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<mask> (田村明, 1926–2010) was a city planner in postwar Japan. He is notable for two phases of his career: one as the chief city planner of the Yokohama city government and the other as an evangelist of machi-zukuri (town-making) among local movements. Under Japan's then-highly centralized government system, <mask> advocated for the importance of local awareness and initiatives; this led to the strengthening of local government as an institution to achieve a quality environment for all residents. Although he stayed in Yokohama for a relatively brief period, from 1968 to 1981, he achieved some of the most innovative results in Japan's postwar town planning history. His influence on Yokohama's city planning, as well as on local residents throughout Japan, remains visible and notable to this day. <mask> initially proposed major projects, called the "Six Spine Projects", to transform the structure of Yokohama in 1964, at the request of the newly elected socialist mayor Ichio Asukata. After becoming Yokohama's chief planner at the invitation of Asukata in 1968, <mask> introduced two additional planning measures: building and land control measures and urban design.As a new mechanism to reform the old administrative system, <mask> created the Bureau of Planning and Coordination, which linked the separate bureaus and forged a united entity of city government with a wider mandate. In 2000, the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), the country's supreme academic institution concerned with architecture and town planning, awarded <mask> its Grand Prize for "the establishment of a theory or technique and its implementation in city planning" (AIJ, 2000), for his work in Yokohama. <mask> remains the only practical planner in the field of city planning to have won the AIJ's Grand Prize; other recipients have all been academics or architects. <mask> consistently endeavored to educate young planners by assigning them important works. Though he worked in Yokohama for only a short time, those young planners became his followers and passed on his concepts and style of work. This contributed to the success and continuation of projects, land control measures, and urban design. It is said that <mask> was initially not a master planner but gradually learned by listening to the opinions of others.His motto was "amorphous fluidity": he never remained in one place long and was always moving, searching for solutions. Early life
<mask> was born in 1926 into a Christian middle-class family in Tokyo. As a child, he attended a primary school attached to Aoyama Teachers’ College (now a primary school attached to Tokyo Teachers’ University) and proceeded to the Municipal First Junior High School (now Hibiya High School), both of which remain prestigious schools in Tokyo. <mask> did not advance to Tokyo's First High School (the premier high school in Japan for the elite before the war). Instead, during the Second World War (1941–1945) he attended Shizuoka High School in 1944, which was several hours away by train from Tokyo. He later explained that he wanted to live outside Tokyo to "broaden his horizons." <mask> entered Tokyo University in 1945, enrolling in the Department of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering because he thought that architecture would be a broad field, encompassing both arts and social science.His graduation thesis was titled A Study of the Change of Structure in a Big City. His dissertation adviser, a young associate professor named Kenzo Tange, went on to become a world-famous architect. During his studies, <mask> met Takashi Asada, a senior staff member in Tange's office at that time, who exerted a strong influence on <mask>. Asada was seven years older than <mask> and also intended to become a city planner. Early career
After his graduation, <mask> worked for one and a half years as an official in the Ministry of Transportation in charge of inbound travel planning. In addition, he studied in the Faculty of Law at the University of Tokyo and earned a bachelor's degree in law. After he left the Ministry of Transportation, he continued to seek a post in other ministries.After several challenging positions in various ministries, he moved to Osaka. Real estate was regarded as a good investment when the Japanese economy was recovering in the 1950s. Nissay Life Insurance Mutual Company, the country's biggest life insurance firm, needed a specialist in real estate development, and <mask> seemed eminently qualified for this position. <mask> spent nine years in this position. During this time, married Makiko Saito, who was from the same Christian nonchurch movement (initiated by Kanzo Uchimura) as <mask>. However, <mask> was not satisfied with his life as a salaried worker in a big company, and he wondered whether his vocation lay elsewhere. He recognized that his work in estate development only benefited his firm and was not his calling.He visited Tange to discuss his future; at that time, he again met Asada, who was now the facilitator of the "metabolism" architecture. Asada subsequently started Japan's first city-planning consulting firm in 1961. <mask> began working as a part-time employee, returning to Tokyo every weekend. In January 1963, he returned to Tokyo to join the Environmental Development Center, Asada's planning firm, as one of only three staff members. Before starting there, <mask> wrote a proposal paper entitled Positioning of Regional Planning Machinery, emphasizing the importance of expert planners and urban designers. Chief city planner in Yokohama and the Six Spine Projects
In 1964, <mask> proposed the Six Spine Projects. This endeavor reconstructed the basic urban structure of the city on its devastated urban land, just after the land was at last returned by the occupation armies.The mayor, Asukata, thought it necessary to establish a new section of the city government to oversee the Six Spine Projects, which would require a new planning approach and coordination across internal sections and external institutions. Thus, <mask> founded a new bureau, Planning and Coordinating Bureau, a kind of secretariat for the mayor in charge of planning. <mask> became the chief of this section. <mask>'s first conflict with the national bureaucracy concerned the motorway, whose structure was originally to be elevated. Thanks to <mask>'s efforts, this was successfully changed to a half-underground structure to preserve the landscape. After this success, <mask> consolidated his position in the administration. It has since become common among local government officials to become confident and independent as equal partners with the national ministries.<mask> developed a new planning policy to integrate the Six Spine Projects with building and land control measures and urban design. These measures were combined to form a strategic planning tool for local government. Fumihiko Maki, an architect and urban designer who had just returned from teaching and practicing urban design in the United States, served as an adviser to <mask>. Maki worked on several urban design projects, including the Kanazawa reclamation project and its housing development, assigned by <mask>. It soon became clear that urban design needed an in-house team, since it had to handle cumbersome coordination among the city administration and concerned parties. In 1970, Shunsuke Iwasaki returned from an urban design course at Harvard University and joined <mask>'s team. <mask> and his staff worked over these main objectives as follows:
 Minatomirai 21: Central business and commercial district redevelopment on the site of an old shipyard and freight train yard in the harbor area
 Kohoku: New town development with landscaped housing and urban agriculture districts through land readjustment as a model housing against urban sprawl
 Kanazawa seaside reclamation development: New seaside industrial and housing development accommodating the relocation of small factories moved from built-up inland areas with state-of-the-art antipollution provisions
 Local development exaction system: an innovative development control measure by the local government discretion to require developers to donate land for parks and community facilities
 Urban motorway network: Landscape-conscious motorway network planned and coordinated by the local initiative with part of its network underground
 Strategic use of the Town Planning Law of 1968: Widely zoned nonurban areas of Yokohama being used for urban agriculture
 Urban design: Pedestrian-conscious spaces designed, planned, and coordinated to maximize the natural landscape and historical buildings

Half a century has now passed since <mask> proposed the Six Spine Projects, and they have mostly been completed.It is noteworthy that the Six Spine Projects survived and were implemented by the four mayors who succeeded Asukata, none of whom were socialists. Adviser of local town-making movement
Asukata was elected to a fourth term as mayor, but his term ended abruptly when he became the new chairman of the Japan Socialist Party in 1978 and left Yokohama. Michikazu Saigo, Asukata's successor, won the mayoral election in 1978 with backing from both conservatives and socialists. He appointed <mask> to a nominal post. Although Saigo recognized the importance of the Six Spine Project, he did not believe that they should not be under the control of a single individual, even <mask>. After completing his doctoral thesis, Local Development Exaction System, After obtaining his PhD from the University of Tokyo, <mask> became a professor of the Faculty of Law of Hosei University, a private university in Tokyo. He then launched a campaign to increase public awareness among people with an interest in local community by writing three books: Town-Making in Concept (1987), Town-Making in Practice (1995), and Town-Making and Townscape (2005).These three books are still widely read. In all, he wrote 11 books during his 15 years at Hosei University. It was during this time that <mask> started using the term machi-zukuri (town-making) instead of "city planning," because the latter sounded to him like a "top-down" initiative from the national bureaucracy, whereas the former conveyed the idea of a grassroots activity by residents. <mask> died at the age of 84, on January 25, 2010, with his wife, Makiko, at his side in his bedroom in Atagawa, Izu district, Shizuoka prefecture. His life was enriched by the pleasure he derived from town-making, and his wife suggested that his Christian faith had a strong influence on him. Influence
Even though <mask> authored over 40 books, empirical research on his works would strengthen his unparalleled achievement and provide younger generations materials to learn. <mask> was not inherently a theorist of city planning, but developed his own town-making theory by addressing the needs and circumstances of Yokohama.<mask> developed his advisory activities for the public by going on a "pilgrimage" as an evangelist of town-making all over Japan, persuading citizens and local government workers to become confident in their local quality. <mask> put a higher priority on his relationship with ordinary citizens. Moreover, he was engaged in the foundation of the Japan Association of Local Government Policy Studies. <mask> also helped young people form voluntary study groups on town-making in local areas all over Japan, consisting of residents, scholars, and local government workers. These activities are continuing even today. The non-profit organization "<mask> Memorial—A Town Planning Research Initiative" was established in 2015. Although the NPO was not founded by <mask> himself, it retains the same atmosphere of the study groups as he started.To this day there are young people who, after reading <mask>'s books, gain the confidence and opportunity to work locally with a wider perspective, and go on to become local government workers or community planners. References

Sources

 City of Yokohama (1982). Yokohama: Portrait of a City from Its Port Opening to the 21th Century. Booklet prepared for the Regional Congress of Local Authorities for Development of Human Settlements in Asia and the Pacific, organized by ESCAP, HABITAT, and the City of Yokohama. Taguchi, Toshio (2017). "A Chronological Study Regarding the Planning Process of the Central District of Minatomirai 21, a Waterfront Redevelopment Project in Yokohama, at Its Inception Stage." Journal of Architectural Planning, AIJ 82 (735): 1175–1185.Taguchi, Toshio (2018). "The Adoption and Abolition of the Local Development Exaction System by the City of Yokohama." Journal of Architectural Planning, AIJ 83 (753): 2173–2183. <mask>, <mask> (1981). "Urban Development Control by Local Development Exaction System." PhD thesis, Tokyo University. <mask>, <mask> (2006).Making Yokohama City Planning Work with Tamura. Gakugei. External links
<mask> Memorial (in Japanese)

