texts:
<mask> (; born 1 March 1973) is an Israeli entrepreneur,
artist,
and researcher. His work in the field of virtual reality has been presented in museums, festivals, and conferences

worldwide. <mask> is involved in the Israeli startup scene,

developing behavioral assessment and learning

tools using virtual reality. Biography
<mask> was born and raised in Jerusalem. He completed his Master's degree at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague. During his studies, <mask> wrote music for Dutch contemporary music ensembles, such as Nieuw Ensemble, Orkest de Volharding, and Slagwerkgroep Den Haag, performing his works at concert halls and festivals, including The Concertgebouw and Paradiso Festival. In 2001, <mask> established the art collective BZAZ Foundation, which created full-length media shows.These shows toured Germany, Hungary, Belgium, Mexico, Spain, England, and Israel, receiving positive reviews by media and audiences. <mask> lived in the Netherlands for ten years and returned to Israel in 2006. He then began work on a performance platform based on projection and movement. In 2008, in collaboration with artists, dancers, engineers, and designers, <mask> created the British-Israeli stage production One-Dimensional Man. The show was a direct continuation of <mask>'s interest in the relationship between the human body and technology. It took place at the Suzanne Dellal Center for Dance and Theater, receiving positive reviews. <mask> also created a series of works called 'Reside', using a docu-performance platform that he had established.In 2014, <mask> established the Oh-Man, Oh-Machine platform, through which he initiates international conferences, workshops, salon meetings, and a  research group  intended to promote a techno-social critical discourse using the philosophical framework of Posthumanism. In 2013–2015, he served as head of digital media studies at The Midrasha Faculty of the Arts, Beit Berl Academic College, Israel. <mask> is currently serving as a senior research fellow at the Advanced Virtuality Lab (AVL) at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel. He has been invited to present his works at festivals and museums in Israel and overseas, including at the Hamburg Symphony Orchestra, the Radio Filharmonisch Orkest, Maison européenne de la photographie in Paris, the Centro-Historico Festival (Mexico), Bath International Music Festival (England), Kaserne (Switzerland), the Bartok Festival (Hungary), and the Nakanojo Biennale (Japan). In 2017, he taught a winter semester at the Design and Media department at UCLA. Since 2016, <mask> has been pursuing a PhD at the Aalto University Media Lab in Helsinki. <mask> has lectured worldwide at major universities and various conferences and festivals, including at Stanford University, California

, California Institute of Technology

, San Diego State University

, Shenzhen Fair, China

, RIXC Festival, Latvia

, Israel Society of Biological Psychiatry

, B3 Biennale, Frankfurt

, Haifa Film Festival, Israel,

and the Czech National Library of Technology

Personal life
<mask>'s sister, Sigalit <mask>, is also an artist.<mask> is married to Michal Openheim <mask>, a musician, composer, and vocal teacher. They live in Tel Aviv.

masks:
Daniel Landau
Landau
Daniel Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau
Landau


type: original

texts:
<mask> (23 February 1931 – 18 December 2009) – known as <mask> – was an English film critic and educator who lived in Canada for much of his life. He wrote books on  the works of Alfred Hitchcock, Howard Hawks, Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni, and Arthur Penn. <mask> was a longtime member - and co-founder, along with other colleagues at Toronto's York University - of the editorial collective which publishes CineACTION!, a film theory magazine. <mask> was also York professor emeritus of film. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Richmond, Surrey, England. According to Contemporary Authors he attended Jesus College, Cambridge, where he was influenced by F. R. Leavis and A. P. Rossiter, and graduated in 1953 with a diploma in education. From 1954 to 1958, <mask> taught in schools in both England and Sweden.After a year in Lille, France, teaching English, <mask> returned to schools in England, and again in Sweden, where he met Aline Macdonald whom he married on 17 May 1960. (They had three children: Carin, Fiona, and Simon). Early career
<mask> began to contribute to the film journal Movie in 1962, primarily on the strength of an essay he wrote for Cahiers du cinéma on Hitchcock's Psycho. In 1965, he published his first book, Hitchcock's Films (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1965). From 1969 to 1972, under the aegis of Peter Harcourt, <mask> was a lecturer in film at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. In September 1974, <mask> and his wife divorced. Around this time, he also had a relationship with John Anderson, the dedicatee in at least one of <mask>'s books.Later he was to meet Richard Lippe, with whom he lived from 1977 until his death in 2009. From 1973 to 1977, <mask> was a lecturer on film studies at the University of Warwick, Coventry, one of the first three such courses in Britain, which he founded with financial support from the British Film Institute. Here he met the future film scholar Andrew Britton, whose influence on <mask>, by <mask>'s own account, was as great as <mask>'s on his student. Britton is said to have led him away from liberal attitudes and towards a further-Left position but this is a fallacy. The development of <mask>'s critical thinking is indicated in 'An Interview with <mask>' by Elizabeth Aherene and Jenny Norman, dated 9 May 1974 and published in the first issue of the film journal Framework by June 1975. Further insight can be obtained through lectures given by <mask> during February–March 1975, prior to the arrival of Britton. Recognition
It was <mask>'s initial rejection by the British journal Sight & Sound and recognition by Cahiers du cinéma, through the publication of his Hitchcock essay, which launched his career as a film critic.This prompted him to study and gradually embrace notions of the Nouvelle Vague directors: from Claude Chabrol to Jean-Luc Godard. He wanted to understand semiology – the science of signs – which explains cultures in terms of sign systems. This approach of breaking films down into signs leads the critic to ask "What does it mean and why is it there?" – analyzing, for example, techniques such as camera distance/movement, etc. So, instead of purely celebrating 'auteur theory' (which originated as 'auteur policy', from François Truffaut) – the fact that some directors are establishable as artists and others are not – he became captivated by the idea of relating a film to a whole culture at a particular time, opposed to a specific director. Through ultimately recognizing the importance of the work done by those who had recognized him, <mask> traded the hypocrisies of accepting a 'comfortable life' – by allowing one's scruples to be purchased by the highest bidder – for integrity: a quality he valued the highest among artists and critics, alike, of significant merit. In answer to a student who complained in 1976, "I'm not interested in politics!", <mask> responded with words to the effect: "The very fact of living is a political act!" He became professor of film studies at York University, Toronto in 1977, where he taught until his retirement in the early 1990s. In 1985, he helped form a collective with several other students and colleagues to found and publish CineAction (originally styled CineACTION!). <mask>'s books include Ingmar Bergman (Praeger, New York, 1969), Arthur Penn (Praeger, New York, 1969), The Apu Trilogy (Praeger, New York, 1971), The American Nightmare: Essays on the Horror Film, edited by <mask> and Richard Lippe (Festival of Festivals, Toronto, 1979), Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan (Columbia University Press, New York, 1986), Sexual Politics and Narrative Film: Hollywood and Beyond (Columbia University Press, New York, 1998), The Wings of the Dove: Henry James in the 1990s (British Film Institute Publishing, London, 1999), and Rio Bravo (BFI Publishing, London, 2003). His novel Trammel up the Consequence was published posthumously by his estate in 2011. <mask> died of leukaemia on 18 December 2009 in Toronto. <mask>’s book Hitchcock’s Films received four votes in a 2010 Sight & Sound poll of the best film-related books ever written.Scholarship and analysis
Changes in <mask>'s critical thinking divide his career into two parts. <mask>'s early books are still prized by film students for their close readings in the auteur theory tradition and their elegant prose style. <mask> brought psychological insight into the motivations of characters in movies such as Psycho and Marnie, and <mask> was admired for his tendency to champion under-recognized directors and films. After his coming out as a gay man, <mask>'s writings became more – though not exclusively – political, primarily from a stance associated with Marxist and Freudian thinking, and with gay rights. The turning point in <mask>'s views can arguably be pinpointed in his essay "Responsibilities of a Gay Film Critic", originally a speech at London's National Film Theatre and later published in the January 1978 issue of Film Comment. It was subsequently included in the revised edition of his book Personal Views. Legacy
Some of <mask>'s students have also become notable film scholars, including Andrew Britton and Tony Williams.His former student Bruce LaBruce is now an underground film director. Former student Daniel Nearing is director of the experimental Chicago Heights and Hogtown. Bibliography
Columbia University Press has reprinted and updated <mask>'s book on Hitchcock, and Wayne State University Press began a series of reprints of his early books, with new introductions. The first in the series was Howard Hawks in 2006, followed by Personal Views and Ingmar Bergman. Hitchcock's Films, 1965
 Howard Hawks, 1968
 "Arthur Penn", 1968
 Ingmar Bergman, 1969
 Claude Chabrol, <mask> and Michael Walker, 1970
 The Apu Trilogy,Praeger, New York, 1971. Antonioni, Revised Edition, <mask> and Ian Cameron, 1971
 Personal Views: Explorations in Film, 1976
 Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan, 1986
 Hitchcock's Films Revisited, 1989
 Sexual Politics and Narrative Film: Hollywood and Beyond, 1998
 The Wings of the Dove, 1999
 Rio Bravo, 2003
 Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan…and Beyond, 2003

