texts:
<mask>, (November 20, 1916 near Sheldon, North Dakota – September 20, 1990, Minneapolis, Minnesota) was a celebrated American poet and screenwriter of documentary films. <mask> grew up on a farm in Ransom County, North Dakota. He earned a B.A. from the University of North Dakota at Grand Forks. He served in the Aleutian Islands with the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, at Oxford. <mask> also pursued postgraduate studies at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.He taught at Colby College in Maine and at Los Angeles State College, from which he was dismissed in connection with his appearance, as an unfriendly witness, before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1953. Later he taught at North Dakota State University, and Minnesota State University, Moorhead. <mask> was married three times and had one son, Tomasito, to whom much of the poet's later work was dedicated. <mask> wrote mainly about his own life and social concerns. His best-known work, Letter to an Imaginary Friend, was published in sections between 1957 and 1985 and as a single poem in 1997 by Copper Canyon Press. Works
 First Manifesto, A. Swallow (Baton Rouge, LA), 1940."The Dialectics of Love", Alan Swallow, editor, Three Young Poets: <mask>, William Peterson, James Franklin Lewis, Press of James A. Decker (Prairie City, IL), 1942. To Walk a Crooked Mile, Swallow Press (New York City), 1947. Longshot O'Leary's Garland of Practical Poesie, International Publishers (New York City), 1949. Witness to the Times!, privately printed, 1954. Figures from a Double World, Alan Swallow (Denver, CO), 1955. The gates of ivory, the gates of horn, Mainstream Publishers, 1957 (2nd edition Another Chicago Press, 1987 )
 Clouds, Melmont Publishers, 1959
 The Beautiful Things, Vanguard Press, 1960
 Letter to an Imaginary Friend, Part I, Alan Swallow, 1962
published with Part II, Swallow Press (Chicago, IL), 1970
Parts III and IV, Copper Canyon Press, 1985
compilation of all four parts with selected new material, Copper Canyon Press (Port Townsend, WA), 1997. New and Selected Poems, Alan Swallow, 1964.The Movie at the End of the World: Collected Poems, Swallow Press, 1972. Poems for Little People, [Gloucester], c. 1973. Voyages to the Inland Sea #3: Essays and poems by R.E. Sebenthal, <mask>, Robert Dana, Center for Contemporary Poetry, 1973. Voices from beyond the Wall, Territorial Press (Moorhead, MN), 1974. A Sound of One Hand: Poems, Minnesota Writers Publishing House (St. Peter, MN), 1975. Open Songs: Sixty Short Poems, Uzzano (Mount Carroll, IL), 1977.
 Letters to Tomasito, graphics by Randall W. Scholes, Holy Cow!Press (St. Paul, MN), 1977. Trinc: Praises II; A Poem, Copper Canyon Press, 1979. Waiting for the Angel, Uzzano (Menomonie, WI), 1979. Passages toward the Dark, Copper Canyon Press, 1982. Echoes inside the Labyrinth, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1983. Longshot O'Leary Counsels Direct Action: Poems, West End Press, 1983. Selected Poems, 1938-1988, Copper Canyon Press, 1988.This coffin has no handles: a novel, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1988. Death Song, edited by Sam Hamill, Copper Canyon Press, 1991. Anthologies
 Ian M. Parsons, editor, Poetry for Pleasure, Doubleday (Garden City, NY), 1960. Donald Hall, editor, New Poets of England and America, Meridian, 1962. Walter Lowenfels, editor, Poets of Today: A New American Anthology, International Publishers, 1964. Lucien Stryk, editor, Heartland: Poets of the Midwest, Northern Illinois University Press (DeKalb, IL), 1967. W. Lowenfels, editor, Where Is Vietnam?, Doubleday, 1967.Christmas 1968 : 14 poets, Black Rabbit Press, 1968. Hayden Carruth, editor, The Voice That Is Great Within Us: American Poetry of the Twentieth Century, Bantam Classics, 1970. Morris Sweetkind, editor, Getting into Poetry, Rostan Holbrook Press, 1972. Seymour Yesner, editor, 25 Minnesota Poets , Nodin Press, 1974. David Kherdian, editor, Traveling America, Macmillan (New York City), 1977. The Norton Introduction to Literature, 2nd edition, Norton (New York City), 1977. David Ray, editor, From A to Z: 200 Contemporary Poets, Swallow Press, 1981.Herman J. Berlandt, editor, Peace or perish : a crisis anthology, Poets for Peace, 1983. Morty Sklar, editor, Editor's Choice II : Fiction, Poetry & Art from the U.S. Small Press : Selections from Nominations Made by Editors of Independent, Noncommercial Literary Presses and Magazines, of Work Published by them from 1978 to 1983, Spirit That Moves Us Press, 1987. Robert Bly , editor, The Rag and Bone Shop of the Heart : Poems for Men , HarperCollins, 1992. Alan Kaufman, editor, The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry , Thunder's Mouth Press, 1999. Estelle Gershgoren Novak, editor, Poets of the Non-existent City : Los Angeles in the McCarthy Era  , University of New Mexico Press, 2002. Cary Nelson, editor, "The Oxford Handbook of Modern and Contemporary American Poetry", Oxford University Press, 2012. Reviews
Best of all, Letter to an Imaginary Friend licks its fingers and burps at the table.Polite it is not--and the better for it when <mask> turns from his populist vitriol to what may be his most abiding talent: that of bestowing praise--grace, even--on the common, the unruly, the inconsolable, those <mask> chose to side and sing with and for whom "the world is too much but not enough with us. References

Sources
The Revolutionary Poet in the United States: the Poetry of <mask>, Stern, Frederick C. (Editor), U of Missouri, Columbia, 1988
 (reprint University of Illinois Press, 1992, )

External links
"<mask>", Modern American Poetry, University of Illinois
Selected Bibliography
Documentary film of the poet, called The Movie at the End of the World
"thomas mcgrath | death song poems", Poetry Dispatch, June 24 2008
 Finding aid to Beat poets and poetry collection at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. <mask> interviewed by Robb Mitchell, Northern Lights Minnesota Author Interview TV Series #55 (1988):  [https://reflections.mndigital.org/catalog/p16022coll38:17#/kaltura_video]

1916 births
Members of the Communist Party USA
University of North Dakota alumni
American Rhodes Scholars
Louisiana State University alumni
Colby College faculty
California State University, Los Angeles faculty
Minnesota State University Moorhead faculty
North Dakota State University faculty
People from Ransom County, North Dakota
Poets from North Dakota
1990 deaths
20th-century American poets
American Book Award winners

masks:
Thomas Matthew McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
Thomas McGrath
Thomas McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
Thomas McGrath
Thomas McGrath
Thomas McGrath


type: original

texts:
<mask>–<mask> (25 May 1836 – 16 May 1907) was a French lawyer, businessman and scholar. At the École des Chartes he studied palaeography, and was offered a position with the Archives, but he decided instead to become a lawyer. At the age of 25 he became director of a warehousing company, and over the next forty years was involved in various major enterprises including the first telephone network in France. At the same time, he always set aside time for historical work, and published many articles and books on aspects of French history from the Middle Ages to the French Revolution. Life

Early years

<mask>-<mask> was born in Caen on 25 May 1836. His family was prosperous. His father, a trader in butter, died while he was a child.He studied at the Collège Royal de Caen, where he was a brilliant pupil. He then moved to Paris where he attended the École des Chartes and studied archival palaeography. He entered the École des Chartes in the autumn of 1855, and graduated first in 1858, ahead of Siméon Luce. Lair was offered a position with the Archives, but chose to follow a career as a lawyer. He earned a doctorate from the Faculty of Law in Paris in 1859. He enrolled at the Bar of Paris, where he pleaded some cases. During the 1860–61 judicial year he was one of the secretaries of the Conférence des avocats du barreau de Paris.He entered the office of Sébastien Joseph Boulatignier(fr), President of the litigation section in the Council of State. He also worked for Antoine Blanche, Advocate General at the Court of Cassation. Businessman

In 1860, at the age of 25 Lair accepted the job of deputy director of the new Compagnie des Entrepôts et Magasins généraux de Paris (Paris Warehouse and General Stores Company) under M. Moranvillé, a friend of Boulatignier. The company was formed from assets of the failed Docks Napoléon. Lair was in charge of litigation. By 1870 the company was well organized, financially secure and doing more business than had been foreseen for the original Docks Napoléon. The Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870.Lair became a captain in the staff of General Trochu in the National Guard. He was awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honour by decree of 30 January 1871. During the Paris Commune in 1871 the warehouses in the Villette and Pont de Flandre(fr) quarters were occupied by the most fervent partisans of the Commune, and burned down. After the disaster Moranvillé and Lair managed to raise funds to rebuild,  which they achieved within two years. In 1873 Moranvillé retired and Lair became director of the company. He would hold this position for 33 years. In 1873 he married a Mlle Dehaussy, from a family that was always interested in intellectual pursuits and particularly the arts.Lair bought the Magasins Généraux d'Auhervilliers et de Saint-Denis, doubling the size of the enterprise. In 1881, after the first telephony experiments, Lair conceived the great project of organizing a telephone network in France. <mask>r organized the Société générale des Téléphones(fr) in 1881, which was taken over by the state in 1889. Lazare Weiller collaborated with Lair in manufacturing and distributing telephones. Lair was also interested in underwater telegraphy, and wanted to create a network of submarine cable connecting France to her colonies. The army and navy strongly supported this, but it did not achieve all its goals due to opposition from the Deputy of Le Havre. Lair entered into various other enterprises associated with the Crédit Industriel et Commercial.His senior management positions in addition to running the Magasins généraux included:
President of the Société générale des téléphones, 1881–89
President of the Comptoir des entrepôts, 1891
President of the Compagnie française des télégraphes sous-marins, 1898
Vice-President of the Crédit industriel, 1895
President of the Société des mines de Czeladz, 1897
Vice-President of the Société française des métaux, 1899
President of the Société des docks de Rouen, 1902
President of the Société des aciéries de France, 1902

Literary work

Throughout his business career, Lair always set aside time for historical work. He was particularly interested in the history of his native Normandy. In 1860 he published a History of the Parliament of Normandy from its translation to Caen in June 1589 until its return to Rouen in April 1594. The first volume of his Étude sur les origines de l'évêché de Bayeux (1862) prompted a lengthy rebuttal by the Abbé L. Tapin, also published in 1862. He published a new edition of Dudo of Saint-Quentin's History of the Normans which was published in Caen under the title De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum in the memoirs of the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie. His long preface tried to establish that Dudo was a reliable historical source, which he was not, and the text has been criticized for careless collation and transcription. However, it has not been superseded.As a personal gift General Trochu gave Lair a collection of letters written from abroad during the French Revolution about the events of that period, which Lair began publishing from 1872 with the help of Émile Legrand(fr). Lair's father-in-law had a country house in Bures-sur-Yvette, in the Vallée de Chevreuse, and this became an important retreat for Lair whan he could find time away from business. He wrote an engaging history of the village of Bures. While dealing with financiers and competitors, he wrote studies of such people as Louise de La Vallière, Nicolas Fouquet and Cardinal Richelieu. He continued to publish diverse works on aspects of the Middle Ages, the Sun King and the French Revolution. He always remained linked to Caen as a member of the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, while in Paris he was an active member of the Société de l'École des Chartes. Lair died in Paris on 16 May 1907.At the time of his death from bronchitis he was working on the Mémoires de Richelieu. Publications

