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<mask> (1887-1971) was an American educator and education theorist. An early proponent of the progressive education movement of John Dewey, <mask> was the driving force behind the creation of the New College, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City. He was its chairman from 1932 to 1938. <mask> was described by his contemporaries as a hard-working, pragmatic man and a common sense academic with a genius for organization and a love of education. Early life (1887-1913)
<mask> was born on July 3, 1887, in Smicksburg, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and <mask>, one of four children. He had two older brothers, <mask> and Wallace P<mask>, and a younger sister, Ethel M<mask>. A move to Kirksville, Missouri was precipitated by a tenuous family situation that led to the separation of young <mask>'s parents when he was very young.William John <mask>, who was at one time President of Beaver College (now Arcadia University) in Beaver, Pennsylvania, ended up in San Francisco, California, where he died in 1926. The relationship <mask> had with his father is not known, as there was little contact between them. By the age of 14, he was enrolled in the Kirksville Public School system graduating from Kirksville Public High School at the age of 16 in 1903. He attended the First District Normal School (later, Truman State University) in Kirksville, graduating with a Bachelor of Pedagogy (Pd.B.) in 1905 and later receiving a Master of Pedagogy (M.Pd) in 1907. While working on his master's degree, he taught in Kirksville, rising to the role of principal by 1906. <mask> applied to the University of Missouri only to find disappointment when he was told he would not be given credit for the work he had done at the normal school.<mask> started Columbia University studying German on September 25, 1907, on a trial basis. Coming from a rural setting, <mask> did not let himself be bored in the big city. He obtained employment during the week downtown as an usher in the theater district, including the Metropolitan Opera House. It was very good pay, however most of the performances were at night which ordinarily might interfere with studies. <mask> sensibly saw an advantage to the situation. Reminiscing years later to his son, <mask> said there wasn't much work to do as an usher. He went down to the theater every night at a certain time, showed people to their seats, and after the first act started, he was basically finished.After seeing the show a few times he then took a book to study and read. Later in his life he would tell students that if you must get a job, try to get one where you would have the opportunity to learn something. <mask> knew that every experience could be a learning moment. In finding employment, even part-time, one should seek a position where the brain is challenged rather than numbed in robotic drudgery. <mask> always advocated pedagogy of “lifelong learning” and lived it as an example of a positive life choice. After receiving the undergraduate credit he sought, <mask> applied and received a year's leave of absence to spend the 1908–1909 school year teaching overseas and studying German at the University of Jena with Professor Wilhelm Rein. He had obtained employment teaching science at Robert College, a boys' school in Constantinople, Turkey, until the Adana Massacre prompted him to Germany.Returning to New York, <mask> completed all the academic requirements to graduate in 1909, but had to wait until, 1910, to receive his A.B. diploma because of a certain physical education requirement. <mask> needed to demonstrate his ability to swim the length of a pool and receive a certificate of completion. It was not that he did not know how to swim; he just thought the requirement was silly and so he put it off until it was too late to register for the 1909 commencement. This event caused <mask> to think that there was something seriously wrong with an education curriculum that was so structured. The philosopher Dr. Mortimer J. Adler suffered a similar fate as he failed to pass the required swimming test for a bachelor's degree at Columbia College. Like <mask>, he considered it a nuisance.Adler never received his A.B. degree, but so impressed the faculty he was allowed into graduate school to complete his doctorate in psychiatry. Dr. Adler later received his A. B. degree in 1983. <mask> accepted a position teaching science at Heathcote School(also known as Heathcote Hall) in Harrison, Westchester County, New York, about twenty-five miles north from Manhattan. This was a private boarding school for young boys. During the summer break <mask> returned to Europe to continue his graduate studies.At Columbia University he skipped the desire to complete a master's program and registered as a doctoral student with Dr. Paul Monroe during which time he was also a graduate assistant to Dr. Edward L. Thorndike. Nashville and Peabody(1914-1924)
1n 1914, <mask> received an appointment to the George Peabody College for Teachers, in Nashville, TN. It let him solidify some of his thoughts about teacher education, the concept of community, and curriculum theory. It would show him that the logistics of starting a school within a school is very feasible. It would also introduce him to a couple of people who would forever change his life, Grace Elizabeth Andrews, his future wife, and William Fletcher Russell, son of Teachers College Dean James Earl Russell. The next year, 1915, was significant for <mask> in that he would receive academic acclaim as the founder of the Peabody Demonstration School and a contributor to the establishment of the Knapp Farm. The school lasted as a part of the Peabody College campus until 1974, when the college decided to close it.Afterwards, a sympathetic group of parents, alumni, students and teachers re-formed the demonstration school as the University School of Nashville, a non-profit, independent institution. <mask> completed his dissertation and received his doctorate in 1916, submitting his dissertation entitled The Prussian Elementary Schools. The work, a detailed description of Prussian educational practices before the war, was published in book form in 1919. This is significant because, <mask>'s next major work, (co-written with Beryl Parker) entitled The New Education in the German Republic, offered a detailed description of German education after the war, in contrast to his first book. <mask> and Russell spent three years in Nashville together at one time briefly sharing an apartment until Russell left in 1917 to become Dean of the College of Education at the State University of Iowa. In 1923 Russell became a professor of education and associate director of the International Institute at Teachers College until he succeeded his father as Dean of Teachers College in 1927. It was Russell that brought <mask> to the faculty at Columbia as part of the International Institute and later, it was Russell who approved the creation of New College.International Institute of Teachers College (1924-1930)
In 1923, Russell left Iowa to accept the position of Associate Director of the International Institute of Teachers College, with Paul Monroe as Director. In 1924, Dr. <mask> was asked to become part of the staff joining Isaac Leon Kandel, Lester L. Wilson, Stephen P. Duggan, Milton C. Del Manzo, George Counts, and Ruth McMurry. <mask> was the German expert at the institute and as such he returned to Europe many times and cultivated friendships with Dr. Fritz Karsen, Dr. Franz Hilker, Dr. Peter Petersen, Paul Geheeb, and Adolphe Ferrière. New College (1930-1939)
All of <mask>'s experiences thus far convinced him that a new type of teachers college was necessary to address the social issues of the day. Originally, New College's progressive foundations, its philosophical origins, and its influences were the Concept of Community, Critical Pedagogy, and German Progressive Education. After the planning for the new college began, the United States suffered the economic upheaval that was the Great Depression. Resulting influences then included Social Reconstruction and Student Activism.There was a planned departure from traditional teacher-training institutions by placing special emphasis on child nature and development through experiences designed to give the student an insight into the problems of contemporary social life. <mask> sought to develop a critical consciousness in his students for intellectually based social leadership and provide guidance in effectually meeting the universally persistent problems of living, that is, the essential problems of living that students and in reality, all humans, would face in all stages of their development as individuals, as members of social groups, and as teachers of children and adults. Using innovative ideas such as extended foreign study, community-based active research, and authentic assessment, a portfolio-based undergraduate learning curriculum was developed which rejected traditional summative grades or the accumulation of credits as the basis of degree completion. The logistics and managerial challenges of starting an institution of higher learning from the ground up must have been daunting. It was here that <mask> proved himself to be an organizational genius. His handprint was on everything, from finding classrooms and dormitories to the formation of the curriculum and the selection of the initial faculty and first students. The worsening socio-economic atmosphere fueled the rise of communism and socialism in America's cities.In the world, New College students saw the rise of Hitler in Germany, Japanese aggression in Manchuria, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and the tragedy of the Spanish Civil War. As a result, many New College students became politically active, encouraged by the philosophy of community-based active research. Some students, avowed communists and socialists, were given “credit” and in one case, a scholarship, for organizing and participating in demonstrations, protests and pickets. By 1938, Dean William F. Russell had to decide that the experimental institution was a financial failure. Indeed, the figures in the budget were very clear. New College was in a continual state of deficit spending, but then again, so was every other college or university in the United States, Teachers College included. A college or university that ran in the black during the Depression was a rarity.Although notoriously apolitical, <mask> found himself governing the college through a highly politicized decade steeped in extreme idealism calling for social action. <mask> didn't consider himself a “progressive” or an iconic figure of reform like Kilpatrick or Counts, but rather he was an educator who knew that the teacher, a competent and cultured one, makes the difference in any community or society. Because he never liked to play the political game the extreme left would accuse him of anti-Semitism and being a secret Nazi sympathizer, while the extreme right would hold up his college, the reflection of his educational philosophy, as an example of communist infiltration in higher education. New College closed in 1939. World War II (1939-1946)
The closing of New College hit <mask> hard. Although, still technically a member of the Teachers College faculty, he spent the war years teaching sporadically and helping other New College faculty in their endeavors to keep the college's unique philosophy alive. Had New College not existed, <mask> may very well have been regarded as an early pioneer of comparative education, along with Kandel, especially through his close friendship with Drs.Franz Hilker and Friedrich Schneider, who both were highly regarded in the burgeoning field of comparative education. The innovation of foreign study as a requirement lived on in Dr. Agnes Snyder, who soon left after the closing of New College, eventually becoming the chairman of the Department of Education at Adelphi College. In this position she called on <mask> to renew his vision of New College through Adelphi's New Teachers Education Program (ANTEP), which required foreign study as part of the program. Later, in a letter to alumni of New College, <mask> wrote that in 1945 "at a dinner in my home one night, William Russell said, 'Tom, the biggest mistake in my life was to close New College'. Dr. <mask> answered, 'It's a hell of a time to find that out'.”