References

External links
 Official Website of CineACTION! Academics of the University of Warwick
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
English film critics
British film historians
Film theorists
Canadian gay writers
LGBT writers from England
People from Richmond, London
York University faculty
1931 births
2009 deaths
English expatriates in Canada
Canadian film critics
Canadian film historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers

masks:
Robert Paul Wood
Robin Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Robin Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Robin Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood


texts:
Kala Suri Kala Keerthi Dr. <mask> (; 12 June 1948 – 12 January 2020), popularly known as <mask>, was an actor in Sri Lankan cinema, stage drama and television. He was a lecturer by profession as well as a director and producer. A highly versatile actor from drama to comedy, Manoratne won awards at OCIC (International Catholic Organization for Cinema and Audiovisual), Presidential, Sarasaviya, Raigam Tele'es, Sumathi and the State Literary and Drama festivals. He was the best actor back to back in 1991 and 1992 for his performance in Socrates and Dvitva. He is considered by critics as one of the five actors who have dominated the Sri Lankan Stage. He died on 12 January 2020 while receiving treatment for cancer at the age of 71. Personal life
<mask> was born on 12 June 1948 in Dehipe, Nuwara Eliya as the youngest son in the family of six children.His father Keselgaspe Manatunga Perera was a lorry driver and mother Agalakotuwa Herath Mudiyanselage Leela Kumari was a housewife. He undertook his education at the Dehipe Primary School and Poramadulla Central College. Jayalath has three brothers, Manatunga Seneviratne, Manatunga Wijeratne and Manatunga Ariyaratne and two sisters, Indra Kumari and Mallika Kumari. At an early age, his music teacher, Sunil Sriyananda, recognised his abilities and encouraged him to take up acting and singing. During his school times, he engaged in several educational as well as extra curricular activities such as Secretary of Sinhala Literary Association (1965), President of the Theater Council (1966), President of the Sinhala Association (1967–68) and Committee member of the Drama Board and Gandharva congregation (1969). <mask> was the Student Leader at Boys' Hostel in 1965–66. In 1966, he became the Senior Most Valuable Player in College Inter-Athletic Championship.After completing his secondary education with Geography, Sinhala and Buddhist Civilization for G.C.E A/L, he attended the University of Peradeniya, where he continued to study drama under the guidance of Professor Ediriweera Sarachchandra. <mask> completed his master's degree from University of Sri Jayewardenepura, also obtaining a PhD. He was the only postgraduate to obtain a First Class Degree in 1995. In 2013, he accepted an honorary Doctorate (D. Litt) from University of Peradeniya. In 1981, he completed an external diploma in Rural Development from University of Colombo. He was married to Tamara Jayanthi since 1979 to his death. The couple has one daughter, Uthpala Indeewari and one son, Bhanuka Prabuddha.Uthpala is married to Shivanka Perera and Bhanuka is married to Hiranya Dulashini Gamaariya. Stage drama career
In 1966 <mask> started acting when he was a school student, making his acting debut in the stage drama Aspha Gudung, which was selected for the finals of the annual provincial inter-school drama competition and won the Certificate of Excellence in Performance at the All Island Inter-School Drama Competition. Originally playing minor roles in plays as Maname, Sinhabahu under Sarachchandra's guidance, <mask> embarked on a mainstream acting career, beginning with the operatic play Premato Jayati Soko with the role "Uddala Bamuna". Whilst performing in this play he met his future wife, Tamara Jayanthi. <mask> went to Nuwara Eliya Kachcheri to get a job and at that time, he produced remakes of Sarachchandra's plays Raththaran and Elowa Gihin Melowa Awa. He has acted under all the five major stage drama directors in Sri Lankan history - Sarachchandra, Sugathapala de Silva, Dayananda Gunawardena, Gunasena Galappatty and Henry Jayasena. In 1980, he produced his maiden theater play Mahagiri Damba.His only translation drama play came through Puthra Samagama produced in 1985. It is the adaptation of Russian play The Elder Son by Alexander Vampilov. In 1988, he produced the popular play Thalamala Pipila and then Andarela in 1993. The play Andarela also brings <mask>'s first documentary role. In 1996 he produced Guru Tharuwa and then Sanda Gira in 1998. He continuously produced plays of many genres in following years including Kaneru Mal (2000), Lokaya Thani Yayak (2005), Makara remake (2007), Sudu Redi Horu (2008), Buruwa Mahaththaya (2012), Sellam Nirindu (2013) and Handa Nihanda (2016). During the 26 consecutive years from 1980 to 2016, he made nearly 15 plays.From that time on <mask> acted in over 80 plays, and directed eleven plays of his own. His play Andarela won the State Literary Award in 1995 and then Guru Tharuwa won State Literary Award in 1996. In 2014, <mask> performed in a theater festival named Dawas Pahalos Daha (fifteen thousand days), which showcased a collection of eight plays representing different periods and issues and produced by <mask> himself. These eight stage plays were Lokaya Thani Yayak, Sellam Nirindu, Thalamala Pipila, Buruwa Mahaththaya, Guru Tharuwa, Andarela and Puthra Samagama. Then he showcased his ability through many serials such as Doo Daruwo, Sindui Bindui, Gamperaliya. His role as "Punsiri" in Doo Daruwo became highly popularized. He became popular in comedy roles in Bodima and then in Ramya Suramya.In 2005, <mask> played triple roles for the first time in Sri Lankan teledrama history in a miniplay directed and scripted by himself, titled Thunpath Ratawaka Lassana. In 2006, he directed the serial Mage Kaviya Mata Denna. Apart from acting, <mask> also directed many television serials such as Sekku Gedara, Ransirige Sangramaya, Mage Kaviya Mata Denna, Thunpath Ratawaka Lassana, Eeye Ada Saha Heta and Thaththe Api Awa. He also directed single episode miniplays such as Bappage Paminima, Aege Awurudda, Raja Thun Kattuwa, Nidahasa, Seettuwa, Denna Demallo, Sathuru Mithuru, Duppathunda Adaraya Karathi, Santhapaya and Buddha Puthra. On 13 November 2018, he was admitted to a private hospital, Colombo at 2.00 p.m and underwent a surgery for a brain tumor. After the surgery he continued to work in dramas for a brief period, when the illness got worse. He continued to take medical treatment from Apeksha Cancer Hospital, Maharagama since mid 2019.On 12 January 2020, he died while receiving treatment at the hospital. Funeral took place on 15 January 2020 and cremated at Boralesgamuwa. Filmography
<mask> started his cinema career with a minor role in Thilaka and Thilaka in 1979. Then he entered professional cinema acting through the 1979 film Handaya which was directed by Titus Thotawatte. Since then, he has acted in more than 30 films across many genres of drama, romance, thriller and comedy. He was a recipient of Kalasuri and Kala Keerthi due to his enormous contribution to the drama career. Some of his notable films include Sooriya Arana, Ho Gaana Pokuna, Bherunda Pakshiya and Walapatala, where he was awarded for best actor and best supporting actor in many ceremonies.His final film act came through Theja Iddamalgoda's debut film Ashavari. Awards and accolades
He has won several awards at the local stage drama festivals and television festivals, both for acting and direction. State Literary Awards – for his two books Andarela and Guru Tharuwa Manoratne's script Thalamala Pipila is prescribed for G.C.E O/L syllabus.

masks:
Keselgaspe Manatunga Jayalath Manoratne
Jayalath Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne
Manoratne


texts:
<mask> (; 31 January 1859 – 14 October 1921) was a scholar of Jewish history. Education
<mask> was born in Dolní Kounice, Moravia, Austria, as <mask>, the son of Bernhard L<mask>, a merchant, and Elise Wiener. He always called himself Gotthard, an attempted translation into German of his Jewish given name. <mask> entered Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau in October 1876. While attending seminary classes, he also enrolled in afternoon classes at the University of Breslau. At the seminary, he was influenced by the noted Jewish historian Heinrich Graetz. Matriculating in 1879 at the University of Vienna, two years later he received his Ph.D. in history.While attending the university, he enrolled in a Talmudic course taught by Isaac Hirsch Weiss at Beth Hammidrash. During his studies in Vienna, <mask> drew inspiration and guidance from both Weiss and Adolf Jellinek, an authority in Midrashic research. Shortly after his graduation, <mask> received Semichah (ordination) from Weiss. Rabbinical and academic career
In 1881 <mask> accepted a probational position as sabbath schoolteacher for a Jewish congregation in Brno, Moravia. The following year he was appointed to teach religion at the city's German high school. After teaching for six years (1881–1887) at Brno, he entered the rabbinate. His first and only charge came in 1887, in the town of Most, Bohemia.<mask> was far from content at his new vocation. Soon, he yearned for an academic milieu and the opportunity of satisfying his craving for knowledge. While at Most he married in May 1888 Hermine Bacher; the couple had three sons and two daughters. In 1891, at the invitation of Isaac Mayer Wise, <mask> moved to the United States to accept the chair of Jewish history and philosophy at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. After eleven years of teaching there, he was appointed dean. In February 1903, after the death of Moses Mielziner, he was designated acting president of the college, a position he held until October of the same year. In 1912 Deutsch delivered lectures on Jewish history at the University of Chicago.While speaking at schools throughout the United States, <mask> was also a guiding force at the local level. This included his association with the Cincinnati German Club and in 1909 his election to the Cincinnati Board of Education, a position he held for four years. Much of <mask>'s time was also spent as an editor and chief contributor to the Jewish Encyclopedia, as corresponding secretary for the Central Conference of American Rabbis, and as chairman of the conference's Committee on Contemporaneous History. World War I position
One of the turning points in <mask>'s life came with the United States's entry into World War I. His lifelong love for Germany had led Deutsch to support Woodrow Wilson's neutrality while aligning himself with the People's Council of America for Democracy and Peace. In the tide of anti-German hysteria, <mask> found himself alone and ostracized. He spoke out singularly, sometimes bitterly, against his adopted country's wartime role.On 5 October 1917, federal agents and local detectives raided the council's headquarters. Shortly thereafter, at a friend's naturalization hearing, Deutsch refused to answer the question "Who do you want to win in this war?" These activities and subsequent newspaper headlines led many colleagues and the public to demand his immediate removal from the college's faculty. Only the staunch support of his students, friends, and leading Reform rabbis enabled Deutsch to continue teaching. Death
Deutsch died at his home in Cincinnati. He was mourned by Jew and non-Jew, progressive and conservative; thousands filled the Cincinnati Crematory to pay their last respects. Work and legacy
Although a biblical scholar, <mask> is also known for his two novels and works on history and language.One of the world's greatest Jewish scholars, <mask> possessed a knack for memorizing facts, biblical scriptures, secular literature, and world history. He also wrote in several languages, including Hebrew, Yiddish, German, French, and English. Above all, however, <mask>'s gentlemanly traits separated and lifted him above the mundane. A prolific writer, Deutsch produced hundreds of newspaper and journal articles with commentary; these appeared mainly in the Jewish Chronicle, American Hebrew, Central Conference of American Rabbis Yearbook, Hebrew Union College Journal, American Israelite, and American Journal of Theology. Besides contributing to Die Deborah, he succeeded Isaac Wise in 1901 as its editor. His list of scholarly works is equally impressive:

 Paradigmen-Tafeln zur hebräischen Grammatik (1886)
 Die Symbolik in Cultus und Dichtung bei den Hebräern (1886)
 Philosophy of Jewish History (1897)
 Andere Zeiten, eine Erzählung aus dem jüdischen Leben der jüngsten Vergangenheit (1898)
 Unlösbare Fesseln, eine Erzählung aus dem jüdischen Leben der Gegenwart (1903)
 Memorable Dates of Jewish History (1904)
 Four Epochs of Jewish History (1905)
 Israel Bruna, an Historical Tragedy in Five Acts (1908)
 The History of the Jews (1910)
 Der Glaube an Hobelspäne (1914)
 Scrolls (2 vols., 1917; 3rd vol., 1919), and other pamphlets and reprints. His works are considered by many to be the authoritative word on questions relating to the Jewish faith.Sources
 The Bernhard Felsenthal Papers, in the Hebrew Jewish Archives, contain an extensive record of correspondences between <mask> and Felsenthal. Adolph S. Oko, Selected List of the Writings of <mask> <mask> (1916), presents an extensive bibliography of <mask>'s major publications. Biographical sketches of <mask> are in Max Raisin, Great Jews I Have Known (1952), pp. 143–52, and an excellent unpublished sketch by Raisin in the Hebrew Jewish Archives. Celebrating <mask>'s semi-jubilee, the Hebrew Union College Monthly (2, no. 8 [May 1916]) published a series of tributes and editorials by E. L. Heinsheimer, Henry Englander, Abraham Jehiel Feldman, S. Felix Mendelsohn, H. B. Cantor, and Jacob I. Meyer, among others. These papers treat <mask>'s religious concerns, contribution to literature, and his role in Jewish history.A useful history of Hebrew Union College is Samuel E. Karff, ed., Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion at One Hundred Years (1976). A comprehensive memorial by Henry Englander is in "Memorial Addresses and Resolutions: Gotthard <mask>", Central Conference of American Rabbis 32 (1922): 145–49. Obituaries are in the New York Times, 15 Oct. 1921; American Hebrew, 21 Oct. 1921; B'nai B'rith News, Oct. 1921; Hebrew Union College Monthly 8, no. 5 (Mar. 1922); and Jewish Advocate, 20 Oct. 1921. Carl Edwin Lindgren, "Gottard Deutsch" American National Biography Online Feb. 2000 (Oxford University Press)

1859 births
1921 deaths
People from Dolní Kounice
Czech rabbis
19th-century Czech people
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century American people
Austrian Reform rabbis
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
American Reform rabbis
Jewish historians
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Hebrew Union College faculty
Jews and Judaism in Cincinnati
University of Breslau alumni
University of Vienna alumni
University of Chicago faculty
American people of Czech-Jewish descent
Religious leaders from Ohio
20th-century American rabbis
19th-century American rabbis

masks:
Gotthard Deutsch
Deutsch
Eliezer Deutsch
. Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Gotthard
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch
Deutsch


texts:
<mask>, born 30 October 1907 in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, Imperial Germany; died 12 October 1977 in Fingelsham, Northbourne, Kent, United Kingdom, was a German mathematician active in Sweden and Germany. He was significant in the mathematics behind the development of the Aerodynamics of the Delta wing concept and the technology of Supersonic flight. Biography
<mask> was significant in the design of Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen. He made the calculations supporting Alexander Lippisch developing the Delta wing concept at the end of the war. He received the Swedish Aeronautical Society's Thulin Medal 1968 in silver for having promoted aviation technology with work. He made efforts in aviation technology in several countries during his life, due to the circumstances. Finally, as a pensioner, 1972 he moved to England with his British wife.His children stayed in Sweden. He authored many articles in aerodynamic and mathematical specialist press available on libraries and the Internet. Education and doctoral dissertation in Germany
He studied mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, as well as mathematics and number theory at Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. <mask> was a research assistant at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen in 1933–1936 and wrote his doctoral dissertation on the algebra identity of the meromorphisms of an elliptical function body. The thesis was not approved for political reasons when the supervisor was Jewish and Nazi Germany took over. In 1944 he was promoted doctor in mathematics and physics. <mask> also had great difficulties in marrying his first wife because of the regulations in Nazi Germany.She had difficulties obtaining biological purity certificates (unknown father) and thus being able to marry him, which was possible only in 1940. Messerschmitt
He was recruited in 1937 to Messerschmitt’s Aerodynamics department in Augsburg. Herrman Behrbom was asked for as a mathematician in the aerospace industry where you need to do your theoretical calculations and then run tests to drive development projects forward. Augsburg 1937-1944
He participated in work on high-speed trials with Messerschmitt Bf 109 with Lukas Schmid. At Messerschmitt in Augsburg, the main project during these years was otherwise the development of the jet aircraft Messerschmitt Me 262. The development of the rocket plane Messerschmitt Me 163 under the direction of Alexander Lippisch also took place here from 1939. Oberammergau 1944-1945
After the air raids on Augsburg the 25 February 1944, the development activities  were moved into the underground facility of the Oberbayerische Forschungsanstalt in Oberammergau.The family remains in Mering close to Augsburg. Messerschmitt developed from the end of 1944 under Willy Messerschmitt's direction the jetplane Messerschmitt P.1101. It has a lot in common with Saab 29 Tunnan, which was created before <mask>'s time in Saab, as well as for MiG-15 and F-86 Sabre. Wiener Neustadt 1944-1945
From autumn 1944, he worked half-time for the Aviation Research Institute Vienna (LFW)  in Wiener Neustadt, where Alexander Lippisch had opened his own development office. Until then, Lippisch had worked for Messerschmitt with the rocket plane Messerschmitt Me 163. He and Willy Messerschmitt disagreed about the design, in which Lippisch did not want the rear wing, drag and worse performance. In Wiener Neustadt, Lippisch worked on the further development of the delta wing (rear wingless) mini - (coal jet) fighter aircraft Lippisch P.13a, which at the end of the war became part of the Volksjäger program.The Lippisch P.13a delta wing technology is the basis for Saab 35 Draken in its design, the development of which <mask> later partisipaded in by Saab. So also for ex Dassault Mirage. One can see Messerschmitt Me 163 and not the least Lippisch P.13a as the basis for all delta wing fighter aircraft that followed in the 1950s. Occupation - BEE
After the war ended in 1945, <mask> was unemployed father of a family with 4 children in Mering near Augsburg American zone of occupation. They had income from gifts from housed American officers, but he also worked a time in agriculture and forestry with nature payments for family food on the table. In the spring of 1946 he was recruited by BEE (French Aerodynamic Research and Development Institute, today a part of Deutsch-Französisches Forschungsinstitut Saint-Louis) with operations in Emmendingen and Weil am Rhein in French occupation zone in Germany. After the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany 1949 and the cessation of occupation, the opportunities were greater to find scientifically interesting work abroad and Behrbohm received offers from France and other countries.Saab
<mask> chose 1951 to start working on Saab moving to Linköping with his family who became naturalized Swedes. The motives for choosing to work for Saab were the projects Saab 32 Lansen and Saab 35 Draken under Erik Bratt and Tore Gullstrand. Being a specialist in aerodynamics is a narrow labor market with few employers in the world who have sufficient resources to create good results. Saab where they built up operations and Sweden's ambitions gave <mask> the opportunities. In the shadow of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race the client, the Swedish Air Force's desire in the 1950s to the 1970s (the Defence Act of 1958) was to be able to swiftly attack strategic nuclear weapons-bombers such as Tupolev Tu-16 before they reached their targets. This with really fast supersonic-delta wing-fighter aircraft such as Saab 35 Draken, where speed and preparedness were the key factors. The Swedish Air Force's need were also landing operation-defenses over the surrounding seas with attack aircraft as well as ultra-fast reconnaissance aircraft planes such as the Saab 37 Viggen.Economy and materials engineering for friction heat of the atmosphere set the limit for speed. This generated large orders to build a very large air force and resources for development. <mask> remained at Saab until his retirement in 1972. During the years 1960–64 he was head of the Aerodynamics department, also participated in the projects Saab 37 Viggen and Saab 105 and published a large number of articles in aerodynamics. He was esteemed and won the Swedish Aeronautical Society's Thulin Medal 1968 in silver. <mask> and Bertil Dillner made significant efforts in the design of Saab 37 Viggen, and in particular the design and tests of the Canard-wing construction. After retirement, he moved with his second wife to her hometown in the south of England and lived there afterwards.See also
 List of aviators
 Delta wing
 Supersonic flight
 Messerschmitt Bf 109
 Messerschmitt Me 262
 Messerschmitt Me 163
 Lippisch P.13a
 Saab 32 Lansen
 Saab 35 Draken
 Saab 105
 Saab 37 Viggen

