer to Columbia. There he studied quantum chemistry with a minor in physics from 1948 to 1951. He also worked as a teaching assistant, enabling Gao Xiaoxia to join him and study analytical chemistry at New York University. <mask> received his MS in 1949 and his PhD in 1951 working with Charles O. Beckmann. His thesis in quantum chemistry was "Optically Active Quantum Chemical Theory". In February 1949, he became a member of the Phi Lambda Upsilon National Honorary Chemical Society (ΦΛΥ). In October 1950, <mask> became a member of Sigma Xi (ΣΞ).Meanwhile, in China, the Chinese Civil War resulted in the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The Korean War broke out in June, 1950. Soon after, the United States government passed an act forbidding Chinese citizens who were studying in America from returning to China. Concerned that they might not be allowed to return home if they waited until Gao Xiaoxia received her Ph.D., <mask>n and Gao Xiaoxia applied for short-term visas to China. On April 15, 1951, they left for China on the USS General Gordon, one of the last three cruisers to leave for China before the American ban went into effect. Career
After returning to China in 1951, <mask> became an associate professor at the Department of Chemistry of Peking University. By autumn 1952, he held professorships in both the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Technical Physics.<mask> held various directorships at the university. He worked primarily in the areas of quantum chemistry and chemical bonding theory. He studied the bonding characteristics of molecules and proposed a formula relating the order of filling of atomic orbital levels to the grouping of elements into periods in the periodic table. This led to greater understanding of the lanthanides and actinides. <mask> became the department dean in 1956 and directed the department of radiation chemistry. <mask> was involved in the Chinese nuclear weapons development program, in which he played a role in separating and extracting elements for nuclear fuels. In particular, he did experimental research on the separation of Uranium-235 and Uranium-238.After 1966, when the Cultural Revolution began, <mask>'s department stopped doing atomic research. During the Cultural Revolution, <mask> and his wife Gao Xiaoxia were accused of spying for the Kuomintang and sent to a labor camp from 1969 to 1972. When he returned to Peking University in 1972, <mask> was asked to change his field of study to the extraction of praseodymium, a rare earth element. During the 1970s, <mask> studied the theoretical basis and design for solvent extraction, developed mathematical models, and made important contributions towards the development of separation processes for rare earth elements. Gao Xiaoxia's development of microanalytical techniques in polarography contributed to the success of <mask>'s research. <mask> developed the process of countercurrent extraction (also known as series extraction or cascade extraction) and substantially reduced both the time needed to extract materials, and their resulting cost. <mask> founded the Research Center of Rare Earth Chemistry as of 1986 and was essential in establishing the State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications in 1989.He served as Director and as Chairman of its Academic Committee. In 2005, <mask>n raised concerns about the mining of thorium in the Baotou area, where mine wastes were released into the Yellow River. The Yellow River is a source of drinking water for an estimated 150 million people, so radioactive contamination is a very serious issue. <mask> has suggested that the Chinese develop stocks of rare earths to stave off shortages of rare earths. <mask> published more than 500 reviewed papers and several books. These included Principle of Extraction Chemistry, Rare Earth Solvent Extraction, The Structure of Matter and The Basic Principles of Quantum Chemistry and Ab-initio Calculation. <mask> has supervised hundreds of students.Awards and honors
 <mask> has twice received China's State Natural Science Award (Second Class and Third Class, 1987); twice received the State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class, 1998; Third Class, 1991); and received the Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress in 1994. <mask> received the 2008 State Preeminent Science and Technology Award. It was presented to him at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, on January 9, 2009, by Hu Jintao. <mask> was also congratulated by Wen Jiabao. The award is considered to be China's equivalent to the Nobel Prize. In 2009, <mask>n, Qian <mask>n, Zhang Guangdou, and Wu Wenjun were honored with the inaugural SJTU Outstanding Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Asteroid 345871 Xuguangxian, discovered by astronomers with the PMO NEO Survey Program at Purple Mountain Observatory in 2007, was named in his memory.The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on January 9, 2020 (). <mask> died in Beijing on April 28, 2015, at age 94. Memberships
 Elected to the Chinese Academy of Science in 1980
 President (1986―1990), Chinese Chemical Society (CCS)
 Vice-president (1980―1999), Chinese Society of Rare Earths (CSRE) Honorary vice-president thereafter
 Editor-in-chief, Rare Earths (a 3-volume monograph on the science and technology of rare earths in China), Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 1995
 Editor-in-chief, Journal of Rare Earths

See also
 Project 596 – China's first nuclear weapons test. References

External links
 中国稀土学报 Journal of Rare Earths
 <mask>xian in Baidu.com
 <mask>xian at Peking University

1920 births
2015 deaths
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Chemists from Zhejiang
Columbia University alumni
Educators from Shaoxing
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Peking University faculty
Scientists from Shaoxing
Shanghai Jiao Tong University alumni
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Zhejiang University of Technology alumni
Zhejiang University alumni
Rare earth scientists

masks:
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu
Xu Guangxia
Xuese
Xu
Xu Guang
Xu Guang


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<mask> (born Salvatore Antonio Guaragna; December 24, 1893 – September 22, 1981) was an American composer and lyricist. <mask> was the first major American songwriter to write primarily for film. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song eleven times and won three Oscars for composing "Lullaby of Broadway", "You'll Never Know" and "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe". He wrote the music for the first blockbuster film musical, 42nd Street, choreographed by Busby Berkeley, with whom he would collaborate on many musical films. Over a career spanning six decades, <mask> wrote more than 800 songs. Other well known <mask> hits included "I Only Have Eyes for You", "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby", "Jeepers Creepers", "The Gold Diggers' Song (We're in the Money)", "That's Amore", "There Will Never Be Another You", "The More I See You", "At Last" and "Chattanooga Choo Choo" (the last of which was the first gold record in history). <mask> was one of America's most prolific film composers, and his songs have been featured in over 300 films.Biography

Early life
<mask> was born Salvatore Antonio Guaragna, one of eleven children of Italian immigrants Antonio (a bootmaker) and Rachel De Luca Guaragna, and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. His father changed the family name to <mask> when <mask> was a child. Although his parents could not afford music lessons, <mask> had an early interest in music and taught himself to play his father's accordion. He also sang in the church choir and learned to play the drums. He began to play the drums professionally by age 14 and dropped out of high school at 16 to play with his godfather's band in a traveling carnival. Soon he taught himself to play the piano and by 1915, he was working at the Vitagraph Motion Picture Studios, where he did a variety of administrative jobs, such as props man, and also played mood music on the piano for the actors, acted in bit parts and eventually was an assistant director. He also played the piano in cafés and silent-movie houses.In 1918 he joined the U.S. Navy, where he began writing songs. Career
<mask> wrote over 800 songs between 1918 and 1981, publishing over 500 of them. They were written mainly for 56 feature films or were used in other films that used <mask>'s newly written or existing songs. His songs eventually appeared in over 300 films and 112 of Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. 42 of his songs were on the top ten list of the radio program "Your Hit Parade", a measure of a song's popularity. 21 of these reached number 1 on Your Hit Parade. "You'll Never Know" appeared 24 times.His song "I Only Have Eyes for You" is listed in the list of the 25 most-performed songs of the 20th Century, as compiled by the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). <mask> was the director of ASCAP from 1929 to 1932. He collaborated on some of his most famous songs with lyricists Al Dubin, Billy Rose, Mack Gordon, Leo Robin, Ira Gershwin and Johnny Mercer. In 1942 the <mask> song "Chattanooga Choo-Choo", as performed by the Glenn Miller Orchestra, became the first gold record in history. It was No.1 for nine weeks on the Billboard pop singles chart in 1941–1942, selling 1.2 million copies. Among his biggest hits were "There Will Never Be Another You", "I Only Have Eyes for You", "Forty-Second Street", "The Gold Diggers' Song (We're in the Money)", "Lullaby of Broadway", "Serenade In Blue", "At Last", "Jeepers Creepers", "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me", "That's Amore", and "Young and Healthy". Early hits and film years

<mask>'s first hit song was "Rose of the Rio Grande" (1922), with lyrics by Edgar Leslie.He wrote a succession of hit songs in the 1920s, including "I Love My Baby (My Baby Loves Me)" and "Seminola" in 1925, "Where Do You Work-a John?" and "In My Gondola" in 1926 and "Nagasaki" in 1928. In 1930, he composed the music for the song "Cheerful Little Earful" for the Billy Rose Broadway revue, Sweet and Low, and composed the music, with lyrics by Mort Dixon and Joe Young, for the Ed Wynn Broadway revue The Laugh Parade in 1931. He started working for Warner Brothers in 1932, paired with Dubin to write the score for the first blockbuster film musical, 42nd Street, and continued to work there for six years, writing the scores for 32 more musicals. He worked for 20th Century Fox starting in 1940, writing with Mack Gordon. He moved to MGM starting in 1944, writing for musical films such as The Harvey Girls and The Barkleys of Broadway, many starring Fred Astaire. He later worked for Paramount, starting in the early 1950s, writing for the Bing Crosby movie Just for You and the Martin and Lewis movie The Caddy, the latter containing the hit song "That's Amore".He continued to write songs for several more Jerry Lewis comedies. <mask> is particularly remembered for writing scores for the films of Busby Berkeley; they worked together on 18 films. His "uptempo songs are as memorable as Berkeley's choreography, as [sic] for the same reason: they capture, in a few snazzy notes, the vigorous frivolity of the Jazz Age." <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Song three times, collaborating with three different lyricists: "Lullaby of Broadway" with Al Dubin in 1935, "You'll Never Know" with Mack Gordon in 1943, and "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" with Johnny Mercer in 1946. He was nominated for eleven Oscars. Last years
In 1955, <mask> wrote "The Legend of Wyatt Earp", which was used in the ABC/Desilu Studios television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp. He also wrote the opening theme, "Hey, Marty" (lyrics by Paddy Chayefsky), for the film Marty, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1955.The last musical score that <mask> composed specifically for Broadway was Shangri-La, a disastrous 1956 adaptation of James Hilton's Lost Horizon, which ran for only 21 performances. In 1957, he received his last Academy Award nomination for the song "An Affair to Remember". He continued to write songs for movies throughout the 1960s and 1970s but never again achieved the fame that he had enjoyed earlier. His last movie score was for Manhattan Melody, in 1980, but the film was never produced. <mask> composed a Mass, with Latin text, in 1962. This was performed a decade later at Loyola Marymount University, but it has yet to be recorded commercially. He also wrote nearly three dozen short piano vignettes.The sheet music was first published by <mask>'s Four Jays Music Co. A dozen of these were released on a 1975 album titled <mask>'s Piano Vignettes, played by Hugh Delain. Several pianists have recorded the vignettes, including <mask> himself. Personal life
<mask> married Josephine Wensler in 1917. They had a son, <mask>. (1919–1938), and a daughter, Joan (b. 1925). His wife died in 1993. <mask> died on September 22, 1981 in Los Angeles.He is interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. The plaque bearing <mask>'s epitaph displays the first few notes of "You'll Never Know". A theatre in Brooklyn, New York is named after <mask>. Reputation and legacy
According to Wilfrid Sheed, quoted in Time Magazine: "By silent consensus, the king of this army of unknown soldiers, the Hollywood incognitos, was <mask>, who had more songs on the Hit Parade than Berlin himself and who would win the contest hands down if enough people have heard of him." William Zinsser noted: "The familiarity of <mask>'s songs is matched by the anonymity of the man... he is the invisible man, his career a prime example of the oblivion that cloaked so many writers who cranked out good songs for bad movies." At least three episodes of the Lawrence Welk Show were devoted entirely to <mask>'s music: Season 18, Episode 5, October 7, 1972; Season 25, Episode 10, November 24, 1979; and Season 27, Episode 17, January 2, 1982 Susannah McCorkle's debut album was The Music of <mask> (1976). In 1980, producer David Merrick and director Gower Champion adapted the 1933 film 42nd Street into a Broadway musical that won the Tony Award for Best Musical in 1981, ran for 3,486 performances and has had several major revivals.The score incorporated songs by <mask> and Dubin from various movie musicals including 42nd Street, Dames, Go Into Your Dance, Gold Diggers of 1933, and Gold Diggers of 1935. Songs
Music by <mask>, unless noted:

Academy Award nominations and winners
Winners
 "Lullaby of Broadway" (1935) w. Al Dubin for Gold Diggers of 1935
 "You'll Never Know" (1943) w. Mack Gordon for Hello, Frisco, Hello
 "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" (1945) w. Johnny Mercer for The Harvey Girls

Nominations
"Remember Me?" (1937) w. Al Dubin for Mr. Dodd Takes the Air
"Jeepers Creepers" (1938) w. Johnny Mercer for Going Places
"Down Argentina Way" (1940) w. Mack Gordon for Down Argentine Way
"Chattanooga Choo Choo" (1941) w. Mack Gordon for Sun Valley Serenade
"I've Got a Gal in Kalamazoo" (1942) w. Mack Gordon for Orchestra Wives
"Zing a Little Zong" (1952) w. Leo Robin for Just for You
"That's Amore" (1953) w. Jack Brooks for The Caddy
"An Affair to Remember (Our Love Affair)" (1956) w. Harold Adamson and Leo McCarey for An Affair to Remember

No. 1 hits
 "By the River Sainte Marie"  (1931) w. Edgar Leslie
 "Too Many Tears" (1932) w. Al Dubin
 "I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)" (1932) w. Mort Dixon
 "You're Getting to Be a Habit With Me" (1933) w. Al Dubin
 "Forty-Second Street" (1933) w. Al Dubin
 "Shadow Waltz" (1933) w. Al Dubin

 "(You May Not Be an Angel, But) I'll String Along With You" (1934) w. Al Dubin
 "Lullaby of Broadway" (1935) w. Al Dubin
 "She's a Latin from Manhattan" (1935) w. Al Dubin
 "I'll Sing You a Thousand Love Songs" (1936) w. Al Dubin
 "September in the Rain" (1937) w. Al Dubin
 "With Plenty of Money and You" (1937) w. Al Dubin
 "Remember Me?" (1937) w. Al Dubin
 "Jeepers Creepers" (1938) w. Johnny Mercer
 "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby" (1938) w. Johnny Mercer
 "Chattanooga Choo Choo" (1941) w. Mack Gordon
 "My Heart Tells Me (Should I Believe My Heart?)" He discusses songs he likes: "Would You Like to Take a Walk?" (1930, with Mort Dixon and Billy Rose for Sweet & Low), "I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)" (1931, with Dixon and Rose for Crazy Quilt), "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me" (1932), "Summer Night" (1936), "There Will Never Be Another You" (1942), "Serenade in Blue" (1942), "At Last" (1942), "Jeepers Creepers" (1938), and "The More I See You" (1945).Other popular songs
 "Cheerful Little Earful" (1930) w. Ira Gershwin and Billy Rose for Sweet & Low
 "Nagasaki" (1928) w. Mort Dixon

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 The <mask> website
 Biography and list of <mask>'s "major song successes"
 Full song list
 Biography at the Encyclopedia of Composers and Songwriters
 Chronology of some of <mask>'s best-known songs
 <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. <mask>: America's Foremost Composer (1933)
Biography at Guide to Musical Theatre
 HarryWarrenMusic.com site

1893 births
1981 deaths
Musicians from Brooklyn
American musical theatre composers
American musical theatre lyricists
Broadway composers and lyricists
Songwriters from New York (state)
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
American people of Italian descent
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Glenn Miller Orchestra members
American male songwriters

masks:
Harry Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Gordon Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry Jr
Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Harry Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Warren
Warren
Harry Warren
Harry Warren


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<mask> (October 19, 1962 – July 16, 2020), known under the stage name Mr. Chi Pig, was a Canadian punk rock lead vocalist and artist born in Edmonton and long residing in Vancouver. He fronted the hardcore punk band SNFU from 1981 until their hiatus in 2018. Other, short-lived groups that he led included The Wongs, Little Joe, and Slaveco. Chinn was an energetic vocalist, prolific artist, and sardonic lyricist. He was also an early advocate for queer identity in punk rock. His struggles with addiction and mental health problems were well documented, and he died of undisclosed health issues at age 57. Early life and career
Born to German and Chinese parents in Edmonton, Chinn was the second youngest of twelve children.His early life entailed traumatic episodes related to his unstable family, including manifestations of what would later be diagnosed as schizophrenia. Despite this, he remained close to his siblings and parents, who were important influences. As a teenager, he developed interests in punk rock, skateboarding, and art. In 1981, Chinn formed the punk rock band Live Sex Shows with Marc and Brent Belke, twin brothers whom he had met through the skateboarding subculture. The group was short-lived, but the three musicians next formed Society's No Fucking Use, soon to be known by the acronym SNFU, late that year. SNFU rose in prominence in the Canadian hardcore punk community and ultimately became a formative influence for the skate punk subgenre, beginning with their 1985 debut ...And No One Else Wanted to Play. In addition to singing, Chinn wrote the group's lyrics and provided much of the artwork used on their records.He also served as an energetic and charismatic performer, incorporating masks, puppets, and other props into the band's stage show. While touring behind their second LP, If You Swear, You'll Catch No Fish, Chinn suffered a head injury that he later cited as a cause of his mental and physical decline. Though the band continued to find increasing success, they suffered from in-fighting, much centering around Chinn and the other members. After three LPs with a changing rhythm section and extensive touring in North America and Europe, SNFU disbanded in 1989 due to creative disagreements and general exhaustion. Move to Vancouver and height of commercial success
Chinn relocated to Vancouver in early 1990 and formed The Wongs. This band released a cassette and toured briefly with Gorilla Gorilla, a group then featuring Bif Naked and Randy Steffes, before disbanding the following year. Another short-lived group, Little Joe, followed soon thereafter, which was active sporadically for the next two years and recorded a demo in 1992.After moving to Vancouver, Chinn began what would become a long battle with hard drug addiction. This period also marked the beginning of Chinn's open identification as a homosexual. In late 1991, SNFU reformed for a reunion tour behind The Last of the Big Time Suspenders, a rarities compilation released to satisfy their contract with Cargo Records. The tour was successful, and the reinvigorated band properly reunited, signing to Epitaph Records in 1993. Their five years of activity with Epitaph resulted in three studio albums and the greatest industry prominence in the band's career; the records reached six-digit record sales and SNFU toured alongside successful punk rock acts like Green Day and Bad Religion. Chinn's mental and physical health began to diminish during this era, however, due both to increased drug use and the trauma he faced following the death of his mother. Late in 1997, Epitaph opted against renewing the band's contract.This resulted in heavy band debt and the departure of Brent Belke and longtime drummer Dave Rees; the remaining members nevertheless kept the band active as a four-piece for the first time in its career while seeking a new recording contract. This era ultimately ended after the departure of longtime bassist Rob Johnson and a hiatus in 2001. Personal struggles and third SNFU incarnation
Chinn then formed the new group Slaveco. with Matt Warhurst and Shane Smith, both future members of SNFU, and Jay Black. SNFU returned to activity late in 2003, releasing In the Meantime and In Between Time, their seventh studio album, and touring subsequently before again disbanding in 2005 due to further exhaustion and disagreements. Slaveco. became inactive shortly thereafter, and Chinn spiraled into depression, poverty, and addiction, which ultimately resulted in his homelessness.Nonetheless, Chinn at this time began work on an unfinished solo album in collaboration with other Vancouver musicians, including Johnson. Chinn and former SNFU bassist <mask>, now on guitar, began playing sets of SNFU material with a new rhythm section in 2007 before deciding to reform the band officially. Later joined by early drummer Jon Card and several new members, this third incarnation of SNFU spent the next several years touring Europe, Canada, and Central America. Open Your Mouth and Say... Mr. Chi Pig, a biographical documentary film about Chinn, was released in March 2010. Produced by the Canadian company Prairie Coast Films and directed by Sean Patrick Shaul, the film told the story of Chinn's life and career, containing interview footage with such notables as Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys, Brendan Canning of Broken Social Scene, and Joey Keithley of D.O.A. citing SNFU's influence on them personally and the rock scene at large. The film also documented Chinn's struggles with addiction and ill health, and the escape from these conditions that the 2007 SNFU reunion represented.In 2011, Chinn suffered from severe pneumonia, and SNFU became fractured following various members' emigrations. Despite this, the group managed to tour the following year in support of the band's official biography, Chris Walter's ...What No One Else Wanted to Say, released via GFY Press. Chinn also began performing solo acoustic sets, sometimes billed as DNFU (Distortion's No Fucking Use), in 2013. This same year, SNFU released Never Trouble Trouble Until Trouble Troubles You, their eighth and final studio album, before this lineup disbanded. From 2014 to 2017, Chinn led new lineups of SNFU featuring former bassist Dave Bacon, Steffes, guitarist Kurt Robertson, and several drummers across various Canadian and European tours. The final SNFU performances occurred in Europe early in 2017. Though the band intended to continue, they announced a hiatus in early 2018 due to Chinn's health.Illness and death
After Chinn became too ill to continue performing with SNFU, he focused his attention on his art. In November 2019, BeatRoute journalist Sean Orr interviewed Chinn, who stated that he had been diagnosed with a serious medical condition that projected soon to become fatal. Chinn recorded a solo 7" single with orchestral versions of "Hurt" (written by Nine Inch Nails and later covered by Johnny Cash) and SNFU's "Painful Reminder" that was released in June 2020, shortly before his death. He died on July 16, 2020. SNFU released the acoustic track "Cement Mixer" via YouTube shortly after his death. Discography
Solo and collaborative
Removal Featuring Mr. Chi Pig: "Some Other Time" (7" single, 2000)
"Hurt" b/w "Painful Reminder" (7" single, 2020)