Publications by Lair include:

Notes

Citations

Sources

,

1836 births
1907 deaths
École Nationale des Chartes alumni
Historians of France
19th-century French historians
French businesspeople
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

masks:
Jules
Auguste Lair
Jules
Auguste Lair
Jules Lai


texts:
<mask> (born February 16, 1975 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American  actor, comedian, and former professional wrestler and founder of the Hawaii-based professional wrestling company Action Zone Wrestling (AZW)(2005-2018), where he also served as booker and an announcer for the company. Career

Comedy
<mask> is currently a stand up comedian performing regularly in Hawaii. He has headlined several shows in Honolulu. He has also opened for Ron Funches, Felipe Esparza, Geechy Guy, Andy Bumatai, Gary Owen, Demetri Martin and Tom Segura. He released his first comedy album entitled "What Year You Grad?" in the fall of 2017 and it is available on iTunes, and spotify. He won Hawai'i comedian of the year in 2015, 2016 and 2017.Professional wrestling
<mask> was also involved in professional wrestling having entered the world of professional wrestling in 1997 when he joined World League Wrestling—Hawaii (run by former wrestler Lars Anderson) as the TV host of their weekly show. <mask> also became a manager, using the name DDB or "Dangerous" <mask>. He left World League Wrestling in 1999 to join the upstart promotion Super Wrestling Force (SWF). That promotion closed only a few months later and was restarted in January 2000 as Third Wave eXplosion (TWX). That promotion closed in the summer of 2000. Along with local wrestler Lopaka, <mask> decided to help upstart promoter Parrish Ho officially launch his promotion NWA Hawaii. So along with "The Rocker" Don Lee and "Hotstuff" Kris Kavanaugh, they "invaded" World League Wrestling in June 2000.It was at this time that <mask> made his in-ring debut as a wrestler. <mask> worked as the booker and Lopaka as the head trainer. After a falling out, <mask> left NWA Hawaii in June 2001. He briefly returned in 2002 as a commentator. In January 2003, Linda Bade created Hawaii Championship Wrestling (HCW) and asked <mask> to join. <mask> teamed with Ultimate Fighter Caruso as his manager and tag team partner. In 2004, HCW bookers decided to break up the duo to put Caruso back with his former partner.Around that time, <mask> left due to acting commitments as well as a lack of interest in HCW. In 2005 <mask> founded Action Zone Wrestling (AZW), which made its debut on June 25, 2005 in Waianae, Hawaii (his hometown) and has attracted talent from mainland US (A.J. Styles, James Gibson, Delirious, Larry Sweeney, Matt Cross, Jimmy Jacobs, Teddy Hart, Christopher Daniels and Super Hentai) and Japan. <mask> also competed against UFC fighter Jason "Mayhem" Miller at the event titled "Anything Goes" (an event where the fans pick the matches) in October 2005 in a "Mixed Martial Arts Mayhem" match where he lost via submission due to armbar. AZW has featured several wrestlers from Dragon Gate and has had a working relationship with the organization since 2007 as Dragon Gate wrestlers CIMA, Naruki Doi, Susumu Yokosuka, Dragon Kid, BxB Hulk, Masato Yoshino have competed in AZW. On September 8, 2008 <mask> participated in Dragon Gate's debut show in Hawaii at the Waikiki Shell teaming with Akua in losing effort against Nebulous & Kaniala, Bobby Bolt & Rocko Shinoda and eventual winners Nijuu Ninkaku & SABAKI. He wrestled for the company until the end of 2008.He won the AZW Tag Team Titles twice (with The Rage and again with Akua). He lost an opportunity at the AZW Heavyweight Title to then champion Kaniala on September 22 of that year. <mask> returned to the ring on June 29, 2009, teaming with Kenryu Takadoki to take on the Polynesian Power Trip (Ativalu & Kaimana) for the AZW Tag Team Championship. During the match DDB got into an altercation with Kenjiro Katahira (a former wrestler and part owner of defunct HCW), which led to Takadoki fending for himself and eventually losing. In March 2012 <mask> along with AZW stars Kaimana, "Mr. Athletic" Jeff Cobb, Bobby Bolt & Mark Anarchy ventured out to Hayward, California to take on the stars on All Pro Wrestling (APW) in the "Pacific Challenge" best of three series. Currently, <mask> works more as an announcer for the weekly AZW show and live events, while only wrestling periodically.On November 17, 2018 <mask> held the final AZW live event at Waianae, Hawaii (where the very first AZW show was held on June 25, 2005) as he officially retired and closed AZW after an impressive 13-year run. Acting
<mask> began his acting career right out of high school, performing on stage in several local productions. In 1996 <mask> was cast as Keao in the indie film Beyond Paradise. Immediately after the film was wrapped, Bonilla started doing local commercials. A 2000 commercial for Bank of Hawaii, in which <mask> coined the phrase "That's My Bank! ", became so popular in Hawaii that the bank brought Bonilla back in 2002. They even created a bobblehead of him as part of a promotion.The campaign ended December 2006. His other film credits include To End All Wars, The Sand Island Drive In Anthem, and All for Melissa. His TV credits include roles in the short lived series The Byrds of Paradise and the short lived remake of Fantasy Island. He has also appeared in commercials (both TV and radio) for Bud Light, Taco Bell, Oceanic Cable, and McDonald's. He appeared in an advert about workplace safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. He appeared on two episodes Hawaii Five-0 remake airing on CBS in 2010 and 2017 respectively. In 2011 he appeared in the films 4 Wedding Planners and The Short List both of which premiered at the Hawaii International Film Festival.In 2012 he was in the Hawaii independent film Parts of the Same Circle. Championships and accomplishments
Action Zone Wrestling
AZW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with The Rage (1) and Akua (1)

References

External links

IWA Hall of Fame Listing (213)
Honolulu Advertiser "'That's my bank' — and my bobblehead"
Matt Cross returns to AZW for 6 year anniversary
Action Zone Wrestling celebrates 6 years of wrestling action in Hawaii
"Fallen Angel" Christopher Daniels coming to AZW
"What Year You Grad? Comedy CD review

1975 births
American male professional wrestlers
Male actors from Hawaii
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Hawaii
Professional wrestling executives
Professional wrestling announcers
American male comedians
21st-century American comedians

masks:
Daryl Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Daryl Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla
Bonilla