<mask> <mask> purchased the land where the New College Community was near Canton, North Carolina, where he lived until his death on October 16, 1971. Postwar Germany
When one of his New College students and protege, John W. Taylor, was appointed to lead the E &RA (Education & Religious Affairs) branch of OMGUS, the Office of Military Government, United States in the American Zone of post-war Germany, <mask> was in 1946 recruited to advise on rebuilding the German education system, drawing up recommendations which made Dewey's educational ideals central to the project. <mask> and Taylor worked for the relatively minuscule E&RA branch whose first mandate was simply to get the children off the streets.The attempts were not successful partly due to <mask>'s non-political nature. Echoing his intransigence to non-educational aims, <mask> and Taylor did not try to reach out to political allies who might help them but rather chose their counterparts in Germany, secondary education scholars. The unwillingness of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Church and other Christian entities to accept a one-track school system because of concerns about lowered standards soon discredited the American attempt to reform German education, which was effectively abandoned in 1948. For his efforts, nonetheless, <mask> was awarded a medal by the German Government. Publications
<mask>, R. T. (1919) The Prussian Elementary Schools. New York, NY: Macmillan. <mask>, R. T. (1927) Practice Teaching in Germany for Elementary and Secondary teachers.Educational Administration and Supervision, 13, 289–291. <mask>, R. T. & Kandel, I. L. (1927) The Reorganization of Education in Prussia. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University. <mask>, R. T. & Parker, B. (1929) The New Education in the German Republic. New York, NY: John Day Co.
<mask>, R. T. (1929) The Training of Elementary Teachers in Germany. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University.<mask>, R. T. (1930) A Wider Extension of the Content of Student Teaching. Educational Administration and Supervision, 16, 352-358
<mask>, R. T. (1930) Need for the establishment of an experimental teachers college. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University. <mask>, R. T. (1931) Plan for a Demonstration Teachers College. Virginia Teacher, 12, 192–195. <mask>, R. T. (1931) New teachers college. School and Society, 34, 528.<mask>, R. T. (1933) Significance of New College. National Education Association, Proceedings of the Seventy-first Annual Meeting, Chicago, 730–735. <mask>, R. T. (1935) Basic aims, scope, and organization of the curriculum of New College for the education of teachers. Proceedings of the Institute for Higher Institutions, 75–95. <mask>, R. T., Snyder, A., Morris, M., & Limbert, P. (1935) New College and its community building program. Unpublished manuscript, New College, Columbia University. <mask>, R. T. (1936) New College program for the education of teachers of social science.Educational Administration and Supervision, 22, 447–470. <mask>, R. T., Snyder, A., & Stratemeyer, F. (1937) "The curriculum at New College." In B. Lamar Johnson (Ed. ), What about survey courses. New York, NY: Holt and Company. References

20th-century American educators
Teachers College, Columbia University faculty
1887 births
1971 deaths
People from Indiana County, Pennsylvania

masks:
Richard Thomas Alexander
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Richard Alexander
Mary Elizabeth Wilhelm Alexander
William John Alexander
John Wilhelm Alexander
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. Alexander
Thomas
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Richard Alexander
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Collier "P. J.<mask>. (born October 14, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The ,  center/power forward was selected out of Louisiana Tech University by the New Jersey Nets with the 29th overall pick in the 1992 NBA draft, but began his NBA career only in the 1993–94 season. He was voted into the NBA All-Defensive Second Team three times, in 1997, 1999 and 2001, and won the NBA Sportsmanship Award in 2004. He attended Winnfield Senior High School in Winnfield, Louisiana, where he played for the Winnfield Tigers, and has played professionally for the Nets, Miami Heat, Charlotte Hornets, New Orleans Hornets, Chicago Bulls and Boston Celtics. <mask> retired from the NBA after winning an NBA championship with the Celtics in 2008.College
<mask> played four years at Louisiana Tech and averaged 10.1 points and 8.4 rebounds per game in 121 contests. He left Louisiana Tech as the Bulldogs' second all-time leader in blocks with 241, and fifth in rebounds with 1,017. NBA career

New Jersey Nets (1993–1996)
<mask> was selected out of Louisiana Tech University with the 29th overall pick in the second round of the 1992 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets. However, he elected to play in the 1992–93 HEBA A1 season in his first year out of college and averaged 17.0 points, 13.3 rebounds and 3.2 blocks per game for Panionios B.C. In his first three seasons in the NBA, from 1993 to 1996, he played in 240 regular season games for the New Jersey Nets and increased his starts from 54 games in the 1994 season to 63 in the 1995 season before starting in all 81 games that he appeared in the 1996 campaign. The Nets made the playoffs in 1994, and <mask> appeared in four first round playoff games as New Jersey was eliminated by the New York Knicks. That season also featured <mask> participating in the 1994 Rookie Challenge during NBA All-Star Weekend.In addition to increasing his playing time <mask> also increased his scoring average each year, and in the 1996 season he would average a then career high 11.3 points with 6.9 rebounds a game. The Nets however did not reach the post-season in both his second and third year with the team. In the 1996 off-season he would sign as a free agent with the Miami Heat. Miami Heat (1996–2000)
Miami had made the playoffs the previous year led by all-star center Alonzo Mourning, point guard Tim Hardaway and head coach <mask>, who decided to start <mask> for 71 games in the 1996–97 season. <mask> increased his shooting percentage and rebounding, received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team as the Heat won a franchise best 61 games and the Atlantic Division Title. <mask>'s defense and rebounding helped the Heat advance in the playoffs, as they defeated the Orlando Magic in the first round in 5 games and New York Knicks in a grueling 7 games series. He came up big in the crucial games of the playoffs, scoring 12 points with 14 rebounds in the deciding game against Orlando and 18 points with 12 rebounds in a game 5 win at home against the Knicks.In that game, <mask> was attempting to establish rebounding position with Knicks point guard Charlie Ward before lifting and flipping him onto a row of photographers along the baseline, leading to a brawl between the teams. This would result in <mask> being suspended for the last two games of the series, along with players from the New York bench who intervened. Despite overcoming New York, the team could not overcome the defending champion Chicago Bulls, who defeated Miami in 5 games in the franchise's first trip to the Eastern Conference Finals. <mask> averaged 9.2 points and 8.8 rebounds in the playoffs. Starting in all 74 games in which he appeared, <mask> posted nearly identical production in the 1997–98 season as the Heat once again entered the playoffs but came up short in a five-game first round loss against New York . In the lockout shortened 1998–99 season, <mask> was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team for the second time in his career and averaged a career high 11.4 points a game. The Heat once again won the Atlantic Division but also were once again defeated in a stunning first round series in 5 games to the eighth-seeded Knicks.<mask>'s role continued in the 1999–2000 season, and the Heat would win in the first round against the Detroit Pistons before facing the Knicks for the fourth straight year. Once again, the Heat would fall to their New York rivals in another long and grueling 7 game series. Charlotte / New Orleans Hornets (2000–2006)
On August 1, 2000, <mask>, alongside <mask>, Otis Thorpe, <mask> and Rodney Buford, was traded to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for <mask>, Anthony Mason, Dale Ellis and Ricky Davis. In 2000–01, his first season with the Hornets, <mask> was selected to his third NBA All-Defensive Second Team. In 2001–02, he was chosen as the Central Division recipient of the NBA Sportsmanship Award. The Hornets relocated to New Orleans prior to the 2002–03 season, where <mask> had his best scoring seasons, averaging 10.6 points per game in 240 regular season games from 2002 to 2005. During the 2002–03 season, he received the NBA Community Assist Award for the month of September and was again chosen as the Central Division recipient of the NBA Sportsmanship Award, for the second consecutive time.In 2003–04, he was yet again chosen as the Central Division NBA Sportsmanship Award recipient, for the third consecutive season, this time capturing the 2004 NBA Sportsmanship Award. Prior to the 2006–07 season, <mask> had played in 999 regular season games, including 941 starts. By that time, he was one of 26 players in NBA history to have 8,000 points, 7,000 rebounds, 1,000 assists and 1,000 blocks. Chicago Bulls (2006–2007)
On July 13, 2006, <mask> was traded by the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets along with J. R. Smith to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Tyson Chandler. He played well as a veteran with the young team, starting the majority of his games, though he scored in meager proportions, and only averaged a career-low of 20.2 minutes per game. Retirement thoughts
After the 2006–07 season, <mask> did not re-sign with the Bulls and rejected offers from several teams interested in his services, citing he might have been done with his career. He went into semi-retirement while contemplating a possible return, lasting considerably into the 2007–08 season.Boston Celtics (2008)
On February 27, 2008, after resting for most of the 2007–08 season and weighing his options, <mask> signed with the Boston Celtics for the remainder of the season, in order to bolster their front court. His decision to come to Boston was strongly aided by a conversation with future teammates Ray Allen and <mask>, who convinced him to sign with the Celtics during the 2008 NBA All-Star Weekend. The San Antonio Spurs and New Orleans Hornets were interested in his services, but he chose the Celtics instead. He made his debut against the Chicago Bulls, his former team, on March 7, 2008. <mask> had an unexpected breakout performance which took place in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Cleveland Cavaliers on May 18, 2008, when he scored 10 points and pulled down 6 rebounds, hitting all of his four shots and making key contributions in the fourth quarter. He hit a key shot with less than two minutes left in the game as the Celtics went on to win the game 97–92. After the game, he told reporters: "That shot, hey, probably I would say the biggest shot of my career".He also had a strong performance in Game 1 of the 2008 NBA Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers on June 5, 2008, playing increased minutes in the first Finals game of his 15-year career en route to a Celtics victory. He retired at the end of that season with a championship. His daughter, Kalani <mask>, is a professional basketball player with the Atlanta Dream. <mask>'s nickname "<mask>." was given to him by his grandmother as a child, due to his affinity for peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. He was inducted into the Louisiana Tech University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1998, the Louisiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 2001, and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 2016. See also
 Heat–Knicks rivalry