SNFU
See SNFU discography

The Wongs
Don't Fuck With The Wongs cassette (1990)

References

External links

Interview with <mask>n from 2008
Interview with <mask>n from 2008

1962 births
Canadian punk rock singers
Canadian gay musicians
LGBT singers from Canada
2020 deaths
Musicians from Edmonton
SNFU members
Slaveco. members
Canadian people of German descent
Canadian people of Chinese descent
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Kendall Steven Chinn
Ken Fleming
Ken Chin
Ken Chin


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<mask> (; born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant, who served as a counselor to President François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991, and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1991 to 1993. In 1997, upon the request of education minister Claude Allègre, he proposed a reform of the higher education degrees system. From 2008 to 2010, he led the government committee on how to ignite the growth of the French economy, under President Nicolas Sarkozy. <mask> co-founded the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the development of new technologies. He also founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance, now called Positive Planet, and is the head of Attali & Associates (A&A), an international consultancy firm on strategy, corporate finance and venture capital. Interested in the arts, he has been nominated to serve on the board of the Musée d’Orsay. He has published more than fifty books, including Verbatim (1981), Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985), Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom (1999), and A Brief History of the Future (2006).In 2009, Foreign Policy called him as one of the top 100 "global thinkers" in the world. Early life
<mask> was born on 1 November 1943 in Algiers (Algeria), with his twin brother <mask>, in a Jewish family. His father, <mask>, is a self-educated person who achieved success in perfumery ("Bib et Bab" shop) in Algiers. He married Fernande Abécassis on 27 January 1943. On 11 February 1954, his mother gave birth to his sister, Fabienne. In 1956, two years after the beginning of the Algerian independence war (1954–1962), his father decided to move to Paris with his family. <mask> and Bernard studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, in the 16th arrondissement, where they met Jean-Louis Bianco and Laurent Fabius.In 1966, <mask> graduated from the École polytechnique (first of the class of 1963). He also graduated from the École des mines, Sciences Po and the École nationale d'administration (third of the class of 1970). In 1968, while doing an internship at the prefecture of a French department (Nièvre), he met for the second time with François Mitterrand, then President of the department, whom he had met for the first time three years before. in 1972,  <mask> received a PhD in economics from University Paris Dauphine, for a thesis written under the supervision of Alain Cotta. Michel Serres was among the jury of his PhD. In 1970, when he was 27, he became a member of the Council of State. In 1972, aged 29, he published his first two books, Analyse économique de la vie politique and Modèles politiques, for which he was awarded with a prize from the Academy of Sciences.Academic career
<mask> taught economics from 1968 to 1985 at the Paris Dauphine University, at the École polytechnique and at the École des Ponts et chaussées. In his laboratory in Dauphine, the IRIS, he gathered several young researchers Yves Stourdzé (who ran the European research program EUREKA co-founded by <mask>), Jean-Hervé Lorenzi, and Érik Orsenna, but also leading figures in various fields (including journalism, mathematics, show business, financial analysis). Political career
<mask>'s close collaboration with François Mitterrand started in December 1973. He directed his political campaign for the presidential elections in 1974. He then became his main chief of staff in the opposition. In 1981, François Mitterrand, after he was elected President, named <mask> as his special adviser. From this moment on, <mask>i wrote notes every evening for the attention of the French President, which dealt with economics, culture, politics, or the last book he read.He also attended all the Cabinet meetings, the Defense Council, and all bilateral meetings between President François Mitterrand and foreign heads of States and governments. The President also entrusted him with the role of "sherpa" (personal representative of a head of State) for the European and G7 summits. <mask> then enlarged his circle of acquaintances to Raymond Barre, <mask>, Philippe Séguin, Jean-Luc Lagardère, Antoine Riboud, Michel Serres, Coluche. He advised the President to get Jean-Louis Bianco, Alain Boublil and several young, promising graduates from the École nationale d’administration (like François Hollande and Ségolène Royal) to join his team. In 1982, he pleaded for "economic rigour". As "sherpa" of Mitterrand during 10 years, he organised the Versailles G7 summit in 1982 and the G7 Summit of the Arch in 1989. He took an active part in the organization of the celebrations for the bicentenary of the French Revolution on 14 July 1989.In 1997, upon the request of Claude Allègre, he proposed a reform of the tertiary education degree system which led to the implementation of the LMD model. In 2008 and 2010, he was asked by then President Nicolas Sarkozy to chair a bipartisan commission aiming at proposing reforms to foster French economic growth. In 2013, Attali advocated the concept of positive economy in a report delivered to President François Hollande at his request. His ideas inspired some of the provisions of the law proposed by Emmanuel Macron, Minister of Economy. In April 2011, in Washington, D.C., the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the United States' Smithsonian Institution presented the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service to Attali. Attali has supported Rattachism. International career
In 1979, Attali co-founded the international NGO Action Against Hunger (Action Contre La Faim).In 1984, he helped implement the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the "development of new technologies", the direction of which he entrusted to Yves Stourdzé. In January 1989, he initiated a vast international plan of action against the disastrous flooding in Bangladesh. In August 1989, during François Mitterrand's second mandate, <mask> gave up politics and left the Elysée Palace. He founded the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), in London, and became its first president. He had initiated the idea of this institution in June 1989, before the fall of the Berlin Wall, in order to support the reconstruction of Eastern European countries. He chaired the Paris negotiating conference which led to the creation of the EBRD. Under his leadership, the EBRD promoted investments which aimed at protecting nuclear power plants, protecting the environment and, more generally, developing infrastructure, reinforcing private sector competitiveness and support transition to democracy.In 1991, <mask> invited Mikhail Gorbachev to the EBRD headquarters, in London, against the opinion of British Prime Minister John Major. By doing so, he compelled the heads of government of the G7, who were attending a summit in this town, to receive the Soviet head of state. After a stormy phone call between <mask> and John Major, the British press started to criticize <mask> and spread suspicions about his management of the institution. Uncontested details of the management of the EBRD – including of inefficiency and profligacy – were shocking. Some of these details were taken up by some French journalists. <mask> explains his stance in a chapter of his book C'était François Mitterrand, entitled "Verbatim and the EBRD": "the work in question had been done under the supervision of an international working group to which I did not belong". Indeed, when <mask> left the EBRD (voluntarily) the board of governors gave him final discharge for the management of the institution.However, his reputation never recovered. In 1993, <mask> won a libel suit; he had been accused of having reproduced in his book Verbatim, without François Mitterrand's authorization, secret archives and several sentences of the French head of State which were meant for another book. The Herald Tribune even published, on the front page, an article claiming (wrongly) that President Mitterrand had asked for the book to be withdrawn from sale. François Mitterrand confirmed in a long interview that he had asked <mask> to write this book, and acknowledged that he had proofread it and had been given the possibility to make corrections. In 1998, Attali founded Positive Planet, a non-profit organization which is active in more than 80 countries, employing over 500 staff, and provides funding, technical assistance and advisory services to  microfinance players and stakeholders. Positive Planet is also active in France empoverished suburbs. In 2001 Attali was subject to investigations on the charges of "concealment of company assets which have been misused and influence peddling".He was discharged on 27 October 2009 by the magistrate's court of Paris, "on the benefit of the doubt". <mask> advocates the establishment of a global rule of law, which will condition the survival of democracy through the creation of a new global order. He thinks the regulation of the economy by a global financial supervisory institution may be a solution to the financial crisis which started 2008. The financial institution is a first step towards the establishment of a democratic world government, of which the European Union can be a laboratory, which was all laid to bare in his 1981 book Verbatim. Private financial career
In 1994, he founded Attali & Associates (A&A), an international advisory firm which specializes in strategy consulting, corporate finance and venture capital to help companies' long-term development. In 2012, <mask> became a member of the supervisory board of Kepler Capital Markets, a Swiss broker based in Geneva. The same year, Crédit Agricole sold Cheuvreux, which employs about 700 people worldwide, to Kepler Capital Markets.He presides over the supervisory board of Slate.fr. Music and arts
In September 2010, <mask> was appointed as a member of the directorate of the Musée d'Orsay. <mask> has a passion for music: he plays the piano (he once played for the association Les Restos du Cœur), and wrote lyrics for Barbara. He is the author of the book Bruits (1977) (English: Noise: The Political Economy of Music), an

masks:
Jacques Attali
Attali
Jacques Attali
Bernard Attali
Simon Attali
Jacques
Jacques
Attali
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attali
Attali
Attali
Jacques Attal
Attali
Jacques Delors
Jacques Attali
Attali
Jacques Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali


texts:
 essay which deals with the economy of music and the importance of music in the evolution of our societies. In 1978, he played himself in Pauline et l'ordinateur, directed by Francis Fehr. Since 2003, he directs the Grenoble University orchestra, open to amateurs, under Patrick Souillot. He performed very different pieces, which ranged from a symphony composed by Benda to Bach's violin concertos, a mass composed by Mozart, Barber's Adagio and Mendelssohn's double concerto for violin, piano and orchestra.In 2012, he conducted the Musiques en scène orchestra, performing the opening of the Barber of Sevilla and co-directed the Lamoureux Orchestra with his friend, the geneticist Daniel Cohen, during the gala of Technion University, in Paris. He also directed the Lausanne Sinfonietta in August and Ravel's Concerto in G with the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra in Jerusalem and then in Paris. He also directed orchestra in Shanghai, Bondy, Marseille, London and Astana. With Patrick Souillot, he created in 2012 a national organization following the model of the Fabrique Opéra Grenoble, which aims at coordinating the production of cooperative operas with the participation of students from vocational highschools. Reflections on growth and positive economics