Japanese urban planners
1926 births
2010 deaths
People from Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
Yokohama

masks:
Akira Tamura
Tamura
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Akira Tamura
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<mask>; Swedish: <mask>tter Bielke af Åkerö (25 June 1568 – 19 July 1597) was Queen of Sweden as the second wife of King John III. Queen <mask> is acknowledged to have acted as the political adviser to John III and to have influenced his religious policies in favor of Protestantism. Early life
<mask>ielke was the daughter of the cousin of John III, the former governor of Östergötland Johan Axelsson Bielke, and Margareta Axelsdotter Posse. Orphaned early, she was raised at the royal court since she was ten years old as a playmate of the King's daughter, Anna. In 1582, she was made maid of honour to the Queen, Catherine Jagellon. About half a year after the death of his first queen in 1583, John III chose her to be his next consort, after first having considered Sigrid Brahe. Bielke is described by her contemporaries as a beautiful blonde, though the portraits preserved by her are considered to be too stylistic to give a true image of her appearance.It was acknowledged that the reason to the marriage was that the king was attracted to her beauty, and this was also the reason John III himself stated for his reason to marry a member of his own nobility rather than a foreign princess. Asked why he did not marry a member of a princely house, he openly stated that he wished to have a beautiful consort and that portraits of foreign princess was not to be trusted. Therefore, it would be wiser: "To marry a person in this country, of which whom you have already seen". Similar to the mother and step-mother of John III, Margareta Leijonhufvud and Katarina Stenbock, <mask> was engaged when the King decided to marry her. She was engaged to the noble Per Jonsson Liljesparre, and initially refused the king's proposal on her own initiative. According to tradition, the King was so enraged by her refusal that he slapped her in the face with his gloves. Her family, however, forced her to agree, retract her refusal, and consent to the marriage.Her engagement was broken, and her wedding to the king was arranged. The marriage was controversial and regarded by the king's family, who opposed it, to be a misalliance. His sisters were enraged. They considered it a misalliance because of the difference in rank, despite the fact that their own mother was also a member of the nobility, a fact he pointed out to them without effect. Queen

The wedding ceremony took place in Västerås the 21 February 1585, followed by the coronation of <mask> the following day. Because of the controversy around the marriage, the monarch was eager to make the occasion as impressing as possible, and arranged much celebrations around the event, such as a tournament, where queen <mask> officiated by handing out the price to the winners. The King's siblings, however, all refused to attend the wedding.The only exception was his sister Sophia, who was resident in Sweden and dependent upon his allowance for her income. For this, he punished his sisters economically and entered into a long going conflict with his brother Charles. <mask> was given a very large allowance and is regarded as one of the richest of the queens of Sweden. Queen <mask> had a significant influence on John III. She is credited with having influenced his policy regarding religion in favor of Protestantism, similar to the way his first spouse, Catherine Jagiellon, had influenced him in favor of Catholicism. After his marriage to her, his work to introduce a counter reformation in Sweden effectively ceased, and she is known to have acted in favor of persecuted anti-liturgical priests on several occasions. <mask> accompanied John III to the council in Reval in Swedish Estonia in 1589, where the monarch came into conflict with the Councillors of the noble parliamentary estate.She acted as a mediator between the monarch and the deposed Councillors during the conflict. Eventually, in 1590, the King released the political prisoners, members of the parliament, on her request, among them her former guardian Hogenskild <mask>. The King himself openly admitted to having changed his opinion and his decisions in various subjects "for the sake of our mistress the dear Queen's wishes". During the last years of the reign of John III, a significantly large amount of documents were issued in the name of the queen, displaying her large influence upon state affairs. She successfully accepted to make recommendations for supplicants, and even the siblings of her spouse did ask her to speak to the king on their behalf. The political influence of queen <mask> was not uncontroversial. Rather, it has been regarded in a more negative light then the equally large influence of her predecessor, because Gunilla was a member of the nobility, and she was accused of using her influence to benefit her relatives.Her brother-in-law Duke Charles, the future King Charles IX, has portrayed her in a very bad light in this regard and accused her of using her illegitimate influence over the king to promote her family with a rime in his chronicle:

Med drottning Gunnel vele vi tale
hon kan oss mycket hugsvale,
hos konungen kan hon fodra bäst. ty hon är vår vän och släkten bäst

(Of Queen Gunnel we now shall say
that she can benefit us all so well,
with the king she will always be successful
because she is our friend but most of all she is her family's)

In 1590, John III left instructions for queen <mask> to serve as regent, should his son with her succeed to the throne while being still a minor. The son of <mask> and John III, however, never succeeded to the throne, being put aside first by his elder half brother and then by his uncle. When the son of Charles XI, king Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, wished to marry another member of the nobility, Ebba Brahe, in the 1610s, his mother Christina of Holstein-Gottorp opposed the match with a reference to the marriage between John III and <mask> Bielke as a bad example, and eventually prevented it. Queen dowager
King John III died in 1592. According to the chronicle of Aegidius Girs, Queen <mask> stayed by the bedside of the dying John III, holding his hand, while holding the hand of their son with the other. He was succeeded by his son in his first marriage, King Sigismund, the stepson of <mask>, who was in Poland at the time of his father's death.Queen dowager <mask> refused to leave the Royal Castle in Stockholm before the arrival of Sigismund to Sweden, eager to had the support of Sigismund in protecting the large inheritance she had been given in the will of her late spouse against her former brother-in-law Duke Charles. Duke Charles, who had been updated by constant reports of the king's health during his illness, claimed that <mask> had concealed the death of the late monarch for days while stealing from the Royal Castle's belongings. Upon the arrival of Sigismund and his consort Anna of Austria to Sweden in 1593, <mask> demanded that an inventory be made to clear her of Charles's accusations and presented the will of the late king to prove that her demands were legal. Duke Charles protested that the property left to her in the will of the late king was so preposterously large that the will should be declared illegal even if it was indeed the will of the late king. Queen Anna also accused <mask> of having deprived the royal castle of most of its belongings, making it uncomfortable and bare, and the two queens also clashed on religious reasons. On 18 May 1594, however, Sigismund confirmed the inheritance of Queen Dowager <mask>. She retired to Bråborg Castle in the Duchy of her son, Östergötland, where she resided until her death.She was given an unusually generous allowance and lands in the will of her spouse, as well as sole and complete custody of her son, and thereby of his duchy. <mask> died of the fever and was interred in Uppsala Cathedral. Children
 John, Duke of Östergötland. Fiction
<mask> <mask> is the main character in the 1983 novel Stackars lilla drottning - Historisk roman om <mask> <mask>, Johan III:s unga gemål (Poor little queen - A historical novel about <mask> <mask>, the young consort of John III) by Anna Sparre. References

 <mask>, <mask> i Herman Hofberg, Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (andra upplagan, 1906)
 <mask> Bielke, urn:sbl:13306, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Birgitta Lager), hämtad 2013-12-06. Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen (2010). Vasadöttrarna (utgåva 2).Falun: Historiska Media. Further reading

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Gunnilda 1585
1568 births
1597 deaths
Burials at Uppsala Cathedral