References

External links

 P.J.<mask> at SI.com

1969 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Louisiana
Basketball players from Detroit
Boston Celtics players
Centers (basketball)
Charlotte Hornets players
Chicago Bulls players
Greek Basket League players
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs basketball players
Miami Heat players
New Jersey Nets draft picks
New Jersey Nets players
New Orleans Hornets players
Panionios B.C. players
People from Winnfield, Louisiana
Power forwards (basketball)
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

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" Brown Jr
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Pat Riley
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Eddie Jones
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<mask> (early 1801 – 29 March 1873) was a folklorist  from Co. Wexford, Ireland. An educator turned  bookseller, who also contributed various articles and reviews as a writer, he eventually became most known as a collector and publisher of Irish folktales and folklore, particularly from his native County Wexford. <mask> was born in the early part of 1801 in Kilmyshal beyond the outskirts of Bunclody, County Wexford, Ireland, in a financially well-off family of peasant stock. The lived in the village of Kilmyshal until reached age six, and Mount Leinster, which loomed tall over his boyhood hometown served as a backdrop of his first book. The family moved (in 1807) to some district in Castleboro, Killegney civil parish, Co. Wexford; it is known they resided particularly at Coolbawn townland from 1810–1814. Then in 1814 they moved again three miles east to Courtnacuddy, Rossdroit civil parish. During this period, <mask> went away briefly in 1813 to attend school at Shanowle near Taghmon, staying with his mother's relatives, but this lasted only one or two terms.Subsequently he was schooled closer to home at Cloughbawn, in Clonroche townland. The school was run by the famous "Mr. O'Neill", and at first <mask>'s classes were held at the Cloughbawn Parish Church, until a schoolhouse was erected by the landlord, Robert Carew. <mask> lodged at the home was Morgan Dunne, his room and board paid for by tutoring. The Cloughbawn school had high standards and <mask> would later commend it in writing. His studies there lasted until 1818 or late 1819. In 1819 when he filled a temporary teacher's post at Tombrick School vacated by a friend (O'Brien) who was going to attend the Teachers Training School at Kildare Place. In 1820 or 21, <mask> himself went to Dublin to enroll in the teacher-training program at Kildare Place (officially called the "Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor of Ireland"), and was so highly evaluated that after completing the program c. 1821, he was not posted to the school of his landlord as might have been expected, but gained employ at the Society itself as an instructor, or  as Junior Assistant to the Superintendent, c. 1822.The Society, which the British Government as the apparatus overseeing the education of the whole of Ireland, was abolished in 1831, due to pressure from the men of the Catholic Emancipation movement. After his place of employment vanished, <mask> set himself up as a  "Drawing Master", and as of 1836 his name is found registered with the Dublin Directory as Professor of Drawing. He married Maria Kelly on 24 October 1832. The Commission of Education which replaced the Society emphasized agricultural learning, and when the Glasnevin facility with a farm for practical training and a residence for the trainee teachers were completed in 1838, <mask> was appointed Superintendent. But he was dismissed shortly after, having quarreled with the farm's manager. He abandoned the teaching profession at some time uncertain, and established a lending-library and bookseller shop on 8 Anglesea Street, Dublin, which he later moved to the Anglesea Street on the corner of Cope Street. Edward Dowden remembered the proprietor "with round, bald head, grizzled beard, and a smile and twinkle over all his face".<mask> ran the shop for some thirty years. <mask> died 29 March 1873. Alfred Webb's  A Compendium of Irish Biography (1878) writes that his home often played host to the "Hibernian Temperance Association", though possibly this is a result of confusion with Dr. <mask>, Bishop of Killaloe, associated with Father Mathew's temperance movement. Literary career

<mask>'s career in writing began by being published in such periodicals as the Wexford Independent and Duffy's Fireside Magazine. At first contributed articles and reviews, and later began to set down tales from his native Wexford County into writing. Legends of Mount Leinster
In 1851, writing under the pen name "Harry Whitney" for the Wexford Independent, <mask> asked his readership to send him rough accounts of local traditions, so he may print such stories and legends in his "Whitney Papers" column for the edification of the younger generation. Such stories formed the core of his first book, Legends of Mount Leinster (1855).In the book a cast of characters convene a fireside gathering, telling stories, probably modeled after actual gatherings <mask> observed. Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts

Some of his stories which he sent to Sheridan Le Fanu in 1862 appeared as "Leinster Folk Lore" in the Dublin University Magazine from 1861 till 1869. Later, at Le Fanu's encouragement, a full collection was published as Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts (1866). The first included tale is "Jack and His Comrades," later reprinted by Joseph Jacobs. The collected stories were interleaved with a considerable amount of his own narrative:  his "stories link by running commentary and characterized by often ponderous moralizing". "The Palace in the Rath" is recognized as a folktale of the AT 503 ("The Gifts of the Little People") type, but Bo Almqvist prefers to regard it as a migratory legend, or, a "fabulate". From the perspective of later providing material and influencing the Yeats or the Celtic Revival movement, the Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts was the most important of <mask>'s works, alongside Fireside Stories of Ireland (1870), and Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871).<mask>'s "The Belated Priest" in Legendary Fictions was the source of Yeats's 1889 poem "The Priest and the Fairy". Banks of the Boro

The Banks of the Boro: a Chronicle of the County of Wexford (1867) and Evenings in the Duffrey (1869) are described as the most ambitious of his works, insofar as they each is designed with (an albeit nominal) plot, and the two most important of <mask>'s contribution in the estimation of IFC collector James G. Delaney. These plots were stitched together from actual events he either witnessed himself, "or heard secondhand from his friends in the years 1812 to 1822". In The Banks of the Boro, <mask>'s alias Harry Whitney (or "H. W.") still makes appearance. The namesake Whitney family of Moneytucker lived down the road from the <mask> home at Courtnacuddy. Mr. Whitney of Moneytucker is a hero in the tale of "The Fate of the Priest Catcher" from the time of the Penal Laws, having sequestered a fleeing priest and assisting his escape. The storyteller states that the Whitney's good deed was remembered, so that some years later, the life of a kinsman (Whitney of Rathnure) was spared in the Irish Rebellion of 1798.But Robert Whitney of Moneytucker testified to suffering a harrowing experience at the hands of the rebels, for his house was plundered and burned, himself taken captive, lashed, and threatened to be killed a number of times. The 1798 rebellion was before <mask>'s birth, but there were three or four elder siblings who experienced it, and three yeomen came riding in search of rebels at their home, with one searcher about to torch the place down before a comrade intervened. The book contained not just tales and legend, but also ballads performed and the games played (e.g. "Old Dowd and his Daughters") at wakes. Delaney confirms that even in later times in the region, such pastimes at wakes were often engaged in, in unrestrained and prolonged fashion, particularly if the deceased was a transient, with no close acquaintances to mourn him. Bardic Stories of Ireland

Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871) was another important work for the Celtic Revival. The tale "Baille and Ailinn" in this collection was adapted by Yeats into the poem "Baile and Aillinn".Critical evaluation

<mask> was one of the pioneers in uncovering Irish folkloric material, with a lasting impact on William Butler Yeats and the Celtic Revival movement. The tales were told in rusticated English of the Irish peasantry who had established roots in The Pale, the  part of Ireland. He is "widely credited with preserving Irish idioms in the turn of phrase, sentence structure, Irish words". <mask>'s folklore-collecting has been assessed as "unfailingly accurate" by James G. Delaney, a folklore collector for the Irish Folklore Commission who has conducted field work largely in the Midlands, but began his career in 1954 collecting folklore in areas of Wexford where <mask> grew up. <mask> was also assiduous about recording folklore for the sake of it being tradition deserving to be preserved, even in the cases of a particular ballad he did not have high opinion of, or the custom of irreverently playing games and singing ballad, for which he privately held reservations. Bo Almqvist also compares <mask> favorably to Thomas Crofton Croker as folktale collector, and although <mask> did to add literary flair and contrived humour, or somewhat dwelled on stereotypes of the Irishman such as his love for alcohol, but did not take license and tamper with the tales in a major way compared with Croker. <mask>'s tales from Co. Wexford, mostly recalled from memory as told in English during his youth, are valuable since they preserve the folklore of a region that became somewhat neglected from folklore-collection subsequently in the 19th century.List of Works
Under pseudonym of Harry Whitney
 Legends of Mount Leinster (1855). As <mask>
 Fictions of Our Forefathers (1859). Legendary fictions of the Irish Celts (1867). The Banks of the Boro a Chronicle of the County of Wexford (1867). Evenings in the Duffrey (1869). The Fireside Stories of Ireland (1870). The Bardic Stories of Ireland (1871).Explanatory notes

References
Citations

Bibliography

 ; followed by an excerpt of a tale, pp. 468–472. ; text via IA. ; text via IA;  text via Hathi Trust; New Edition, 1875. 1801 births
1873 deaths
Irish folklorists
Writers from County Wexford
Alumni of the Church of Ireland College of Education