Commission for the Liberation of French Growth, known as "Attali Commission"
On 24 July 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Attali to chair a bipartisan commission charged with studying "the bottlenecks that constrain growth". It was composed of 42 members, freely appointed by Attali, mostly liberals and social democrats. Its unanimous report was handed over to the President on 23 January 2008.It contained various recommendations to radically transform the French economy and society in order to unlock economic growth. Commission for "Positive Economics"
In 2012, French President François Hollande ordered from Attali a report on the "positive economics" situation. The aim of this report was to put an end to the short-termism, to move from an individualistic economy based on the short-term to an economy based on public interest and the interest of future generations, to organize the transition from an old model based on the wealth economy to a model in which economic agents will have other obligations than profit maximization. This report, written by a wide-ranging commission, proposed 44 reforms. Literary work
The literary work of Attali covers a wide range of topics and almost every possible subject in the field of literature: mathematics, economic theory, essays, novels, biographies, memoirs, children's stories, and theater. It is probably difficult to find a common thread in his work. All of his essays revolve around the daunting task of describing the future from a long-term analysis of the past.In order to accomplish this, he undertook the task of retelling the story of human activity and its various dimensions: music, time, property, France, nomadic life, health, the seas, modernity, global governance, love and death (Bruits, Histoires du temps, La nouvelle économie française, Chemin de sagesse, Au propre et au figuré, l'ordre cannibale, Consolations, l’homme nomade, Amours, Histoire de la modernité, Demain qui gouvernera le monde , Histoires de la mer). He has also put forward several readers (Lignes d'horizon, Brève histoire de l'avenir, Vivement après demain) and several publications on analytical methods (Analyse économique de la vie politique, Modèles politiques, Les trois mondes, La figure de Fraser, Peut-on prévoir l'avenir ?). His work reveals a distinct vision of history and its successive stages, which are simultaneously ideological, technological and geopolitical. Furthermore, his work entails depicting the slow transformation of humanity into an artifact in which man becomes an object to escape death, and the geopolitical evolution toward chaos that accompanies such transformation; meanwhile, man is also waiting for an awakening leading to a new global governance, a sanctification of the essential makeup of mankind, taking into account the interest of future generations, and not letting prostheses invade it. <mask> has also, in books written during key events, tried to highlight particular moments of the present and the near future (La crise et après ?, Tous ruinés dans dix ans ?, Économie de l'apocalypse) and he proposed reforms to implement, either in books he authored (Candidats, répondez !, Urgences françaises) or in collective reports (Rapport sur l'évolution de l'enseignement supérieur, sur la libération de la croissance, sur l'économie positive, sur la francophonie). Attali also reflected on the future of the concepts of socialism and altruism (La voie humaine, Fraternités) and advocated methods of personal growth (Survivre aux crises, Devenir soi). Since his earliest books, Attali foresaw and announced signals of the future, albeit weak at the time, that later came true: In La parole et l'outil (1976), he announced and described the shift from an energy-based society to an information-based society.In Bruits, in 1977, he announced what would later be the internet, YouTube, and the importance of musical practice; in La nouvelle économie française, in 1978, he discussed the coming emergence of the personal computer, hyper-surveillance and self-surveillance. In Les trois mondes, in 1980, he announced the shift of the centre of power around the Pacific. In L'ordre Cannibale, in 1980, he announced the advent of a prosthetic society, now known as transhumanism. In Histoires du temps, he announced the rapid pace of history and the growing immediacy of relationships. In Amours, he announced the emergence of poly-romantic relationships. In Au propre et au figuré, he announced the break-up of property and its use, and subsequently he invented the concept of the "nomadic object." In Lignes d'horizons, in 1990, he predicted the relative decline of US power.In Brève histoire de l'avenir, he announced a corporate power grab by health data and insurance companies. In L'homme nomade, he described the great movement of populations whose sedentary life was only a temporary stage. <mask> has reflected on the many dimensions, as well as the place, of Jewish thought and the Jewish people in history (1492, Histoire économique du peuple juif, Dictionnaire amoureux du judaïsme); he also took on this subject at the theatre in Du cristal à la fumée. He also reflected on inter-religious dialogue (La confrérie des Eveillés and Naissance de l'Occident). The focus of his biographical publishing is on retelling the lives of characters who disrupted world history by the strength of their ideas: Warburg, Pascal, Marx, Gandhi, Diderot, and all those for whom he wrote a short biography in Phares, such as Averroes, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno, Darwin. <mask>'s novels, mostly categorized in fantasy genre, or at least in the slight dystopia subgenre, address the same themes. In particular, his novels revolve around the risks confronted by humanity, with characters anxious to hide, to disappear (Nouvelles, Les portes du ciel, Le premier jour après moi, Il viendra, Notre vie disent- ils).More recently, he has chosen to combine crime novels with dystopia, imagining a reappearing police chief, whilst the action takes place in a near future period. In conclusion, <mask> has narrated some of the major events in which he was involved in several memoirs: first, in Verbatim 1, 2 and 3, he kept, at the request of François Mitterrand, the daily newspaper in the years during Mitterand's presidency. He also recounted his memories of the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in Europe(s) and drew a portrait of François Mitterrand in C'était François Mitterrand, from the twenty years he spent at his side. Covid Conspiracy Theories
Quotes claiming to be from <mask>'s book Verbatim have been spread around the internet by covid conspiracy theorists. The quotes are a fabrication. Selected bibliography

Cannibalism and Civilization: Life and Death in the History of Medicine (1984)
Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985) Translated by Brian Massumi. Foreword by Fredric Jameson, afterword by Susan McClary.University of Minnesota Press . A man of influence: Le destin d'un homme d'influence S.G. Warburg (1987)
Millennium: Winners and Losers in the Coming Order (1992)
Europe(s) (1994)
Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom (1999) Translated by Joseph Rowe. North Atlantic Books
Fraternités (1999)
Karl Marx or the thought of the world (2005) - original title: Karl Marx ou l'esprit du monde
Les Juifs, le Monde et l'Argent, Histoire économique du peuple juif (2002) Fayard (The Jews, the World and Money, an Economic History of the Jewish People)
C'était François Mitterrand (2005) Fayard
A Brief History of the Future (2006) Arcade Publishing  - original title: Une Brève histoire de l'avenir
La crise, et après ? (2008) Fayard
The economic history of the Jewish people (2010)

See also
Social innovation
Sound culture
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

References

External links

<mask>i's home page
Biography
<mask>i's Homepage (English)
<mask>'s Blog page
<mask>i's Blog page (English)
<mask>i on Linkedin.com (English)
<mask> - Huffington Post (English)
Books/Latest Publications
NotBored.org: <mask>'s Noise Takes a critical stance on Attali's class position. <mask>i interviewed by Angus Carlyle
Outline of <mask>i, Noise
<mask>i, a video interview by Denis Failly around his last book "Une brève histoire de l'avenir"

1943 births
Living people
Eureka (organisation)
People from Algiers
French people of Algerian-Jewish descent
20th-century French Sephardi Jews
French economists
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines ParisTech alumni
Corps des mines
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Members of the Conseil d'État (France)
Paris Dauphine University alumni
Twin people from France
Twin people from Algeria
Presidents of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Sociomusicologists
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
French

masks:
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Attali
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal
Jacques Attal


texts:
<mask> (born 10 February 1982) is a German television and film actor. Life and acting career
<mask> grew up in the formerly East German borough of Berlin Mitte. He was discovered at the age of 12 by stage director Thomas Heise, and cast in the stage play Im Schlagschatten des Mondes (Under the shadow of the moon) at the Berliner Ensemble theatre company, which he stayed with for the next four years to play in other productions as well. Acting jobs earned him enough money to move out of his parents' place when he was 18 and still in school. He left school with an Abitur certificate. <mask>'s screen acting debut was in 1996, when he appeared in the Sat.1 TV series Hallo, Onkel Doc! at the age of 14.He was later cast in the theatrical film  (1999) where he played alongside Franka Potente, Daniel Brühl and Heiner Lauterbach, but the breakthrough for him came with his performance in Crazy (2000, directed by Hans-Christian Schmid), for which he received the Talented Young Actor Award of the Bayerischer Filmpreis. In the critically well-received 2004 film Before the Fall (German title: Napola – Elite für den Führer, directed by Dennis Gansel) Schilling appeared alongside Max Riemelt as a young and fragile student at a Nazi elite school (Napola). In 2006, he received a scholarship for the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York, where he studied for half a year. In the same year, he became a father to a son. Schilling was later given the role of the young Adolf Hitler in Urs Odermatt's 2009 film Mein Kampf (the UK DVD release is marketed as Dawn of Evil: Rise of the Reich), co-starring Götz George. Schilling originally wanted to become a painter and study art after school. In a 2008 interview he said he was not much of an extrovert, and that to him having to deliver oneself up on a day-to-day basis was a major disadvantage of being in the acting profession.In the early summer of 2014 <mask>'s second child, a son, was born - the first child for him and his partner, the assistant director Annie Mosebach. In January 2017, Schilling's first daughter and third child was born - the second child for him and Mosebach. Filmography
 1996: Hallo, Onkel Doc! (TV series), episode: Manege frei
 1998: Der heiße Genuss (short film)
 1999: Tatort (TV series), episode: Kinder der Gewalt
 1999:
 2000: Crazy
 2000: Der Himmel kann warten
 2001: Tatort (TV series), episode: Tot bist Du! (theatrical film, comedy/drama)
 2012: Ludwig II. (theatrical film, period drama)
 2013: A Coffee in Berlin (theatrical film, drama)
 2013:  (TV mini-series)
 2013: Hai-Alarm am Müggelsee (theatrical film, comedy)
 2013: Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter (TV mini-series) Also broadcast on BBC 2(UK) in April/May 2014 as Generation War. 2014: Who Am I – No System is Safe
 2014: Posthumous
 2014: Suite Francaise
 2015: Woman in Gold
 2017: The Same Sky (TV Series), 6 episodes on Netflix
 2018: Never Look Away
 2019: Lara
 2019: The Goldfish (Die Goldfische)
 2019: Brecht
 2021: Fabian – Going to the Dogs