References

Engineers from Karlsruhe
1907 births
1977 deaths
Aircraft designers
20th-century men
Aerodynamicists
German aerospace engineers
German people of World War II
Messerschmitt people
Saab aircraft
People from Northbourne, Kent

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Otto Hermann Bernhard Behrbohm
Hermann Behrbohm
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<mask> (5 March 1888 – 22 July 1916) was a first-class cricketer from England, playing 50 first-class matches in his career, all but one for Warwickshire County Cricket Club from 1912 to 1914. He played one match for the Players against the Gentlemen in 1914. <mask> joined the British Army in the First World War and was killed in action in 1916. P. G. Wodehouse named his character <mask> after him. Cricket career
<mask> was born on 5 March 1888 in Earlsheaton, near Dewsbury in Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom. He was the son of <mask>, a passenger guard for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, and Edwin's wife <mask>, née Garforth. <mask> had two older brothers, Thomas and Alick, and a younger brother, Harold.<mask>'s family moved to Goole in 1901, when <mask>'s father was transferred there. <mask> played cricket at Goole Cricket Club, and became a professional player at Hawes Cricket Club. In 1910, he had a trial with the Yorkshire County Cricket Club. In late summer 1910, Warwickshire County Cricket Club secretary Rowland Ryder saw <mask> playing at Hawes and was impressed. Later in 1910, Warwickshire CCC's general committee decided to make <mask> an offer of engagement for 1911. He accepted and moved to Birmingham in 1911. A player was required to live in a county for two years before being eligible to play for that county in the County Championship, so <mask> spent 1911 playing minor matches and working around Warwickshire's Edgbaston Cricket Ground.In 1912, he was allocated to Moseley Cricket Club as their professional in the Birmingham League. While still qualifying for the county championship, he played his first two first-class matches in 1912 for Warwickshire against the Australian and South African touring teams. His first-class debut was on 30 May 1912 against the Australian team. In 1913, mainly a fast-medium bowler, he took 106 wickets in first-class matches, at 20.88, and scored 765 runs at 20.13. In 1914, he took 90 further wickets. In all, he took 199 wickets in his 50 first-class matches at a bowling average of 20.03. On 9 July 1914, <mask> played for the Players against the Gentlemen at The Oval, assisting the Players to victory by taking 4-44 in the Gentlemen's second innings; Plum Warner predicted a bright future for him.<mask> played his last first-class match on 27 August 1914 for Warwickshire against Surrey. <mask> had played 2 first-class matches in 1912, 24 first-class matches in 1913, and 24 first-class matches in 1914. In addition to playing cricket, <mask> also played football and billiards. War service and death
After the outbreak of the First World War and once the 1914 cricket season had finished, <mask> volunteered for service in the army. He was among thousands of volunteers who assembled at Birmingham General Hospital to depart for army training on 10 October 1914. He became Private 611 <mask> of the 2nd Birmingham Battalion, C Company. With the rest of the battalion, he began training on 13 October 1914.<mask> would spend Christmas with his family in Goole for the last time in 1914. On the first day of 1915, the 2nd Battalion was renamed the 15th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment. Training continued for the battalion for months and they were moved to different locations for various types of training. In mid-November, the whole battalion went home on a short leave, and then on 21 November 1915, they were deployed to France. C Company first went to the front lines on 22 December 1915. On 22 July 1916, Private <mask> (aged 28) was killed in action in France, at High Wood near Montauban-de-Picardie, during the Battle of the Somme. His body was never recovered and his name is carved on the Thiepval Memorial for soldiers with no known grave who died during the Battle of the Somme.His name is also inscribed on the Goole Cenotaph war memorial, among other names of casualties of the First World War. Inspiration for Wodehouse
P. G. Wodehouse's fictional characters Bertie Wooster and his ingenious valet <mask> have become famous since their 1915 debut short story ("Extricating Young Gussie"), with the character <mask> first appearing in a major role in 1916 in his second appearance (in "Leave it to <mask>"). Wodehouse named the fictional <mask> after the cricketer <mask>, according to the 1953 book Bring on the Girls!, a semi-autobiographical book co-written by Wodehouse and Guy Bolton. In 1967, Rowland Ryder, son of the Warwickshire County Cricket Club secretary (also named Rowland Ryder) who had discovered <mask> at Hawes, wrote to Wodehouse asking if he named the character after <mask> of the Warwickshire County Cricket Club. Ryder shortly received a letter from Wodehouse in reply:

Yes, you are quite right. It must have been in 1913 that I paid a visit to my parents in Cheltenham and went to see Warwickshire play Gloucestershire on the Cheltenham College ground. I suppose <mask>'s bowling must have impressed me, for I remembered him in 1916 when I was in New York and starting the Jeeves and Bertie saga, and it was just the name I wanted.I have always thought till lately that he was playing for Gloucestershire that day. (I remember admiring his action very much.) After receiving Wodehouse's letter, Ryder sent Wodehouse a Warwickshire tie. Wodehouse replied with another letter gladly accepting the tie and wrote that it was "the only one I wear nowadays". Wodehouse wore the tie in photographs for a 1971 interview with Michael Davie in the colour supplement of The Observer. Davie commented the tie had been singed by Wodehouse's pipe; the Warwickshire CCC secretary, Leslie Deakins, sent Wodehouse another tie. According to Ryder, Wodehouse "had virtually become an honorary member of the club".The first letter from Wodehouse to Ryder is displayed in Warwickshire's Edgbaston museum. There is also a letter from Wodehouse to Deakins displayed at Edgbaston. Legacy
The cricket ball with which <mask> took seven wickets for 34 runs against Worcestershire in 1913 is displayed in the Edgbaston Cricket Ground pavilion. The match took place at Edgbaston. In April 2016, the centenary year of <mask>'s death, a blue plaque honouring <mask> was unveiled in Goole, where <mask> lived before he played cricket for Warwickshire. In July 2016, a memorial stone made to honour <mask> was unveiled alongside a poplar tree planted in his honour at the Cheltenham College Ground, where P. G. Wodehouse saw <mask> play in 1913. The tree was planted jointly by <mask>’s great-nephew and Wodehouse’s grandson.References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

1881 births
1916 deaths
English cricketers
Warwickshire cricketers
Players cricketers
Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers soldiers
British military personnel killed in the Battle of the Somme
Cricketers from Dewsbury
English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Yorkshire