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Patrick Kennedy
Life Kennedy
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick
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Patrick Kennedy
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The death of <mask> occurred in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on 26 October 1997. <mask>'s coffee was laced with rohypnol, a sedative, at a dinner party, after which he was injected with a lethal dose of heroin by his girlfriend Anu Singh, who was a law student at the Australian National University at the time. Singh was convicted in 1999 of manslaughter. She was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, but was released early in 2001. Since her release, she has undertaken criminology research. The crime was portrayed in Helen Garner's non-fiction book <mask>inque's Consolation (2004), which was later adapted into a film of the same name. Singh-Cinque relationship
<mask> and Anu Singh met in Newcastle, New South Wales in 1995.The following year, the couple were living together in Canberra while she was a law student at the Australian National University. During the 1998 trial, one of Singh's friends testified that she had been highly obsessed with her self-image, particularly her body, since 1991 and had briefly taken ipecac after Cinque mentioned it, something she was later angry with him for. Singh was also reportedly obsessed with fad diets and would spend hours working out at the gym—she had told friends "she'd rather be dead than fat". In May 1997, Singh told a friend that she wanted to kill several people, including Cinque, her ex-boyfriend Simon Walsh and her doctors. Death
Singh's close friend Madhavi Rao invited acquaintances to two dinner parties in October 1997 and told them that a crime would be committed. Witness Sanjeeva Tennekoon reported that the first dinner party on 24 October was normal and that Singh and Cinque appeared loving. However, another witness told the court that Rao had told her afterwards that Singh had tried to kill Cinque that evening but did not deliver a sufficient dose, and that the witness had threatened to go to the police.The day after the first dinner party, Singh and Rao went to a friend, Len Mancini, and told him they had given Cinque drugs the previous evening. <mask> died on 26 October 1997, the morning after the second dinner party. Toxicology reports showed high levels of heroin and rohypnol in his body. Witness Ross Manley claimed that Singh bought more heroin from Manley's friend on the morning of 26 October. Singh called an ambulance for Cinque at 12:10pm on 26 October, and the ambulance officers found that he had had a cardiac arrest. Singh made it difficult for the ambulance to respond quickly, giving a false address. Singh told police at the scene that she had administered drugs to Cinque.Police reported that when they arrived at the scene, Singh was hysterical and struggled with police and ambulance officers when they took her away from Cinque's body. Trial
Singh first appeared in court on 28 October 1997, charged with murder. She had told police that she had injected Cinque with heroin so that he would not interfere with a suicide attempt. Rao was charged with conspiracy to commit murder and released on bail on 5 November. The prosecutor noted that both Singh and Rao had been indiscreet about their actions. Singh applied for bail in December, and a psychiatrist presented evidence of a personality disorder. The prosecution pinpointed Singh as someone who embodied strong narcissistic traits.Singh and Rao were tried jointly in October and November 1998, but this trial was aborted on 11 November, with Justice Ken Crispin saying that one of the pieces of evidence was problematic as it was unclear as to which of Singh or Rao it was admissible against. For the second trial, Singh elected to stand trial by judge alone, forgoing a jury. Justice Crispin ruled that Singh and Rao should be tried separately in the interest of fairness. In her 1999 trial, Singh's defence presented evidence that she was mentally ill and had diminished responsibility, proposing an insanity defense. The court was told that Singh believed she was dying from a muscle wasting disease, complained of "not being able to feel her head on her body" and was bulimic. The prosecutors called an expert witness to testify that Singh had appeared rational and assertive on the night she was arrested. On 23 April Justice Crispin found Singh guilty of manslaughter and the following day sentenced her to ten years' imprisonment with a minimum four years non-parole period.Cinque's mother was deeply unhappy with the short sentence. In Rao's second trial, she was charged with murder, manslaughter, attempted murder, and administering a stupefying drug and was acquitted of all charges. Singh was released on parole in October 2001 after four years imprisonment, including time she had served on remand since 1997. She was returned to jail in April 2004 after breaching her parole conditions by smoking marijuana and re-released on 5 August 2004 after challenging her re-imprisonment on a technicality. Anu Singh

Early life
Anu Singh was born in India on 3 September 1972 to Indian Australian parents, Pradyumn "Paddy" and Surinder Singh, both doctors. The family emigrated from India to Sydney in 1973, when Singh was a baby. They settled in the suburb of Strathfield.Singh attended a Catholic high school in Newcastle, where she was the dux of year 10 in 1988. She graduated high school in 1990 and moved to Canberra the following year to begin studying a double degree in Economics/Law at the Australian National University. Singh missed her life in Sydney, engaged in recreational drug use while living in Canberra, and frequently called home to her parents. As a result, she deferred her studies for one year to return to her family in Sydney. Singh's early life was relatively unremarkable, and her father remarked on her as a "happy-go-lucky child" albeit one with some attachment issues, who gradually descended into mental illness in her twenties. According to Paddy Singh, Anu's problems escalated in 1995. It was around this time she had an affair with <mask>.After Singh's break-up with an ex-boyfriend, Simon Walsh, as a result of her brief affair with <mask>, she began to use recreational drugs daily, developed insomnia and would pace the house at night. Singh's break-up with Walsh was referred to as a "significant life event" in the court transcripts of her trial. During her relationship with <mask>, she was dieting excessively and would obsess about her weight. Singh's problems appeared to stabilise briefly during the early days of her relationship with Cinque, but soon returned after they moved in together. Her university attendance became sporadic, and on the rare occasion when she was seen by her peers, she appeared to be "dishevelled" and "poorly dressed"—in contrast to her earlier generally immaculate and prideful dress sense. Singh's father took her to various psychologists and psychiatrists for help, who opined Singh's problem was "psychological", not physical. After release
Singh has completed a masters in criminology at Sydney University, having attended classes on day release from Emu Plains Correctional Centre.In June 2005, concern was expressed in the New South Wales Parliament about Singh's employment with the Cabramatta Community Centre. The public was reassured that Singh was not employed to distribute clean injecting equipment and that her employment was on a time-limited project. In 2010, Singh began research at the University of Sydney Faculty of Law, and in 2012 was awarded a doctorate for her thesis Offending Women: Toward a Greater Understanding of Women's Pathways Into and Out of Crime in Australia. It outlines "five major pathways that led [female prisoners] to crime: unstable upbringings, sexual and physical abuse, drug use, economic marginality and mental illness". An edited version was released as a self-published e-book in 2016. In literature and other adaptations

The crime has been adapted into works by several authors and filmmakers. The best-known example is Helen Garner's 2004 book <mask>'s Consolation, published in the same month as Singh's re-release from prison, which was a widely publicised account of Singh's crime and trial, together with the Cinque family's response to it.Singh gave interviews shortly after the release of the book, recounting her own memories of the killing and expressing regret at rejecting Garner's request for an interview. She told interviewers that she wished to redress some of the book's imbalance towards her. In 2012, it was announced that Garner's book would be turned into a film to be directed by Canberran Sotiris Dounoukos. Dounoukos was at ANU studying law at the same time as Singh; she was "a friend of friends". The film was partially funded by Screen Australia. The film, also called <mask>'s Consolation, was given a cinematic release on 13 October 2016 to generally positive critical attention. Singh was portrayed by actress Maggie Naouri.Other works based on the death of <mask> include:
 In 2005, a documentary was being made about Singh by James Ricketson which covered her employment in Cabramatta. The documentary was reportedly to be called Atonement. Criminology, a play by Tom Wright and Lally Katz, performed at Melbourne's Malthouse Theatre in August 2007. The Dinner Party, a psychological thriller film starring Lara Cox, released in 2009 and produced by SilverSun Pictures, a video, TV and film production company in Canberra. Deadly Women and Crimes That Shook Australia. The case was covered by True Crime Island in July 2018. The case was also covered in November 2019 by Casefile True Crime.References