Audio plays
 2003: Die Meute der Mórrígan (The Hounds of the Morrigan) – role: Pidge
 2003: Das Geheimnis der verborgenen Insel (Monster Mission)
 2003: Hanni und Nanni und ihre Gäste (based on Enid Blyton's book series St. Clare's) – role: Peter
 2008: Jodi Picoult: Neunzehn Minuten (Nineteen Minutes) – role: Peter Houghton (audiobook), publisher: der Hörverlag,
 2011: Übernacht – role: Jan
 2012: Als ich meine Eltern verließ – audiobook recording of the novel by Michel Rostain (orig.French title: Le Fils)

Awards
 2000: Bavarian Film Awards, Germany: Young Talented Actor award for his performance in Crazy
 2005: Undine Awards, Germany: Best young character actor award (Bester jugendlicher Charakterdarsteller) for his performance in Before the Fall
 2005: Undine Awards, Germany: Audience award (Zuschauerpreis) for his performance in Before the Fall
 2008: Wiesbaden Fernsehkrimi-Festival: Deutscher Fernsehkrimipreis (German crime fiction TV award) special award for outstanding performance in Tatort – Der frühe Abschied
 2012: Oldenburg International Film Festival: Seymour Cassel Award for his performance in Oh Boy
 2013: Bavarian Film Awards, Germany: Best male actor award (Bester Darsteller) for his performance in Oh Boy
 2013: German Film Awards (Goldene Lola): Best male actor in a leading role (for his performance in Oh Boy)

References

External links

Living people
1982 births
21st-century German male actors
German male film actors
German male television actors
German male child actors
German male stage actors
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Male actors from Berlin
German Film Award winners

masks:
Tom Schilling
Schilling
Schilling
Schilling


texts:
Anne, Princess <mask> and Princess of Orange (12 January 1759) was the second child and eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain and his consort Caroline of Ansbach. She was the wife of William IV, Prince of Orange, the first hereditary stadtholder of all seven provinces of the Northern Netherlands. She was Regent of the Netherlands from 1751 until her death in 1759, exercising extensive powers on behalf of her son William V. She was known as an Anglophile, due to her English upbringing and family connections, but was unable to convince the Dutch Republic to enter the Seven Years' War on the side of the British. Princess Anne was the second daughter of a British sovereign to hold the title Princess Royal. In the Netherlands she was styled Anna van Hannover. Early life
Anne was born at Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover, five years before her paternal grandfather, Elector George Louis, succeeded to the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland as George I. She was christened shortly after her birth at Herrenhausen Palace.She was named after her paternal grandfather's second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain. She learned German, French and English, and was taught music (including singing, harpsichord, and composition) by Georg Friedrich Händel. Händel did not like teaching, but said he would "make the only exception for Anne, flower of princesses". She remained a lifelong supporter, attending his operas and subscribing to his music. Anne contracted and survived smallpox in 1720, and two years later her mother helped to popularise the practice of variolation (an early type of immunisation against smallpox), which had been witnessed by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and <mask> in Constantinople. At the direction of Caroline, six prisoners condemned to death were offered the chance to undergo variolation instead of execution: they all survived, as did six orphan children given the same treatment as a further test. Convinced of its medical value, the Queen had her two younger daughters, Amelia and Caroline, inoculated successfully.Anne's face was scarred by the disease, and she was not considered as pretty as her two younger sisters. On 30 August 1727, George II created his eldest daughter Princess <mask>, a title which had fallen from use since its creation by Charles I for his daughter Mary, Princess of Orange in 1642. Marriage
In 1725, a potential marriage contract between Anne and King Louis XV of France was considered. From a French viewpoint, such a marriage could give France valuable neutrality from The Netherlands and Prussia, as well as protection against Spain. However, the religious issues caused problems. While it was taken for granted that Anne would have to convert to Catholicism, there were concerns that this would still not be enough for the Pope, whose support was needed, particularly regarding the broken betrothal between Louis XV and a Spanish princess, and the prospect of Anne becoming Regent of France in case of a minor regency was feared because of her presumed religious inclinations toward the Huguenots in France. The plans was eventually discarded when the French insisted that Anne must convert to Roman Catholicism.On  in the Chapel Royal at St. James's Palace, she married William IV, Prince of Orange. She then ceased to use her British title in favour of the new one she gained by marriage. The music played at her wedding, This is the day was set by <mask> to the princess's own words based on Psalms 45 and 118. <mask> also composed an operatic entertainment, Parnasso in Festa, in honour of her wedding which was performed for the first time at the King's Theatre, London, on 13 March 1734, with great success. William suffered from a spinal deformity, which affected his appearance, but Anne said she would marry him even "if he were a baboon". Her reason for being so insistent upon this marriage was reported to be simply that she wished to be married, to avoid a life as a spinster at the court of her father and her brother, with whom she did not get along; and as the only match considered suitable for her was with a monarch or heir to a throne, William was essentially her only remaining Protestant choice, and when questioned by her father, she stated that it was not a matter of whether she should marry William, the question was rather whether she should marry at all. She quarreled with her brother, the Prince of Wales, about her choice.William and Anne sailed to Holland after a honeymoon at Kew. In the Netherlands, they resided at Leeuwarden. Anne soon felt homesick when William went on campaign in the Rhineland, and she travelled back to England, believing herself to be pregnant, Anne thought she should give birth to the child in her homeland as the child would be in the line of succession to the British throne. However, this decision was not well received with her husband and her father, who both commanded her to return to Holland after a brief stay. By April 1735, it was clear that Anne was not with child after all. In 1736, she did become pregnant, but the child (a daughter) was stillborn. Anne was not well liked by the Dutch people and did not get on well with her mother-in-law  Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel.However, Anne was considered to have a regal essence but seemed to have a belief in British superiority over the Dutch; she was also thought to be neglectful of her duties and seemed to isolate herself in her interests in music and literature; and she was accused of displaying little consideration for her courtiers, for example by forcing her ladies-in-waiting to read for her for hours, ignoring their fatigue. Her relationship with William, however, which was at first distant, eventually developed into harmony and intimacy, which is displayed in their correspondence. In 1747, William became stadtholder of all the Seven United Provinces, and this was followed by a constitutional reform which made his new wider authority hereditary. William and Anne moved to the Hague, where Anne introduced Händel to the Netherlands: he accepted her invitation to her music life at the Hague in 1750. The composer Josina van Aerssen was one of her ladies-in-waiting. Regency

William IV died on 22 October 1751, at the age of forty, and Anne was appointed as regent for her three-year-old son, William V. She gained all the prerogatives normally held by a hereditary stadtholder of the Netherlands, with the exception of the military duties of the office, which were entrusted to Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She was hard-working, but arrogant and imperious, which made her unpopular.The 1750s were years of increasing tension and commercial rivalry between Holland and Great Britain, which placed her in a difficult position. Anne's interior policy focused on defending the authority of the central hereditary stadtholder government over the traditional rights of the Dutch states. The reform of the hereditary post of stadtholder had been introduced during the reign of her late husband; it was new and controversial and was questioned after his death, but Anne effectively defended the centralized government. In the conflict with the city of Haarlem, for example, she prevented the city from holding its election by refusing the release of its list of candidates. Her harsh rule was resented, but her consolidation policy effectively secured the new hereditary Stadtholder rule in the Netherlands. In her foreign policy, Anne favored the British alliance with the Emperor before the French, a policy which was not popular in the Netherlands, and her fortification of the southern provinces against the French Netherlands was met with great opposition. Anne continued to act as regent until her death from dropsy in 1759, at The Hague, when she was replaced by her mother-in-law, Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who was assisted by Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg.When she too died in 1765, Anne's daughter, Carolina, was made regent until William V would reach the age of eighteen in 1766. Works
The princess took drawing and painting lessons from Herman van der Mijn and made a self-portrait in 1740 that is in the collection of the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. She also made a portrait of van der Mijn himself while he was at work making portraits of other family members. Legacy
Princess Anne, Maryland, is named for her. Arms
On 31 January 1719, as a grandchild of the sovereign, Anne was granted use of the arms of the realm, differenced by a label argent of five points, each bearing a cross gules. On 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, Anne's difference changed to a label argent of three points, each bearing a cross gules. Issue

Ancestors

References

 Van der Kiste, John (1997) George II and Queen Caroline.Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. External links