masks:
Percy Jeeves
Jeeves
Jeeves
Percy Jeeves
Edwin Jeeves
Nancy Jeeves
Percy Jeeves
Jeeves
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Jeeves
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Percy Jeeves
Percy Jeeves
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<mask> (; Pashto/, , ; born 24 December 1957) is an Afghan politician who served as President of Afghanistan from 22 December 2001 to 29 September 2014. He is also the khan (head) of the Popalzai Durrani Pashtun tribe of Kandahar Province. Born in Kandahar, <mask> graduated from Habibia High School in Kabul and later received a master's degree in India in the 1980s. He moved to Pakistan where he was active as a fundraiser for the Afghan rebels during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and its aftermath. He briefly served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the Islamic State of Afghanistan government. In July 1999, <mask>'s father was assassinated and <mask> succeeded him as head of the Popalzai tribe. In October 2001 the United States invasion of Afghanistan began and <mask> led the Pashtun tribes in and around Kandahar in an uprising against the Taliban; he became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001.During the December 2001 International Conference on Afghanistan in Germany, <mask> was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six-month term as chairman of the Interim Administration. He was then chosen for a two-year term as interim president during the 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) that was held in Kabul, Afghanistan. After the 2004 presidential election, <mask> was declared the winner and became President of Afghanistan. He won a second five-year term in the 2009 presidential election; this term ended in September 2014, and he was succeeded by Ashraf Ghani. During his presidency, <mask> was known in the international community for his charisma, his tribal robe and lambskin hat, and for being an alliance builder between Afghanistan's communities. In later years, his relationship with NATO and the United States became increasingly strained, and he has been accused several times of corruption. Early life and beginning of political career
<mask> was born on 24 December 1957 in the Karz area of Kandahar City in southern Afghanistan.He is an ethnic Pashtun descended from the khans, or traditional chiefs, of the Popalzai Pashtun tribe. His father, Abdul Ahad <mask>, served as the Deputy Speaker of the Afghan Parliament during the 1960s. His grandfather, Khair Mohammad Khan, had fought in the 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War and was the Deputy Speaker of the Senate. The <mask> family were monarchists and remained strong supporters of Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan. His uncle, Habibullah <mask>, served as the Afghan representative at the UN and is said to have accompanied King Zahir to the United States in the early 1960s for a special meeting with U.S. President John F. Kennedy. <mask> <mask> attended Mahmood Hotaki Primary School in Kandahar and Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani School in Kabul. He graduated from Habibia High School in Kabul in 1976.After graduating, he went to India as an exchange student in 1976, and studied for a master's degree in international relations and political science at Himachal Pradesh University, obtaining his degree in 1983. <mask> then moved to Pakistan and worked as a fundraiser for the anti-communist Afghan rebels during their 1980s uprising against the rule of Soviet-backed Afghan Mohammad Najibullah. <mask> Karzai returned to Afghanistan in early October 1988, late in the war, to assist in the rebel victory in Tarinkot. He assisted in mobilizing the Popalzai and the other Durrani tribes and helped to drive Najibullah's regime from the city. <mask> also helped negotiate the defection of five hundred of Najibullah's soldiers. When Najibullah's pro-Soviet government collapsed in 1992, the Peshawar Accords agreed upon by the Afghan political parties established the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government to be followed by general elections. <mask> accompanied the first mujahideen leaders into Kabul after President Najibullah stepped down in 1992.He served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani. Karzai was arrested, however, by Mohammad Fahim (who would later become <mask>'s Vice President) on charges of spying for Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in what <mask> claimed was an effort to negotiate between Hekmatyar's forces and Rabbani's government. Karzai fled from Kabul in a vehicle provided by Hekmatyar and driven by Gul Rahman. When the Taliban emerged in the mid-1990s, Karzai initially recognized them as the legitimate government because he thought that they would stop the violence and corruption in the country. He was requested by the Taliban to serve as their ambassador, but refused, telling friends that he felt Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was wrongly using them. <mask> then wanted to represent the Taliban government for the UN, but the Taliban leader did not trust Karzai due to him having many links with westerners. <mask> lived in the Pakistani city of Quetta among many other Afghan refugees, where he worked to reinstate former Afghan king Zahir Shah, meeting the king in Italy several times.He also visited the western embassies including the U.S. embassy in Islamabad several times, talking with UN diplomat Norbert Holl, and attempted to gain American support for "modern, educated Afghans" to weaken the Taliban's views. <mask>'s father was reportedly annoyed with him for not making clear-cut choices and wanting to be friends with everyone. In July 1999, <mask>'s father, Abdul Ahad <mask>, was shot dead early in the morning while returning home from a mosque in Quetta. Reports suggest that the Taliban carried out the assassination. Following this incident, <mask> took over as khan of the tribe and decided to work closely with the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance, which was led by Ahmad Shah Massoud. In 2000 and 2001, he travelled to Europe and the United States to help gather support for the anti-Taliban movement. "Massoud and Karzai warned the United States that the Taliban were connected with al Qaeda and that there was a plot for an imminent attack on the United States, but their warnings went unheeded.On September 9, 2001, two days before the September 11 attacks in the US, Massoud was assassinated by al Qaeda agents in a suicide bombing." As the U.S. Armed Forces were preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September 2001, <mask> began urging NATO states to purge his country of al-Qaeda. He said in a BBC interview, "These Arabs, together with their foreign supporters and the Taliban, destroyed miles and miles of homes and orchards and vineyards... They have killed Afghans. They have trained their guns on Afghan lives... We want them out." President and chairman of a transitional administration

<mask> had been a US CIA contact, and was well regarded by the CIA. After the 7 October 2001 launch of Operation Enduring Freedom, the United Front (Northern Alliance) worked with teams of U.S. special forces and together they overthrew the Taliban regime and mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan.<mask> and his group were in Quetta, where they began a covert operation. Later, many would claim that at this moment the US decided that <mask> should be the next leader of Afghanistan. Before entering Afghanistan, he warned his fighters:

<mask> gather several hundred fighters from his tribe, but were attacked by the Taliban. <mask> barely survived, and used his contacts with the CIA to call for an airlift. On 4 November 2001, American special operation forces flew Karzai out of Afghanistan for protection. On 5 December 2001, <mask> <mask> and his group of fighters survived a friendly fire missile attack by U.S. Air Force pilots in southern Afghanistan. The group suffered injuries and was treated in the United States; <mask> received injuries to his facial nerves, as can sometimes be noticed during his speeches.In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures. Under 5 December Bonn Agreement, they formed an Interim Administration and named Karzai Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. He was sworn in as the leader on 22 December. The loya jirga of 13 June 2002 appointed <mask> as Interim President of the new position as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration. Former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential, most notably Vice President Mohammed Fahim, who also served as the Defense Minister. Karzai re-enacted the original coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani at the shrine of Sher-i-Surkh outside Kandahar, where he had leaders of various Afghan tribes, including a descendant of the religious leader (Sabir Shah) who originally selected Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, as key players in this event. Further evidence that <mask> views himself fulfilling a Durrani monarch's role arises from statements furnished by close allies within his government.His late brother, Ahmed Wali <mask>, made statements to a similar effect. As part of his efforts to unite Afghanistan's ethnicities, <mask> favored an Afghan dress that combines traditional design features from the various ethnics – Pashtun-style long shirt and loose trousers, an outer robe popular among the Tajiks and Uzbeks, and most distinctively a karakul hat worn by highlanders from the valley of Panjshir. In 2002 designer Tom Ford, who worked at the time for Gucci, was quoted calling Karzai "the most chic man in the world". After <mask> was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the "Mayor of Kabul". The situation was particularly delicate since <mask> and his administration have not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, have historically been under the influence of various local leaders. <mask> has been, to varying degrees of success, attempting to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.In 2004, he rejected an international proposal to end poppy production in Afghanistan through aerial spraying of chemical herbicides, fearing that it would harm the economic situation of his countrymen. Moreover, <mask>'s younger brother, Ahmed Wali <mask> – who partially helped finance <mask>'s presidential campaign – was rumored to be involved in narcotic deals. James Risen of The New York Times and others stated that Ahmed Wali <mask> may have been involved in the Afghan opium and heroin trade. This was denied by <mask>, who called the charges political propaganda and stated he was a "victim of vicious politics." 2004 Afghan presidential election

When <mask> was a candidate in the October 2004 presidential election, he won 21 of the 34 provinces, defeating his 22 opponents and becoming the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan. Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without significant incident. Following an investigation by the United Nations of alleged voting irregularities, the national election commission in early November declared <mask> winner, without a runoff, with 55.4% of the vote.This represented 4.3 million of the total 8.1 million votes cast. The election took place safely in spite of a surge of insurgent activity. <mask> was sworn in as President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004, at a formal ceremony in Kabul. Many interpreted the ceremony as a symbolically important "new start" for the war-torn nation. Notable guests at the inauguration included the country's former King, Zahir Shah, three former U.S. presidents, and U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney. Presidency

First term (2004–2009)
After winning a democratic mandate in the 2004 election, it was thought that <mask> would pursue a more aggressively reformist path in 2005. However, <mask> has proved to be more cautious than was expected.After his new administration took over in 2004, the economy of Afghanistan began growing rapidly for the first time in many years. Government revenue began increasing every year, although it is still heavily dependent on foreign aid. During the first term in Karzai's presidency, public discontent grew about corruption and the civilian casualties in the 2001–14. In May 2006, an anti-American and anti-Karzai riot took place in Kabul which left at least seven people dead and 40 injured. In May 2007, after as many as 51 Afghan civilians were killed in a bombing, Karzai asserted that his government "can no longer accept" casualties caused by U.S. and NATO operations. In September 2006, <mask> told the United Nations General Assembly that Afghanistan has become the "worst victim" of terrorism. Karzai said terrorism is rebounding in his country, with militants infiltrating the borders to wage attacks on civilians.He stated, "This does not have its seeds alone in Afghanistan. Military action in the country will, therefore, not deliver the shared goal of eliminating terrorism." He demanded assistance from the international community to destroy terrorist sanctuaries inside and outside Afghanistan. "You have to look beyond Afghanistan to the sources of terrorism," he told the UN General Assembly, and "destroy terrorist sanctuaries beyond" the country, dismantle the elaborate networks in the region that recruit, indoctrinate, train, finance, arm, and deploy terrorists. These activities are also robbing thousands of Afghan children of their right to education, and prevent health workers from doing their jobs in Afghanistan. In addition, he promised to eliminate opium-poppy cultivation in his country, which is possibly helping fuel the ongoing Taliban insurgency. He has repeatedly demanded that NATO forces take more care to avoid civilian casualties when conducting military operations in residential areas.In a September 2006 video broadcast, <mask> stated that if the money wasted on the Iraq War had been actually spent on rebuilding Afghanistan, his country would "be in heaven in less than one year". 2009 re-election and second term