texts:
Sir <mask> (ante 1483 – 8 July 1527), (also Etchingham, Itchyngham, etc. ), of Barsham and Ipswich in Suffolk, was a commander on land and at sea, briefly Constable of Limerick Castle, and Collector of Customs at Ipswich. He is remembered as the author of a letter to Cardinal Wolsey describing the death of Lord Admiral Howard at Brest in 1513. From 1485 the presence of the Howard Dukes of Norfolk was felt directly along the Barsham reach of the River Waveney from their possession of Bungay Castle. Background
The <mask> family, hereditary stewards of the Rape of Hastings during the 12th and 13th centuries, were seated at Etchingham in Sussex. Their lordship descended in direct male line to Sir <mask> (died 1444), son of Sir <mask> (died 1412) and his wife Joan Maltravers (died 1404), daughter of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel and Eleanor Maltravers. Sir William, Dame Joan and Sir Thomas were commemorated in a tripartite canopied brass with military figures in Etchingham church, which had been rebuilt by Sir William's father, an elder Sir William (died 1388).Sir <mask> had two sisters, Elizabeth (who married first Sir Thomas Hoo of Mulbarton, Norfolk (died 1420), and second Sir Thomas Lewknor of Horsted Keynes (died 1452)), and Joan, who married John Rykhill. The Echyngham family bore the arms azure fretty argent. The Echynghams of Barsham
Sir Thomas married Margaret Knyvet by 1424. Margaret was daughter of John Knyvet, M.P. (1359–1418) (whose wife Joan Botetourt had brought Mendlesham to the family in marriage): her grandfather was John Knyvet the Lord Chancellor. Margaret had first married Sir Robert de Tye (died 1415) of Barsham, between Bungay and Beccles in Suffolk, and secondly Sir Thomas Marny of Layer Marney in Essex, whose will, made in 1417, was proved in November 1421. So Barsham came to her third husband, Sir <mask>, who made his first presentation to the rectory there in 1424 and had two sons and two daughters with her.Their elder son Thomas (born c. 1425) inherited the Sussex estates: the manor of Barsham, with those of Kessingland and Blaunchards (in Heveningham), descended to the younger son, Richard, so establishing the Suffolk line. The sister <mask> married John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley (died 1491). In 1461 <mask> bequeathed Barsham Hall (with the advowson) to John, his son by Jane Picot, leaving a lifetime tenure of "The Knyghtes Chambyr" at the west end of the Hall to his mother Dame Margaret, and the beds from the great chamber on the east side, and from the lesser chamber, to his widow Elizabeth (Jernegan), John's stepmother. Barsham church (its east front flushwork and tracery showing the Echyngham fretty heraldry) and its rectory stand on rising land overlooking the Waveney valley from the south. The Hall was on the low ground some 600 metres to the north, at the edge of the river plain opposite Geldeston, and held fishery and swannery rights downstream towards Roos Hall fleet, rights which were defended at the common pleas. The manor lay near the Garneys residences at Roos Hall and Redisham Hall, and the manor of Shipmeadow, an endowment of Mettingham College. <mask> married Anne Wingfield, daughter of Sir John Wingfield of Letheringham and his wife Elizabeth FitzLewis, and they became the parents of <mask> of Barsham and his younger brother Francis.Among Anne's brothers were Sir Richard, Sir Robert and Sir Humphrey Wingfield. Her brother John Wingfield married Anne Tuchet (daughter of Anne Echyngham), whose son was Sir Anthony Wingfield. The death of <mask>'s elder brother Thomas in 1483 without a surviving son left John and his descendants as the principal male representatives of the Echingham name, and John sought unsuccessfully to recover the Sussex estates in 1486. <mask>'s last presentation to the rectory of Barsham was in 1514, and the next was made by Sir <mask> in 1516. Actions in 1512–1514
<mask> was already an experienced and trusted naval captain during his father's lifetime, before he inherited the lordship of Barsham. At the onset of Henry VIII's hostilities with the French, "Echyngham" supplied 9 soldiers for war in May 1512. After Lord Admiral Sir <mask> had harried the coasts of Brittany, and scoured those of Normandy, he lay off the Isle of Wight while "diverse shippes kept the North seas, under the conduite of sir <mask>, Ihon Lewes, Ihon Louedaie, which diligently skowred the seas."The King armed his navy as ships of war, "and then caused soldiers mete for the same shippes, to muster on black Hethe, and he appointed captaines for that tyme, sir Anthony Oughtred, sir <mask>, William Sidney, whiche shortly shipped and came before the Isle of Wight." The King reviewed the navy at Portsmouth, making captains of Thomas Knevet and John Carew (for the Regent) and Charles Brandon and Henry Guildford (Soveraigne),  and gave a banquet for all the captains, who swore before the king to defend and comfort one another. After Knyvet and Carew were lost with the Regent in August 1512, in September <mask> was appointed to captain The Lizard, with Sir Weston Browne in The Great Bark and others, to keep the seas northerly for the winter. In February 1513 he was assigned to The Germyne with portage of 100, 10 men of his own, 10 of Sir Robert Lovell's and 40 of Sir Thomas Lovell's retinue, and 40 mariners: but by  a further reassignment he captained the Second new Spaniard, of 280 tonnes, with the men of Coventry and of Sir Thomas Greynfeld, portage 198. The engagement at Brest
By March 1513 a French fleet had assembled at Brest, and Lord Admiral Howard, sailing from the Thames on 10 March, left Plymouth with his fleet on 3 April to blockade them there, not waiting for supplies. <mask>, taking his own ship, came out of Queenborough on 13 April 1513. Having pursued three French men of war to Fécamp Abbey, on 19 April he convoyed the supply ships safely past companies of French sail to the King's great army, which lay in the waters at Brest.Three days later the navy was attacked by 6 French galleys and 4 foysts, which then made up to White Sand Bay north of Le Conquet. The Admiral's plan to land 6000 men on 24 April was abandoned with the arrival of William Sabine of Ipswich, as the captains were engaged in victualling. Howard's assault on the French galleys the following day ended in disaster: after boarding the galley of Prégent de Bidoux he became separated from his company, was thrust against the rails with morris-pikes, cast overboard, and drowned. The captains having chosen Lord Ferrers to lead them, Wulstan Brown sent Echyngham and Harper (John Baptist of Harwich) back to "Hampton" (i.e. Southampton) "for to wafte the vytlers unto them". The whole navy returned to Plymouth on 31 April, many suffering or dying from sickness. <mask>, who met with William Gonson beyond Portland, having brought victuallers wrote to Wolsey on 5 May from Hampton: his letter reported eye-witness accounts, and spoke of the resolute leadership needed for further action against the enemy.Sabyn had written to Wolsey a week previously. Continuing actions
Remaining with the Second new Spaniard, <mask> was named in mid-May to join a further enterprise to distress the French navy, and, with his 100 men, among those to land with the Lord Lisle. Forces were gathered at Hampton, and Bishop Fox reported on 8 June that "Delabere and Ichyngham, Rote with his company and some of Lord Howard's folk departed to-day with a good wind". The accounts indicate the ship's name was Sancta Maria Sernago, and that the master, John Furnando, was Spanish. As the Scots arose, <mask> answered the summons to Newcastle in September, and in preparations for Flodden Field he was assigned to the forward company led by Lord Admiral Howard (i.e. Thomas Howard), "with suche as came from the sea", with Sir William Sydney, Lord Conyers, Lord Latimer, Lord Clifford, and others. He was knighted by the Earl of Surrey "after the fylde".Between March and June 1514 he appears as captain of one of the great ships, the Peter Pomegranate, of 450 tonnes and with a crew of 300. Home front

The Bedyngfield marriage
In around 1515 Sir <mask> died and was buried on the north side of the chancel of Barsham church, and Sir <mask> succeeded to his father's estate. It was after 1514 that he brought a plea against Edmund Bedingfield (junior) and the executors of Dame Margaret Bedingfield (who died in that year), concerning the marriage settlement of her daughter Mary (Bedingfield), Echyngham's first wife. Sir Edmund Bedingfield senior, the builder of Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk (which he had licence to crenellate in 1482), had died in January 1496–97: Marie Bedingfield is named in the will of Margaret's mother Dame Agnes Scott, 1487 (widow of Sir John Scott, Marshal of Calais), among the children of "my daughter Bedyngfeld". Margaret was Sir Edmund's second wife. Osborne Echyngham
The date of <mask>'s first marriage is uncertain, but by 1515 <mask> (usually Ichyngham), apparently a son of Sir <mask>'s, had emerged as the confidential agent and messenger of Sir Thomas Spinelly, English Resident Ambassador in the Netherlands. In February 1514–15 Osborne's presence is requested by Spinelly, in his message from Antwerp advising Wolsey that a marriage between Charles Brandon (Lord Lisle, Duke of Suffolk) and Queen Mary, Henry's sister, was rumoured.In 1520 Spinelly thought him a discreet young fellow: after Spinelly's death in 1522 King Henry chose him to ride post with secret papers to and from Valladolid during Bishop Lee's mission in 1526, and sent him as an envoy to the King of Hungary in 1530. Osborne was, perhaps, not a legitimate son, since Echyngham's daughters had priority in inheritance, but he established himself and his line in Ireland, where by 1540 he became Provost marshal, though retaining his connection with Barsham. The change in spelling of the surname may represent an appropriation of, or assimilation to, the place-name Ditchingham, nearby to Barsham. Service in Ipswich and Limerick
Between April 1515 and 1518 a series of accounts detail the controlment of Customs and Subsidies for the Port of Ipswich by Sir <mask> with the prominent Ipswich lawyer Thomas Rush. Echyngham had a dwelling in Ipswich, mentioned in his will, where his Wingfield kinsmen possessed one of the principal residences: between the Waveney and Orwell lay the entire sea-coast of Suffolk. In April 1517 Echyngham's uncle Sir Richard Wingfield, as Lord Deputy of Calais 1513–1519, prepared notices for Wolsey (Ipswich's most famous son) for the means of conveying men to take possession of Thérouanne, where the French king was attempting to establish a garrison. He proposed that men should be gathered in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, to take shipping at Orwell Haven for Calais under the guise of artificers bound for Tournai; he further desired that Sir <mask> should have their conveyance, under the Deputy.By Letters Patent of 15 January 1521–22 <mask> was appointed Constable of Limerick Castle, with the island there, and with "le laxe Were" (i.e. the salmon weir) of Limerick (a possession of fishing rights). This was given under the Earl of Surrey (i.e. Lord Howard) as Lord Deputy of Ireland, and remained in force until February 1523–24. It may have been in this period that his first wife died, for she was buried "in Saint Patriks church in Devillyn in Irelonde on the north side of our ladies chapell". On 1 July 1522 he participated in the English assault on the Breton town of Morlaix. Having scoured the seas, Lord Admiral Howard brought the whole fleet to the haven of Morlaix, and landed with his captains and their companies to the number of some 7000 men who with ordnance assaulted, took and despoiled the town.Sir <mask>'s company is at sea with 10 ships, at a cost of almost £550 for the month. Marriage to Ann Everard
In about 1523 Sir <mask> made his second marriage. Ann, daughter of John Everard of Cratfield and his wife Margaret Bedingfield (of a branch of that family seated at Ditchingham), had first married <mask> of Kingston Buci near Brighton, Sussex. Lewknor (died 1523) was a kinsman of <mask>'s, his grandmother Elizabeth (wife of Thomas Lewknor of Horsted Keynes, Sussex (died 1452)) being the sister of that Sir <mask> who died in 1444 (the first of Barsham). Ann, <mask>'s second wife, was the mother of his younger son (Richard) and three daughters. When Lewknor died in 1523 Sir <mask> married her, and became kin to her eldest brother John (seated at Gillingham opposite Barsham),

masks:
Edward Echyngham
Echyngham
Thomas Echyngham
William de Echyngham
Thomas Echyngham
Thomas Echyngham
Anne Echyngham
Richard Echyngham
John Echyngham
Edward Echingham
Richard Echyngham
John Echyngham
Edward
Edward Echyngham
Edward Howard
Edward Ichyham
Edward Ichyngham
Echyngham
Echyngham
Echyngham
Echyngham
Echyngham
John Echyngham
Edward
Echyngham
Osborne Echyngham
Edward
Edward Engham
Edward Eham
Echyngham
Edward
Edward
Edward Lewknor
Echyngham
Thomas Echyngham
Edward Lewknor
Edward Echyngham


texts:
 to her brother William (died 1524/25) of Ovingdean in Sussex, and to her sister Olyve, wife to John Tasburgh of St Peter, South Elmham (died 1509), whose son John (died c.1552) purchased and settled at Flixton Priory. In Trinity term 1523 Thomas Lord La Warr, <mask>, Ralph, Henry and William Everard and William's son John, John Baker and John Tasburgh were feoffees to effect a recovery by writ of super disseisinam in le post against <mask> of his manor and lands at Barsham, Shipmeadow, Ringsfield, Redisham, Beccles, Great Worlingham, South Cove and Kessingland, to his uses.In this period Echyngham brought suit against Sir Goddard Oxenbridge and Sir Andrew Wyndesore for title to the Echyngham manorial inheritance in Sussex, which had descended to them by marriage of the daughters of <mask> the younger (died 1483), apparently without success. With Ann he had two daughters, Ann, born c. 1523, and Mary, born c. 1527. In Suffolk he received a Subsidy commission in 1524, and commissions for the peace in 1524 and 1526. Death and legacy

Echyngham's will
Chapel of St Katheryn
Echyngham made his will on 18 June and died at Barsham on 8 July, 1527. Feeling that he had "sumewhat fallen into age wherupon dependeth casualties and daungers of deth", he named St George, St Katheryn and St Anthony as his "advowerers", asking to be buried "before the Trinitie of Barham chirch on the north side under the foundacion of the Chauncel wall". He appointed that his executors should have a chapel built to St Katheryn, on the north side of Barsham Chauncell where his father lay buried, and that his mother, who was buried at Blundeston, was to be reburied with her husband. Carvings of his advowrers, in wood or freestone, were commissioned.A patron for the chapel was to be found at Rushworth College, where Sir Robert Wingfield was buried, and the chantry priest was to sing for his (Sir <mask>'s) soul, and for his wife Anne's soul, and for his former wife Mary's soul, and the souls of his father and mother, and of all his friends, for the space of three years. Fifty pounds owing to him from Sir Richard Wingfield, and a debt from William Everard's estate, are to go towards the building of the chapel. The tomb