1997 crimes in Australia
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Manslaughter in Australia
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<mask> is a Canadian businessman. He was acclaimed leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador on April 17, 2014, and was slated to be sworn in as the 12th Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, but he announced on June 16, 2014 that he was quitting politics before actually assuming either position. <mask> was born in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador in 1953. He is the eldest of eight children, three boys and five girls, born to Eugene and <mask>. His father was the second generation owner of Colemans retail business, which operated grocery and furniture stores. During his youth <mask> would work in the family business, from sweeping floors, to stocking shelves and selling furniture. He also spent one summer selling newspaper subscriptions, and another two summers working in the City of Corner Brook economic development office.As well, <mask> set up a small business selling advertising for a project he was working on. <mask> moved to Nova Scotia to receive his post-secondary education. He first earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at St. Francis Xavier University, before receiving his Masters of Economics from Dalhousie University. It was during his final months in university that he met his future wife Yvonne Hennebury, a nurse originally from St. John's. A year after, they began dating the couple were married. The two decided they wanted to have a big family, so after Yvonne gave birth to their second child she left nursing to be a stay-at-home mother. The two had seven children in total; Eugene, Anna Claire, Maggie, Janet, Aidan, Maria and Yvette.<mask> began his career as an economist with Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro in St. John's. He applied for the job while still living in Halifax, and he could not afford to travel to St. John's for the interview. He managed to secure funds to travel to St. John's through the Unemployment office after verifying the interview with them, an act which helped secure him the job. After nearly eight years with Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, <mask> began teaching night classes at Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN). As well, he started a company selling satellite dishes as well as a consulting company. In 1983, he resigned from his job with Hydro to become a full-time private consultant. As a consultant he did environmental impact studies for the Hibernia oil field, did work for Sealand Helicopters and some work in agriculture.He later returned to the family business and within 60 months was president and chief executive officer of the Coleman Group of Companies. After rejoining the company, <mask> felt they needed to invest in technology to further grow the business. In 2010, the company’s technology investment had grown into a Point of Sale business intelligence software. The sales data from the 12 grocery stores was updated every two minutes from each department, and the data could be compared to the same day the previous year. Complete sales and gross profit reports are available each week to be reviewed by management. Atlantic Business Magazine has recognized Colemans as one of Canada’s 50 best-managed companies, and in 2010 <mask> himself was named CEO of the Year by the magazine. <mask> along with his cousin <mask> were named recipients of the Canadian Federation of Independent Grocers (CFIG) 2013 Life Member Designation.He was also president and chief executive officer of Humber Valley Paving and Humber Valley Asphalt and Aggregates. In 2012, <mask> was appointed to the Board of Directors of Emera Newfoundland & Labrador Holdings Inc. The company is a subsidiary of Emera Inc., which is tasked with the design and construction of the Maritime Link portion of the Muskrat Falls hydro project. He resigned is position when he entered provincial politics. He has served on numerous other boards including, Newfoundland Power, Fisher Institute of Applied Arts and Technology, Immaculate Heart of Mary private Catholic School,  Council for Canadian Unity, Rocky Mountain Liquor Corporation, The North West Company, Fishery Products International, United Grocers Inc. and Canadian Council of Grocery Distributors. 2014 leadership election

In February 2014, there were reports that <mask> was interested in entering politics by seeking the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador (PC Party). The new leader of the party would subsequently be sworn in as the province's 12th premier.The position became vacant on January 24, 2014, when Kathy Dunderdale stepped down as leader and as Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, handing over the posts to Tom Marshall on an interim basis. Despite being relatively unknown throughout the province <mask> was quickly perceived as the frontrunner in the race when it was believed that former premier Danny Williams had courted him to run. On March 14, 2014, <mask> filed his nomination papers joining Bill Barry and Wayne Bennett in the leadership race. At his campaign launch <mask> denied being courted by Williams and said that while he reached out to the former premier he had considered entering politics for several years. A public opinion poll conducted in March 2014, showed that <mask> was the overwhelming favourite of the general public to be the next PC Party leader. 38 percent of those polled thought <mask> was the best choice for leader, compared to 14 percent who chose Barry and eight percent who chose Bennett. 40 percent of those polled were undecided.The poll also asked who would make the best premier; <mask>, Liberal leader Dwight Ball, or New Democratic Party leader Lorraine Michael. On this question Ball was first with 35 percent, followed by <mask> at 24 percent and Michael at 15 percent, 25 percent of those polled were undecided on who would be the best premier. Weeks into the leadership race the party disqualified Bennett after he made a series of inappropriate comments on Twitter. On April 17, 2014, Barry announced he was abandoning his bid to be leader because he did not feel he had the support to defeat <mask>. With Barry's exit <mask> was acclaimed as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party. He announced his withdrawal from the leadership citing personal family matters, less than three weeks before his scheduled swearing in. References

1953 births
Living people
Canadian businesspeople
Dalhousie University alumni
People from Corner Brook
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador politicians
St. Francis Xavier University alumni

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Frank Joseph Coleman
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<mask> (born 1959 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American clinical psychologist and historian of medicine. He has published on the history of psychiatry, including two critical volumes on the life and work of Carl Gustav Jung, books and articles on the history of dementia praecox and schizophrenia, and on anthropology on shamanism. His books and articles have been translated into fifteen foreign languages and he has delivered invited presentations in nineteen countries on six continents. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in the Belton-Mark Twain Park neighborhood in southwest Detroit. In 1971, ee relocated in 1971 to Phoenix, Arizona, where he attended Brophy College Preparatory, a Jesuit institution. From 1977 to 1979, he lived in Tucson, Arizona and studied political science at the University of Arizona. In 1978, he spent a National Collegiate Honors Council semester at the United Nations in New York, returning to complete his B.A.in political science in May 1979. Career
From 1979 to 1984, <mask> was employed in the resettlement of Vietnamese, Laotian, Cambodian and Hmong refugees for both Church World Service and the International Rescue Committee in New York City. From 1985 to 1988, <mask> was a staff psychologist on various wards at Ancora Psychiatric Hospital in Hammonton, New Jersey. In 1992, he received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School for Social Research. His dissertation research was an experimental study of cognitive style differences between paranoid and nonparnoid. schizophrenia. Before assuming a position as a professor of psychology at DeSales University in Center Valley, Pennsylvania in August 2000, he taught and conducted research at Harvard University for four years as a postdoctoral fellow and as Lecturer on the History of Science.During the 1995–1996 academic year, he was a Visiting Scholar at the MIT and a resident fellow at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. On December 25 2017, <mask> was awarded a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Invitational Fellowship for Research in Japan. As a JSPS fellow, in June 2018 he delivered invited lectures on shamanism at the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, the National Museum of Ethnology (MINPAKU) in Osaka, and at the Research Institute of Islands and Sustainability at the University of the Ryukyus in Naha, Okinawa. Together with anthropologist Ippei Shimamura, he also conducted fieldwork among the indigenous female yuta  (mediums/shamans in Ryukyuan religion) on Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands and the ascetic monastic yamabushi  / shugenja community on Mount Omine in Nara Prefecture who practice the form of Esoteric Buddhism known as Shugendo. While at the Ominesan-ji temple they observed a goma fire ritual involving the ritual invocation of Fudō Myōō 不動明王. In June 2018, <mask> was appointed honorary visiting professor at the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan. Carl Gustav Jung scholarship
In February 1995 <mask>, received an award for best professional/scholarly book in psychology published in 1994 from the Association of American Publishers for his book, The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement.The resulting controversy over the book made front-page headlines worldwide, including a front-page report in the 3 June 1995 issue of The New York Times. Princeton University Press submitted The Jung Cult to the Pulitzer Prize competition that year, without success. The background to the controversy over <mask>'s research on Jung can be found in the "Preface of the New Edition" of  The Jung Cult published in paperback by Free Press Paperbacks in 1997 and in an article he wrote for a Random House, Inc., promotional publication, At Random, in that same year. An August 2016 interview with <mask> added new details. At the urging of the Jung family and estate, Princeton University Press cancelled the publication of a second book edited by <mask> which had already made it into final page proofs form, Mysteria: Jung and the Ancient Mysteries: Selections from the Writings of C.G. Jung (). A pdf of the page proofs containing only <mask>'s contributions to the book is available online.A summary of his controversial conclusions was outlined in a short piece in The Times Higher Education Supplement on 22 November 1996. <mask> also summarized his views in a 7 October 1997 interview by Terry Gross on NPR's "Fresh Air." The full broadcast is available on the NPR website. In his intellectual history of the 20th century, historian Peter Watson noted that "[<mask>'s] books provoked a controversy no less bitter than the one over Freud . . . ." Frederick Crews lauded The Jung Cult as "an important study." <mask> was praised for his "groundbreaking analyses" of Jung's life and work by cultural historian Wouter Hanegraaff in his comprehensive 1996 study of New Age religion. In a recent work, noting the absence of any reference to <mask>'s scholarship on Jung in the publications of prominent Jung historians in the decade after the backlash to Noll ended after 2005, Hanegraaff remarked, "Unfortunately, Noll's historical scholarship is simply discarded along with the 'cult' thesis . . . ." This absence has also been noted by other critics of <mask>'s work. According to an article by Sara Corbett, "The Holy Grail of the Unconscious," published in The New York Times Magazine on Sunday, 20 September 2009, the Jung family's fear of "the specter of <mask>ll" was cited as a contributing factor in the decision to allow Jung's "Red Book" to be edited and published by W.W. Norton in October 2009.The most significant academic criticism of <mask>'s scholarship and conclusions came from the historian of psychology Sonu Shamdasani. In his 1998 book Cult Fictions, Shamdasani disputed the attribution and interpretation of a central item of documentary evidence adduced by <mask>, and also challenged the claim that Jung established a 'cult'. However, documents deposited by <mask> in 2014 in the Cummings Center for the History of Psychology in Akron, Ohio, reveal that prior to the publication of <mask>'s book in September 1994 Shamdasani and John Kerr held nearly identical views to <mask>'s concerning the cult hypothesis, the importance of Jung's deification experiences, and the interpretation of the contested document as authored by Jung. Shamdasani's letter to <mask> of 29 July 1992 and Princeton University Press editor Eric Rohmann's fax to Shamdasani dated 11 March 1994 in the Cummings archives document this. Both Shamdasani and Kerr pressured <mask> and the editors of Princeton University Press to remove the document prior to the publication of the book. "We cannot ask <mask> to remove this document simply because you have also read it and interpreted it as being what <mask> presents it as, i.e., the inaugural address at the Zurich Psychological Club," wrote Rohmann to Shamdasani. Having lost this battle, Shamdasani later argued that the document was actually authored by Jung's associate Maria Molzer.However, <mask> himself had previously raised this as a possible alternative interpretation. In a letter to <mask> from Shamdasani dated 29 July 1992, which resides in the collections of the Cummings Center for the History of Psychology in Akron, Ohio, Shamdasani wrote: " . . . in focusing on the deification experience and the forming of a cult, you are more right than you realise." This quote was referenced without full citation in a book by historian of religion Carrie B. Dohe. In a book review published on 17 January 2020 in the Los Angeles Review of Books classicist Gregory Shaw credited <mask> for being the first to document in 1994 that Jung's concept of "individuation" was actually a recipe for "deification." Further critics emerged among Jung's family, Jungian analysts and others who were self-identified Jungians. Franz Jung, the son of C.G.Jung, reportedly told a German journalist that <mask>'s work was "Mist" (bullshit). In 1999 Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst) added an "Afterword" to the second edition of his book, On Jung, entitled "Jung's Adversary: <mask>." Using the term "adversary" as an allusion to the Biblical "Satan," Stevens wrote that it was necessary to counter "the gravest of <mask>'s charges" because, "I believe . . . he has been so effective in promoting his ideas that there is a danger that they will enter public consciousness as received wisdom" and tarnish "Jung's memory" and "the whole tradition of psychotherapy practiced in his name." In a video of a 2014 classroom lecture on Jung posted on YouTube, University of Toronto professor and clinical psychologist Jordan Peterson characterized <mask> as "crooked." He also accused <mask> of deliberately using "Nazi imagery" on the cover of his books to gain "economic utility,". In a 1998 interview Jungian analyst and "archetypal psychologist" James Hillman was asked by interviewer Cliff Bostock what he thought of <mask>'s books on Jung."I hate them," Hillman replied. "I think he's a shit." Criticism of American Psychiatry
He was an early public critic of the American psychiatric profession's complicity in the moral panic of the late 1980s and early 1990s concerning Satanic ritual abuse. "Except for the work of very few mental-health professionals, such as psychologist <mask> and psychiatrists George K. Ganaway and Frank W. Putnam, what little psychiatric writing has emerged on survivors and their therapy has uncritically embraced the literal truth of survivors' claims." At the invitation of psychiatrist and researcher Frank Putnam, then the Chief of the Dissociative Disorders Unit at the National Institute of Mental Health, <mask> was one of four members on a plenary session panel that opened the 7th International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States in Chicago on 9 November 1990. In a ballroom filled with television cameras and more than 700 conference participants (including feminist intellectual Gloria Steinem, who was a firm believer in the veracity of "recovered memories" of satanic ritual abuse) the members of the panel presented, for the first time in a public professional forum, a skeptical viewpoint concerning SRA reports. The panel cast doubt on the corroborating evidence for the thousands of claims from patients in treatment that they were recovering memories of childhood abuse at the hands of persons (often family members) who were members of satanic cults.Such satanic cults were claimed to be intergenerational in families and had been abusing and ritually sacrificing children in secret for almost 2000 years. When American psychiatrists published purported historical evidence supporting these beliefs in the peer-reviewed journal Dissociation in March 1989,  <mask> challenged their extraordinary claims in a subsequent issue. His December 1989 conclusion that SRA beliefs were "a modern version of (a) paranoid mass delusion -- and one in which all too many clinicians and law enforcement officials also share" was the first unambiguous skepticism of the moral panic to be published in a medical journal. It may have also been the first publication to explicitly link claims of recovered memory of satanic ritual abuse to claims of recovered memories of UFO abductions, the other cultural firestorm that was raging in American culture in the late 1980s. <mask> continued his public skepticism elsewhere. <mask>'s 1990 panel presentation was an elaboration of this earlier published critique. Other members of the 1990 conference panel were anthropologist Sherrill Mulhern and psychiatrist George Ganaway.<mask>'s participation on the panel was viewed by SRA believers as part of a deliberate disinformation campaign by Frank Putnam, who was skeptical of the reality of satanic cults. This set Putnam apart from other prominent American psychiatrists who were less critical, such as conference organizer Bennett G. Braun, a member of the Dissociative Disorders work group for the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual, DSM-III-R (1987). According to an account based on interviews, "conference attendees characterized (<mask>) as a professional expendable who had no idea he was being used. Through him, they contended, Putnam could cast doubt on the contentious issue of linking MPD to ritual abuse." However, <mask>'s skeptical presentation did have an effect: "Mulhern and Noll cut a line through the therapeutic community. A minority joined them in refusing to believe sacrificial murder was going on; the majority still believed their patients' accounts." Psychiatric Times published <mask>'s memoir of the 1990 conference online on 6 December 2013.However, after a week online the article was removed by the editors without explanation. The backstory to this controversial editorial decision was explored in blog posts by the author Gary Greenberg and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John "Mickey" Nardo. The PDF of the published article is available on the web. Prompted by Noll's article, psychiatrist Allen Frances, who was editor-in-chief of DSM-IV (1994) and who led the DSM-IV Task Force during the height of the satanic ritual abuse moral panic, formally apologized for his public silence during that era and explained his reasons for keeping MPD (as Dissociative Identity Disorder) in DSM-IV despite his belief it was a purely iatrogenic idiom of distress.>