On the eve of 20 August presidential election, <mask> seemed at once deeply unpopular but also likely to win the majority of the votes. He was blamed by many for the failures that plagued the reconstruction of Afghanistan

masks:
Hamid Karzai
Karzai
Karzai
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Karzai
Karzai
Karzai
Karzai
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Karzai
Karzai
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Hamid
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Hamid
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Karzai
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Karzai
Karzai
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 after the toppling of the Taliban government in 2001, from the widespread corruption and the resurgence of the (neo-)Taliban to the explosion of the poppy trade. His unpopularity and the likelihood of his victory formed an atmosphere with a kind of national demoralization, which could discourage many Afghans from voting and dash hopes for substantial progress after the election. In this second presidential election, <mask> was announced to have received over 50% of the votes. The election was tainted by lack of security, low voter turnout and widespread ballot stuffing, intimidation, and other electoral fraud. Two months later Karzai accepted calls for a second round run-off vote, which was scheduled for 7 November 2009.On 2 November 2009, <mask>'s run-off opponent, Abdullah Abdullah, withdrew from the race and election officials announced the cancellation of the run-off race. <mask>, the only remaining contender, was declared the winner a short time later. <mask> presented his first list of 24 cabinet nominees to the Afghan parliament on 19 December 2009; however, on 2 January 2010, the parliament rejected 17 of these. According to the parliament, most of the nominees were rejected due to having been picked for reasons other than their competency. A member of parliament said that they had been picked largely based on "ethnicity or bribery or money." On 16 January 2010, the Afghan parliament rejected 10 of the <mask>'s 17 replacement picks for the cabinet. MPs complained that <mask>'s new choices were either not qualified for their posts or had close connections to Afghan warlords.Despite the second setback, by mid-January <mask> had 14 out of the 24 ministers confirmed, including the most powerful posts at foreign, defense and interior ministries. Shortly afterward, the parliament began its winter recess, lasting until 20 February, without waiting for <mask> to select additional names for his cabinet. The move not only extended the political uncertainty in the government but also dealt <mask> the embarrassment of appearing at the London Conference on Afghanistan with nearly half of his cabinet devoid of leaders. Since late 2001 <mask> has been trying for peace in his country, going as far as pardoning militants that lay down weapons and join the rebuilding process. However, his offers were not accepted by the militant groups. In April 2007, <mask> acknowledged that he spoke to some militants about trying to bring peace in Afghanistan. He noted that the Afghan militants are always welcome in the country, although foreign insurgents are not.In September 2007, <mask> again offered talks with militant fighters after a security scare forced him to end a commemoration speech. <mask> left the event and was taken back to his palace, where he was due to meet visiting Latvian President Valdis Zatlers. After the meeting, the pair held a joint news conference, at which <mask> called for talks with his Taliban foes. "We don't have any formal negotiations with the Taliban. They don't have an address. Who do we talk to?" <mask> told reporters.He further stated: "If I can have a place where to send somebody to talk to, an authority that publicly says it is the Taliban authority, I will do it." In December 2009 Karzai announced to move ahead with a Loya Jirga (large assembly) to discuss the Taliban insurgency in which the Taliban representatives would be invited to take part in this Jirga. In January 2010, Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in the jirga to initiate peace talks. A Taliban spokesman declined to talk in detail about Karzai's offer and only said the militants would make a decision soon. In April 2010, Karzai urged Taliban insurgents to lay down their arms and air their grievances while visiting a violent northern province, adding that foreign forces would not leave the country as long as fighting continued. In July 2010, Karzai approved a plan intended to win over Taliban foot soldiers and low-level commanders. In mid-August 2013, Attorney General Mohammad Ishaq Aloko was said to have been fired after meeting with Taliban officials in the U.A.E.after being told not to meet with them. However, unnamed senior cabinet officials tried to persuade Karzai to not fire him, while an official in Aloko's office denied the dismissal saying instead that he was at the Presidential Palace "celebrating Independence Day." Foreign relations

<mask>'s relations with NATO countries was strong, especially with the United States, due to the fact that it was the leading nation helping to rebuild war-torn Afghanistan. Karzai enjoyed a very friendly and strong strategic partnership with the United States, despite various disagreements. The U.S. had supported him since late 2001 to lead his nation. He has made many important diplomatic trips to the United States and other NATO countries. In August 2007, <mask> was invited to Camp David in Maryland, USA, for a special meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush.The United States has set up a special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, which is headed by Marc Grossman. His task is to serve as a mediator and solve issues between the three nations. However, in later years the relations between U.S. and Karzai had become strained, particularly Karzai had been very critical of U.S. military because of their high-level of civilian casualties. In 2019 he described a "major fight" he had with American military officials back in 2007, when Karzai repeatedly told them: "If you want to fight terrorism and bad people, I won’t stop you, but please leave the Afghan people alone". In a retrospective interview, Karzai claimed he felt that he was being used as a tool by the United States. Further strain in relations with the United States resulted in 2014, when Afghanistan, joined Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea, Syria, and Venezuela as the only countries to recognize the Russian annexation of Crimea. The United States, European countries, and most other nations wholeheartedly condemned the Russian takeover, as well as the validity of the subsequent Crimean Referendum on its annexation to Russia.Citing "the free will of the Crimean people," the office of President <mask> <mask> said, "We respect the decision the people of Crimea took through a recent referendum that considers Crimea as part of the Russian Federation." Karzai's relations with neighboring Pakistan were good, especially with the Awami National Party (ANP) and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). He often describes his nation and Pakistan as "inseparable twin brothers", a reference to the disputed Durand Line border between the two states, despite the many border skirmishes that occurred during his presidency. In December 2007, <mask> and his delegates traveled to Islamabad, Pakistan, for a usual meeting with Pervez Musharraf on trade ties and intelligence sharing between the two Islamic states. Karzai also met and had a 45-minute talk with Benazir Bhutto on the morning of 27 December, hours before her trip to Liaquat National Bagh, where she was assassinated after her speech. After Bhutto's death, Karzai called her his sister and a brave woman who had a clear vision "for her own country, for Afghanistan, and for the region – a vision of democracy, prosperity, and peace." In September 2008, Karzai was invited on a special visit to witness the swearing-in ceremony of Asif Ali Zardari, who became the President of Pakistan.Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have improved after the PPP party took over in 2008. The two nations often make contacts with one another concerning the war on terrorism and trade. Pakistan even allowed NATO forces stationed in Afghanistan to launch attacks on militant groups in Pakistan. This was something strongly opposed by the previous government of Pakistan. The two states finally signed into law long-awaited Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement in 2011, intended to improve trade. <mask> acknowledges Pakistan's meddling in Afghanistan's wars, but said in a 2015 interview that Afghanistan wants a "friendly relationship but not to be under Pakistan's thumb." <mask> believed that Iran is a friend although the U.S. often claims that neighboring Iran is meddling in Afghanistan's affairs.In 2007, <mask> said that Iran, so far, had been a helper in the reconstruction process. He acknowledged in 2010 that the Government of Iran had been providing millions of dollars directly to his office. In October 2007, <mask> again rejected Western accusations against Iran, stating, "We have resisted the negative propaganda launched by foreign states against the Islamic Republic, and we stress that aliens' propaganda should not leave a negative impact on the consolidated ties between the two great nations of Iran and Afghanistan." <mask> added, "The two Iranian and Afghan nations are close to each other due to their bonds and commonalities, they belong to the same house, and they will live alongside each other for good." Some international criticism has centered around the government of <mask> in early 2009 for failing to secure the country from Taliban attacks, systemic governmental corruption, and widespread claims of electoral fraud in the 2009 Afghan presidential election. <mask> staunchly defended the election balloting, stating that some statements criticizing the balloting and vote count were "totally fabricated." He told the media that, "There were instances of fraud, no doubt...There were irregularities... But the election as a whole was good and free and democratic." He further went on to say that, "Afghanistan has its separate problems and we have to handle them as Afghanistan finds it feasible... This country was completely destroyed... Today, we are talking about fighting corruption in Afghanistan, improved legal standards... You see the glass half empty or half full. I see it as half full. Others see it as half empty." A 2019 Washington Post report described Karzai as ruling a "corrupt" government that was tolerated by the United States.In June 2010, <mask> travelled to Japan for a five-day visit where the two nations discussed a new aid provided by the hosting nation and the untapped mineral resources recently announced. <mask> invited Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi and others to invest in Afghan mining projects. He told Japanese officials that Japan would be given priority in the bid to explore its resources. He stated, "morally, Afghanistan should give access as a priority to those countries that have helped Afghanistan massively in the past few years." While in Japan, <mask> also made his first visit to Hiroshima to pray for the atomic bomb victims. Japan has provided billions of dollars in aid to Afghanistan since the beginning of 2002. On 16 July 2014, President <mask> held a special cabinet meeting where he condemned the Israeli attacks on Gaza and the killings of civilians while pledging $500,000 USD in aid to Gaza.Relations between <mask> and India have always been friendly; he attended university there. Afghanistan–India relations began getting stronger in 2011, especially after the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. In October 2011, <mask> signed a strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. During his speech at the RK Mishra Memorial in New Delhi, <mask> told the audience that "The signing of the strategic partnership with India is not directed against any country. It is not directed against any other entity. This is for Afghanistan to benefit from the strength of India." Assassination attempts

Many people have plotted to assassinate Karzai in the last decade, especially the Taliban's Quetta Shura and the Taliban-allied Haqqani network which allegedly receives support and guidance from Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy network.As recent as October 2011, while <mask> was visiting India to sign an important strategic partnership agreement with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Afghan agents of the National Directorate of Security (NDS) arrested 6 people in Kabul for planning to assassinate <mask>. Among those involved in the assassination plot were four Kabul University students and one of its professors, Dr. Aimal Habib, as well as Mohibullah Ahmadi who was one of the guards outside the Presidential Palace in Kabul. The alleged group of assassins were associates of al Qaida and the Haqqani network, and were paid $150,000 by Pakistani-based Islamic terrorists. A U.S. official said that "Our understanding is that the threat against President <mask> was real, was credible, but it was only in the early stages of planning." The following is a list of other failed assassination attempts:
 5 September 2002: An assassination attempt was made on Karzai in the city of Kandahar. A gunman wearing the uniform of the new Afghan National Army opened fire, wounding Gul Agha Sherzai (former governor of Kandahar) and an American Special Operations officer. The gunman, one of the President's bodyguards, and a bystander who knocked down the gunman were killed when <mask>'s American bodyguards returned fire.Some pictures of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU) responding to the attempt have surfaced. 16 September 2004: An attempted assassination on <mask> took place when a rocket missed the helicopter he was flying in while en route to the city of Gardez in eastern Afghanistan. 10 June 2007: Taliban insurgents attempted to assassinate <mask> in Ghazni where he was giving a speech to elders. Insurgents fired approximately 12 rockets, some of which landed  away from the crowd. <mask> was not hurt in the incident and was transported away from the location after finishing his speech. 27 April 2008: Insurgents, reportedly from the Haqqani network, used automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenades to attack a military parade that <mask> was attending in Kabul. <mask> was safe, but at least three people were killed, including a parliamentarian, a ten-year-old girl and a minority leader, and ten injured.Others attending the event included government ministers, former warlords, diplomats and the military top brass, all of whom had gathered to mark the 16th anniversary of the fall of the Afghan communist government to the mujahideen. Responding to the attack

masks: Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Hamid Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai Karzai