A table tomb set against, and partly into, the north wall of the chancel of Barsham church is evidently that of Sir <mask>. When it was dismantled and reconstructed in 1869, a fragment of an inscription "hic jacet d'n's Ed..." (Here lies lord <mask>...) was found inside. What remains is only a fragment of a larger monument, which would have included the four-foot-high figures of his advowrer saints. It is one of an important recognized series of East Anglian tombs made up of ornamental terracotta panels in Italianate style, a fashion which was expressed also in architectural details during the 1520s and 1530s. These works were particularly commissioned from itinerant craftsmen operating in East Anglia by a group of influential inter-related families with whom the Echynghams of Barsham were closely allied: these included in particular the Marneys of Layer Marney Tower (Essex), the Bedingfields of Oxburgh (Norfolk), and Sir Philip Bothe of Shrubland Old Hall near Coddenham (Suffolk).(Sir Philip's wife, Margaret Hopton, was great-aunt to Owen Hopton, who married Sir <mask>'s daughter Anne.) They held a prevailing interest in the cult of St Katheryn. Echyngham's first marriage linked directly to Oxburgh. The intention was presumably for a tomb under an archway through the north chancel wall into the new chapel of St Katheryn on the north side of the chancel. The ornament of the surviving tomb panels is not heraldic, but, seen from the interior, the tracery of the east window as a reversed shield fretty (azure supplied by sky or by blue glass) would have cast its lights and shadows through the chancel to appropriate Echyngham heraldic effect. Estates
Sir <mask>'s manors were entailed to his wife Anne for her jointure for life, and to the heirs males of his two daughters, or in default of such issue to the heirs of his brother Francis, or in default to Osborne Echyngham and his heirs males: or in default of all these, then all to remain unto the heires of "my seyd uncle" Humfrey Wingfield Esquier for "the famylyar acqueyntance from our childhood unto this day"; or lastly to the right heirs of his ancestor Sir William Echyngham. Various houses at Kessingland, Shipmeadow and Barsham are left to Osborne Echyngham.But Ann was to have all the manors, lands and tenements assigned to her by appointment and recovery: Ann Echyngham, Humfrey Wingfield and Ralph Everard are his executors, and Ann became seised in right of free tenement. The Barsham dole
Bequests to the Everards and to Richard Lewknor follow, and he asks that the old usage and  of the "dole" should be kept up by which every man, woman and  who should attend the five masses of requiem to be sung in St Katheryn's chapel should return to the manor place and should receive every one of them two red herrings, a white herring and a temse loaf (made from sifted flour), and something to drink: and those that serve them should have their dinner for their trouble, and this dole was to "continue and endure for evermore". <mask>'s widowhood
In Echyngham's will, Sir Brian Tuke is given freely the marriages of Echyngham's daughters if he shall recover for them the Echyngham inheritance in Sussex, or else he shall pay £400 for them, the testator wishing that they shall be married to Tuke's sons. These girls were very young at the time of their father's death, and remained unmarried during their mother's lifetime. Dame <mask> made her nuncupative will at Barsham on the day of her death, 14 November 1538, requesting the fulfilment of Maister <mask>'s will (which provided for his daughters). Her own goods were to be sold, and the money divided between her four Lewknor children: her daughters Elizabeth and Dorothy were present as witnesses, and John Everard, Richard Lewknor and <mask>sburgh were named her executors. Money had been paid to Edmund Billingford of Stoke Holy Cross for his son Thomas to marry Ann's daughter Elizabeth Lewknor, but Elizabeth refused the union and John Everard was obliged to seek its return through the Court of Chancery.The Echyngham daughters
As to the two daughters, the coheirs, of Sir <mask>, according to a letter of Anthony Rous of Dennington to Thomas Cromwell, Good Friday 1539, the elder (then about 16), <mask>, was sent to her kinsman Richard Wharton, Bailey of Bungay, and arrangements (not fulfilled) were being made for her marriage to "Mr Hogon's eldest son". (Wharton, who in 1533 had advised Cromwell of John Tasburgh's disposable income, was granted nearby Flixton Priory at its dissolution in 1537: in 1544 he sold the priory to John Tasburgh.) The younger daughter (then aged 10 or 11), <mask>, was placed in the care of Philip Bedingfield of Ditchingham. <mask>, born c. 1523. She was married to Sir Owen Hopton of Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, and of Westwood, Blythburgh. Shortly before 1539 the Duke of Norfolk had defeated the expectation of Sir Arthur Hopton, his father, in the purchase of Sibton Abbey. Sir Owen became Lieutenant of the Tower of London, and died in 1595.At some time Anne had possession of that 13th-century vellum book of French romance poetry containing the unique text of Roman de Waldef, with Gui de Warewic and the chanson de geste Otinel, acquired apparently from Lady Katherine Grey (who died in captivity at Cockfield Hall in 1568). According to a memorial inscription at Wroxton, Oxfordshire (the home of her daughter Anne in her second marriage), she died and was buried at Wroxton in 1599 aged 72 (should be nearer 76), leaving five children living: Two additional sons are listed in the 1561 Visitation of Suffolk. Arthur Hopton Esquire. William Hopton Esquire, living in 1600. George Hopton, died without issue. Ralph Hopton, died without issue. Anne Hopton (Countess of Downe), married (1) Henry Wentworth, 3rd Baron Wentworth (1558–1593), and (2) Sir William Pope of Wroxton, Oxfordshire, Earl of Downe (died 1631).Mary Hopton (Lady Chandos), married William Brydges, 4th Baron Chandos (1552–1602). Cicelie Hopton (Mrs Cicelie Marshall). <mask>, born c. 1527. Anthony Rous wrote to Cromwell on 4 April 1539 complaining that Philip Bedyngfeld had, without consultation, delivered her to Mr Holdych, steward of the Duke of Norfolk's house, who proposed to marry her to his son. Rous asked that Holdych be ordered to deliver her to Humfrey Wingfield, and that Cromwell should advance his (Rous's) wish that she marry one of his own sons. Cromwell made the assignment to Rous, with instructions to Holdych to surrender the girl: but he refused, and Cromwell received letters from the Duke of Norfolk saying that he took Cromwell's decision to heart very grievously. On 14 April Rous wrote again with an attestation forwarded and signed by Richard Wharton, Richard Calthorpe, John and <mask>, John Everard and Richard Lewknor, begging that she should not be married without their consent.On 19 April Cromwell forwarded the Duke's letters to the King, asking him of his great wisdom to determine the merits of the case. In the event Mary was married (as his second wife) to John Blennerhassett, legal adviser to the Duke of Norfolk. John was the youngest son of Sir Thomas Blennerhassett of Frenze, Norfolk by his second wife Margaret Braham of Wetheringsett, and brother to Anthony Rous's wife Agnes Blennerhassett. John Blennerhassett and Mary Echyngham bought out Anne's share of Barsham and lived at Barsham Hall, and had five sons and four daughters surviving at his death, which occurred in 1573. Thomas Blennerhassett (son and heir), married Mary, daughter of Sir Christopher Heydon of Baconsthorpe Castle, and had issue. <mask>, John, George and Richard Blennerhassett. Also Ralph Blennerhassett (died in infancy).Helen Blennerhassett, married Henry Gurney Esq. of West Barsham, Norfolk in 1571. Katherine, Fraunces and Anne Blennerhassett. Also Margaret Blennerhassett (died in youth). Posterity of Osborne Echyngham

 Osborne Echyngham, who inherited lands and a house in Shipmeadow and Barsham from his father, was knighted in 1529. Party to the 1542 Indenture between Lord Deputy St Leger and the Irish chieftains, in 1543 he was granted the Cistercian house of Monasteranenagh Abbey, County Limerick, with its possessions. In 1545, at his petition, the King granted to him and his heirs the former Dunbrody Abbey, County Wexford, Ireland, with all its manors, lands, churches, chapels and possessions, in exchange for the manor of Netherhall in Hickling, Norfolk.The Dunbrody lands were called a "waste" estate, but commanded the outflow of the Three Sisters and the eastern shore of Waterford Harbour from Ballyhack down to Duncannon, across the Hook Peninsula to Coole, Ballyvelig, Tinnock and Curraghmore, and crossing below the estates of Tintern Abbey to the inlet from Bannow Bay at Ballygow (Poulfur). This, it was hoped, would prove a useful vantage from which to control the Cavanaghs, historic rulers of the Kingdom of Leinster. Osborne died in 1546, requesting that his heart be buried at Barsham. He made two marriages, the first to Katherine, who was buried under the church porch at Barsham, and secondly (by 1529) to Mary, who was buried at Barsham in 1584. By his second marriage <mask> had three children:
 <mask> inherited the Dunbrody estate from his father, in fee tail. He died without issue. Charles Echingham was heir to his brother, and he or his descendants succeeded to Dunbrody.He was the father of
 John Echingham (died 1616), who married Margaret Whittie (afterwards wife of Sir Terence O'Dempsey, 1st Viscount Clanmalier). John's son and heir was a younger Osborn Echingham (died 1635), who redeemed his father's many feoffments. Osborn's son Sir John Itchingham in 17 Charles I barred all entails to his estate, and by his will of 1650 bestowed it upon his daughter Jane Ichyngham. She married Arthur Chichester, 2nd Earl of Donegall; their descendants, the Marquesses of Donegall, quarter the arms of Echyngham. George Echingham had from his father a manor called Rothenhall in Kessingland and Pakefield, Suffolk; but although there was a manor of that name, it was the manor of Echinghams in Kessingland (perhaps a division or parcel of the other) which descended in the family. References

15th-century births
1527 deaths
16th-century English people
People from Suffolk
Sea captains
People from

masks:
Edward Lewknor
Edward Echyngham
Thomas Echyngham
Edward
Edward Echyham
Edward
Edward
Edward
Anne Echyngham
Ann Echyngham
Echyngham
Edward Ta
Edward
Anne Echyngham
Mary Echyngham
Anne Echyngham
Mary Echyngham
Edward Tasburgh
Edward
Osborne Echyngham
Edward Echingham


texts:
<mask> (born July 25, 1973) is an American podcaster and writer based in Durham, North Carolina. She was the editor and host of Escape Pod from 2010, when she took over from Steve Eley, until 2012, when she was replaced by Norm Sherman. She is also the host and creator of the podcast I Should Be Writing. Until July 2007, she was host and co-editor of Pseudopod. She was the Editor-in-Chief of the Escape Artists short fiction magazine Mothership Zeta until it went on hiatus in 2016. Education
Lafferty attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and graduated with a degree in English. In 2014, she received her MFA from the University of Maine's Stonecoast program.Podcasting