masks:
Gunilla Bielke
Gunilla Johansdo
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Air Vice-Marshal <mask>  (16 March 1914 – 5 September 1997) was a New Zealand aviator and military leader. Born in Hanmer Springs, he briefly served in the Royal Air Force before transferring to the Royal New Zealand Air Force in 1939. During the early stages of the Second World War, he was a bomber pilot with No. 75 Squadron, which was formed mostly with New Zealand personnel and operated Vickers Wellingtons. He returned to New Zealand in 1940 for instructing duties and then was a staff officer with the RNZAF's No. 1 Islands Group, based in Vanuatu. He later commanded No.3 Squadron during the Solomons campaign. After the war, he held a series of staff posts before becoming Chief of Air Staff of the RNZAF in 1962. In this capacity he replaced much of the air force's dated equipment and sought to improve its strike capacity. Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1965, he retired the following year. He died in 1997, aged 83. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Hanmer Springs, in the South Island of New Zealand on 16 March 1914, the only son of W. G. <mask> and his wife. The town was the site of the Queen Mary Hospital which, during the First World War, was a facility for the treatment of wounded soldiers.Seeing these wounded war veterans in his childhood, <mask> resolved to never join the army. Instead, he desired a career in the Royal Air Force (RAF). After completing his schooling, he worked in the forestry industry to earn the money for the trip to England. During this time he learnt to fly, gaining his pilot's licence at the Canterbury Aero Club. When <mask> arrived in London, his application to join the RAF was declined on the grounds of a weak heart. A subsequent attempt to join the RAF was more successful, and he was accepted for a short service commission in March 1936 on probation, and this was confirmed, along with his rank of pilot officer, on 6 January 1937. In July the following year he was promoted to flying officer and was posted to No.44 Squadron, based at RAF Waddington. In September 1938 he married Dorothy  at Winthorpe. Second World War
In January 1939, he resigned his commission in the RAF and subsequently joined the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF). Later in the year he was sent to England to join other RNZAF personnel being trained on Vickers Wellington bombers. The aircraft had been purchased by the New Zealand government for its air force and <mask> was part of the group preparing to ferry them back to New Zealand. On the outbreak of the Second World War, he became part of No. 75 Squadron, established around those RNZAF personnel.He went on fly operationally with the squadron until his return to New Zealand in 1940, take up a position as an instructor. A navigation specialist, he taught at the School of General Reconnaissance and was highly regarded for his work. He was promoted to squadron leader in February 1942 and six months later was appointed commander of No. 8 Squadron, which flew Vickers Vildebeests. Early the following year, the RNZAF established the No. 1 Islands Group to co-ordinate the administration of the increasing numbers of units being sent to the Pacific theatre of operations to participate in the Solomons campaign. Based at Santo in Vanuatu, it was led by Air Commodore Wallingford with <mask> joining in April as his senior air staff officer.<mask> was later promoted wing commander and appointed to command of No. 3 Squadron, which operated Lockheed Ventura bombers. He served in this capacity from February 1944 to June 1945. During this time, the squadron saw service at Santo, Guadalcanal, Bougainville, and Emirau before finishing its war at Green Island. Postwar
<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1946 War Honours, in recognition of his war service in the Pacific. He served in a number of staff roles in the postwar period; from June 1946, he was an honorary aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of New Zealand for nearly a year, in 1947, he was based at the Air Department in Wellington as Director of Organisation and Staff Duties, and then served as chairman of the planning executive. In 1950 he went to the United Kingdom to attend the Joint Services Staff College followed by a two-year period of exchange duty with the RAF.He then commanded Ohakea air base for a time. From October 1954 he served on the Air Board, being responsible for supply. He was appointed an Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1957 New Year Honours. The following year he attended the Imperial Defence College. Chief of Air Staff
<mask> was appointed Chief of Air Staff (CAS) in July 1962. At the time, the RNZAF was in decline, operating dated equipment and the New Zealand government more focussed on its army co-operation role. He set about improving the strike capability of the RNZAF in response to the threat posed by communism.During his tenure he oversaw the introduction of American aircraft into service with the RNZAF, including the Lockheed P-3 Orion and the Lockheed C-130 Hercules. He prioritised equally what he saw as the three basic functions of the RNZAF; strike, maritime reconnaissance, and transport. For the latter two roles he initially believed the Hercules could fulfill these but he was convinced against this. This led to the acquisition of the Orion, an anti-submarine patrol aircraft. Helicopters also entered service with the RNZAF during his tenure, with a number of Bell UH-1 Iroquois being acquired in 1965. For offensive operations, he favoured the acquisition of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom as a strike aircraft for the RNZAF but was unable to secure them before his term as CAS ended. Cost was a factor together with the government's preference that RNZAF assume a defensive role.In the 1965 New Year Honours, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He retired in June 1966, the morale of the RNZAF considerably improved despite his failure to modernise its strike wing. Four years later a fleet of Douglas A-4 Skyhawks entered service with the RNZAF improving its offensive capabilities. Later life
<mask> died on 5 September 1997. He was cremated and his ashes interred at North Shore Memorial Park. He was the father of Judy Bailey, a former broadcaster. Notes

References

Further reading

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1914 births
1997 deaths
New Zealand aviators
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand Companions of the Order of the Bath

masks:
Ian Gordon Morrison
Ian Gordon
Morrison
Morrison
Morrison
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Morrison
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Morrison


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<mask> (December 16, 1871 – July 22, 1921) was a Spanish general. Silvestre was the son of the lieutenant colonel of artillery <mask> and <mask>. In 1889 he enrolled in the Toledo Infantry Academy, where he met with the future high commissioner of Spanish Morocco, Dámaso Berenguer. He served as commander of both Spanish Plazas de soberanía: Ceuta from 1919 to 1920 and of Melilla from 1920 to 1921. Afterwards he commanded all Spanish armies in Africa during the opening phase of the Rif War in which he suffered a massive and disastrous defeat at Annual. With the battle lost and in despair, <mask> committed suicide on July 22, 1921. This is considered the worst defeat ever suffered by the contemporary Spanish army.Biogaphy

Youth
Silvestre was born in El Caney in Spanish Cuba; his father was artillery lieutenant colonel Victor Fernandez y Pentiaga, who married his second wife Eleuteria <mask> Quesada. Silvestre joined the Toledo General Military Academy where he met future General and Prime Minister Damaso Berenguer y Fuste who was 2 years younger than Silvestre. Silvestre graduated on March 9, 1893 as a cavalry second lieutenant, aged 21. Career

Cuba
Silvestre first saw action in 1890 at the age of 19 in a skirmish as a cadet against the Mambises guerrillas seeking independence in Cuba. In February 1895, a full-blown rebellion broke out in Cuba, known as the Cuban War of Independence. After he attended the academy, Silvestre returned to Cuba in 1895 to fight against the Mambises until the Spanish lost the 1898 Spanish–American War in which he received 16 wounds altogether and received a severe incapacity of the left arm that he disguised very well. During his time in Cuba, the aggressive Silvestre had a marked preference for cavalry charges and fighting hand to hand against the Mambises and was widely liked and respected by the men under his command.A charismatic, charming man whose nickname was Manolo, <mask> was a great womaniser who fathered scores of illegitimate children by the various women he seduced. In the words of the American historian David Woolman: "<mask> was a real-life character as flamboyant as any to be found in the pages of a romantic novel". <mask> was a very brave but reckless junior officer in Cuba, where he was seriously wounded during a cavalry action, but as a general, he was hopelessly inept and owned his rapid rise up the ranks to the patronage of his best friend, King Alfonso XIII, who used his position of commander-in-chief to promote his favourite officers. After the Spanish–American War, Silvestre served as a military aide to the king, who became his patron. When Alfonso ascended to the Spanish throne in 1886, Spain could at least pretence to be a world power, as Spain had colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The great shattering event of Alfonso's childhood had been the Spanish–American War of 1898, which saw Spain defeated by the Americans and the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, and shortly afterward, Spain sold the Carolines and Mariana islands to Germany. As a result, Spain's empire now consisted only of Spanish Guinea, in Central Africa, and some footholds on the Moroccan coast.Alfonso had taken the losses of the Spanish–American War very badly and supported the africanistas, who longed to conquer for Spain a new empire in Northern Africa to compensate for the lost empire in the Americas and Asia. As a militarist educated by army officers and an africanista, Alfonso liked swashbuckling, macho generals who might conquer for him an African empire; which explained why Silvestre became a royal favourite. Alfonso was fascinated by <mask>'s flamboyant and colourful personality, which made him popular "both with his troops and with the ladies." Spanish Morocco

In 1904, after many postings to peninsular regiments, he was dispatched to the Spanish exclave of Melilla on the Mediterranean Rif coast of North Africa, where he proved to be an excellent negotiator but also a fierce and an unpredictable man. In 1912, he occupied Larache and in 1918, he became the Commandant-General of Ceuta. As such he reported to the High Commissioner, a position that was filled by Dámaso Berenguer. Silvestre and Berenguer had once been friends at the military school, but they had fallen out as Silvestre was actually senior on the officer's list although Berenguer's position as High Commissioner meant that Silvestre had to take orders from him.Berenguer regarded Silvestre as reckless but was unwilling to rein him in largely because his friendship with the king, who had the final say over who was promoted and when. Silvestre led several campaigns against Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni, a notorious North Moroccan brigand, from 1913 to 1920. After a long struggle, Silvestre defeated Raisuni in October 1919 in the Battle of Fondak Pass. Although Raisuni and most of his troops managed to slip away, they eventually joined forces with the Spanish authority against rival rebel leader Abd el-Krim. Raisuni's army was key to the Spanish capture of Larache and Arcila and to contain Abd El-Krim's offensives in 1923 and 1924, but he ended up as a prisoner of Abd El-Krim, who had him executed in 1925. After stopping in Ceuta, Silvestre marched in 1920 to take command of the Command of Melilla from where in January 1921 he led the Rif invasion, to stop the local resistance, now led by Abd el-Krim. Berenguer commanded from his headquarters at Tétouan, south of Ceuta, and Silvestre was based at Meilila, 130 miles away, a command arrangement that did not facilitate smooth co-operation between the two generals.In March 1921, Silvestre met Berenguer aboard the old cruiser Princesa de Asturias to plan the operations in the spring. Silvestre dismissed the Moroccans as an enemy, said he had all the troops and equipment that he needed, and causally mentioned: "The only way to succeed in Morocco is to cut off the heads of all the Moors". French Marshal Hubert Lyautey, who commanded the forces in French Morocco, complained that the Spanish lacked sufficient cultural sensitivity and often gratuitously offended the Islamic traditions of the Moroccans by openly engaging the services of the ubiquitous prostitutes, who followed the Spanish Army everywhere in Morocco; by engaging in harassment of Muslims on the streets; by dishonest and bigoted treatment of Moroccan tribal chiefs; and by all too often simply assuming that an "iron fist" approach was the best way to deal with the Moroccans. Lyautey criticised the Spanish Army in Morocco in general, but Silvestre exemplified it perfectly with his arrogance that led him to dismiss the Moroccans as hopelessly inferior and his firm belief in the "iron fist". The operation was risky and dangerous since the Spanish soldiers were very poorly trained and scared of the Rifians. Silvestre's force comprised 20,000 Spanish soldiers, as well as 5,000 regulares, as Moroccans in the Spanish Army were called. Of the Spanish troops, well over half were completely illiterate conscripts from the poorest elements of Spanish society and had been sent to Morocco with minimal training.Despite <mask>'s assurances that his equipment was sufficient to defeat the Rifians, about three quarters of the rifles at the Melilla arsenal were in shoddy condition because of poor maintenance, and a report from late 1920, which Silvestre had never bothered to read, warned that many of the rifles in Melilla arsenal were unusable or more of a danger to the soldier who was firing them than to the enemy. The average Spanish soldier in Morocco in 1921 was paid the equivalent of US$0.34 per day and lived on a simple diet of coffee, bread, beans, rice and the odd piece of meat. Many soldiers bartered their rifles and ammunition at the local markets in exchange for fresh vegetables. The barracks that the soldiers lived in were unsanitary, and medical care at the few hospitals was very poor. Up in the mountains, Spanish soldiers lived in small outposts known as blocaos, which the American historian Stanley Payne observed: "Many of these lacked any sort of toilet, and the soldier who ventured out of the filthy bunker risked exposure to the fire of lurking tribesmen". Continuing a practice first began in Cuba, corruption flourished in the venal Spanish officer corps, with goods meant for the troops being sold onto the black market, and the funds intended to build road and railroads in Morocco ended up in the pockets of senior officers. A shockingly high number of Spanish officers could not read maps, which explains why Spanish units so frequently got lost in the Rif.In general, studying war was not considered to be a good use of an officer's time, and most officers devoted their time in Melilla in words of the American journalist James Perry to "gambling and whoring, sometimes molesting the native Moorish women". Morale in the army was extremely poor, and most Spanish soldiers just wanted to go home and leave Morocco forever. Because of the prostitutes from Spain, who attached themselves in great number to the Spanish bases in Morocco, venereal diseases were rampant in the Spanish Army, as it was the great dream of many Spanish soldiers to contract a venereal disease so he could invalidated out of service and sent home to Spain. Silvestre was well aware of the poor morale of his soldiers, but he did not regard it as a problem since he believed that his enemy was so inferior that the problems afflicting his troops would not be an issue. <mask> had spread out his troops in 144 forts and blockhouses (blocaos) from Sidi Dris