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 during the ceremony, the UN said the attackers "have shown their utter disrespect for the history and people of Afghanistan." Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid claimed responsibility for the attack, stating, "We fired rockets at the scene of the celebration." He went on to say there were 6 Taliban at the scene and that 3 were killed. "Our aim was not to directly hit someone," Mujahed said when asked if the intention was to kill Karzai. "We just wanted to show to the world that we can attack anywhere we want to". The ability of the attackers to get so close to Karzai suggested they had inside help.Defense minister Wardak confirmed that a police captain was connected with the group behind the assassination attempt and that an army officer supplied the weapons and ammunition used in the attack. Warlord insurgent Gulbuddin Hekmatyar also reportedly claimed responsibility. Relations with the Taliban
In a 2013 interview with Al Jazeera <mask> <mask> called the Taliban his 'brothers'. He claimed that the Afghan government and Afghan people did not want to eliminate the Taliban, but rather reintegrate the Taliban into society. It was not the first time he called the Taliban his brothers. Previously he called them brothers during his victory speech in 2009, a day after he was declared president. Attack on Taliban training camp
On 14 September 2015, provincial police chief Gen. Daud Ahmadi claimed that <mask> <mask> had stopped an attack on a Taliban training camp in Logar province of Afghanistan.The camp was used as a launching pad and a military operation was being planned to deal with the camp. However, Karzai stopped them from attacking the camp. Ahmadi further claimed there were around 200 militants who were being trained at the camp at that time. Post-presidency
After the 2017 Nangarhar airstrike, Karzai condemned his successor, President Ashraf Ghani, labeling him a traitor. Following the fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to the Taliban on 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated Hezb-e-Islami party Gulbuddin Hekmatyar met with <mask> and Abdullah Abdullah, Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive, in Doha, seeking to form an interim government with the Taliban. Personal life and tribal lineage

In 1999, <mask> <mask> married Zeenat Quraishi, a gynaecologist by profession who was working as a doctor with Afghan refugees living in Pakistan. They have a son, Mirwais, who was born in January 2007, a daughter, Malalai, born in 2012 and another daughter, Howsi, born in March 2014 in Gurgaon, India.He became a father once again at the age of 58 when another daughter was born in September 2016 in Apollo Hospital, New Delhi. According to a declaration of his assets by an anti-graft body, Karzai earns $525 monthly and has less than $20,000 in bank accounts. Karzai does not own any land or property. <mask> has six brothers, including Mahmood <mask> and Qayum <mask>, as well as Ahmed Wali <mask>, deceased, who was the representative for the southern Afghanistan region. Qayum is also the founder of the Afghans for a Civil Society. <mask> has one sister, Fauzia <mask>. The family owns and operates several successful Afghan restaurants on the East Coast of the United States and in Chicago.In initial biographical news reporting, there was confusion regarding his clan lineage; it was written that his paternal lineage derived from the Sadduzai clan. This confusion might have arisen from sources stating he was chosen as the tribal chief of the Popalzai. Traditionally, the Popalzai tribe has been led by members of the Sadozais. The first King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, was the leader of the Sadozais, and the Sadozai lineage continued to rule Afghanistan until 1826 when the Barakzais ascended to the throne. <mask> is believed to be from the Shamizai subtribe of the Popalzais. His grandfather, Khair <mask>, was a head of the Popalzai tribe from Kandahar who relocated to Kabul and ran the business of a guest house. This allowed Karzai's father Abdul Ahad, to gain a foothold in the royal family, and subsequently, the parliament.These actions and upwards movement within the Popalzai tribal system, led to the Karzai family furnishing a viable Shamizai clan alternative to Sadozai leadership in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion when the Sadozai clan failed to provide a tribal leader. He is often seen wearing a Karakul hat, something that has been worn by many Afghan kings in the past. Following the Fall of Kabul in 2021, <mask> decided to remain in Kabul with his daughters and he appealed to the Taliban to respect his life and that of his family as well as the civilians in Afghanistan. While he met with Hekmatyar to discuss the formation of a future Afghan government, it is unclear whether Karzai will serve any role in such. On 27 August 2021, prominent activist Fatima Gailani criticized him whereas the United States urged the Taliban to include him in the new government along Abdullah Abdullah. On 1 September 2021, sources close to the Taliban said that it was "unlikely" for Karzai to be part of the new government, with a spokesperson for the group saying that the group was "ready to recruit them", referring also to Abdullah Abdullah but added that the Taliban did not want "old horses" in apparent reference to Karzai. Honorary degrees and awards

Over the years <mask> <mask> has become a well recognized figure.He has received a number of awards and honorary degrees from famous government and educational institutions around the world. The following are some of his awards and honoraria. A commemorative medallion of 11 September 2001 attacks from the United States House of Representatives, presented to him by member of the House Jack Kingston on 29 January 2002. In June 2002, received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member James Earl Jones at the Achievement Summit at Dublin Castle in Dublin, Ireland. An honorary doctorate in literature from Himachal Pradesh University in India, his alma mater, on 7 March 2003. In June 2003, <mask> was created an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George by Queen Elizabeth II. On 4 July 2004, <mask> was awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.In his acceptance speech, Karzai stated: "Where Liberty dies, evil grows. We Afghans have learned from our historical experiences that liberty does not come easily. We profoundly appreciate the value of liberty...for we have paid for it with our lives. And we will defend liberty with our lives." On 22 May 2005, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Boston University. On 25 May 2005, received an honorary degree from the Center for Afghan Studies at the University of Nebraska — Omaha. On 25 September 2006, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Georgetown University.In June 2012, received an honorary Doctorate from Nippon Sport Science University. Lovely Professional University conferred an honorary Doctorate on Karzai on 20 May 2013

Controversies
In August 2011, Karzai pardoned dozens of child would-be suicide bombers, and in February 2012 some of the pardoned children were re-arrested attempting to commit suicide bombings in Kandahar Province. <mask> has been accused of nepotism, corruption, electoral fraud, and being involved with his late half brother Ahmed Wali <mask> in the drug trade. Electoral fraud
Under Karzai's administration, electoral fraud was so apparent that Afghanistan's status as a democratic state came into question. Furthermore, a special court set up personally by Karzai in defiance of constitutional norms sought to reinstate dozens of candidates who were removed for fraud in the 2010 parliamentary elections by the Independent Electoral Commission. Financial ties with CIA and the government of Iran
On 28 April 2013, The New York Times revealed that from December 2002 up to the publication date, <mask>'s presidential office was funded with "tens of millions of dollars" of black cash from the CIA in order to buy influence within the Afghan government. The article stated that "the cash that does not appear to be subject to the oversight and restrictions."An unnamed American official was quoted by The New York Times as stating that "The biggest source of corruption in Afghanistan was the United States." On 17 June 2013, Senator Bob Corker put a hold on $75 million intended for electoral programs in Afghanistan after his inquiries of 2 May, 14 May and 13 June to the Obama Administration regarding the CIA "ghost money" remained unanswered. <mask> also admitted that his office received millions of dollars in cash from the Iranian government. <mask> stated that the money was given as gifts and intended for renovating his Presidential Palace in Kabul. "This is transparent. This is something that I've even discussed while I was at Camp David with President Bush." Corruption