Early contributions
A friend introduced Lafferty to podcasting in October 2004. She immediately seized on the medium as a novel opportunity to publish her essays on geekdom. Her first podcast, Geek Fu Action Grip, launched in December 2004. Early topics included her obsession with Alton Brown and her uncomfortable crushes on the hosts of her child's TV shows, and expanded to discussions of games, movies, and television shows. In later episodes she began podcasting her fiction, most notably her serialized novels Heaven and Heaven Part 2: Hell. Geek Fu Action Grip ceased production as of episode 103. Lafferty's essays also led to her becoming an early contributor to Wingin' It: a sci-fi variety show podcast hosted by Michael R. Mennenga and Evo Terra.While she is no longer a regular, her essay produced during their 2006 Dragon*Con show is considered one of her best. In September 2006, Lafferty, along with Michael R. Mennenga and Tracy Hickman, founded the Parsec Awards, which recognize excellence in science fiction podcasting. After a general nomination period, the Steering Committee compiles a shortlist, from which an independent panel of judges selects the winner of each category. The awards are presented yearly at Dragon*Con. I Should Be Writing

Lafferty's second podcast arose from her desire to share her experiences as a struggling fiction writer. I Should Be Writing is a self-described "podcast for wannabe fiction writers." Each show covers a specific topic about the writing world, from battling self-doubt to crafting queries and cover letters, interspersed with interviews with published professionals.I Should Be Writing won the 2007 Parsec Award for Best Writing Podcast. Escape Pod and Pseudopod

From May 2010 to December 2012, she was the editor and host of the sci-fi podcast magazine Escape Pod, taking over from former editor and founder Steve Eley. Under her editorship, Escape Pod began paying SFWA pro rates for the first time. Lafferty was also co-founder, along with Steve Eley and co-editor Ben Phillips, of Pseudopod, a spin-off of Escape Pod presenting "the best in audio horror." In July 2007 she stepped down as co-editor of Pseudopod. Ditch Diggers

In January 2015, Lafferty started a new podcast with a recurring I Should Be Writing guest host Matt Wallace. The new show, titled Ditch Diggers, focuses on the professional and business side of writing and is intended to be honest to the point of brutality, in contrast to the more optimistic and uplifting tone of I Should Be Writing.It won the Hugo Award for Best Fancast in 2018, having been a finalist the year before. Writing

Early career
Lafferty's early career began with her writing for White Wolf and other role-playing game companies, and she has expanded to writing about games for such publications as Scrye, Knights of the Dinner Table, Anime Insider, Games Quarterly, and The Escapist. Her podcast novel Playing For Keeps was published by Swarm Press on August 25, 2008. She has also written essays for the online magazine Grumble, many of which have ended up on Geek Fu Action Grip and published fiction in Hub magazine. Her short story "1963: The Argument Against Louis Pasteur" (published in The Thackery T. Lambshead Cabinet of Curiosities) qualified her for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, which she won in 2013. The Shambling Guides
In May 2013, Orbit Books released the first in Lafferty's urban fantasy series: The Shambling Guide to New York City. It received favorable reception; Kirkus Reviews stated: "The hip, knowing and sometimes hysterically funny narrative, interspersed with excerpts from the guide of the title, lurches along in splendid fashion… The result is irresistible."The second novel in the series, A Ghost Train to New Orleans, was published on March 4, 2014. Awards and honors
Member of the Podcast Pickle Hall of Fame
One of the Top Ten Savvy Women in Podcasting, 2006
Tricks of the Podcasting Masters was named one of the top reference books for 2006 by Amazon.com.


texts:
<mask> (; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor (from 1792 to 1806) and, as <mask>, the first Emperor of Austria, from 1804 to 1835. He assumed the title of Emperor of Austria in response to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French. Soon after Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, <mask> abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor. He was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. He also served as the first president of the German Confederation following its establishment in 1815. <mask> continued his leading role as an opponent of Napoleonic France in the Napoleonic Wars, and suffered several more defeats after Austerlitz. The marriage of his daughter Marie Louise of Austria to Napoleon on 10 March 1810 was arguably his severest personal defeat.After the abdication of Napoleon following the War of the Sixth Coalition, Austria participated as a leading member of the Holy Alliance at the Congress of Vienna, which was largely dominated by <mask>' chancellor Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich culminating in a new European map and the restoration of most of <mask>' ancient dominions. Due to the establishment of the Concert of Europe, which largely resisted popular nationalist and liberal tendencies, <mask> was viewed as a reactionary later in his reign. <mask>'s grandchildren include Napoleon II (Napoleon's only legitimate son), Franz Joseph I of Austria, Maximilian I of Mexico, Maria II of Portugal and Pedro II of Brazil. Early life

<mask> was a son of Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain. <mask> was born in Florence, the capital of Tuscany, where his father reigned as Grand Duke from 1765 to 1790. Though he had a happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings, his family knew <mask> was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle Joseph had no surviving issue from either of his two marriages), and so in 1784 the young Archduke was sent to the Imperial Court in Vienna to educate and prepare him for his future role. Emperor Joseph II himself took charge of <mask>' development.His disciplinarian regime was a stark contrast to the indulgent Florentine Court of Leopold. The Emperor wrote that <mask> was "stunted in growth", "backward in bodily dexterity and deportment", and "neither more nor less than a spoiled mother's child." Joseph concluded that "the manner in which he was treated for upwards of sixteen years could not but have confirmed him in the delusion that the preservation of his own person was the only thing of importance." Joseph's martinet method of improving the young <mask> was "fear and unpleasantness." The young Archduke was isolated, the reasoning being that this would make him more self-sufficient as it was felt by Joseph that <mask> "failed to lead himself, to do his own thinking." Nonetheless, <mask> greatly admired his uncle, if rather feared him. To complete his training, <mask> was sent to join an army regiment in Hungary and he settled easily into the routine of military life.He was present at the siege of Belgrade which occurred during the Austro-Turkish War. After the death of Joseph II in 1790, <mask>' father became Emperor. He had an early taste of power while acting as Leopold's deputy in Vienna while the incoming Emperor traversed the Empire attempting to win back those alienated by his brother's policies. The strain told on Leopold and by the winter of 1791, he became ill. He gradually worsened throughout early 1792; on the afternoon of 1 March Leopold died, at the relatively young age of 44. <mask>, just past his 24th birthday, was now Emperor, much sooner than he had expected. Emperor

As the head of the Holy Roman Empire and the ruler of the vast multi-ethnic Habsburg hereditary lands, <mask> felt threatened by the French revolutionaries and later Napoleon's expansionism as well as their social and political reforms which were being exported throughout Europe in the wake of the conquering French armies.<mask> had a fraught relationship with France. His aunt Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI and Queen consort of France, was guillotined by the revolutionaries in 1793, at the beginning of his reign, although, on the whole, he was indifferent to her fate. Later, he led the Holy Roman Empire into the French Revolutionary Wars. He briefly commanded the Allied forces during the Flanders Campaign of 1794 before handing over command to his brother Archduke Charles. He was later defeated by Napoleon. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, he ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France in exchange for Venice and Dalmatia. He again fought against France during the War of the Second Coalition.On 11 August 1804, in response to Napoleon crowning himself as emperor of the French earlier that year, he announced that he would henceforth assume the title of hereditary emperor of Austria as <mask> I, a move that technically was illegal in terms of imperial law. Yet Napoleon had agreed beforehand and therefore it happened. During the War of the Third Coalition, the Austrian forces met a crushing defeat at Austerlitz, and <mask> had to agree to the Treaty of Pressburg, which greatly weakened Austria and brought about the final collapse of the Holy Roman Empire. In July 1806, under massive pressure from France, Bavaria and fifteen other German states ratified the statutes founding the Confederation of the Rhine, with Napoleon designated Protector, and they announced to the Imperial Diet their intention to leave the Empire with immediate effect. Then, on 22 July, Napoleon issued an ultimatum to <mask> demanding that he abdicate as Holy Roman Emperor by 10 August. Five days later, <mask> bowed to the inevitable and, without mentioning the ultimatum, affirmed that since the Peace of Pressburg he had tried his best to fulfil his duties as emperor but that circumstances had convinced him that he could no longer rule according to his oath of office, the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine making that impossible. He added that "we hereby decree that we regard the bond which until now tied us to the states of the Empire as dissolved" in effect dissolving the empire.At the same time he declared the complete and formal withdrawal of his hereditary lands from imperial jurisdiction. After that date, he reigned as <mask>, Emperor of Austria. In 1809, <mask> attacked France again, hoping to take advantage of the Peninsular War embroiling Napoleon in Spain. He was again defeated, and this time forced to ally himself with Napoleon, ceding territory to the Empire, joining the Continental System, and wedding his daughter Marie-Louise to the Emperor. The Napoleonic wars drastically weakened Austria, making it entirely landlocked and threatened its preeminence among the states of Germany, a position that it would eventually cede to the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1813, for the fifth and final time, Austria turned against France and joined Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Sweden in their war against Napoleon. Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France—in recognition of this, <mask>, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism in Europe.The German Confederation, a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire. The Congress was a personal triumph for <mask>, who hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though <mask> undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII. Domestic policy

The violent events of the French Revolution impressed themselves deeply into the mind of <mask> (as well as all other European monarchs), and he came to distrust radicalism in any form. In 1794, a "Jacobin" conspiracy was discovered in the Austrian and Hungarian armies. The leaders were put on trial, but the verdicts only skirted the perimeter of the conspiracy. <mask>' brother Alexander Leopold (at that time Palatine of Hungary) wrote to the Emperor admitting "Although we have caught a lot of the culprits, we have not really got to the bottom of this business yet." Nonetheless, two officers heavily implicated in the conspiracy were hanged and gibbeted, while numerous others were sentenced to imprisonment (many of whom died from the conditions).<mask> was from his experiences suspicious and set up an extensive network of police spies and censors to monitor dissent (in this he was following his father's lead, as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had the most effective secret police in Europe). Even his family did not escape attention. His brothers, the Archdukes Charles and Johann had their meetings and activities spied upon. Censorship was also prevalent. The author Franz Grillparzer, a Habsburg patriot, had one play suppressed solely as a "precautionary" measure. When Grillparzer met the censor responsible, he asked him what was objectionable about the work. The censor replied, "Oh, nothing at all.But I thought to myself, 'One can never tell'." In military affairs <mask> had allowed his brother, the Archduke Charles, extensive control over the army during the Napoleonic wars. Yet, distrustful of allowing any individual too much power, he otherwise maintained the separation of command functions between the Hofkriegsrat and his field commanders. In the later years of his reign he limited military spending, requiring it not exceed forty million florins per year; because of inflation this resulted in inadequate funding, with the army's share of the budget shrinking from half in 1817 to only twenty-three percent in 1830. <mask> presented himself as an open and approachable monarch (he regularly set aside two mornings each week to meet with his imperial subjects, regardless of status, by appointment in his office, even speaking to them in their own language), but his will was sovereign. In 1804, he had no compunction about announcing that through his authority as Holy Roman Emperor, he declared he was now Emperor of Austria (at the time a geographical term that had little resonance). Two years later, <mask> personally wound up the moribund Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.Both actions were of dubious constitutional legality. To increase patriotic sentiment during the war with France, the anthem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" was composed in 1797 to be sung as the Kaiserhymne to music by Joseph Haydn. The lyrics were adapted for later Emperors and the music lives on as the Deutschlandlied. Later years