masks:
Manuel Fernández y Silvestre
Victor Fernández
Eleuteria Silvestre
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 on the Mediterranean across the Rif to Annual and Tizi Azza and on to Melilla. A typical blockhouse held about a dozen men while the larger forts had about 800 men. <mask>, known for his boldness and impetuosity, had pushed his men too deep into the mountains hoping to reach Alhucemas Bay without undertaking the necessary work to built a logistical support network capable of supplying his men out in the blocaos up in the Rif mountains.Krim had sent <mask> a letter warning him not to cross the Amekran River, or he would die. Silvestre commented to the Spanish press about the letter: "This man Abd el-Krim is crazy. I'm not going to take seriously the threats of a little Berber caid [judge] whom I had at my mercy a short time ago. His insolence merits a new punishment". Krim allowed Silvestre to advance deep into since he knew that the Spanish logistics were, in the words of the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez, "tenuous" at best. In late May 1921, Silvestre had his first inking of trouble, as he received reports that his supply columns he was sending up into the Rif were regularly being destroyed. As Silvestre had pushed his men very deep into the Rif, and his forts and blocaos held little in the way of food, the ambushes threatened to bring down the entire chain that Silvestre had built.On 29 May 1921, Silvestre wrote to Berenguer for the first time that the campaign against Krim might be more than a "mere kick in the pants" and that he needed more troops fast. However, in the words of Perry, "this stupid man" marched across the Amekran River to occupy the village Abaran on June 1, 1921. Most of the soldiers were regulares who promptly mutinied, murdered their Spanish officers and declared that they were now joining the jihad that Krim had proclaimed against the Spanish. After the debacle, Berenguer paid an emergency visit to Melilla to meet with Silvestre to "suggest" the latter to suspend his attempts to push over the Amekran River until Berenguer could "pacify" his zone south of Ceuta and start a supporting offensive from the west. Silvestre wanted to hear nothing of Berenguer's "suggestions" and said that unless he received a direct order to stop, he could continue his attempts to push Spanish power beyond the Amekran. Silvestre was so angry with the "suggestions" that he attempted to attack Berenguer and had to be restrained by the other officers. Though Berenguer continued to "suggest" to Silvestre caution in a steady stream of telegrams over the following days and advised no operations beyond the Amekran, he never ordered Silvestre to stop for fear of angering Silvestre's patron, Alfonso XIII, which meant that the stubborn Silvestre continued to press on.The local resistance began to believe that they were able to defeat the Spanish when, on June 1, 1921, it took the position from Abarrán, killing many Spanish soldiers in combat. On June 8, 1921, <mask> again sent his men south of the Amekran to start building a fort at Igueriben. Krim then out a proclamation to all the Berber tribes of the Rif: "The Spaniards have already lost the game. Look At Abaran! They have left their dead mutilated and unburied, their souls vaguely wandering about, tragically denied the delights of Paradise!" The Rifians now surrounded the new Spanish base at Igueriben and used captured Spanish artillery to bring down fire on the Spanish. Then, Silvestre sent a telegram to Berenguer saying that the situation had become "somewhat delicate" and that he desperately needed more troops.Silvestre now started to worry, as he had much trouble sleeping and eating. However, Silvestre's doubts were quietened when King Alfonso sent him a telegram, whose first line was "Hurrah for real men! ", and it urged his favorite general to stay the course and not to retreat. With that, any possibility of retreat vanished, as Silvestre would never displease the king. The Spanish garrison at Igueriben was cut off but could communicate with the fort at Annual via heliograph. From the heliograph, Silvestre learned that the men at Igueriben had no water and been reduced to drinking the juice from tomato cans, then vinegar and ink, and finally their own urine. With the dehydrated men of Igueriben in desperate condition, a relief force from Annual was sent down on July 19 but was ambushed and destroyed, with 152 Spanish killed.On July 21, Silvestre sent down another relief force of 3000 men, which was likewise ambushed and defeated. Battle of Annual

After the fall of Igueriben on July 22, the rebels attacked the Spanish military camp. <mask>, who had been acting more and more erratically since the previous setbacks, ordered Major Julio Benitez to break out, which led to Benitez and most of his men being hacked to death by the Moroccan tribesmen, who rarely gave the Spanish much mercy. Only 11 survivors of Igueriben managed to reach the fort at Annual, and 9 of them died within hours of heat exhaustion. Then, Silvestre fell to pieces, chewed obsessively at his mustache and talked gibberish to himself as he paced back and forth, wondering what he should do. Matters were decided for Silvestre as Krim decided to follow up his victory at Igueriben by besieging the Annual fortress, and a few hours later, his tribesmen had surrounded Annual. At that point, a panic-stricken Silvestre, who having previously underestimated Krim now swung to the other extreme and called a council of war to announce he was ordering a general retreat back to the coast.<mask> sent his last message on the radio to Madrid at about 4:55 a.m. that he would start a retreat to the coast later that morning. <mask> failed to organize an orderly retreat, not least because for reasons of machismo, he was unwilling to admit to his men that they would be about to retreat. At about 10 am on 22 July 1921, the 5000 men of the Annual started to march out of the fort without being told why. As the Spanish marched in such a disorganised fashion with no officers to give them direction or orders that in the words of the British historian Admiral Cecil Usborne: "Units broke up and became incoherent", as men started to head off in every direction amid "the terrible heat and dust of the Moroccan summer". With Spanish having no order, the Moroccans had no trouble cutting them down with writhing fire, which, in turn, led to the Spanish taking off helter-skelter with every man for himself to the mountains. The Rif tribesmen cut them down with their swords, and others were "shot down like rabbits" with the smiling tribesmen openly standing up to shoot down the Spanish as if it was all a game to them. The Rifians used up almost all of their ammunition, but they captured so many Spanish guns and ammunition as to come out of the battle with more ammunition than they had started with.In the meantime, the Rifians had entered the perimeter of the Spanish camp at Annual, and went about killing every Spaniard they encountered. The Rifians gave no mercy and cut down not only the Spanish soldiers but also the Spanish prostitutes, who had followed the troops up into the Rif. While that was happening, <mask> stood on the parapet of the Annual fortress, watching his army being destroyed. With the exception of one cavalry unit, the Cazadores de Alcántara, the entire garrison of about 5000 men were lost. <mask> reportedly further demoralised his men by yelling at them, "Run, run, the bogeyman is coming!" as they attempted to rally following their initial defeat. Silvestre's comments about the "bogeyman" were his only contributions to the command of his army during the Annual battle.Of the 570 Spaniards who survived the "Disaster of Annual", the 326 who were taken prisoner were released in January 1923 after the Spanish state paid a ransom of four million pesetas. The survivors consisted of 44 officers, 236 soldiers, 10 civilians and 33 prostitutes and their children. Death
According to some witnesses, <mask>, upon seeing the disaster, went into his tent and committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. Whether dead by his own hand or like most of his staff killed in the turmoil of the retreat, the only remnant of Silvestre appears to have been his scarlet and gold general's sash. Captain Fortea, one of the few Spanish prisoners taken at Annual, reported that Abd el-Krim wore the sash during the pursuit. Abd el-Krim himself told the writer J. Roger-Mathieu that this and other insignia had been brought to him by one of his men. In addition to this, a Moroccan courier from Kaddur Nadar claimed 8 days after the battle to have seen <mask>'s dead body lying on the battlefield face down, still recognizable by his sash and epaulettes.A total of 15,000 Spanish soldiers fell in the days from July 22 to August 9; most died during the Battle of Annual (known as the Disaster of Annual to Spanish historians). Krim followed up his victory at Annual by laying siege to all of the blocaos in the Riff mountains, none of which had much food or water stored, and all of which he took. After the Annual rout, Spanish morale collapsed and there was very little attempt at organized resistance, with the commanders of every blocao making no effort at any organized retreat. On that final day, Silvestre's deputy, General Felipe Navarro y Ceballos-Escalera, surrendered with his men at the sprawling fort of Mount Arruit. References