On 19 March 2014 the Psychiatric Times reposted

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Richard Noll
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 Noll's retracted article under a different title and with text deletions selected by the editors. Along with the article was commentaries by three American psychiatrists who were discussed in the article as well a response from Noll. Allen Frances added additional comments reproducing his blog posts from other websites. In April 2014 Douglas Misicko (alias Doug Mesner, alias Lucien Greaves), co-founder of the international nontheistic religion and political activist organization The Satanic Temple, published a lengthy article on his website Dysgenics in support of Noll's stance against mental health professionals who promote satanic cult conspiracies and the discredited "recovered memory" psychotherapy.Mesner's initial formation of The Satanic Temple on a Facebook page in 2013 was inspired by his longstanding public opposition to SRA proponents and the fact they continued to exist long after scientific and legal challenges had discredited their claims. Along with religion scholars Massimo Introvigne and Joseph Laycock, on 14 July 2018 <mask> participated in a panel discussion entitled "Scholars Confront The Satanic Temple" at the Salem Art Gallery in Salem, Massachusetts, and publicly affirmed his strong support for the Grey Faction and The Protect Children Project initiatives of TST. The controversy drew to a close in August 2014 with two letters to the editors of Psychiatric Times in response to an article by psychologist and attorney Christopher Barden who sharply criticized Noll for failing to address the "repressed/recovered memory" controversy and the fact that legal challenges in the courts effectively ended the ability of mental health professionals to perpetuate  the moral panic. In 2017 science writer Mark Pendergrast, alarmed by the persistence of "the myth of repressed memory" and the resurgence of "recovered memory therapy" and satanic ritual abuse claims, published two books that opened with the following quote from Noll's Psychiatric Times article of 2014: "As our medical schools and graduate programs fill with students who were born after 1989, we meet young mental health professionals-in-training who have no knowledge or living memory of the Satanic ritual abuse (SRA) moral panic of the 1980s and early 1990s. But perhaps they should. Cautionary tales may prevent the recurrence of pyrogenic cultural fantasies and the devastating clinical mistakes they inspire." Anthropological fieldwork