On 2 March 1835, 43 years and a day after his father's death, <mask> died in Vienna of a sudden fever aged 67, in the presence of many of his family and with all the religious comforts. His funeral was magnificent, with his Viennese subjects respectfully filing past his coffin in the chapel of Hofburg Palace for three days. <mask> was interred in the traditional resting place of Habsburg monarchs, the Kapuziner Imperial Crypt in Vienna's Neue Markt Square. He is buried in tomb number 57, surrounded by his four wives.<mask> passed on a main point in the political testament he left for his son and heir Ferdinand: to "preserve unity in the family and regard it as one of the highest goods." In many portraits (particularly those painted by Peter Fendi) he was portrayed as the patriarch of a loving family, surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Marriages

<mask> married four times:

 On 6 January 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg (21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790). On 15 September 1790, to his double first cousin Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807), daughter of King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (both were grandchildren of Empress Maria Theresa and shared all of their other grandparents in common), with whom he had twelve children, of whom only seven reached adulthood. On 6 January 1808, he married again to another first cousin, Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (14 December 1787 – 7 April 1816) with no issue. She was the daughter of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Princess of Modena. On 29 October 1816, to Karoline Charlotte Auguste of Bavaria (8 February 1792 – 9 February 1873) with no issue.She was daughter of Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria and had been previously married to William I of Württemberg. Children
From his first wife Elisabeth of Württemberg, one daughter, and his second wife Maria Teresa of the Two Sicilies, eight daughters and four sons:

Titles, honours and heraldry

Titles
From 1806 he used the titles: "We, <mask> the First, by the Grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola; Grand Duke of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia and Gradisca and of the Tirol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria". Orders and decorations

Heraldry

Ancestors

See also
 Family tree of the German monarchs

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General sources

External links

 Spencer Napoleonica Collection  at Newberry Library

1768 births
1835 deaths
Nobility from Florence
Austrian Roman Catholics
German Roman Catholics
18th-century Holy Roman Emperors
19th-century Holy Roman Emperors
18th-century archdukes of Austria
19th-century Emperors of Austria
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Kings of Italy
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
3
3
3
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
Dukes of Carniola

masks:
Francis II
Francis I
Francis
Francis II
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis II
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis I
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis II
Francis


texts:
<mask>üger (Nora) (; ; 1901 – 20 July 1954) was a Russian woman who lived in the village of Gabarevo, Bulgaria. According to Blagoy Emanuilov, retired Bulgarian senior magistrate, speculated that she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. The journey to Bulgaria
While conventional history, subsequently confirmed by DNA tests, had all the Tsar's children die with him; there were also many Romanov impostors. The Krüger story was that in 1917, as the Russian revolution unfolded Emperor Nicholas II of Russia summoned Pyotr Ivanovich Zamyatin, a soldier serving as a cavalry assistant in a squadron guarding the Russian Imperial Family, and in the presence of the Minister of War and a priest he instructed the soldier to take Grand Duchess Anastasia and Tsarevich Alexei into hiding while the two Imperial children were replaced by doppelgangers. Originally they were taken to Zamyatin's home village in the area around Odessa, however, as the revolution was not subsiding a decision was taken to leave Russia. On 7 February 1920 with the assistance of a Serbian man they all boarded a ship from Odessa to Alexandria, Egypt. While boarding the ship a scuffle occurred that was accompanied by shooting on the pier and Anastasia was wounded.Holding a dog in front of her was the reason why the wounds were not fatal. This prevented them from reaching their final destination and they left the ship in Tekirdağ, Turkey to seek treatment. In Tekirdağ, Zamyatin found work in a hospital while Nora was being treated for her wounds. Once she had improved, Nora and George found worked in the hospital kitchen. With an assistance of a second Serbian, pharmacist, the first one and Zamyatin's sister eloped to Belgrade. In 1922, Pyotr met the second Serbians yet again and was told the location of his sister and her new family, they had opened a coffee shop in Belgrade called "Zamyatin". Pyotr, Nora and George decided to join them in Serbia.Nora cut off her hair in order to pass as a soldier while crossing the borders. However, in Sofia George was admitted into a hospital as he was in need of medical care. In the hospital they met a wealthy man from Kazanlak who helped them settle in Gabarevo. Life in Bulgaria
Krüger arrived in the village of Gabarevo in the summer of 1922, where a small community of Russian immigrants had already settled in. <mask> Kruger was welcomed by Doctor Peter Alexandrovich Alexiev in his house. According to his information that he provided when he first came to Gabarevo Dr. Alexiev was born on 15 January 1884 in Smolensk, Russia. When <mask> first came to the village she was registered as a Russian; she subsequently changed her nationality to Polish.She would tell the people that she was the daughter of a Russian nobleman and Polish countess. Their names are registered as Albert and <mask>, however, she would never reveal anything from their backgrounds. The living arrangements between Dr. Alexiev and Nora made the people of Gabarevo uneasy. Rumors began to spread; eventually this would force Dr. Alexiev and Nora to marry. The marriage took place on 26 September 1924 – at the time of the marriage he was 40 and she was 25. In the marriage documents Peter was identified as a bachelor and Nora as a widow. She would tell people that she had a daughter named Maria who was born in 1919 and who died shortly after.<mask>'s character
Nora Krueger was a teacher of French, English and Latin, and also did the props for the amateur local theater productions. She is said to have offered her services as prompter; however, the bullet had affected her vocal cords, and she kept her voice low and spoke mainly through the nose. To many of her students she would hint at various things: that she had lived in a royal palace, bathed in a golden tub, maids dressed her, brushed her hair and cut her nails. She made a painting of flowers, presented by her to Stefanka Nestorova, which was interpreted by people obsessed with her mystery: The poppy would represent Maria, the oats, Olga, the gentian, Tatyana, the scilla ("vasilyok") would represent the Tsarevich, and finally chamomile ("romashka") would represent the Romanovs. Nora loved and had many dogs; one of her dogs was named "Maron", which is a very unusual name for Bulgaria. The name is also an anagram for "Roman", short for Romanov. More simply, the meaning of "marron" in French is "brown", which is not unusual for the dog of a French teacher.The names of her other dogs were Rex, Tangra, Beba, Jimmy and Johnny. Nora was a smoker and used opium. Nora would tell that she picked up this habit from an aunt of hers. On the other hand, Dr. Alexiev would justify it by stating that the opium relieved the pain from her bullet wounds. Nora was unable to sleep in a completely horizontal position and was sleeping in a reclining position. In 1936 Nora traveled to Germany and lived in Berlin for a year. George Zhudin
Dr. Alexiev and <mask> Kruger were soon joined by a young Russian named George Pavlovich Zhudin, who ended up living in the same house as Dr. Alexiev and <mask>.George was described as a tall and slim man with a pale face, and it was told that George was sick with tuberculosis – the symptoms for tuberculosis and hemophilia can be similar (Anastasia's younger brother, Alexei, suffered from hemophilia). Dr. Alexiev would tell that George is not contagious. It was widely speculated that Nora and George were sister and brother, although they themselves never confirmed this. George died on 27 December 1930, and was buried in the village of Gabarevo. In his death certificate his parents are listed as Paul Stefanov and Alexandra Sergeevna. Under subject and nationality, George is listed as Russian. Nora would often visit his grave and is said to have planted two trees there.After her death, she was buried on his right side, a tradition for Russian people related by blood. Additionally, when their graves were excavated in the 1990s, a ladanka was found in George's grave – a small icon of Christ customarily left inside the graves of high-profile Russian aristocrats. The other Russians
The other Russians who comprised the small community living in Gabarevo were registered at the city hall as Matvei Pavlovich Kolishev, Sergei Maximovich Kuzmich, and Iakov Simeonovich Latvinov. The other Russians were employed by Dr. Alexiev and <mask> <mask>, and cooked and cleaned their house. Around 1928, Constantine Pavlovich Zhudin, another Russian, joined the circle around Nora. Constantine Zhudin was stranded in Istanbul, Turkey and unable to leave. Dr. Alexiev had requested from one of his neighbors in Gabarevo a favor.This favor consisted of the elderly man getting a certificate from the local municipality certifying that he was in advanced age and was in need of a male support in maintaining his agricultural work. This certificate accomplished its purpose and Constantine Zhudin moved to Bulgaria. He initially settled in Gabarevo; however, later he relocated to Sofia and worked at the . Neither <mask> nor Georgi ever actually claimed to be Russian royalty. However, they both seemed to have an uncanny resemblance to Anastasia and Alexei. See also
Romanov impostors

References

External links
Could the Bulgarian mountain village of Gabarevo be the last refuge of the lost Romanov Princess? BONES OF ROMANOV CHILDREN BELIEVED TO BE IN BULGARIA
BULGARIAN GRAVE MAY CONTAIN BONES OF ANASTASIA
Bulgaria: Anastasia Died Here