1709 births
1759 deaths
18th-century women rulers
18th-century Dutch politicians
18th-century English people
18th-century English women
British princesses
Princesses Royal
Princesses of Orange
House of Hanover
Dutch princesses
Dutch regents
Nobility from Hanover
Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft
German people of Scottish descent
Children of George II of Great Britain

masks:
Royal
Charles Maitland
Royal
Handel
Handel


texts:
<mask> is a Welsh musician. He has worked as a solo artist, and also in collaboration with others in his bands Jack and Jacques. Jack
In 1993, <mask> moved to London where he formed the group Jack, on lead vocals, signing a music publishing deal with Warner/Chappell Music as well as a record deal with independent label Too Pure. Jack released three full-length albums, the first two of which – Pioneer Soundtracks (1996) and The Jazz Age (1998) – garnered excellent reviews and were placed highly in critics' end-of-year polls. Despite the overwhelmingly positive critical reaction and extensive UK and European touring, sales for both records although respectable were ultimately disappointing, and no Jack record would ever make the UK Top 40 single or albums charts. The third album, The End of the Way It's Always Been, was released on the Les Disques du Crépuscule label. The record featured collaborations with writer/musician Kirk Lake and the American poet and novelist/screenwriter Dan Fante (son of John Fante).An extensive European tour promoted the record. The critical reaction in the UK to the album was markedly less positive than for the first two Jack albums, but the album was markedly successful in France. Jack also recorded a five-track EP 'La belle et la Discothèque' with ex-Cocteau Twins bassist Simon Raymonde, son of arranger Ivor Raymonde. Jacques
During Jack's existence, <mask> (occasionally with Jack co-writer/lead guitarist Matthew Scott) also recorded two albums and a handful of singles and EPs in his side project Jacques. Both albums were released by Setanta Records. The first Jacques album, How To Make Love, Vol. 1 (1997) was produced by Momus, featuring a more sparse, experimental sound than <mask>' work with Jack.Compared to the critical garlands bestowed upon Pioneer Soundtracks, the hastily recorded album (completed in seven days) received mixed reviews. The second album, To Stars (2000), had more in common with the expansive, orchestral Jack sound and was generally more well-received than its predecessor. Sales were modest for both Jacques albums, and a planned third album was cancelled midway through recording, when Jacques were dropped by Setanta in 2001. Other work
<mask> York (2004), credited to "anthony", and British Ballads (2007) and A Painter's Life (2019) released under his full name. A footnote to Neu York – (I was born) in prehistoric Spain – was released in 2005 on the Spanish Moonpalace label. <mask> has stated that he considers British Ballads to be his "proper" debut solo record. It featured cameos from English writer Colin Wilson, the singer-songwriter and pianist John Howard, ex-Cocteau Twin Simon Raymonde, Dot Allison and English folk artist Vashti Bunyan.The album received some of the best reviews of <mask>' career, but yet again, with no real radio play and without funds to tour, the sales were disappointing. From the off, <mask> considered this his "final debut", stating on his Myspace blog that, since the majority of the musicians appearing on British Ballads were session musicians, it was financially impractical to consider recording a new album on the same scale. Despite this he did however release 'A Painter's life' in 2019, featuring Carl Bevan (60Ft Dolls), Richard Glover (Dub War) and Rob Dean (Japan). In 2011 a 2CD compilation 'Life's too Long' was released. In 2002, immediately after Jack's final concert (in Cardiff) <mask> attended a Simon Raymonde recording session where Vashti Bunyan was recording her version of a <mask> song ; 'Just so you know'. This would eventually surface six years later, on the Bees dream of flowers and your meadows summer breath EP. In 2009 <mask> also joined a Spanish band, La Muneca de Sal, on lead vocals, contributing some of his own songs.The band performed original material as well as songs from <mask>' previous projects. He has collaborated with many other artists, both as a co-composer and producer, including Momus, Colin Wilson, Dan Fante, Vashti Bunyan, Kirk lake, Martin Carr, Dot Allison, Kirk lake, Charlotte Greig and the Italian groups Hollowblue and Marti and the Spanish group Migala. In 2000, he sang with the Moscow Philharmonic on an album by the French film composer Franck Roussel. In 2016 he composed soundtracks to two feature-length films: Open my Eyes and an adaptation of the Colin Wilson novel, Adrift in Soho. The latter was released via Amazon Prime in 2020. <mask> has also written five full-length biographies. The first, on the 1960s group The Walker Brothers, was released in the UK and US by Jawbone press in August 2009.The second, a commission by Plexus books, on the singer-songwriter Jeff Buckley, was published again in both countries in July that year. In 2011, Leonard Cohen – a remarkable life, <mask>' biography on Leonard Cohen, was published by Omnibus press. It has since gone on to be published in twelve languages. In 2015 his biography of the band Japan: A foreign place was released via Burning shed followed by 'Cries and Whispers' in 2017 which details the solo careers of all Ex-Japan members. Both these books were translated into Japanese. In 2020 he also edited and contributed to Stephen Holden's 'Adolescent Alternatives' an account of early Japan. Since 1992, <mask> has also worked occasionally as a journalist, writing essays and critiques for various magazines in the UK and the US, most notably Stop Smiling magazine, Classic Pop, Shindig and The Sunday Express.In 2002, Les Disques du Crépuscule published a collection of his lyrics, poetry and prose entitled "These Roses taste like ashes". This was followed by another collection of poetry in 2007 : 'Calling all demons'. Both of these are included in the anthology 'Interior Cities' (selected lyrics - 1995-2020). He also occasionally acts in short films. Personal life
<mask> was born in Cardiff, Wales, in 1971. Since then <mask> has lived in London, Paris, Shropshire, Spain and Cardiff. He currently lives in Wales.References

Welsh rock musicians
Musicians from Cardiff
Living people
Britpop musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Anthony Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynoldseu
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds
Reynolds


texts:
<mask> (born 25 May 1968) is an Irish Labour Party politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Bay South constituency since winning a by-election on 9 July 2021. Bacik previously served as Leader of the Labour Party in the Seanad from 2011 to 2021, and a Senator for the Dublin University constituency from 2007 to 2021. She previously served as Deputy Leader of Seanad Éireann from 2011 to 2016. She has been Reid Professor of Criminal Law, Criminology and Penology at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) Law School since 1996, and was a made a Fellow of Trinity College Dublin in 2005. She has an LL.B. from TCD and an LL.M. from the London School of Economics.She practises as a barrister and teaches courses in criminal law; criminology and penology; and feminist theory and law at Trinity. Her research interests include criminal law and criminology, constitutional law, feminist theories and law, human rights and equality issues in law. She is known in particular for her abortion rights campaigning since the 1980s, and her high media profile. Personal life
<mask>'s family name is of Czech origin. Her paternal grandfather, <mask>, a Czech factory owner, moved to Ireland in 1946 with his young family when the Communists began to take over private businesses. He eventually settled in Waterford and in 1947 was involved in the establishment of Waterford Crystal. Her mother's side of the family are Murphys from County Clare.She lives with husband Alan Saul and their two daughters in the Portobello, Dublin. Reading the Book The Women's Room by Marilyn French, at 17, greatly influenced her politics and around the same time, The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists by Robert Tressell was also very influential, conveying a powerful anti-capitalist message. She was educated at Alexandra College in Milltown, Dublin. University politics
<mask> resigned as president of Trinity College Dublin Students' Union in 1990, after breaking the mandate from the Union membership regarding voting for candidates at a Union of Students in Ireland conference. Despite 13 TCD representatives being mandated to vote for one candidate, Martin Whelan, a former TCD SU president, it transpired that he received only 12 votes, Bacik's vote instead being given to the feminist former UCD SU officer, Karen Quinlivan. A controversy erupted in the Students' Union and a subsequent internal investigation led to <mask>'s resignation. She was taken to court by the anti-abortion group, the Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child (SPUC), for providing information on abortion.SPUC were successful in the court case, albeit that success came in the 1990s, long after Bacik had graduated from Trinity College. Politics and campaigns
<mask>'s policies have been described as liberal and social democratic and she has been described as "Labour's queen of political correctness". She contested the Seanad Éireann elections in 1997 and 2002 as an Independent candidate in the Dublin University constituency. She ran as a Labour Party candidate at the 2004 election to the European Parliament in the Dublin constituency. She ran with sitting MEP Proinsias De Rossa, who was also the party president, on the same ticket. She polled 40,707 first preference votes (9.6%) but was not elected. In September 2006, <mask> was one of the 61 Irish academic signatories of a letter published in The Irish Times calling for an academic boycott of the state of Israel.In January 2009, she declared that she wants Ireland to break off diplomatic relations with Israel and in February 2009 called for a general boycott of Israeli goods. In 2007, she contested the Seanad Éireann elections for the third time in the University of Dublin constituency, and was elected to the third seat, behind sitting Independent senators Shane Ross and David Norris. She initially sat as an Independent senator. In June 2009, <mask> was the Labour Party candidate for the Dublin Central by-election she came in third with 17% of the first preference votes. She joined the Labour Party group in the Seanad in September 2009, and became Labour Party Seanad spokesperson for both Justice and Arts, Sports and Tourism. In May 2010, she did not obtain Labour's nomination to run for the Dáil in Dublin South East. In December 2010, she was added to the ticket as the second candidate beside Labour Party leader, Eamon Gilmore, in the Dún Laoghaire constituency for the 2011 general election.Gilmore topped the poll, with Bacik receiving 10.1% of first preference votes but she was not elected. She was re-elected to Seanad Éireann at the subsequent election, after which she became Deputy Leader of the Seanad. She held her seat in the Seanad in 2016 and in 2020. In May 2019, following the results of the Mother and Baby Homes Commission of Investigation which found that hundreds of children had died while in the care of homes run by the Catholic Church, Bacik called for the government to take financial action against the religious orders involved. In December 2020, Bacik called for foreign frontline medical workers fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland to be rewarded with fast-tracked citizenship applications, as has been done in France. On 27 April 2021, after the resignation of Eoghan Murphy from his Dáil seat in Dublin Bay South, Bacik announced her intention to stand in the upcoming by-election. Bacik campaigned with an emphasis on providing affordable housing, as well as improving healthcare and childcare, tackling climate change, and achieving "a true republic in which church and state are separated".During the campaign, Bacik has described herself as having "more bills passed into law than any other Senator, on issues such as workers’ conditions, women's health rights, and LGBT equality". Bacik also campaigned on increasing the number of sports amenities for children in the area, calling for unused Defence Forces football fields at the Cathal Brugha Barracks to be freed up for local sports, with the suggestion rejected by Fine Gael Minister for Defence Simon Coveney. Bacik won this election, receiving 8,131 (30.2%) first preference votes. In August 2021, Bacik apologised for attending Katherine Zappone's controversial party in the Merrion Hotel, Dublin, in July of that year. She stated that she believed that it took place within existing Covid-19 pandemic restrictions. Legal work
In 2006, Bacik acted as junior counsel in Zappone v. Revenue Commissioners, the unsuccessful Irish High Court case brought by Katherine Zappone and Ann Louise Gilligan over the non-recognition of their Canadian same-sex marriage by the Revenue Commissioners. Awards
In 2019, <mask> was chosen by the Irish Women Lawyers Association as Irish Woman Lawyer of the Year.References