 Next publication of Abd el-Krim's biography in base of official Spanish documents

External links

Spanish generals
Spanish military personnel killed in action
People of the Rif War
1871 births
1921 suicides
Military personnel missing in

masks: Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre Silvestre


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<mask> (, 1904–1968) was a high-ranking KMT general and the Governor of Shandong Province who successfully fought against both the Imperial Japanese Army and the Chinese Communists. In September 1948, Communist forces launched the Battle of Jinan. <mask> was captured and held as a prisoner of war until his pardon and release in 1959. During the Cultural Revolution he came under attack by the Red Guards for being a former nationalist commander and died of a heart attack in 1968. Early life and career
<mask> was born into peasant family in Shandong province. He lost his father and elder brother when he was young, and his mother raised him into adulthood. When Sun Yat-Sen opened the Whampoa Military Academy, <mask> was working as a shop keeper.He immediately borrowed money from his employer and traveled to the South to join the national revolution. Some of his notable classmates included Du Yuming, Fan Hanjie, Hu Lien, Liu Yujian, Guan Linzheng and Lin Biao. After his graduation he joined the Northern Expedition under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek against the northern warlords. After Chiang purged the communists in Shanghai on April 12, 1927, he stayed with the Kuomintang as a regiment commander in the National Revolutionary Army. In 1930 he fought in the Central Plains War as a colonel in the central army against an anti-central government coalition under Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and Li Zongren. In 1932, he was received by Chiang Kai-shek after successfully defend his position under communist attacks during the Fourth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet. He was promoted to brigade commander and later as commander of the 51st division.Two years later he participated the Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet and captured Chinese communist leader Fang Zhimin and killing another red army commander in battle around September 1934. In 1935 he scored yet another victory at Jiangxi province by capturing the entire officer corps of the Red Army's 10th corps and was promoted to major general. Second Sino-Japanese War
In 1937, <mask> led his unit in the Battle of Shanghai. His regiment commander was Zhang Lingfu, whom he had just bailed out of prison. In late November, the Chinese army lost the battle for Shanghai and the Japanese Central China Area Army under General Iwane Matsui  advanced toward Nanjing. During the Battle of Nanjing, <mask>'s 51st division suffered heavy casualties and his superior General Tang Shengzhi fled the city without even notifying him and the other senior commanders. <mask> barely escaped the city and only 3,000 troops under his command managed to breakout from the Japanese onslaught.In 1938 he took part in the Battle of Lanfeng to fight against the Japanese 14th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) led by General Kenji Doihara, one of the masterminds of the Manchurian Incident. The failure to hold off the Japanese attacks also led the nationalist government open dykes on the Yellow River, causing the 1938 Yellow River flood. During the Battle of Wanjialing, <mask>'s unit fought against the Japanese attempts to break out from the Chinese encirclement, in which the 106th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) under Lieutenant General Junrokurō Matsuura was almost wiped out. In 1939, <mask> led his unit to participate in the Battle of Nanchang, but Chinese forces failed to hold the city. <mask>, however, distinguished himself during the Battle of Changsha and was promoted to the command of the 74th corps. Under his command, the 74th corps became one of the elite units of the Chinese government forces and fought in almost every engagement in the remaining period of the War. By the war's end, General <mask> was promoted to command the 4th area army and became a member of the KMT central committee.Chinese Civil War

When the Chinese Civil War broke out again in 1946, General <mask> was named as governor of Shandong Province and commander-in-chief of the 2nd pacification zone. But he had great difficulty to establish his authority due to intense inter-service rivalry among different nationalist commanders and Communist forces stepped up their attacks on isolated nationalist garrisons in the province. In May 1947, his career suffered a serious setback when the 74th enhanced division under his old subordinate lieutenant general Zhang Lingfu was lost in the critical Menglianggu Campaign and most of the nationalist troops assigned to his sector was pulled out of the province to be redeployed elsewhere. When the Chinese communist forces under Chen Yi and Su Yu attacked the provincial capital in 1948 during the Battle of Jinan, General <mask> only had local garrison forces which made up by raw recruits and second-rate troops. The fate of Jinan was sealed when one of his corps commanders (Wu Huawen) defected to the Chinese communist forces. The communist troops breached the city defenses and General <mask> fled from his headquarters and was captured in a nearby county. Later life and death
During his imprisonment <mask> urged his fellow nationalist commanders to surrender to the PLA and caused a firestorm of controversy since President Chiang Kai-shek always favored him.As result of his collaboration with the communist forces he was among the first nationalist commanders to be released in 1959 with his senior classmate Du Yuming. He worked in the Chinese political consultative conference and other government organizations when the Cultural Revolution broke out. He was forced to go to struggle sessions by the Red Guards and died of a heart attack in 1968. He died under harsh treatment, but was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral. His cinerary casket currently rests at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery mourning hall, as one of China's most important revolutionary heroes. <mask> was survived by his wife, sons and a daughter. <mask>'s grandchild, Mary-Jean Wong, has followed in her family's tradition of public service, currently serving as a member of the 10th Shandong Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.References
 short online biography (generals.dk)

1904 births
1968 deaths
National Revolutionary Army generals from Shandong
People from Tai'an
Whampoa Military Academy alumni
Chinese military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery

masks:
Wang Yaowu
Wang
Wang
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<mask>. (16 July 1860 – 23 September 1933) was a United States Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor for actions during the 1914 American intervention at Veracruz. He retired from the Navy in 1924, as an admiral. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. He was appointed a cadet midshipman to the United States Naval Academy from the 3rd Congressional District of North Carolina, on 28 June 1878, and graduated with the Class of 1882, receiving his ensign's stripe on 1 July 1884, after the customary two-year's sea duty. <mask> advanced slowly up the promotion ladder, such advancements in those times being received on basis of seniority; he remained an ensign for ten years before becoming a lieutenant, junior grade. Detached from the cruiser , <mask> reported on board the cruiser  on 28 January 1897, and was serving in that ship at the time of the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in the spring of 1898. Spanish–American War

At that time, the United States Navy threw a blockade around Cuba.By early May 1898, Marblehead was operating off the south coast of Cuba, off the port of Cienfuegos—a cable terminus important to Spanish communications—in company with the converted yacht , the gunboat , the revenue cutter  and the collier . To sever this vital link, Captain Bowman H. McCalla, senior officer in the group, planned an operation to cut the cable at Cienfuegos, designating Lieutenant Cameron McRae Winslow as the commanding officer, with Lieutenant, (jg) <mask> as his second-in-command. Winslow accordingly gave <mask> command of the sailing launches from Marblehead. After the guns of the two warships smashed Spanish positions ashore, the boats moved in to carry out the operation. <mask>'s boat quickly snatched up the first cable and, assisted by Nashvilles boat, cut it. They soon grapneled a second cable and were in the process of cutting it, too, when the Spaniards opened a slow fire that soon grew to volley proportions, from rifles, automatic weapons and one-pounders. After a Spanish bullet felled the coxswain of <mask>'s boat, <mask> took the helm and began steering the boat seaward, directing his men to keep down between the thwarts.The Spanish fire, however wounded three more men and holed the boat in many places. After the action, <mask> had nothing but praise for his sailors and marines, commending their intelligent and cheerful work in the exhausting labor of picking up and cutting the heavy cables, working even under heavy fire until ordered to stop. The operation proved successful in another aspect. The ships gunfire decimated a large Spanish force sent to the area to contest the operation. Subsequently, <mask> delivered the prize steamer Adula to Savannah, Georgia, in July 1898, and was given command of another Spanish prize, the gunboat . Recommended for advancement in grade for his heroism at Cienfuegos in August 1898, this advancement (five numbers in grade) came finally on 11 February 1901. Post-war advancement, Medal of Honor
<mask> commanded the gunboat  from 13 April 1901 – 24 December 1903, in the Philippines, and, later, in Hong Kong.During the remainder of the 1900s, <mask> advanced to commander; among his tours of duty included a stint at the Navy Recruiting Station, Cincinnati, Ohio, and at the Mare Island Navy Yard as ordnance officer before being given command of the gunboat  in the autumn of 1910. He briefly commanded the battleship  during the assemblage the fleet in New York City before being detached for duty as Captain of the Yard at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Late in 1913, <mask> was given command of the battleship , and while in command of that ship, took part in the American intervention at Veracruz, Mexico, in April 1914. Given command of the Second Seaman Regiment, <mask> led that bluejacket landing force ashore and so distinguished himself in the fighting that followed that he received the Medal of Honor. Subsequently attending the Naval War College, <mask> served as Supervisor of Naval Auxiliary Reserves, Norfolk, and later as Commander, Squadron Three, Patrol Force, assigned defense duties out of Key West, Florida, during World War I, with  as his flagship. He was promoted to rear admiral and took command of Squadron One, Patrol Force, Atlantic Fleet, for the duration of the First World War. Flag assignments
Over the next few years, <mask> flew his flag as Commander Division 1, Cruiser Squadrons, Atlantic Fleet, and as Commandant, Sixth Naval district, headquartered at Charleston, South Carolina, before assuming command of United States Naval Forces in European Waters, with the rank of vice admiral.He was soon redesignated as Commander in Chief, Asiatic Fleet, however from 28 August 1922. Continued turmoil in China had occasioned the presence of substantial numbers of foreign warships in Chinese waters including the Asiatic Fleet. <mask>'s ships carried out the usual kinds of peacetime operations ever ready to perform protective service for American nationals. During his tour, however the Fleet distinguished itself in quite an unexpected fashion. A severe earthquake rocked Japan, causing heavy damage to such cities as Tokyo and Yokohama. As Secretary of the Navy <mask>. Denby reported in 1923, "One of the brightest pages in the history of the Navy has recently been written by the Asiatic Fleet in its mission of mercy to the stricken people of Japan." Admiral <mask> promptly placed his fleet at the disposal of the Japanese, immediately dispatched a division of destroyer from Chinese waters to Yokohama with medical supplies to render assistance.The ships of Destroyer Division 38, led by the destroyer , were in fact the first ships to render assistance to the city of Yokohama. All available naval vessels were laden with clothing, food, medicines, and supplies, and rushed to Japanese waters. Admiral <mask> himself arrived at Yokohama in his flagship the armored cruiser  on the afternoon of September 1923. Within two weeks' time, the United States Ambassador in Japan, Cyrus E. Woods, could cable:
I have been informed by the Foreign Office that food emergency has been met. Only problem remaining is question of distribution. This the Japanese with their organizing ability and their ability to recover from shock desire to handle themselves. It will gratify the American people to know that the prompt action of Admiral <mask> has had much to do with this.American Navy's assistance thoroughly appreciated by the men in the street as well as the Japanese government. I wish to emphasize that in this critical emergency the first assistance from the outside world since the catastrophe was brought by our Asiatic Fleet. Subsequently, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States, Masanao Hanihara, expressed gratitude for Admiral <mask>'s "unflagging zeal and efficiency" that led to the "prompt and gallant assistance" that enabled the situation to be brought "well under control in a short time." Retirement and death
Relieved by Admiral Thomas Washington on 11 October 1923, <mask> returned to the United States, and was placed on the retired list with the permanent rank of admiral on 23 March 1924. <mask> died at his home in Masonboro Sound, Wilmington, North Carolina on 23 September 1933. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. Awards
 Medal of Honor
 Distinguished Service Medal
 Sampson Medal
 Spanish Campaign Medal
 Mexican Service Medal
 World War I Victory Medal