1901 births
1954 deaths
Russian nobility
Romanov impostors
White Russian emigrants to Bulgaria
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Bulgaria
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

masks:
Eleonora Albertova Kr
Eleonora
Eleonora
Maria Kruger
Eleonora
Eleonora
Eleonora
Eleonora
Kruger
Eleonora


texts:
<mask> (; 11 January 1902 – 16 June 1986) was a French composer, organist, musicologist, and teacher. Life and career
<mask> was born in Louviers, Eure in 1902. He became a chorister at the Rouen Cathedral Choir School from 1912 to 1918, where he studied piano and organ with Jules Haelling, a pupil of Alexandre Guilmant. The choral plainsong tradition at Rouen became a strong and lasting influence. At age 17, upon moving to Paris, he took private organ lessons with Charles Tournemire, whom he assisted at Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris until 1927. In 1920 <mask> entered the Conservatoire de Paris, eventually graduating with first prizes in organ with Eugène Gigout (1922), harmony with Jean Gallon (1924), fugue with Georges Caussade (1924), piano accompaniment with César Abel Estyle (1926) and composition with Paul Dukas (1928). In 1927, Louis Vierne nominated him as his assistant at Notre-Dame.<mask> and Vierne remained lifelong friends, and <mask> was at Vierne's side acting as assistant when Vierne died at the console of the Notre-Dame organ on 2 June 1937, even though <mask> had become titular organist of St-Étienne-du-Mont in Paris in 1929, a position he held for the rest of his life. In 1930 he won a prize for his Prélude, adagio et choral varié sur le "Veni Creator", and in 1936 he won the Prix Blumenthal. In 1939, he premiered Francis Poulenc's Organ Concerto (the Concerto for Organ, Strings and Timpani in G minor); he had advised Poulenc on the registrations of the organ part. In 1943 he became Professor of Harmony at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he worked until 1970; among his pupils were the revered organists Pierre Cochereau, Jean Guillou and Marie-Claire Alain. In 1947 he completed probably the most famous of his few pieces: the Requiem op. 9, for soloists, choir, organ, and orchestra. He had begun composing the work in 1941, following a commission from the Vichy regime.Also in 1947, Marie-Madeleine Chevalier became his assistant at St-Étienne-du-Mont. They married on 15 September 1953. (<mask>'s first marriage to Lucette Bousquet, in 1932, ended in civil divorce in 1947 and was declared null by the Vatican on 23 June 1953.) The couple became a famous and popular organ duo, going on tour together several times throughout the sixties and early seventies. He was made a Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur in 1954. He was promoted to an Officier de la Legion d'honneur in 1966. Perfectionism
<mask> was highly critical of his own compositions.He particularly disparaged the third and final movement 'Toccata' from his Suite, op. 5, and never recorded it. He never programmed the Toccata, his Sicilienne or the Prelude or Adagio from Veni Creator. He published only a handful of works and often continued to edit and change pieces after publication. For instance, the Toccata from Suite has a completely different ending in the first edition than in the more recent version, and the score to the Fugue sur le nom d'Alain originally indicated accelerando throughout. The result of this perfectionism is that his music, especially his organ music, tends to be well polished, and is still frequently performed in concerts by organists around the world. <mask> and his wife were musically conservative.In 1969 they attended a "jazz mass" at St-Étienne-du-Mont. Marie-Madeleine was visibly upset by the experience, and Duruflé called it a scandalous travesty. Later life and death
Duruflé suffered severe injuries in a car accident on 29 May 1975, and as a result he gave up performing; indeed he was largely confined to his apartment, leaving the service at St-Étienne-du-Mont to his wife Marie-Madeleine (who was also injured in the accident). He died in a clinic at Louveciennes (near Paris) in 1986, aged 84, never having fully recovered from the accident. Compositions

Organ solo
 Scherzo op. 2 (1926)
 Prélude, adagio et choral varié sur le theme du 'Veni Creator''' op. 4 (1926/1930)
 Suite op.5 (1932):
 Prélude
 Sicilienne
 Toccata
 Prélude et fugue sur le nom d'Alain op. 7 (1942)
 Prélude sur l'introït de l'epiphanie op. 13 (1961)
 Fugue sur le thème du  de la Cathédrale de Soissons op. 12 (1962)
 Méditation op. posth. (1964)
 Lecture à vue (unpublished)
 Fugue (unpublished)
 Lux aeterna (unpublished)

Chamber music
 Prélude, récitatif et variations op. 3 for flute, viola, and piano (1928)

Piano solo
 Triptyque op.1: Fantaisie sur des thèmes grégoriens (1927/1943, unpublished)
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932, piano version by the composer):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin

Piano for 4 hands
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932, transcribed by the composer):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin

Two pianos
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932, transcribed by the composer):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin

Orchestral works
 Trois danses op. 6 (1932):
 Divertissement
 Danse lente
 Tambourin
 Andante et scherzo op. 8 (1940)

Choral works
 Requiem Op. 9:
 For vocal soloists, choir and (large) orchestra (normally including organ, but can be performed without one): commissioned as a symphonic poem in 1941; completed in September 1947; first performed on 2 November 1947; published in 1950
 For the same vocal forces and organ ("organ reduction" version; cello ad libitum in one movement): published in 1948
 For the same vocal forces, organ and (reduced) orchestra (several instruments ad libitum, but one or more string instruments in every movement): published in 1961
 For the same vocal forces and piano (unpublished)
 Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens op.10 for choir a cappella (1960):
 Ubi caritas et amor
 Tota pulchra es
 Tu es Petrus
 Tantum ergo
 Messe "Cum jubilo" op. 11 for baritone solo, male choir, and orchestra (1966):
 Version with organ (1967)
 Version with orchestra (1970)
 Version with small orchestra (1972)
 Notre Père op. 14 for unison male choir and organ (1977)
 Version for 4-part mixed choir a capella (1978)

Miscellaneous works
 Chant Donné: Hommage à Jean Gallon (1953)
 Sicilienne from Suite op. 5 for small orchestra (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, and string quintet, unpublished)

Transcriptions
 Johann Sebastian Bach
 Two chorales from cantatas BWV 22 and 147, arranged for organ solo, 1952
 4 chorales preludes for organ, orchestrated 1942-45:
 Nun komm' der Heiden Heiland (Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes)
 Nun freut euch, lieben Christen gmein, BWV 734
 O Lamm Gottes unschuldig, BWV 656 (Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes)
 In dir ist Freude, BWV 615 (Orgelbüchlein)
 Louis Vierne
 Soirs étrangers, op. 56, for violoncello and piano, orchestrated 1943:
 Grenade Sur le Léman Venise Steppe Canadien Poisson chinois Ballade du désespéré, op. 61, lyrical poem for tenor solo and piano, orchestrated 1943
 Three improvisations for organ (Notre-Dame-de-Paris, November 1928), transcribed 1954:
 Marche épiscopale Méditation Cortège Maurice Duruflé: Requiem, op. 9, for voices and piano (1947)
 Charles Tournemire
 Five improvisations for organ (Ste Clotilde, Paris, 1930/1931), transcribed 1956–58:
 Petite rapsodie improvisée Cantilène improvisée Improvisation sur le Te Deum Fantaisie-Improvisation sur l'Ave maris stella Choral-Improvisation sur le Victimae paschali Gabriel Fauré: Prelude of Pelléas et Mélisande, transcribed for organ solo
 Robert Schumann: Lamentation, transcribed for organ solo

References

Sources
 Darasse, Xavier."<mask>flé", in Guide de la musique d'orgue, edited by Gilles Cantagrel. Paris: Fayard, 1991: 335–337. James E. Frazier, <mask>: The Man & His Music (The Boydell Press 2007)
 Ronald Ebrecht, ed. <mask> (1902–1986): The Last Impressionist. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002. .
 Jörg Abbing. <mask>. Aspekte zu Leben und Werk.Verlag Peter Ewers, 2002. .
 Frédéric Blanc. <mask>. Souvenirs et autres écrits''. Éditions Atlantica-Séguier, 2005. . External links

 Association de Maurice et Marie-Madeleine Duruflé
 <mask> at Requiem Survey
 Pseudo-poseidonios.net
 Musimem.com

1902 births
1986 deaths
People from Louviers
20th-century classical composers
Composers for pipe organ
French classical composers
French male classical composers
French classical organists
French male organists
French Roman Catholics
Organ improvisers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Conservatoire de Paris faculty
Prix Blumenthal
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians

masks:
Maurice Gustave Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Duruflé
Maurice Duru
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé


texts:
<mask>, 7th Earl of Huntingdon (10 December 165030 May 1701) was a 17th-century English politician and Jacobite. One of the few non-Catholics to remain loyal to James II of England after November 1688, on the rare occasions he is mentioned by historians, he is described as a 'facile instrument of the Stuarts,' a 'turncoat' or 'outright renegade.' Once the leading political power in Leicestershire, his family had declined in influence; regaining that position became his primary ambition and drove his political choices. During the 1679 to 1681 Exclusion Crisis, he supported the removal from the succession of the Catholic heir, James, Duke of York, before switching allegiance in 1681. James succeeded as king in 1685 with widespread support but this collapsed when his religious measures and the methods used to enforce them seemed to undermine the legal system and the Church of England. By the end of 1687, Huntingdon was one of the few non-Catholics who continued to actively implement his policies. Even among those who considered James the legitimate king after 1688, the vast majority viewed primacy of the Church of England as non-negotiable; Hastings was considered to have actively persecuted his own church, a distinction that damaged his reputation among his contemporaries.One of 30 individuals excluded from the 1690 Act of Grace, he lost his offices but continued to attend the House of Lords and remained a committed Jacobite. He was arrested and charged with treason in 1692, although charges were later dropped; shortly before his death in May 1701, he was one of five peers who voted against the 1701 Act of Settlement barring Catholics from the throne. His daughter Lady Elizabeth Hastings (1682-1739) became a noted philanthropist and supporter of women's education who established the 'Lady Elizabeth Hastings Charities'. Early life
<mask> Hasting was born on 10 December 1650, fourth son of Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon and his wife Lucy. His three elder brothers died before his birth and he succeeded his father in 1656 at the age of five. Once the pre-eminent family in Leicestershire, the Hastings declined in influence after decades of over-spending and losses incurred during the 1642 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The 6th Earl remained neutral but his younger brother Henry commanded the Royalist garrison holding the family seat of Ashby de la Zouch Castle, which this was partially destroyed by Parliamentarian forces in 1648.The family relocated to their estate at Donington Hall, where Hastings was educated by his mother and his uncle Henry, who returned from exile after The Restoration in 1660. He was also created Baron Loughborough and Lord Lieutenant of Leicestershire, an office held by the Hastings family almost continuously between 1550 and 1642. After Henry died in 1667, he was replaced by John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland and regaining this position became Hastings' over-riding ambition. In 1672, Hastings married Elizabeth Lewis (died 1688), whose sister Mary (died 1684) was wife of the Earl of Scarsdale; the two were co-heiresses of Sir John Lewis, a wealthy merchant who owned Ledstone Hall, in West Yorkshire. They had nine children, only two of whom survived to adulthood; George, 8th Earl of Huntingdon (1677-1704) and Lady Elizabeth Hastings (1682-1739), a noted supporter of women's education. Elizabeth died in 1688 and two years later, Hastings married Mary Fowler (1664–1723), wealthy widow of Thomas Needham, 6th Viscount Kilmorey (1659-1687). They had two sons and four surviving daughters; Ann (1691-1755), Catherine (1692-1739), Frances (1693-1750), Theophilus, 9th Earl of Huntingdon (1696-1746), Margaret (1699-1768) and Ferdinando (1699-1726).Career