External links

<mask> <mask>'s page on Labour Party website

1968 births
Living people
20th-century Irish lawyers
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Irish legal scholars
Irish people of Czech descent
Irish abortion-rights activists
Irish women's rights activists
Labour Party (Ireland) senators
LGBT rights activists from Ireland
Irish women activists
Members of the 23rd Seanad
Members of the 24th Seanad
Members of the 25th Seanad
Members of the 26th Seanad
21st-century women members of Seanad Éireann
People educated at Alexandra College
Scholars of criminal law
Members of Seanad Éireann for Dublin University
Women legal scholars
Women civil rights activists
21st-century women Teachtaí Dála
Labour Party (Ireland) TDs
Members of the 33rd Dáil

masks:
Ivana Catherine Bacik
Bacik
Charles Bacik
Bacik
Bacik
Bacik
Bacik
Bacik
Bacik
Ivana
Bacik


texts:
<mask> (c.1900 – after late 1940s) was a stamp dealer active in London in the early part of the twentieth century and who has since been revealed to be a major supplier of stamps with forged cancels. In conjunction with her collaborators, over four hundred fake cancellations were used dated up to 1949. A 1967 Aden canceller (MJ10) may not be a contemporary fake. Unfortunately, this is missing from the Royal Philatelic Society London archive. Forgery business
Known as <mask> because she went by the surname <mask> and was possibly French or Belgian (her first name is unknown), <mask>, her accomplices and successors used fake handstamps to turn common unused stamps into more valuable used ones. Some fake cachets, cork cancels, surcharges and overprints were also used. Over four hundred fake cancels were used, mainly for British Commonwealth stamps and it is believed that there are probably additional fake cancels that have yet to be discovered.The wooden cancels were thought to have been made in France while the zincograph and copper plated implements may have been created originally for use as book or catalogue illustrations. '<mask>' may have emanated from the WWII Madame <mask> of Rheims who ran an underground escape operation for British pilots downed in occupied France. '<mask>' was probably not the name of one person but the nom de guerre used by this group who operated in utmost secrecy with the aid of SOE. New evidence suggests that the wooden instruments were the work of master-forger Raoul de Thuin and were made in Belize and Mérida, Mexico 1939–1949. According to Brian Cartwright there was also a '<mask>', however, even less is known about him than his wife and as <mask> was normally responsible for serving customers, the business and fakes have come to be attributed to her. The exact extent of <mask>'s involvement in the business has yet to be determined and may be more extensive than previously thought. The trade was very profitable with the changed stamps being sold to dealers for resale to their customers.It has been said that the fake cancels were also hired out to unscrupulous dealers for them to manufacture their own fine used stamps, however, that has been disputed by the postal historian Ted Proud. According to Proud, Madame <mask> had premises in Irving Street, just off Charing Cross Road. The exact dates when the business was carried on are unknown, however, the first use of the cancels appears to be between the first and second World Wars, and the most recent date on any fake cancel is 1949. Three sheets of paper containing 120 different impressions have been found in the Stanley Gibbons reference collection and they appear to have previously been folded so as to possibly make a booklet of samples. The latest date of any of these cancels is 28 August 1915 for Tarquah, Gold Coast, so the samples were certainly made up some time after then. Successors

Eventually, the business devolved to Gordon Rhodes, who traded from 17A Lime Street, London, and whose shop is recorded in Kelly's Directory from 1935 to 1960. His employee, Cecil Jones, took over the shop after Rhodes died.Jones reportedly used it as a cash-cow to fund his gambling habit. In 1960 the shop changed name to the South London Stamp Company and it is believed that the production of forgeries ended in the 1960s. Similar businesses
In a letter to The London Philatelist, Ted Proud has referred to two other dealers, known only as Dealer A and Dealer B who carried out similar activities and used to co-operate. Proud has written that Dealer A had a stock of printers blocks of cancels used to illustrate magazine articles and books who would also cancel unused stamps. He has also written that Dealer B, with whom <mask> unsuccessfully tried to start a stamp "repairing" factory, also had a stock of bogus date-stamps that he said was larger than <mask>'s. He is also said to have had a perforating machine which was made by his brother who was a Swiss industrialist. Proud has commented that to say that <mask>'s operations were shrouded in secrecy would be an exaggeration and that her business was well known in the stamp trade at the time as one of selling "repaired" stamps with a cancellation service as an extra feature.Recently the name Eric David Bowie (b.1900) – City Stamp Shop, 1 St. Swithin's Lane, London EC4 was noted on a newsletter 1 May 1937 advertising Coronation stamps. Bowie was prosecuted for forgery of Silver Jubilee, on the insistence of Robson Lowe. Bowie had ties with The Broadway Stamp Company and Harris and Whitehurst of Birmingham. He served his time and set up shop in Bermuda c.1939. He served as a Lieutenant at the shore based HMS Goshawk, Piarco, Trinidad during WWII - he also sold stamps. Ted Proud notes that Commander E.D. Bowie was in Malaya at war's end.He returned to Bermuda in 1946 where he specialized in the stamps of the Japanese Occupation of Malaya – he wrote a short book on the same. He also expertized stamps most of which appear right. In February 1961 he visited stamp dealer Everard F. Aguilar in Jamaica. Circa 1963 he removed to the Jersey Rose Farm where he sold his stock to Harry Martin Jr. of the Empire Stamp Corporation, Toronto. Bowie was back in Bermuda by 1975 where he continued his ill-tempered spat with Robson Lowe. He was eventually admitted to St. Brendan's Hospital, Bermuda's mental health institution. Recent developments
In the early 1990s, the retired stamp dealer Derek Worboys purchased the Joseph instruments and paraphernalia from Clive Santo in order to prevent their further use.The items were in the estate of Clive's late father George who died in 1990. Today the Madame Joseph items reside in the museum of the Royal Philatelic Society London. See also
 List of stamp forgers

References

Further reading
Worboys, Derek, & Roger B. West. Madame Joseph Forged Postmarks, foreword by Robson Lowe, Royal Philatelic Society London, 1994. .
"Madame Joseph Forged Cancellations" by Brian M. Cartwright in Gibbons Stamp Monthly, September 2002. Cartwright, Brian M. Madame <mask> Revisited, Royal Philatelic Society London, 2005. . External links

RPSL Presentation by Brian Cartwright (from Internet Archive)
Madame Joseph Solomon Islands cancels

British stamp dealers
Stamp forgers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
Philately of the Solomon Islands

masks:
Madame Joseph
Madame Joseph
Joseph
Joseph
Madame Joseph
Joseph Krug
Madame Joseph
Monsieur Joseph
Madame Joseph
Monsieur Joseph
Joseph
Madame Joseph
Madame Joseph
Madame Joseph
Joseph


texts:
<mask> (24 April 1837 – 8 May 1909) was a civil servant of the German Empire and served as the head of the political department of the German Foreign Office for more than thirty years. He played a major role in shaping foreign policy after Bismarck was dismissed in 1890. Biography

<mask> was born in Schwedt, Province of Brandenburg on 24 April 1837, the son of a Prussian military officer  <mask> (1800-1863) and <mask> (1791-1858). He studied jurisprudence at the Frederick William University of Berlin, from which he was graduated in 1856. <mask> joined the diplomatic service and in 1860 became an attaché at the Prussian embassy in Saint Petersburg under the authority of <mask> and later served as a member of the legations at Rio de Janeiro, London, Washington, Florence, and Copenhagen. During his time at Washington, 1866–1867, his relationship with Alice Mason Hooper, wife of Senator Charles Sumner, led to <mask>'s withdrawal and the divorce of the couple. With the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, <mask> became secretary of the ambassador in Paris, <mask>im.Von Arnim was a patroniser of the French royalists and a fierce opponent of Chancellor Bismarck, who finally enforced Arnim's discharge and conviction for breach of secrecy. <mask> returned to Berlin, where he assumed office as legation secretary in the Auswärtiges Amt in 1876, both an essential and a suspiciously eyed associate of Bismarck, who behind his back called him a "hyena". <mask>'s career as an éminence grise was promoted by Bismarck's dismissal in 1890. The new chancellor, <mask> Caprivi, was ignorant of foreign affairs; and <mask>, as a repository of the Bismarckian tradition, became indispensable. <mask> remained a bachelor all his life, regarded as a skillful though devious man. His reluctance to emerge into publicity has been ascribed to the part he had played under Bismarck in the Arnim scandal, which had made him powerful enemies; it was, however, possibly due to a shrinking from the responsibility of office. Yet the weakness of his position lay just in the fact that he was not ultimately responsible.He protested against the despatch of the Kruger telegram, but protested in vain. On the other hand, where his ideas were acceptable, he was generally able to realize them. Thus it was as Political Secretary to the Foreign Office that he determined policy in the 1890s. It was almost entirely due to him that Germany acquired Tsingtao (now Qingdao) and asserted German interests in China; the acquisition of Samoa was also largely his work. If the skill and pertinacity with which <mask> carried through his plans in these matters was learned in the school of Bismarck, he had not acquired Bismarck's faculty for foreseeing their ultimate consequences. This is seen by blunders made on the abandonment of the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890, his Chinese policy, and also of his part in the Moroccan crisis which led to the Algeciras Conference in 1906. The Kaiser's journey to Tangier was undertaken on his advice, as a protest against the supposed attempt at Germany's isolation.<mask> did not approve the later developments of German policy in the Morocco, on the ground that the result would merely be to strengthen the Anglo-French entente. From 12 March 1906 onward he took no active part in the matter and resigned one month later. To the last he believed that Germany's position would remain unsafe until an understanding had been arrived at with Britain, and it was this belief that determined his attitude towards the expansion of the Imperial Navy:  beside this, he wrote in February 1909, all other questions were of lesser account. His views on this question were summarized in a memorandum of December 1907, of which Rath gives a résumé:  <mask> objected to the programme of Admiral <mask> Tirpitz and the Navy League on three main grounds:  the ill-feeling likely to be aroused in South Germany, the inevitable dislocation of the finances through the huge additional charges involved, and the suspicion of Germany's motives in foreign countries, which would bind Britain still closer to France. As for the idea that Germany's power would be increased, he wrote in reply to a letter from Tirpitz's opponent Admiral Karl Galster, this was a simple question of arithmetic:  for how would the sea-power of Germany be relatively increased if for every new German ship Britain built two? <mask> died on 8 May 1909 in Berlin and his body was buried in the Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery. His assets included extensive secret dossiers concerning German statesmen that were not published until 1956.Rumours that he may have been an informant of journalist Maximilian Harden in the Harden-Eulenburg Affair have never been conclusively established. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> was portrayed by actor Frederick Jaeger in the 1974 TV-series Fall of Eagles. Bibliography
Robert K. Massie, Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War He is the subject of Chapter 6, "The Monster of the Labyrinth." Norman Rich. <mask> <mask>, Politics and Diplomacy in the era of Bismarck and Wilhelm II (2 vol. Cambridge: 1965). vol1 1 online; and vol 2 online
 T. G. Otte, "Great Britain, Germany, and the Far-Eastern Crisis of 1897-8," English Historical Review (1995) 110#439 pp.1157–1179 in JSTOR