In 1994 <mask> and his colleague from Ohio State University, anthropologist Kun SHI, explored Manchuria (just south of the Amur river, the natural border with Russian Siberia) and Inner Mongolia and interviewed the last living Tungus Siberian shamans who had openly practiced prior to being forced to abandon their nomadic life and spirits after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.All visual media, fieldwork notes and other supporting correspondence and documents from this project became part of the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution's Human Studies Film Archives in October 2014. The story of the life, initiatory illnesses, and shamanic training of the last living shaman of the Oroqen people, Chuonnasuan (1927–2000), was published in 2004 in the Journal of Korean Religions and is also available online. <mask>'s photograph of Chuonnasuan appears as the fronticepiece in  (Paris: Découvertes Gallimard [], 2011) by anthropologists Charles Stépanoff (l'École pratique des hautes études, Paris) and Thierry Zarcone (also EPHE [Sorbonne], Paris). A second published report of this fieldwork concerning the life and training of the Solon Ewenki shamaness Dula'r (Ao Yun Hua) (born 1920) appeared in the journal Shaman in 2007 (15: 167-174). The Wenner-Gren Foundation supported the fieldwork that produced these reports. The rationale for the research was provided in a 1985 article in Current Anthropology which examined the ethnographic literature on shamanism from the perspective of cognitive science. Tanya Luhrmann, the Watkins University Professor of Anthropology at Stanford University, lauded <mask>'s 1985 article as a novel turning point in the anthropological study of religion.In June 2017 <mask> and Canadian psychologist Leonard George of Capilano University conducted fieldwork in Mongolia and observed the practices of shamans and Buddhist lamas who follow the Tibetan (Vadrayana) tradition and practice visualization meditations. Their fieldwork was conducted in both the Ulaanbaatar area and near Sainshand in the southeastern Gobi Desert in Dornogovi Province. Both <mask> and George delivered presentations to the Institute of Philosophy of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in Ulaanbaatar at the invitation of Chuluunbaatar Gelegpil, Mongolia's Minister of Education and Culture. Video clips by <mask> of the multi-hour summer solstice "fire ritual" for the Ulaan Tergel (literally "Red Disk") performed by Mongol shamans which was held out on the steppes 15 km from Ulaanbaatar on 21 June 2017 can be found on YouTube <mask> and George were invited to this event by Jargalsaikhan, the head of the Mongolian Corporate Union of Shamans. According to the Austrian Mongolist Walther Heissig (1913-2005), this same "renewal of life" ritual is recorded in the earliest historical reports concerning the Mongols from the 11th and 12th centuries and was performed by Genghis Khan (1162-1227): "A great festival of religious character was the 'Day of the Red Disk,' the summer solstice on the sixteenth day of the first month of summer." <mask> was introduced to both the scholarly study and techniques of shamanism in the fall of 1980 by the anthropologist Michael Harner, then a professor at the New School for Social Research in New York City. "Noll has trained with me firsthand in the classic shamanic methods," wrote Harner.Dementia praecox and schizophrenia scholarship
<mask>'s most recent book, American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox, was published by Harvard University Press in October 2011. A brief interview with <mask> appears on the Harvard University Press Blog (30 January 2012). In April 2012 it was announced that American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox was the winner of the 2012 Cheiron Book Prize from Cheiron, International Society for the History of the Behavioral and Social Sciences. On September 13, 2012, American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox won a 2012 BMA Medical Book Award - Highly Commended in Psychiatry from the British Medical Association. In March 2013, Scientific American Mind incorporated findings from American Madness in its print and online "timeline" on the history of schizophrenia. A brief favorable review of the book, along with a photo of its cover, appeared in the 27 October 2011 issue of Nature. "Tales of personal drama enliven <mask>'s story in a way that few would imagine possible for a historical account of nosology," said a reviewer in the American Journal of Psychiatry.According to sociologist Andrew Scull in the Journal of American History, "<mask>'s American Madness is an important book that deserves a wide readership among those interested in understanding the development of American psychiatry between 1896 and the 1930s." In a September 2012 review in Isis historian John C. Burnham noted, "It is clearly written and is based on a remarkably thorough literature search and reading of primary sources. . . . <mask>'s book will become a useful narrative for much of the modern history of psychiatry in the United States." He further added, "the research and thinking that went into this book make it refreshing and valuable." Collaborative biomarkers research on schizophrenia research
Since 2011, <mask> has occasionally collaborated with an interdisciplinary group of schizophrenia researchers at the Bahn Laboratory at the University of Cambridge (UK) and the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam (the Netherlands). Their research program seeks to identify valid biomarkers that might serve as molecular endophenotypes of schizophrenia and become the basis of a valid biological diagnostic test for psychosis and its developmental risk factors. Since April 2019, <mask> has been an affiliate member of the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies (SCU). He is currently researching the history of claims of biological/medical/psychiatric sequelae of CEII-physiological cases.References

Bibliography (selected publications)

 1983 Shamanism and schizophrenia: A state-specific approach to the "schizophrenia metaphor" of shamanic states. American Ethnologist 10: 443-459. 1985 Mental imagery cultivation as a cultural phenomenon: The role of visions in shamanism. Current Anthropology 26:443-461 (with commentary). 1989 What has really been learned about shamanism? Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21: 47-50. 1990 Bizarre Diseases of the Mind; Real-Life Cases of Rare Mental Illnesses, Vampirism, Possession, Split Personalities, and More(New York: Berkeley),
 1992 Vampires, Werewolves and Demons: Twentieth Century Reports in the Psychiatric Literature(New York: Brunner/Mazel),
 1994 The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press),
 1997 The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung (New York: Random House),   full text:   The Aryan Christ: The secret life of Carl Jung
 1997 The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (paperback) (New York: Free Press),
 1997  "A Christ Named Carl Jung," At Random (ISSN 1062-0036),Volume 6, Number 3, 56-59.1999 Jung the Leontocephalus [1992], in Paul Bishop (ed. ), Jung in Contexts: A Reader (Routledge), RICHARD NOLL | PhD | DeSales University, Pennsylvania | Department of Social Sciences
 1999 Styles of psychiatric practice, 1906-1925: Clinical evaluations of the same patient by James Jackson Putnam, Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, Emil Kraepelin and Smith Ely Jelliffe. History of Psychiatry 10: 145-189. 2004 Historical review: Autointoxication and focal infection theories of dementia praecox. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 5:66-72. 2004 Dementia Praecox Studies (letter to the editor and historical note). Schizophrenia Research 68: 103-104.2006 The blood of the insane. History of Psychiatry 17: 395-418. 2006 Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich. In Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 1789 to 1914--Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, Volume 2, edited by John Merriman and Jay Winter (New York: Thomas Gale). 2007 (with Kun Shi) A Solon Ewenki shaman and her Abagaldai shaman mask. Shaman: Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research (Budapest, Hungary) 15: 37-44. 2007 The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, third edition (New York: Facts-on-File),
 2009 (with Kun Shi) The last shaman of the Oroqen people of Northeast China.Shaman: Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research (Budapest, Hungary) 17 (1 and 2): 117-140. 2011 Sabine Bahn, <mask>, Anthony Barnes, Emmanuel Schwarz, Paul C. Guest. Challenges of introducing new biomarker products for neuropsychiatric disorders into the market. International Review of Neurobiology, 101:299-327. 2011 American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011)
 2012 Whole body madness. Psychiatric Times (print), 29(12):13-14. Whole Body Madness
 2013 The bed makes gestures.Psychiatric Times (print), 30 (3): 25. The Bed Makes Gestures
 2013 Suffering and sadness are not diseases. Harvard University Press Blog (28 May 2013) Suffering and Sadness Are Not Diseases
 2013 (Spring) Tribal epistemologies. Bio/Politics Biopolitics -
 2013 When psychiatry battled the devil. "When Psychiatry Battled the Devil," Psychiatric Times (6 December 2013) and story of its retraction: http://retractionwatch.com/2014/02/13/psychiatric-times-retracts-essay-on-satanic-ritual-abuse/
 2014 NJM van Beveren, E Schwartz, <mask>, PC Guest, C Meijer, L de Haan and Sabina Bahn. Evidence for disturbed insulin and growth hormone signaling as potential risk factors in the development of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 4, e430; doi:10.1038/tp.2014.52
 2016 (with Kenneth S. Kendler) Images in Psychiatry: Edward Cowles (1837-1919).American Journal of Psychiatry 2016 (Oct.), 173 (10): 967-968. 2017  Psychosis. In Greg Eghigian (ed. ), The Routledge History of Madness and Mental Health(London and New York: Routledge, 2017), 331-349. 2017 (with Colin G. DeYoung and Kenneth S. Kendler) Images in Psychiatry: Thomas Verner Moore. American Journal of Psychiatry 2017 (Aug), 174 (8): 729-730. 2018 Feeling and Smelling Psychosis: American Alienism, Psychiatry, Prodromes and the Limits of "Category Work."History of the Human Sciences 2018 (April), 31 (2): 22-41. External links
 <mask>
 <mask> | DeSales University - Academia.edu
  RICHARD NOLL | PhD | DeSales University, Pennsylvania | Department of Social Sciences
 <mask> - Google Scholar Citations
 <mask> (0000-0001-8771-9920)
 The team
 <mask>, Ph.D.
 Chuonnasuan (Meng Jin Fu) and the village life of the Oroqen were filmed in 1992 by Chinese state television. At the 25:10 mark in the documentary, Chuonnasuan is seen officiating at a funeral and tree burial as well as—briefly—reenacting a ritual in full shamanic dress 最后的山神

1959 births
Living people
American psychologists
DeSales University
The New School alumni
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
Harvard University faculty
University of Arizona

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texts:
<mask>-Qazzaz (born July 3, 1979) is an educator, philanthropist, and a human rights activist based in Egypt and Canada. He is a Canadian-educated Mechanical Engineer, and former school director. Khaled was a staffer, bureaucrat, and civil servant of the democratically elected government led by Mohamed Morsi in Egypt between (30 June 2012 and July 3, 2013). Though the government was chosen by the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), Khaled is not a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. Khaled was forcibly detained by the Egyptian military On July 3, 2013 along with the president and eight other government aides. Khaled remained in an unknown military location for five and a half months, during which time the Egyptian regime refused to acknowledge that it was holding Khaled or to confirm his whereabouts, putting him outside the protection of the law. Khaled was transferred to Tora Prison (Scorpion Wing) on December 17, 2014 and held in solitary confinement for nine months.On October 26, 2014, Khaled continued his detention in a private hospital for three months due to injuries sustained as a result of the extreme conditions of his confinement. As a result of efforts spearheaded by his Canadian wife Sarah Attia with the Free Khaled Al-Qazzaz Campaign (FreeKQ Campaign), <mask> was released on January 11, 2015. Despite his release and cleared legal position, Khaled had been unable to return to Canada for unknown reasons. Khaled awaited another 19 months for a return to Canada and was in need of immediate medical attention. Toronto-born Sarah Attia and the Free Khaled al-Qazzaz campaign had been calling on Canadian and Egyptian governments as well as the international community to urgently assist in securing Khaled’s immediate return to Canada. On August 14, 2016, Khaled finally landed back in Toronto after he was abruptly cleared to return to Canada. This ended a three-year ordeal.Shortly after their return, both <mask> and wife Sarah Attia were welcomed by the honorable Minister Stephane Dion and his team at the Global Affairs Canada office in Ottawa. They thanked Minister Dion and his team for the diplomatic leadership shown to bring the family home. The family expressed gratitude to all Canadians, human rights activists, journalists, and government officials who dedicated their time and effort to resolving the ordeals of Canadian families abroad. Presently, both <mask> and Sarah are working actively on the development of their new foundation, the Al-Qazzaz Foundation for Education and Development, where they hope to give back to Canada and the world. The foundation will focus on delivering  services and support to disadvantaged communities through innovative online technologies and will launch its first project for Syrian Refugees who have arrived in Canada. By offering cultural awareness, English language services, and mental health support, Sarah and <mask> hope to contribute to the great work the Canadian government started one year ago. Personal life