Hastings took his seat in the Lords and was a reliable supporter of the Crown until 1677, when the 9th Earl of Rutland succeeded his father as Lord Lieutenant. The Manners family supported Parliament in the Civil Wars, and Hastings was frustrated by a perceived lack of gratitude for his family's service. He joined the faction led by Shaftesbury, who opposed Charles' efforts to rule without Parliament and campaigned against 'Popery and arbitrary government.' The potential succession of the Catholic, pro-French Duke of York was seen as another step towards absolutism and led to the 1679–1681 Exclusion Crisis. Hastings became a prominent supporter; at a public dinner in 1679, he proposed a toast to the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, viewed as an alternative to James, and 'confusion to Popery', prompting a heated exchange with other guests. During the anti-Catholic campaign known as the Popish Plot in 1680, Hastings voted for the execution of Viscount Stafford, as did seven of eight members of Stafford's own family. It led to the execution of 22 alleged conspirators and caused widespread unrest; in August 1681, Titus Oates, source of the accusations, accused the Queen of conspiring to poison Charles.This was seen as going too far and many now withdrew their support, including Hastings; banned from Court in 1680, he was restored to favour in October 1681. In February 1682, he paid Scarsdale £4,500 for his post as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners, a ceremonial bodyguard with close access to the monarch. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 1683 and when James became king in February 1685, he was made Justice in eyre and colonel of an infantry regiment. At the start of his reign, James had widespread backing, inheriting a legislature so dominated by his supporters it became known as the Loyal Parliament. Memories of the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant the majority feared the consequences of removing the 'natural' heir; this caused the rapid collapse of the Monmouth and Argyll rebellions in June 1685. However, the Church of England and the legal system were key elements of a stable society; James' religious policies undermined the former, attempts to enforce them attacked the latter. When Parliament refused to pass his measures, it was suspended in November 1685 and thereafter he ruled by decree; the principle was accepted, the scope and approach were not, and judges who opposed his interpretation were dismissed.This forced James to rely on a few loyalists, one being Hastings, who was made a member of the Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes in July 1686. A number of people, including his first wife, accused him of being a secret Catholic; if true, this was controversial, since the Commission was set up to enforce compliance on the Church of England. Suspicions increased when he was exempted from the 1678 Test Act requiring office holders swear to uphold 'the Protestant religion.' In late 1687, James tried to ensure a Parliament that would vote for his Declaration of Indulgence; only those who confirmed their support for repealing the Test Act would be allowed to stand for election as Member of Parliament. Lord-Lieutenants were to administer the so-called 'Three Questions'; many resigned rather than do so, including Scarsdale, whom Huntingdon replaced as Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire. Combined with the trial of the Seven Anglican bishops for seditious libel in June 1688, James' policies now seemed to go beyond tolerance for Catholicism and Nonconformists and into an assault on the Church of England. James was now abandoned by most of his supporters, including Lord Chancellor Jeffreys; when he refused to sign the warrant committing the bishops to the Tower of London, Hastings did so instead, which was later held against him.Wild celebrations when the bishops were acquitted made it seem only James' deposition could prevent widespread civil unrest and the vast majority of his Tory supporters abandoned him. The seven signatories of the Invitation to William asking him to assume the English throne included representatives from the Tories, the Whigs, the Church and the Navy. During the Glorious Revolution in November 1688, Hastings and his regiment were sent to secure Plymouth; on arrival, he was arrested by its governor, the Earl of Bath, who declared for William. He was released on 26 December, two days after his wife died in childbirth; as one of thirty individuals exempted from the 1690 Act of Grace, he forfeited his offices although he continued to attend the Lords. He initially retained some local influence and in 1690, his support helped elect Sir Edward Abney, Tory candidate for Leicester. Thereafter the borough was dominated by the Manners family and he withdrew from active politics. As a committed Jacobite, Hastings was arrested during the 1692 invasion scare, allegedly because his stables were 'full of horses'.After the March 1696 Jacobite assassination plot, he voted against the execution of Sir John Fenwick and refused to take the loyalty oath imposed by Parliament. One of his last acts was to vote against the Act of Settlement that disinherited the Catholic Stuart exiles in favour of the Protestant Sophia of Hanover. His later years were dominated by a long-running legal dispute with his eldest son over his first wife's estates, which was settled only after his death. He died in London on 30 May 1701 and was succeeded by George, who served in the Low Countries during the War of the Spanish Succession and died of fever in 1705. Although Hasting was a minor political figure and not unusual in changing sides, on the rare occasions he is mentioned by historians, he is described as a 'facile instrument of the Stuarts,' a 'turncoat' or 'outright renegade.' His reputation for inconsistency increased during the 1689 Convention Parliament, when he voted first against a Regency, then with the Jacobite loyalists, and finally in favour of making William king. Historian Peter Walker argues all other issues were secondary to restoring his family's position, but 'continued loyalty to James in his last years suggests (he) was not a man bereft of principle.'References

Sources

External links

|-

1650 births
1701 deaths
Lord-Lieutenants of Derbyshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Leicestershire
Members of the Privy Council of England
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
<mask> Hastings, 07th Earl of Huntingdon
Somerset Light Infantry officers
7
Barons Hastings
English Jacobites
Barons Botreaux
Barons Hungerford

masks:
Theophilus Hastings
Theophilus
Theophilus


texts:
<mask> (born January 13, 1948) is a Puerto Rican actress, singer, and television host. Early years
<mask> was born in Santurce, a district of San Juan. In 1956 at the age of eight, she started taking acting lessons with Argentinians Luis A. Negro and Elba Mania, and dancing lessons with Beatriz Trujillo. In 1957, she made her acting debut as a child, on stage, at Teatro Tapia, in Old San Juan, in  Mientras los Niños Juegan (While the Children Play). That same year, she made her debut on television, with Channel 2's children's production of Los Amigos de Pinocho (Pinocho's Friends) as well as in the film Con Los Pies Descalzos (an Osvaldo Agüero production, starring the Catalan actor Ricardo Palmerola). Teenage years
She moved to Cancún, Mexico and there Rosaly started taking singing lessons when she became a teenager. Then, she participated on stage in zarzuelas such as El Caserío (The Country House), and Black el Payaso (Black the Clown); operettas, such as La duquesa del Bal Tabarin (The duchess of the Bal Tavern), and musicals performed in English, such as My Fair Lady and The Sound of Music.The latter, allowed her to perform on stage with another Puerto Rican acting legend, Camille Carrión. In 1966, already in her early years in college, she made her TV debut in the telenovela El Retrato de Angela (Angela's Portrait), broadcast by Telemundo. In this soap opera, she played a mute girl. Later, she married her first husband, Puerto Rican film director José Gilberto Molinari. They procreated 2 sons and a daughter. Alfonsina Molinari is <mask>'s daughter and she is an actress and an opera singer. Singing career
During the 1970s, <mask> had a short but notable career as a singer, and she signed with the Velvet Records label, and began touring all over Latin America, to promote her two albums under that label.She also attained considerable fame in Spain. Later, she would sign with CBS International label, now Sony Discos, and recorded two more albums for them. Television acting career
Rosaly performed in 15 soap operas altogether from 1966 - 1980. However, the leading roles she is mostly remembered for were, 1973's El Hijo de Angela María (The Son of Angela Marie), alongside Rolando Barral, Mona Marti, Ángela Meyer, and Lucy Boscana, among others. This performance led her to carry out the same leading role, Marisela Perdomo, in the film based on the telenovela, in Mexico, opposite Iranian-Mexican actress Irán Eory, and her crossover as a singer and actress was, 1978's Cristina Bazán, opposite José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma", and alongside Alba Nydia Díaz, Esther Sandoval, and Adamari López, at the early age of 6, among others. In 1979 moved from WKAQ-TV Telemundo Puerto Rico to WAPA-TV. There, she performed the leading role in the 1980 soap operas: Vida, (Life), & Amame, (Love Me), opposite Andrés García, for which she sang the theme songs "Yo Soy un Barco" (I'm a Ship), and "Amándote" (Loving You), respectively.By 1980, rumors of a romance with world boxing champion Wilfredo Gómez ran across Puerto Rico. in 1980 she starred in El Amor Nuestro de Cada Día (Our Daily Love), in which she also sang the title song of the same name, composed by Lou Briel. Anchor woman & TV host
As the 1980s came about, <mask> made a short parenthesis in her acting career, working as an executive in WAPA-TV, and shortly, moved to Telemundo again, and became an entertainment anchor woman and host in the talk-show, En Vivo a las Cinco, (Live at Five), and in the game show Super Sábados, (Super Saturdays) for several years. Films
In 1989, she performed alongside Tommy Muñiz in the motion picture film Lo que le Pasó a Santiago, (What really happened to Santiago) produced and directed by Jacobo Morales, which was nominated for an Oscar as the best foreign film. In 1993 she performed in, Shortcut to Paradise, and in  1994's Linda Sara, (Pretty Sarah) alongside Chayanne and Dayanara Torres. Recent years
During the 1990s, she was dedicated mostly to act on stage in several theater productions acclaimed by the critics, such as her impersonation of Maria Callas in Master Class, among many others, and since 1993, <mask>'s been working for WIPR-TV channel 6, Puerto Rico's Government TV channel, (Tu Universo Televisión), hosting several talk shows, among others, Mucho Gusto (It's a Pleasure). In 2010, she made her debut on the New York stage, in Sabina y Lucrecia.<mask> and New York-based actress Eva Cristina Vásquez starred in this play by Alberto Adellach, " a tale of two very different mentally ill women who escape an asylum." Presently, she hosts ¿Y cómo fué? (And How Was It? ), and Cultura Viva, (Alive Culture), alongside Puerto Rican actress Cordelia Gonzalez. She is also the lead researcher, scriptwriter and narrator of the program, and is credited with its conception. <mask> played "Mrs. Warren" in the San Juan revival of La profesión de la Sra. Warren, as part of the International Festival of the Puerto Rican Culture Institute.Personal life
On January 11, 2008, <mask> married José Manuel Saldaña, the former president of the University of Puerto Rico. The couple announced their separation in June 2011. During the 2018 California wildfires, <mask> was at the residence of her son, film director José Gilberto Molinari, and her daughter in law as well as her two-month old grandchild in Aguora Hills. She escaped the Woolsey Fire with her family by taking refuge in a hotel. Molinari's house only suffered minor damages. A day later, close to the hotel the Rocky Fire started, however, it was soon controlled and the family did not have to flee for a second time. Honors
She has received multiple honors, among them, the Puerto Rican Culture Institute (ICP), dedicated their 1997 International Theater Festival to her, honoring her more than 40 years as an actress.Filmography

Film

Television

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of people from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Cristina Bazán
Andrés García
"El Puma"

References

External links

Fundacion Nacional para la Cultura Popular

1948 births
Living people
Actresses from San Juan, Puerto Rico
American television talk show hosts
Puerto Rican film actresses
Puerto Rican soap opera actresses
Puerto Rican stage actresses
Puerto Rican television actresses
Puerto Rican television personalities
20th-century Puerto Rican women singers

masks:
Raquel Johanna Rosaly Guillermety
Johanna Rosaly
Johanna
Johanna Rosaly
Rosaly
Johanna
Rosaly
Rosaly
Rosaly
Rosaly