Primary sources
 The Holstein Papers. Vol. I. Memoirs and Political Observations, edited by Norman Rich and M. H. Fisher (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1955); The Holstein Papers. Vol. 3 (1961)
 Volume 2: Diaries vol 2 Diaries online
 Review by J. C. G. Röhl, "Review: <mask> <mask>," Historical Journal, Sept 1966, Vol. 9 Issue 3, pp 379–388 online

See also
Fall of Eagles; he is portrayed in the 3rd episode under the name "<mask>."References

External links

1837 births
1909 deaths
People from Schwedt
People from the Province of Brandenburg
German politicians
<mask>urials at the Invalids' Cemetery

masks: Friedrich August Karl Ferdinand Julius von Holstein

masks: August Friedrich Carl Ernst Leopold von Holstein


texts:
<mask>'Siadhail ( ; born 12 January 1947) is an Irish poet. Among his awards are The Marten Toonder Prize and The Irish American Culture Institute Prize for Literature. Early life

<mask>'Siadhail was born into a middle-class Dublin family. His father, a chartered accountant, was born in County Monaghan and worked most of his life in Dublin, and his mother was a Dubliner with roots in County Tipperary. Both of them are portrayed in his work in several poems such as "Kinsmen" and "Promise". From the age of twelve, O'Siadhail was educated at the Jesuit boarding school Clongowes Wood College, an experience he was later to describe in a sequence of poems "Departure" (The Chosen Garden). At Clongowes he was influenced by his English teacher, the writer Tom McIntyre, who introduced him to contemporary poetry.At thirteen he first visited the Aran Islands. This pre-industrial society with its large-scale emigration had a profound impact on him. His earlier work reflects this tension between his love of his native Dublin and his emotional involvement with those outlying communities and which features in the sequence "Fists of Stone" (The Chosen Garden). Career

He studied at Trinity College Dublin (1964–68) where his teachers included David H. Greene and Máirtín Ó Cadhain. He was elected a Scholar of the College and took a First Class Honours Degree. His circle in Trinity included David McConnell (later professor of genetics), Mary Robinson and David F. Ford (later Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University). O'Siadhail subsequently embarked on a government exchange scholarship and studied folklore and Icelandic at the University of Oslo.He has retained lifelong contacts with Norwegian friends and sees Scandinavian literature as a major influence. In 1970 he married Bríd Ní Chearbhaill, who was born in Gweedore in County Donegal. She was for most of her life a teacher and later headmistress in an inner-city Dublin primary school until her retirement in 1995 due to Parkinson's disease. She has been a central figure in O'Siadhail's oeuvre, celebrated in the sequence "Rerooting" in The Chosen Garden and in Love Life, which is a meditation on their lifelong relationship. One Crimson Thread travels with the progression of Bríd's Parkinson's Disease. Bríd died on 17 June 2013. For seventeen years, O'Siadhail earned his living as an academic; firstly as a lecturer at Trinity College (1969–73) where he was awarded an MLitt in 1971, and then as a research professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.During these years he gave named lectures in Dublin and at Harvard University and Yale University and was a visiting professor at the University of Iceland in 1982. In 1987 he resigned his professorship to devote himself to writing poetry which he described as "a quantum leap". He served as a member of the Arts Council of the Republic of Ireland (1987–93), of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Relations (1989–97), and was editor of Poetry Ireland Review. He was the founding chairman of ILE (Ireland Literature Exchange). As a founder member of Aosdána (Academy of Distinguished Irish Artists) he is part of a circle of artists and has worked with his friend, the composer Seóirse Bodley, the painters Cecil King and Mick O'Dea, and in 2008 he gave a reading as part of Brian Friel's eightieth birthday celebration. He represented Ireland at the Poetry Society's European Poetry Festival in London in 1981 and at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1997. He was writer-in-residence at the Yeats Summer School in 1991 and writer-in-residence at the University of British Columbia in 2002.He is now married to Christina Weltz, who is a native of New York, and Assistant Professor of surgical oncology at Mount Sinai. They reside in New York. In 2018, <mask> was included in The Tablet magazine's ′Fifty Minds That Matter′ – fifty men and women who are ″adding some Catholic salt to the contemporary cultural soup″. Included on this list is Pope Francis, Martin Scorsese and Bruce Springsteen. During his years as an academic, O'Siadhail, writing under the Irish spelling of his name, published works on the linguistics of Irish and a textbook for learners of Irish. Content and context

David F. Ford points out in Musics of Belonging (Carysfort Press, Dublin 2007) how "beside the new architectonics since the move to full-time writing there has also been an alternation between more personal and more public themes". Ford lists the characteristic themes in O'Siadhail's work which emerge from early on as: "despair, women, love, friendship, trust, language, school, vocation, music city life, science, Irish and other cultures and histories".He adds that "there is a wrestling for meaning, with no easy solutions – both the form and the content are hard-won". Several critics have highlighted how O'Siadhail uses a vast variety of classic forms including sonnets, terza rima, villanelles, haikus etc. alongside an array of new intricate forms as befits his themes. His work has been compared by some commentators to Dante, John Milton and Patrick Kavanagh but most often to John Donne. Recent criticism has drawn attention to the depth and range of his intellectual engagements. Mary O'Donnell traced the influence of the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas in A Fragile City and the academic and critic Eugene O'Brien, editor of The Irish Book Review, described his work as "that rare combination of the intellectual and the emotional". Development
The trajectory in O'Siadhail's work first moves beyond the sense of despair which haunted his youth, through the collections of once-off poems into the architectonics of his larger thematic books.In 1978, O'Siadhail published his first poetry collection The Leap Year (originally written in Irish), which was a meditation on healing and nature set against an urban background. This was followed in 1980 by Rungs of Time (originally in Irish) which in an almost Edda-like style announced many of the characteristic themes that would dominate his work; and in 1982 Belonging (the last of this trio originally written in Irish) emphasised, by its title, relationships as a major theme. There were two more collections which contain a few of his best known poems, Springnight in 1983 and The Image Wheel in 1985, before he went full-time and began a series of books based on broad themes. The Chosen Garden, which appeared in 1990, he himself described as "an effort to face my own journey, to comprehend and trace one's own tiny epic". In 1992 he published Hail! Madam Jazz: New and Selected Poems which includes the new sequence The Middle Voice. In 1995 came A Fragile City, which is a meditation in four parts on the theme of trust.Our Double Time, published three years later in 1998, explores the liberation of facing human finitude in a way that allows a greater intensity of living. Then in 2002 The Gossamer Wall was published. It evokes the Holocaust from its origins to its aftermath in a book-length sequence of stark intensity and was shortlisted for the Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Prize. In Love Life in 2005, O'Siadhail reflects on and rejoices in a long marriage. This was followed in 2007 by Globe, which ponders the dynamics of history in a fast-changing world, its tragedies and achievements as well as its potential. Bibliography

Books
Poetry
1978: The Leap Year/An Bhliain Bhisigh (An Clóchomar, Dublin )
1980: Rungs of Time/Runga (An Clóchomhar, Dublin )
1982: Belonging/Cumann (An Clóchomhar, Dublin)
1985: Springnight (Bluett, Dublin)
1990: The Image Wheel (Bluett, Dublin)
1990: The Chosen Garden (Dedalus, Dublin)
1992: Hail! Marc Caball and David F. Ford, Carysfort Press, Dublin
2008: A Hazardous Melody of Being: Seóirse Bodley's Song Cycles on the Poems of <mask> O'Siadhail Edited by Lorraine Byrne Bodley, Carysfort Press, Dublin
2009: An Unexpected Light: Theology and Witness in the Poetry and Though of Charles Williams, <mask> O'Siadhail and Geoffrey Hill, David C. Mahan, Pickwick Publications Eugene

Works set to music

1987: The Naked Flame, poem suite (music: Seóirse Bodley) RTÉ commissioned for performance and broadcasting
1993: Summerfest poem suite (Music: Colman Pearce) RTÉ commissioned for performance and broadcasting
2000: Earlsfort Suite song cycle (Music: Seóirse Bodley) commissioned for Irish Government Department of Arts, the Gaeltacht, Heritage and the Islands as part of the Millennium Frozen Music celebration
2000: A Fall set by Dan Tucker, commissioned by the Chicago Humanities Festival,
2002: Dublin Spring, poem suite (music: James Wilson) commissioned for performance.2006: Twee gedichten van Micheal O'Siadhail for Choir 2006 by Kees van Ersel
2007: Squall set by Seóirse Bodley

Discography

The Naked Flame, poem suite (music: Seóirse Bodley) recorded by Aylish E. Kerrigan accompanied on piano by the composer Seóirse Bodley and available from Ein Klang, Christophestaße, Stuttgart 70178
Cosmos from Hail! Madam Jazz recorded by Helen Shapiro on Jazz Poetry ABM

References

External links
 Personal homepage
 Page at Bloodaxe Books
 Page at Timebeing
 Page at Aosdána

Academics of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
Irish poets
1947 births
Living people
People educated at Clongowes Wood College
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin
21st-century Irish poets

masks:
Micheal O
Micheal O
Micheal
Micheal
Micheal