<mask> Al-Qazzaz was born in Cairo, Egypt to Adly Moustafa Al-Qazzaz and Amal Mansour.He has 5 siblings. He is married to Canadian Sarah Attia, whom he met while both were graduate students studying engineering at the University of Toronto. Together, they worked on several campus and community based projects. They married and moved to Cairo in 2005, with plans to return to Canada. They have four children: Abdelrahman, 9, Amena, 7, Fatema, 5, and Tahrir, 3. Education

<mask> grew up in the United Arab Emirates and went to the Emirates Private School (British education system), where he completed most of his schooling. Khaled returned to Egypt to do a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering at the American University in Cairo (AUC), where he graduated with honors.He was also a participant in several student clubs and societies at AUC, including the Mechanical Engineering Club, where he served as President, the Volleyball and Rowing teams, where he was captain, the Poetry Society and the Model Arab League. Khaled received the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in volleyball and was nominated for the Parents Association Cup awarded for most active students on campus. <mask> moved to Toronto, Canada in 2000 to do a master's degree in mechanical engineering at the University of Toronto (UofT) after receiving a scholarship from UofT. He achieved his degree in 2003. Currently, <mask> is completing his Doctorate of Education from Walden University (an online American university). Canada

<mask> met his future wife, Sarah Attia, at the University of Toronto and they worked together on several campus and community-based projects. They married and moved to Cairo in 2005, with plans to return to Canada.<mask> and Sarah have 4 children: Abdelrahman, 9, Amena, 7, Fatema, 5, and Tahrir, 3. During his time at UofT, Khaled led student-run initiatives, such as 'Students for World Justice', which raised awareness about the plights of marginalized and persecuted communities all over the world, the Orphan Sponsorship Program, which raised money for 300 orphans in its first year, and social justice initiatives serving the homeless and poor in their local neighborhoods. Khaled also engaged in interfaith initiatives and activities promoting tolerance and understanding with different communities and societies. Egypt

In 2005, Khaled returned to Egypt and began work in the field of education in an International School (Mokatam Language School in Egypt) that runs kindergarten through Grade 12. Khaled joined Mokatam Language School in Egypt in June 2005 as the Director of the International Section, which he co-founded in the same year. Between 2008 and 2012 Khaled received a profit share as part of his new contract. On acceptance of his official government position Khaled gave up his position and share at the school.Since 2012, Khaled has not been involved with the school. His work in education led to his involvement as a volunteer professional member of AdvancED, an international accreditation agency for schools, where he volunteered in professional teams accrediting schools in the Middle East and North Africa region. Political experience

During the events of the Egyptian revolution in January 2011, Khaled participated in widespread demonstrations against Egypt's 30-year dictatorship. When the first free presidential elections were announced, Khaled became a volunteer campaigner for the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP). After the FJP won the democratic election in June 2012, Khaled was asked to work for the government as a civil servant in recognition of his international experience gained from his studies abroad. Khaled worked in the secretariat of foreign relations coordinating with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs promoting democracy, good governance and working on the human rights portfolio. Human rights work

During his term in the Presidential Office, <mask> Al-Qazzaz was directly involved in developing new strategies for democracy.Among these initiatives, Khaled is credited with being the first to initiate a Human Rights Portfolio and desk at the Egyptian Presidency. The human rights initiative had the following mandate:

 Evaluate the current situation of human rights in Egypt. Propose a long term strategy to create a rights environment among the institutions and individuals. Propose revisions and amendments to laws that are not compatible with human rights. Khaled is credited with taking the following steps related to the human rights mandate in Egypt:

 Called for a coordinator for human rights position in the presidential office
 Sent a call for rights organizations to send their amendments on the articles of the constitution to be adopted by the presidency
 Proposed the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) draft law which was based upon creating a free and encouraging environment for NGOs
 Invited human rights organizations into the Presidential Office to engage them in developing the human rights agenda at the Presidency office

Women's rights activism

Khaled helped lay out the following objectives for the Women’s Empowerment Portfolio:

 Evaluate the current situation of women’s rights in Egypt. Propose a long-term strategy to develop opportunities for women and create a model for social justice and empowerment for women in Egypt. Khaled’s work in the Women’s Empowerment Portfolio resulted in more than 20 hearing sessions with various women-centred organizations (national and international).He helped launch the Egyptian initiative for ensuring women's rights hosted by the Presidency, which held workshops with stakeholders to formulate a national plan for women rights. Khaled also initiated the process to open a UN Women's Office in Egypt. Education activism

Alongside his political involvement, Khaled continued to advocate for investment in education and education reform as a priority for post-revolution Egypt. Khaled was also keen on developing a unique educational system that would be directly relevant to Egyptian students. Khaled’s vision for education in Egypt included an active role for civil society and the private sector in articulating the policies and priorities for a uniquely Egyptian education system. Regarding the importance of education initiatives in Egypt, Khaled was quoted on the popular radio show “Good Morning Egypt” as saying: “There is no nation, among the nations that have succeeded in the last 50- 60 years – Japan, Germany, Malaysia – all the countries in the East and West, have not advanced economically, or socially, except [and] until they placed education as a clear priority… It is possible to see a huge renaissance in education within the next year, if all the people work in the same direction” (<mask> Al-Qazzaz, speaking on "Good Morning Egypt", February 21, 2012)

Imprisonment

On July 3, 2013, Al-Qazzaz was forcibly detained by the Egyptian military along with the president and eight other government aides. Khaled remained in an unknown military location for five and a half months, during which time the Egyptian regime refused to acknowledge that it was holding Khaled or to confirm his whereabouts, putting him outside the protection of the law.On December 1, 2013, Human Rights Watch issued a statement accusing the Egyptian government of forcibly disappearing Al-Qazzaz for almost five months. The statement read that Al-Qazzaz “remains detained without any legal basis at an undisclosed location.”

Under international law, Khaled's case is one of an enforced disappearance. Enforced disappearance violates many of the rights guaranteed under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Egypt ratified in 1982, including the requirement to bring detainees promptly before a judge. The 1992 UN Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances, stipulates that detainees must be held in officially recognized places of detention, of which their families must be promptly informed; that they must have access to a lawyer; and that each detention facility must maintain an official up-to-date register of everyone in that facility deprived of their liberty. Solitary Confinement

On December 17, 2014 <mask> was transferred to a maximum security prison (Scorpion Wing in Tora Prison) and held in solitary confinement for over nine months. Reports later revealed that Al-Qazzaz was held in solitary confinement in a two by two meter cell in one of Egypt’s most notorious prisons. Reports in international newspapers have shown the conditions of Al-Qazzaz’s confinement.The cell was reportedly overrun with insects, while Al-Qazzaz had no access to clean clothes, pen or paper, a way to tell time, or windows. As a result of the harsh conditions of his detainment, Al-Qazzaz’s health has greatly deteriorated, leaving him with spinal complications and at risk for paralysis. During his confinement, Al-Qazzaz and his lawyers appeared in court on numerous occasions as a part of the legal proceedings to call for an end to his detainment. Many of the court appearances ended with the judge extending Al-Qazzaz’s detainment for another 45 days for further investigations without legal explanation. Hospitalization and release

On October 26, 2014, Khaled was moved to a private hospital where he continued his detention for over three months due to injuries sustained as a result of the extreme conditions of his confinement. On Monday, December 29, 2014, the Attorney General issued an order for Al-Qazzaz’s release. This meant that investigations with Khaled came to an end and no charges would be issued.<mask> was finally released on January 11, 2015. When Khaled was first detained, the group Friends of Khaled came together to stand with his wife, Sarah Attia, in her efforts to bring her husband back home to Canada. This was the inception of the FreeKQ (Free Khaled al-Qazzaz) Campaign. While Friends of Khaled began as a group of university alumni who knew Khaled while he studied at the University of Toronto. Currently, Friends of Khaled has grown across Canada and internationally to include advocates of human rights. The FreeKQ campaign has led initiatives such as phone call campaigns, letter writing campaigns, petition campaigns, and a ‘pay-it-forward.’  The campaign is still active and information can be found on: https://web.archive.org/web/20150108114802/http://www.freekhaledalqazzaz.com/

Return to education

Khaled is currently in Egypt. Though he is legally cleared and is not under any travel bans as confirmed by the Prosecutor General, he has been unable to travel.Khaled’s legal team in Egypt has been working diligently with local authorities to facilitate his return to Canada. As he awaits the opportunity to return to Canada, he has returned to his Doctorate program at Walden University and re-initiated his work in Education consultancy in Egypt. Statements and interviews

Amnesty International has reported that any charges brought against him would be found deliberately fabricated to make him appear guilty. The United Nations’ Working Group on Arbitrary Detention also made it clear that Khaled’s detention was in violation of Egyptian and International law. Khaled’s detention did not come through any legal process, let alone one that would be consistent with international standards of due process and individual rights. Press Conferences where human rights activists and leaders have spoken (Monia Mazigh; John Greyson; Alex Neve; Wayne Marston) regarding Khaled have reported consistently that there have never been any charges against Khaled. While in solitary confinement at Tora Prison, Khaled shared a hand-written statement.References

1979 births
Living people

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