According to The New York Times, many members of the <mask> family have mixed their personal interests with that of the state, and become hugely influential and wealthy by murky means.In 2012 Afghanistan was tied with Somalia and North Korea at the bottom of Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index, and it ranked 172/175 in 2014. Mahmoud <mask>, the brother of President <mask>, was implicated in the 2010 Kabul Bank crisis. Mahmud <mask> was the 3rd largest shareholder in the bank with a 7% stake. Kabul Bank incurred huge losses on its investments in villas in Palm Jumeirah in Dubai. The real estate investments were registered in the name of Kabul Bank chairman, Sherkhan Farnood. Mahmud <mask> bought one such villa from Farnood for 7 million dirhams using money borrowed from Kabul Bank and in a matter of months sold it for 10.4 million dirhams. Mahmud <mask>'s purchase of the 7% stake in Kabul Bank was also financed entirely through money lent by Kabul Bank with the shares as collateral.<mask> has admitted that there is widespread corruption in Afghanistan, but has blamed the problem largely on the way contracts are awarded by the international community, and said that the "perception of corruption" is a deliberate attempt to weaken the Afghan government. Unocal connection
There has been much debate over <mask>'s alleged consultant work with Unocal (Union Oil Company of California since acquired by Chevron in 2005). In 2002, when <mask> became the subject of heavy media coverage as one of the front runners to lead Afghanistan, it was reported that he was a former consultant for them. Spokesmen for both Unocal and <mask> have denied any such relationship, although Unocal could not speak for all companies involved in the consortium. The original claim that <mask> worked for Unocal originates from a 6 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper Le Monde,  Barry Lane UNOCAL's manager for public relations states in an interview on the website Emperor's Clothes that, "He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records." Lane however did say that Zalmay Khalilzad, the former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, was a Unocal consultant in the mid-1990s.Taliban connection
In October 2013, <mask>'s administration and the Afghanistan Intelligence agency were found to be communicating with the Pakistani Taliban about the shifting of power that was expected to occur if the U.S. Forces withdrew in 2014. <mask> himself was in London at the time of the discovery, to participate in talks with Pakistan and the U.S. on the possible location of Taliban leader Mullah Baradar. At the time, it was unknown if <mask> was directly involved or even knew of such communications. In May 2021, <mask> spoke with German newspaper Der Spiegel, where he expressed his sympathy with the Taliban, criticized the role of the United States in Afghanistan and praised the role of the European Union, at the same time, saying that the future of Afghanistan relies heavily on neighbor Pakistan. He also considered the Taliban "victims of foreign forces" and said that Afghans were being used to be "each against the other." In November 2021, he told Yalda Hakim of BBC News that he considered the Taliban as "brothers".View on ISIS in Afghanistan

<mask> <mask>, during an interview with Voice of America, claimed that ISIS in Afghanistan is a tool for the United States. He further claimed that he does not differentiate at all between ISIS and the United States. During an interview with Fox News, <mask> <mask> claimed that ISIS in Afghanistan is a product of the United States. Karzai claimed that he routinely received reports regarding unmarked helicopters dropping supplies to support the terror faction. He asked for an explanation from the United States regarding the unmarked helicopter flights. He also claimed that the United States had made Afghanistan a testing ground for its weapons. Later on during an interview with Al Jazeera, <mask> <mask> again criticized the United States.He accused the United States of working with ISIS in Afghanistan. Moreover he said that the United States government had allowed ISIS to flourish in Afghanistan and that it had used ISIS as an excuse to drop the GBU-43 (Mother of all Bombs) in Afghanistan. <mask> <mask> accused Pakistan of supporting ISIS during an interview with ANI. In popular culture
 In the movie War Machine, Karzai was portrayed by Ben Kingsley. See also

 List of presidents of Afghanistan
 Politics of Afghanistan
 Mahmoud <mask>
 Ahmed Wali Karzai
 Kabul Bank crisis
 Afghan Peace Jirga 2010
 <mask> <mask> International Airport

References

Books/Articles
 Dam, Bette. A Man and a Motorcycle, Ipso Facto Publ., Sept. 2014. Dam, Bette."The Misunderstanding of <mask> <mask>", Foreign Policy, Oc.t 3, 2014. External links

1957 births
21st-century heads of state of Afghanistan
Presidents of Afghanistan
Living people
Hamid
Afghan exiles
Afghan expatriates in Pakistan
Afghan anti-communists
Habibia High School alumni
Himachal Pradesh University alumni
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Mujahideen members of the Soviet–Afghan War
Pashtun people
People from Kandahar Province
Afghan Sunni Muslims
Anti-communism in Afghanistan
Pashtun nationalists
21st-century Afghan

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Karzai
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Hamid
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Muhammad Karzai
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texts:
<mask> (1 December 1801 − 8 June 1879) was an actor and theatre manager in Australia. He was Mayor of Adelaide from 1855 to 1858. <mask> was born in Edinburgh, a son of <mask>, stockbroker, and his wife Rachel née <mask>, and may have been brought up in London. He had considerable stage experience in England, and there is no reason to doubt advertisements which reported him playing at Covent Garden and Drury Lane. <mask>, his wife Julia, née Solomon, and their seven children emigrated to Sydney aboard Lady Macnaghten, giving his occupation as tailor. The ship had an outbreak of typhus on board, resulting in the death of around 60 passengers including three of the <mask> children, and some four weeks were to elapse in quarantine before they reached Sydney on 14 April 1837. He immediately joined Mrs. Barnet Levy (or Levey)'s Theatre Royal company, his first appearance being as Shylock on 18 May 1837.He was well received by both the audience (in part no doubt out of sympathy as a passenger on that voyage) and critics. He served as manager of the Theatre Royal until it was closed perfunctorily by the new owner, Joseph Wyatt, on 24 March 1838,
He was then engaged at the new Royal Victoria Theatre on Pitt Street as actor and stage-manager until the end of 1840, when he was engaged to appear in Adelaide at the newly completed Queen's Theatre. In Adelaide
The theatre opened on 11 January 1841 with <mask> playing Othello. He had in Sydney been praised for his Shylock, but his Othello was criticised on account of his Cockney Jewish accent and his lisp, and Adelaide reviewers were parsimonious in their praise. <mask> took over management of the Queen's Theatre, taking a lease from late July 1841 but after months of losing money dismissed his company and converted the seating to something more appropriate to public meetings. He did not renew the lease. Back to Sydney
The supremacy of the "Victoria" in Sydney was challenged by Joseph Simmons and his (Royal) City Theatre on Market Street, which opened in March 1843.<mask> returned to Sydney that same month aboard the brig Dorset to resume management of the old theatre, which took effect the following May. He left in 1844 following a dispute with owner Joseph Knight, returned in 1845 when Knight sold his interest in the theatre, and left again in December 1846. In Adelaide again
In 1848 <mask> returned to Adelaide, now prosperous thanks largely to the valuable copper discoveries at Burra and elsewhere, and became associated with George Selth Coppin, who had established the New Queen's Theatre in a building adjoining the old Queen's Theatre. <mask> and Coppin then remodeled the old theatre, which they reopened as the Royal Victoria Theatre (no connection with the previous theatre of the same name) on 23 December 1850. This period marked the climax of his theatrical career, achieving a greater degree of popularity than he had enjoyed previously; he even received praise as a comedian. <mask>'s involvement in the theatre lessened. He established a jeweller's and silversmith's business in Hindley Street, Adelaide, and became involved in civic affairs.He was elected Alderman for the Gawler ward of the Adelaide City Council in December 1853, filling the vacancy left by the resignation of Alderman J. M. Solomon. He was mayor of Adelaide from 1855 to 1858, and stood for re-election as Alderman in December 1859 but was defeated by Councillor Cox. He was also involved with the Adelaide Jewish community, and a founding member of the Adelaide Hebrew congregation, and sang Kol Nidrei at their first Yom Kippur service in 1848. In 1853 <mask> and Coppin built the 400-seat Port Theatre in Port Adelaide, next to Coppin's White Horse Cellar. Later life
In 1863 he emigrated to New Zealand where he was appointed Town Clerk in Dunedin. He became Town Clerk in Hokitika in 1866. He was also promoted to Country Treasurer and then Provincial Treasurer.He was active in the local Jewish community and synagogue and the Freemasons. He died there on 8 June 1879 and is buried in the Hokitika Cemetery. Personal

<mask> married Julia Solomon (c. 1806 – 26 December 1880), daughter of London furriers, in London on 2 November 1825. Although <mask> was to work closely with Emanuel and Vaiben Solomon in Adelaide, there is no reason to believe she was related to them. Their surviving children (Mary, <mask>, and Priscilla died en route to Sydney) were:
<mask> (c. 1827 – 1897), a star performer from an early age, had a considerable career as a dancer and actress. She accompanied her parents in their various travels until 13 November 1850, when she and violinist Andrew Moore eloped and married at Trinity Church, Adelaide. They had a daughter Julia Moore and a son <mask>, a well-known theatrical agent.<mask> (c. 1829 – 23 February 1893) married Elizabeth Wisdom (c. 1825 – 30 April 1910) in 1854. He was also associated with the theatre in Australia. They had a son <mask> and daughters <mask>, who married William Hubert in 1875 and moved to Sydney, and Catherine "Kate" <mask>, who married <mask> Goldney in 1873, then Robert Fulton in 1904, lived in Hindmarsh, South Australia. <mask> (1838 – 14 November 1883) was lessee and manager of Theatre Royal, Sydney, 1876–1878? 1875 – 1 February 1882? and died in a lunatic asylum. <mask> (c. 1838 – 8 August 1926) married Simeon Alexander Moss (died 11 April 1913) on 9 December 1885
<mask> died in Hokitika, New Zealand on 8 June 1879.His portrait in oils is held at the Freemasons' Hall, Adelaide. Julia died at her mother's home "Oeta", Queen Street (formerly Piper Street), Woollahra, New South Wales on 26 December 1889. References

Theatre people from Edinburgh
1801 births
1879 deaths
Australian jewellers
Australian people of Scottish-Jewish descent
Jewish Australian male actors
Australian theatre managers and producers
Jewish mayors
Jewish Australian politicians
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Adelaide
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
Scottish Jews
19th-century male actors
19th-century Australian politicians
Burials at Hokitika Cemetery
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
Jewish New Zealand history
19th-century Australian businesspeople

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John Lazar
History Lazar
Abraham Lazar
Lazarus
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Lazar
Lazar
Lazar
Lazar
Lazar
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Lazarus
Rachel Lazar
John Moore
Abraham Lazar
John Lazar
Julia Lazar
Lazar
Francis John
Samuel Lazar
Victoria Lazar
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