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Navy.Born: 16 July 1860, Wilmington N.C. Accredited to: North Carolina. G.O. No. : 177, 4 December 1915. Other Navy award: Distinguished Service Medal. Citation:

For extraordinary heroism in battle, engagement of Vera Cruz, 22 April 1914, in command of the 2d Seaman Regiment.Marching his regiment across the open space in front of the Naval Academy and other buildings, Capt. <mask> unexpectedly met a heavy fire from riflemen, machineguns and 1-pounders, which caused part of his command to break and fall back, many casualties occurring amongst them at the time. His indifference to the heavy fire, to which he himself was exposed at the head of his regiment, showed him to be fearless and courageous in battle. Namesake
A  in the United States Navy, , was named in his honor, was sunk in 1946, during atomic bomb tests as part of Operation Crossroads. See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)

References

Bibliography

External links

 Edwin A. Anderson Collection, 1906–1963, MS 536 held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy

1860 births
1933 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
Naval War College alumni
Battle of Veracruz (1914) recipients of the Medal of Honor

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Edwin Alexander Anderson Jr
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<mask> (6 September 1813 – 8 December 1889) was a Scottish surgeon, orientalist and pioneering environmentalist in India. He founded museums at Madras and Bangalore, a zoological garden in Madras and was instrumental in raising awareness on forest conservation and public health in India. He published a Cyclopaedia of India, several editions of which were published after 1857, translated works on health into Indian languages and wrote on a variety of subjects. Life and career
<mask> was born in  Angus, Montrose, the second son of Captain <mask> of the East India Company marine service and Susan Hume (a sister of the radical MP Joseph Hume). His elder brother was Sir <mask> (1809–1894) who was later a liberal MP for  Kincardineshire. He was educated at Montrose Academy before studying surgery at Edinburgh University and admitted Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1833. A family friend arranged his commission as an assistant surgeon in the Madras medical service in India and he set sail for India in 1834.On the way he visited Mauritius where he witnessed ecological destruction about which he had read in the works of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Boussingault. This created a lifelong interest in climate change and environmental problems. On arrival in India in 1836 he was attached to a European regiment as an assistant surgeon. He was in medical charge of European and native artillery, native cavalry, Madras and Bombay infantry divisions until 1862. He served as a staff-surgeon at Ahmednagar and at Bellary, and in 1850 he acted as government agent at Chepauk and was a paymaster dealing with Carnatic stipends. His ability with languages particularly Hindi and later Persian helped his transfer into a sepoy regiment. This led him to be posted to smaller areas and he spent the next ten years travelling around southern India.He was often sought by the government as a translator of Hindustani and Persian. In 1848 <mask> returned to Madras and he was given medical charge of the governor's bodyguard. This gave him more time to writing and other interests and he also took up additional appointments as agent to the court of the nawab of the Carnatic. From 1858 to 1861 he served on a commission to look into the debts of the nawab. In 1850, he also served as assistant assay master at the Madras mint. In 1852 he became a full surgeon and on 24 May he married Marion Matilda Agnes Gilchrist, daughter of a fellow surgeon at Madras. He served as deputy Surgeon-General in Burma and the Straits Settlements, the Andamans and the Mysore division.From 1871 to 1876 he was Surgeon-General and headed the Madras Medical Department. <mask>'s wife, Marion, would help in the proof-reading of <mask>'s encyclopaedia. At the age of seven Marion had been to St. Helena where she happened to see the body of Napoleon. <mask>, a son died in infancy at Bellary on 28 March 1864. Environmental and health
<mask> had seen environmental damage in Mauritius and was interested in the effect of climate on human health. During his travels he collected information on health and environmental issues. He published a report in 1845 titled Statistical Data for forming Troops and maintaining them in Health in different Climates and Localities and  Observations on the Means of preserving the Health of Troops by selecting Healthy Localities for their Cantonments and these made him an authority on public health.In 1849, he wrote On the Influence exercised by Trees on the Climate of a Country in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 1840 which was reprinted in 1849. Using actual data to study problems and suggest solutions he wrote such works as the Statistics of Cholera and Remarks on the Causes for which Native Soldiers of the Madras Army were discharged the Service in tho five Years from 1842-3 to 1846-7 (1850). The medical training in Edinburgh had an emphasis on the importance of water in human health. <mask> recognized that since water was finite in supply, that this was a public health problem. Based on the Mauritius experience he warned of the possibility of famine due to deforestation and wrote about the links between water and forest cover in Notes on the influence exercised by trees in inducing rain and preserving moisture (Madras Journal of Literature and Science 15(1849):402-448) as well as reports to the famine commission (The influence exercised by trees on the climate and productiveness of the Peninsula of India. Famine Commission IV.). The East India Company heeded his warnings and took up forest conservation schemes soon after 1840.This and other reports by Hugh Francis Cleghorn influenced Lord Dalhousie and led to the establishment of the Madras Forest Department. The debate on deforestation induced climate change was also held in Britain where Colonel <mask>, <mask>'s brother, lobbied for conservation measures while others like David Livingstone suggested that rainfall declines were related to geological changes. Statistical approach
<mask> widely used statistics to study the state of health of the troops. In a study of health issues that was read by his uncle Joseph Hume to the Statistical Society of London, he dismissed the belief that humans adjusted to new climates and suggested that different races had varying tolerances to climate and disease. Based on his data, he showed that Europeans fared better in the hills of India. He maintained careful records of visitors to the museum and noted how a live orangutan specimen drew large crowds. This increased support for his plan for a zoological garden and when it was established he noted that it drew more people than the British Museum, Regent's Park and Kew Gardens together.Role of women
Recognising the importance of women in matters of public health, he personally translated Dr. J. T. Conquest's Outlines of Midwifery into Urdu and arranged for translations into Kannada, Tamil and Telugu. He noted in the preface to the Kannada edition that he offered rewards for anyone undertaking translation and that he had works published in Telugu, Tamil, apart from Kannada, but had yet to find someone to translate the work into Malayalam. He noted his objective as being "to provide a text book for Native Medical Students; to improve the practice of Native Midwives; and to make known to the learned men of India, the modes followed by the people of Europe in aiding women when in natural labor as also when the labors are difficult." He also attempted to influence the government to introduce medical education in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam languages but failed. He worked towards encouraging European women to enter the medical service in India since he believed that women could move more freely within certain sections of Indian society. This move succeeded and in 1875, Mary Scharlieb was admitted to the Madras Medical College as its first woman applicant. Museums, natural history and orientalism

Balfour was keen on collections and education.He founded the Government Central Museum at Madras in 1850. He became the first officer in charge of the museum at Madras. By 1879 the museum was attracting 180,000 people each year and in 1886 as much as 230,000. Women visitors were encouraged on special days. He not only kept records of the visitors but also studied the response of visitors to exhibits. He noticed a marked increase in the number of visitors when a live specimen of a tiger cub and leopard was kept in the natural history section of the museum. This led him to propose a zoological garden and this led to the creation in 1856 of a small collection of animals in the People's Park which grew into the Madras Zoological Gardens.There was pressures to move the museum to the college premises but <mask> firmly believed that the museum needed to be "...open to all classes, and contains articles calculated to amuse and instruct all classes". Initially the museum displayed items of commercial value and focussed on economic geology and forestry. It later began to acquire items of archaeology and ethnology. He encouraged contributions to the museum stating that "every specimen that may be sent will be acceptable". Material could be sent free by post if marked for the museum and sent by "Banghy Dock". The Oriental and Screw Navigation Company permitted packages for the museum to be shipped free. Material flowed in at around 1000 items a month.He considered it inappropriate to charge an admission fee since the public was donating exhibits. In a letter to Oldfield of Roorkee College on 30 May 1854, <mask> wrote that "... if the Museum were limited in its objects, it would never be formed because the residents throughout the country, rendered, by the limiting, doubtful as to what would be acceptable, would refrain from sending anything and, If I attempted to be eclectic, I would lose all..." By 1853, the Museum was overflowing with more than 19,830 artefacts, mostly received from the public. <mask> believed that purchase would be needed only in the case of exceptional artefacts. In 1866 he started the Bangalore Museum in the state of Mysore. He was a secretary to the Madras Central Committee for the Great Exhibition of 1851, the Paris Exhibitions of 1855 and 1868, the International Exhibition of London (1862) and the Vienna Exhibition (1872). Balfour took a special interest in languages and spent a lot of time learning local languages. In 1850 he published Gul-Dastah or The Bunch of Roses, a lithographed series of works by Persian and Hindustani poets.He also set up a Mohammedan Public Library in Madras and translated many works from Persian to English as well as English works (such as on astronomy) into Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. Based on his studies, he was sceptical of the state of indigenous scientific knowledge particularly in relation to health and in his Cyclopaedia suggested that Indians were so close to subsistence that they did not have the time or means to reflect accurately on their surroundings. When Balfour resigned from his position at the museum, he sought <mask> as a suitable successor but was prevented by the Madras Government to enter into a correspondence on this. His position was then taken up by Captain Jesse Mitchell who worked as Commandant of the Madras Mounted Police. Cyclopaedia of India and other works

Balfour's collations on a variety of aspects of life in India led to the publication of The Encyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific, first published in 1857 with subsequent editions titled as the Cyclopaedia of India. The original work was derived from notes that he had made for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Subsequent editions incorporated research by others including Sir Dietrich Brandis and it grew into a five volume work in 1871-83.The work also was used by William Theobald in his major revision of Mason's Burmah. Some subjects needed more coverage and he produced for instance the first work on the agricultural pests of India, in which he drew inspiration from the work of Eleanor Ormerod. He wrote in the Agricultural pest of India:

<mask> continued to write about India after retiring to England in 1876. He openly held anti-colonialist sentiments which Richard Grove suggests as being linked to the radical ideas of his uncle Joseph Hume, opinions that were also expressed by his cousin Allan Octavian Hume. His elder brother <mask> (and married to A.O. Hume's sister Charlotte Isabella) also argued against salt taxes in India and suggested that they hampered growth and antagonized the population of India. Honours and memorials
Balfour left India in 1876 after 42 years there, and at his farewell was felicitated in Madras by the Hindu, Muslim and European communities with a portrait of him placed in the Government Central Museum.For his distinguished services he was given an additional annual good-service pension of £100. In 1891 the Madras University established a Balfour memorial gold medal to encourage women in medicine. Selected works
 The agricultural pests of India, and of eastern and southern Asia, vegetable and animal, injurious to man and his products (1887)
 The Vydian and the Hakim, what do they know of medicine? (1875)
 Medical Hints to the People of India (1875)
 The Timber Trees, Timber and Fancy Woods, as also, the Forests (1862)
 Birds of Eastern and Southern Asia (1858)

 . Volume 1 (A-G), Volume 2 (H-N), Volume 3. + Via  HathiTrust
 Catalogue of the Government Central Museum (1855)
 Cholera (Are there towns or villages in India where cholera has never appeared from the period of its first outbreak in 1817?) being a series of letters from Assistant Surgeon <mask>.Fort St. George Gazette Press. (1852)
 Remarks on the Abstract Tables of the Men Discharged from the Military Service of the East India Company. (1851)
 Statistics of cholera (1849)

 Observations on the means of preserving the health of troops by selecting healthy localities for their Cantonments. London (1845)

References

External links

 Government Museum, Chennai

1813 births
1889 deaths
British Indologists
People educated at Montrose Academy
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
<mask>

masks:
Edward Green Balfour
Balfour
George Balfour
George Balfour
Balfour
Balfour
Balfour
Edward
Balfour
Balfour
George Balfour
Edward
Balfour
Balfour
Balfour
Balfour
Edward Blyth
Balfour
George Balfour
Edward Balfour
Edward Green


texts:
<mask> (born August 24, 1965) is an American former professional basketball player who played his entire 18-year National Basketball Association (NBA) career with the Indiana Pacers. <mask> was known for his precision three-point shooting, especially in pressure situations and most notably against the New York Knicks, for which he earned the nickname "Knick Killer." When he retired, he held the record for most career 3-point field goals made. He is currently third on the list behind Stephen Curry and Ray Allen. A five-time All-Star selection, <mask> led the league in free throw percentage five times and won a gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. <mask> is widely regarded as the Pacers' greatest player of all time. His No.31 was retired by the team in 2006. Currently, he works as an NBA commentator for TNT. <mask> was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012 and named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021. Early life
<mask> was born in Riverside, California and attended Riverside Polytechnic High School. He was born with hip deformities, which prevented him from walking correctly. After a few years of continuously wearing braces on both legs, his leg strength grew enough to compensate. One of five siblings, he comes from an athletic family.His brother Darrell is a former Major League Baseball player (catcher for the California Angels); his sister Tammy played volleyball at Cal State Fullerton; and his older sister Cheryl is also a Hall of Fame basketball player. Cheryl was a member of the 1984 U.S. gold-medal-winning Olympic basketball team and is an analyst for Turner Sports. One of the family anecdotes <mask> likes to recall was when Cheryl used to beat him in games of 1-on-1 prior to his professional career. According to <mask>, they quit playing when he could finally block Cheryl's shots. <mask> says his unorthodox shooting style was developed to arc his shot over his sister's constant shot blocking. His brother, Saul, Jr., became a musician and followed in his father's footsteps in military service. College
<mask> attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he received a degree in history.In the 1984–85 NCAA season he helped the UCLA Bruins to an NIT championship. In <mask>'s senior season, 1986–87, he was an All-Pac-10 selection for the second straight year, and led the Bruins to a Pacific-10 regular-season championship and the first Pacific-10 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. The three-point field goal was added for the 1986–87 season; 69 of <mask>'s 247 field goals that year were three-pointers. One of his most memorable performances was in the January 24, 1987 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he hit a  shot to put the Bruins ahead 62–59 with 10 seconds left. Another notable game was a win against defending national champion Louisville and Pervis Ellison on February 28, 1987, where <mask> scored 33 points in the second half, which is still the school record. <mask>'s final game was a loss in the second round of the 1987 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament to Wyoming. He finished second in all-time scoring at UCLA behind only Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar).As of 2009, <mask> still holds the UCLA single-season records for most league points, highest league scoring average, and most free throws. He also holds several individual game records. UCLA retired his No. 31 jersey in 2013, and he was inducted into the Pac-12 Conference Hall of Honor in 2010. NBA career

Early career (1987–1993)
<mask> was selected by the Pacers with the 11th pick in the first round of the 1987 NBA draft. Fans were initially upset that the Pacers chose <mask> over New Castle, Indiana native Steve Alford; fans watching the 1987 NBA draft booed Pacers President Donnie Walsh for the selection. <mask> wore jersey number 31 while playing for the Pacers, backing up shooting guard John Long before he became a starter.<mask> gained a respectable reputation early in his career as he led the Indiana Pacers to become a perennial playoff team. After Chuck Person was traded from the Pacers during the 1992 offseason, <mask> established himself as the Pacers' primary scoring threat. On November 28, 1992, he scored a career-high 57 points against the Charlotte Hornets in a 134–122 win at Charlotte Coliseum. In this game, <mask> hit 16 of 29 field goals, 4 of 11 3-pointers, and 21 of 23 free throws. The 57 points he scored was the second-highest total in the NBA during the 1992–93 season (only Michael Jordan's 64 against Orlando on January 16 was higher), and still stands today as the Pacers' team record. Mid-career (1993–2000)
<mask> became a household name during the 1994 Eastern Conference Finals against the Knicks, due to a phenomenal shooting performance in Game 5 on June 1, 1994, in which he scored 39 points (25 in the fourth quarter alone) in the Pacers' 93–86 victory at Madison Square Garden. <mask> made several long 3-pointers during the quarter and engaged in an animated discussion of his ongoing performance with noted Knicks fan Spike Lee, who was, as always, seated courtside.The win gave the Pacers a 3–2 series lead over the heavily favored Knicks, but they lost the next two games and the series. "Eight points in nine seconds"
On May 7, 1995, <mask> scored eight points in 8.9 seconds in Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Knicks, leading the Pacers to a 107–105 victory. With 18.7 seconds remaining and the Pacers trailing 105–99, <mask> took the inbounds pass from Mark Jackson, made a 3-pointer, stole the inbounds pass from Anthony Mason, dribbled back behind the arc and tied the game with another 3, stunning the crowd at Madison Square Garden. On the ensuing possession, Knicks guard John Starks was fouled by Sam Mitchell. Starks missed both free throws, and although Patrick Ewing managed to get the offensive rebound, his shot was just a bit long and hit the back rim. <mask> got the rebound and was fouled with 7.5 seconds left. He made both free throws.Trailing by 2, New York had one last chance to win the game but failed to get a shot off, giving the Pacers a shocking 1–0 lead in the best-of-seven series. The Pacers outlasted the Knicks in seven games before losing to the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals in seven games, just like the previous year. Near the end of the 1996 season, <mask> fell to the floor and suffered an eye injury, leaving him unable to play in the playoffs until Game 5 of the first round against the Atlanta Hawks, where he wore goggles. The Pacers lost to the Hawks and were eliminated. Around this time, <mask> hosted a talk show on WTHR called The <mask> Show. After missing the playoffs in the 1997 season, the Pacers returned to the postseason in 1998. They defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers and Knicks en route to the Eastern Conference Finals where they faced Michael Jordan and the defending champion Bulls.On May 25, 1998, the Pacers trailed Chicago 2–1 in the series and were behind 94–93 in Game 4 at home in Market Square Arena with 2.9 seconds left. <mask> got free from Jordan, caught the inbound pass from Derrick McKey, turned and made a game-winning 3-pointer with 0.7 seconds to go. The Pacers eventually pushed the series to a decisive Game 7 in Chicago, a game in which the Pacers led in the fourth quarter before fading in the final two minutes. The Bulls won 88–83 and went on to win their sixth and final championship of the Michael Jordan/Scottie Pippen era. Following Jordan's retirement, <mask> and the Pacers were considered one of the favorites in the East heading into the lockout-shortened 1999 season. After earning the #2 seed in the East, the Pacers once again met the Knicks in the Eastern Conference Finals. That series came to a disappointing end for Indiana, as the eighth-seeded Knicks upset the Pacers in six games.In the decisive sixth game, <mask> had one of the worst performances of his career, scoring just 8 points on 3-of-18 shooting from the field. He also missed seven of his eight 3-point attempts. NBA Finals appearance

In Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Philadelphia 76ers on May 6, 2000, <mask> and teammate Jalen Rose each scored 40 points—becoming the highest-scoring pair of teammates in playoff history, in the Pacers' 108–91 victory. The Pacers won that series 4–2 and returned to the Eastern Conference Finals for the fifth time in seven years. This time they finally broke through, defeating the rival Knicks 4–2. Game 6 at Madison Square Garden on June 2, 2000 was sealed by <mask>'s 34 points, with 17 coming in the fourth quarter to help Indiana clinch the series with a 93–80 victory over the Knicks. The Pacers advanced to the NBA Finals for the first and only time in franchise history, facing the Los Angeles Lakers led by Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant.The Pacers lost the series 4–2 as <mask> averaged 24.3 points per game for the series. Later career and retirement (2000–2005)
The Pacers struggled the next year, falling to the 8th seed in the East. In Game 1 of the First Round of the playoffs against the 76ers, <mask> hit the game-winning three with 2.9 seconds left to secure a 79-78 victory. The eventual Eastern Conference champion 76ers took the next three games to give the Pacers a quick exit. In 2002, <mask> almost single-handedly eliminated the top seed and eventual Eastern Conference Champion New Jersey Nets in the fifth and final game of the first round of the playoffs. First, following two missed free throws from New Jersey's Richard Jefferson, <mask> sent the game into overtime by banking in a  three-pointer at the buzzer. Next, with the Pacers down by two points in the final seconds of the first overtime, <mask> drove into the lane and dunked over three Nets defenders to send the game into a second overtime.While the Pacers eventually lost to the Nets 120–109, the game added another chapter to <mask>'s legacy as a clutch performer. In the twilight of his career, <mask> deferred his leadership role to All-Star teammate Jermaine O'Neal. <mask> was an important locker-room leader for his team and served as an inspiration to his teammates who wanted to "win one [a championship] for 'Uncle Reg'". While <mask> was no longer the team's leading scorer, he remained a go-to player in crunch time to the end of his career. O'Neal's respect for <mask> was most evident on January 4, 2005, when after scoring 55 points against the Milwaukee Bucks, O'Neal agreed to be taken out of the game with 1:43 remaining to preserve <mask>'s record of 57 points. In 2005, following the lengthy suspensions of star teammates O'Neal, Stephen Jackson, and Ron Artest for a brawl with fans in Detroit, <mask> averaged nearly 20 points per game for stretches of the season. He scored 39 points against the Los Angeles Lakers on March 18 at the age of 39.In January, <mask> angrily shot down rumors that he would retire at the end of the season, saying that if he did decide to retire, he would announce it through his sister Cheryl. On February 10, Cheryl, now a sideline reporter for TNT, reported that her brother had told her the previous day that he would indeed retire. On April 11, in a game against the Toronto Raptors, <mask> passed Jerry West to move into 12th on the NBA's all-time scoring list. <mask>'s last game was on May 19, 2005, at Conseco Fieldhouse, when the Pacers lost 88–79 to the Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Semifinals, ending the series 4–2. In the game, <mask> led the Pacers with 27 points, making 11 out of 16 field goals including four of eight three-pointers. When he was taken out with 15.7 seconds to play, the Indianapolis crowd gave him a final standing ovation. Then-Pistons coach (and former Pacers coach) Larry Brown called an additional timeout during which the Pistons players joined in the ovation, a moment which provided closure to <mask>'s career and to a season that had been overshadowed by the brawl between the two teams.This won the 2005 Best Moment ESPY Award. Over his 18-year NBA career, <mask> made over $105 million in salary, playing in 1,389 games for the Pacers. He is one of five NBA players who spent an entire career of 18 or more seasons with a single franchise. He is widely recognized as one of the greatest shooters in NBA history. <mask> is one of only eight players to join the 50–40–90 club and has made 2,560 3-pointers in his career, which was an NBA record at the time of his retirement. His record was later broken by Ray Allen. He averaged 17.1 points, 52.6% shooting, and was 19 for 20 from free throws and was second-leading scorer behind Shaquille O'Neal in the 1994 tournament.In 1996, he averaged 11.4 points and had the second-highest total points (91). He started 5 out of the 8 games and shared the shooting guard rotation with Mitch Richmond. He did not return to the USA Team until the 2002 FIBA World Championship. The 2002 team did not win that year's championship, losing to FR Yugoslavia in the quarterfinals. The tournament marked the first time that NBA players competed against international competition and lost. <mask> was injured during the 2002 World Championships and played limited minutes. Retirement

<mask> served as the 2005 Indianapolis 500 Festival Parade Grand Marshal.Archbishop Daniel M. Buechlein, OSB of the Archdiocese of Indianapolis opened the day with the prayer "Keep these drivers safe and God bless <mask>!" before <mask> waved the green flag to start the race. In August 2005, <mask> announced his plans to join TNT as an NBA analyst; his sister, Cheryl is an NBA sideline reporter for the network. <mask> once served as guest host of the network television talk show Live with Regis and Kelly, filling in for host Regis Philbin. <mask> is currently a host on TNT's NBA coverage and also answers "<mask>'s Mailbag". <mask>'s number 31 was retired at halftime in a ceremony on March 30, 2006, at Conseco Fieldhouse. In June 2005, <mask> also became a weekly contributor to The Dan Patrick Show on ESPN Radio, providing the show with commentary.Beginning in 2011, <mask> has worked as a TV analyst for the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship tournament. <mask> currently splits his time between residences in Malibu, California and Fishers, Indiana. <mask> previously put his  Fishers mansion, located on Geist Reservoir up for sale for $7.5 million. The listing has since been removed without <mask> selling the residence. On August 8, 2007, Boston Celtics general manager Danny Ainge and head coach Doc Rivers discussed with him about joining their revamped roster including Kevin Garnett, Ray Allen, and longtime Celtic Paul Pierce in a reserve role. On August 12, his former coach Rick Carlisle was quoted as saying "we (<mask> and I) talked about it and agreed that it was something that deserved careful consideration." On August 24, 2007, his 42nd birthday, <mask> decided against any comeback, stating: "Physically, I know I could have done it.But mentally, when you do something like this, you've either got to be all in or all out. And I've decided I'm all out." A documentary titled Winning Time: <mask> vs. the New York Knicks premiered to the public on March 14, 2010, on ESPN. <mask> announced in December 2009 that there would be a Special Premiere Movie event on Friday, Feb 26, at Conseco Fieldhouse. The documentary was directed by Peabody Award-winner Dan Klores. During his career, he performed a voice role in the Disney-animated TV series Hercules; after retirement, he appeared in a comedy role in Uncle Drew in 2018 and appeared in the seventeenth season of the American reality competition television series Hell's Kitchen as one of the guest celebrity athletes assigned to contestants to serve as culinary students. In December 2020 he was voted onto USA Cycling Board of Directors.Achievements
 <mask> played more games with the same team than all but five players in NBA history: John Stockton and Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz, Kobe Bryant with the Los Angeles Lakers, Tim Duncan with the San Antonio Spurs, and Dirk Nowitzki with the Dallas Mavericks. (On this list, only Malone played for another team, joining the Los Angeles Lakers in his final season.) Only ten other players have played in more total regular season NBA games than <mask>. Over the course of his career, <mask> scored 25,279 points (14th on all-time scoring list), with an average of 18.2 points per game. He shot .471 from the field, .395 from 3-point range and .888 from the free-throw line. <mask> made the All-NBA Third Team three times throughout his career and received his only MVP votes in 1998 and 2000. <mask> was the first Indiana Pacer to start in an NBA All-Star Game, doing so in 1995.He was also selected to the team in 1990, 1996, 1998 and 2000. <mask> retired as the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,560) (broken February 10, 2011, by Ray Allen while with the Boston Celtics). <mask> led the league twice in three-point field goals made (1992–93, 1996–97). <mask> made a three-pointer in 68 consecutive games from November 15, 1996 to April 6, 1997. <mask> led the league in free throw percentage five times (, , , , )
 <mask> is one of only eight members in the 50–40–90 club of players who shot 50% or better from the field, 40% or better from three-point range, and 90% or better from the free-throw line in a single season while also achieving the NBA league minimum number of makes in each category. Larry Bird, Mark Price, Steve Nash, Dirk Nowitzki, Kevin Durant, Stephen Curry, and Malcolm Brogdon are the only other players to achieve this feat. <mask> ranks second all-time in 30-point playoff games against the New York Knicks, with nine, trailing only Michael Jordan, with 15.

masks:
Reginald Wayne Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Reggie
Reggie
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Reggie Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Reggie
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Reggie
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Reggie Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller