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<mask><mask> (December 12, 1905 – August 30, 1989), an Agricultural Economics Professor, served as President of Montana State College from 1943 to 1964. Dr. <mask> was also active in Washington D.C. and United States overseas agricultural economics work. He was the 1964 Democratic candidate for governor of Montana. Biography
<mask>, born on December 12, 1905, was the third of five children born to <mask> and Caroline Augusta (Young<mask>. <mask> grew up on the family's truck and dairy farm in the remote Pine Barrens of southern New Jersey. As a boy, <mask> helped his father on the farm and attended country schools. With the financial help of his father, he attended Rutgers University and graduated summa cum laud in 1927.He continued his education and obtained his Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics from University of Wisconsin in 1930. Rutgers University and University of Wisconsin are both land-grant schools and each influenced the development of <mask>'s educational philosophy and championing of public education. There were two economists who heavily influenced Dr. Renne; the economist Richard T. Ely, who in 1892 was a founder of the Wisconsin University School of Economics, Political Science and History, and the economist John R. Commons, who was Ely's assistant and a pioneering historian on the U.S. Labor Movement. Following his graduation in 1930, <mask> arrived in Bozeman, Montana to start his teaching at Montana State College as Assistant Professor of Agriculture Economics. On August 19, 1932 he married Mary Polly Kneeland Wisner with whom he had four children. Dr. <mask><mask> died in Bozeman, Montana on August 30, 1989. Professional life

Professor and College President
Dr. <mask><mask> came to Montana State College in Bozeman, Montana in 1930 to work as Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics.Dr. <mask> was an Agricultural Economics Professor and Agriculture Department Head from 1930 to 1943 and President of Montana State College from 1943 - 1964. During the U.S. Depression years and World War II years, Renne devoted much of his time to educational outreach with small farmers and agricultural labor in support of both the WPA and World War II war efforts. As the Agricultural Economics Department head and chairman of the Bozeman city school board, Dr. Renne worked closely with the WPA to obtain New Deal educational funds for the construction of three new Bozeman, Montana elementary schools: Hawthorne, Irving and Longfellow. In 1942, Dr. <mask> accepted a position in Montana's Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply (OPA), but in the following year, 1943, Renne left OPA and was appointed Acting President of MSC. In 1944 Renne was appointed President of Montana State College. At the close of WWII, Renne recognized the G.I.Bill (Servicemen's readjustment Act) of 1944 passed by Congress was quickly increasing the demand for classrooms, additional faculty and increased student housing by new student G.I.s and their families. Because of the G.I.Bill, MSC's student body almost doubled from 1,155 in 1945 to 2,014 in 1946, and doubled again in 1947 to 3,591. With qualifying veterans returning to college at the end of the WW II, Renne provided active leadership to make the necessary changes on campus to accommodate those men and women who used the G.I. Bill to get a higher education degree at MSC. With a huge growth in students came an increase in faculty with the faculty almost doubling from 132 in 1945 to 257 in 1950. To meet the immediate needs of G.I. student and faculty housing and expanded classrooms, Renne quickly installed recycled wooden buildings from a chrome mining project in Columbus, Montana to serve as classrooms for physics, chemistry lab, nursing, education, engineering, agriculture wool lab, psychology and music. To accommodate student and new faculty housing, Renne found prefab war-surplus wooden frame building, quonset huts, barracks, and over 100 small trailers.Then he went to the state capitol, Helena, Montana, and worked with the legislature to use some of the $4.5 million war surplus monies to fund a new brick library, update older buildings, and upgrade the physical plant. Renne also recognized that immediately following the end of WWII, only 16.9% of all instructional budget was spent on humanities and social sciences and called for substantial budgetary increases for liberal arts, citing a need for "a more realistic appreciation of the values of humanistic-social science subjects ... in the interests of serving the general welfare." During this post WWII growth, Renne took on the added responsibility of educational outreach initiatives, speaking to various assemblies across the state in: Billings, Butte, Great Falls, Hamilton, Miles City, Three Forks, Eden, Joliet, Circle, Forsyth, Glendive, Helena, Hardin, Whitehall, Judith Gap, Ekalaka, Baker, Lodge Grass, Fort Peck, Sidney, and many more communities. He also expanded his outreach to conferences in: Wyoming, Washington, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, California, Missouri and others. Dr. Renne's presentations covered topics on: water resources, water conservation, river basin development, banking, farm economics, land management, Indian affairs, Christian stewardship, and the value of land-grant college education. In recognition of Dr. <mask><mask>'s service to Montana State College, the Montana State University named Renne Library in his memory. United States Government Service
From 1950 to 1951 Dr<mask> <mask> was the president of the Water Resources Policy Commission and in 1951 to 1953 he acted as chief of the Mutual Security Agency's Special Technological and Economic Mission to the Philippines.In 1958, he accepted the role of Chief of the Agricultural Survey Mission to Peru for the Joint International Bank for Reconstruction of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In 1960, Renne became a consultant regarding land development for the U.S. Operations Mission to Ethiopia, and in 1961 he became a member of the National Advisory Council for Health Research Facilities, HEW. Dr. <mask> was the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for International Affairs in Washington D.C. and through an appointment issued by then U.S. President John F. Kennedy, he also served as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for International Affairs from 1963 to 1964. <mask> also became one of the original board of trustees of the Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement. By 1964 up to 1969, he was Director of Office of Interior Water Resources Research, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington D.C. After leaving the Water Resources Research Office in 1969, he was chief of the Agricultural University Development in Illinois/USAID Team for India until 1972. In 1974, <mask> was Director of the Foreign Trade Study at Montana State University. Political career
In February 1964, Dr. <mask> resigned as president of Montana State College to run for Governor of Montana in 1964.He defeated Mike Kuchera in the Democratic primary, and advanced to the general election, where he ran against incumbent Governor Tim M. Babcock. <mask>, who was fifty-eight years old, had been associated with Montana State College for thirty-three years, was a respected Agricultural Economist, and had served in 1963 as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture for International Affairs. Babcock was running for re-election following his ascension to the Governorship in 1962 when the previous Governor, Donald Grant Nutter, died in a plane crash. In the Montana gubernatorial election, Renne placed emphasis on economic development in response to the 1964 sluggish economy, a need of greater support for education, relief for property taxes, and tax programs based upon ability to pay tax to fund his educational programs. Democrats also asserted that a Republican administration would adopt a sales tax and the institution of right-to-work law. Republicans and Babcock denied any plans for a sales-tax or right-to-work law and placed their emphasis on Governor Babcock's business-like administration of reduced deficit and balanced budget without new taxes, current support for education and custodial institutions, and that agriculture was the only area of Montana's economy not prospering. The election results had Democrat <mask> receiving 136,682 votes, and incumbent Republican Governor Tim Babcock receiving 144,113 votes.Memberships
Dr<mask> <mask> was a member of:
 Rotary
 American Economic Association
 American Academy of Political and Social Science
 Phi Beta Kappa
 Phi Kappa Phi
 Alpha Zeta

Publications
Roland Roger Renne publications:
 <mask> <mask> (1928). The relation of the Federal Reserve Banking System to the agricultural depression beginning in 1920. Madison, University of Wisconsin
 <mask> <mask> (1932). The economics of bean production and marketing in Montana. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1933). The tariff on dairy products. Madison, WI Tariff Research Committee
 <mask> <mask> (1933).The flaxseed market and the tariff.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask>,  Bushrod W Allin (1934). Montana farm taxes. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1935).Montana county organization, services, and costs: a study in county government with suggestions for its improvement. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural experiment station
 <mask> Roger Renne (1935). Financing Montana schools: a summary of an analysis of the system of financing elementary and secondary education with suggested changes
 <mask> <mask> (1935). Readjusting Montana's agriculture - I The need and basis for readjustment. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1935).Significance of the ownership pattern to land use planning. Bozeman, MT MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask> (1936). Organization and costs of Montana schools: an analysis of the system of financing elementary and secondary education with suggested changes. Bozeman, MSC Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Montana land ownership: an analysis of the ownership pattern and its significance in land use planning. Bozeman, MSC Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936).Readjusting Montana's agriculture - III Population resources and prospects. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Readjusting Montana's agriculture - IV Land ownership and tenure. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Readjusting Montana's agriculture - VIII Tax delinquency and mortgage foreclosures. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Montana land ownership an analysis of the ownership pattern and its significance in land use planning.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1936). Organization and Costs of Montana Schools - an Analysis of the System of Financing Elementary and Secondary Education With Suggested Changes. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask> (1937). Assessment of Montana farm lands a study of the inequalities resulting from present methods of assessing dry farm and range lands and some suggestions for improvement. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1938). Montana farm bankruptcies: a study of the number, characteristics, and causes of farm bankruptcies over a forty-year period with some suggestions for preventing them in the future.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1938). Montana farm taxes: the significance of farm taxes to Montana agriculture. Bozeman, Montana Extension Service in Agriculture and Home Economics, Montana State College and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
 <mask> <mask>, Howard H. Lord (1938). Montana farm price variations: the economic significance of fluctuating farm prices to Montana agricultural stability. Bozeman, Montana Extension Service in Agriculture and Home Economics
 <mask> <mask> (1939). Montana farm foreclosures: number, characteristics, and causes of farm mortgage foreclosures over a seventy-year period, with some suggestions for reducing them in the future.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1939). Butte, Montana: a preliminary report of an economic survey showing population characteristics and trends, industrial development, employment, labor conditions, incomes, living costs and standards, costs of government, and related information for the Butte community . Butte, MT McKee Print. Co.
 <mask> <mask> (1940). Montana farm real estate mortgage indebtedness: amount, distribution, characteristics and trend of Montana farm mortgage debt. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1940). Montana income tax studies.Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask>,  O H Brownlee (1940). Uncollected property taxes in Montana: an analysis of the amount, growth, causes, and means of reducing Montana property tax delinquency with special emphasis on rural property. Bozeman, MSC Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1942). Montana population changes and prospects: an analysis of Montana population trends, recent changes accompanying movement into the Armed Forces and war industries, and prospective further changes. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1947). Land economics; principles, problems, and policies in utilizing land resources.New York, Harper
 <mask> <mask> (1947). Montana nonresident motor vehicle travel survey: Summer, 1975. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics Dept. <mask><mask> (1950). The President's Water Resources Policy Commission
 <mask> <mask> (1952). P.I. entering period of expansion.Manila
 <mask> <mask> (1952). A master plan of P.I. industrialization. Manila
 Jonathan Forman,  <mask> <mask>,  G B MacDonald (1953). Report on the problem of mining claims on the national forests. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service
 <mask> <mask> (1958).The government and administration of Montana. New York, Crowell
 <mask> <mask> (1958). Cost of county government in Montana. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Experiment Station
 <mask> <mask> (1958). Land economics: Principles, problems, and policies in utilizing land resources. New York, Harper & Brothers Publ. Charles M Hardin (1960).Agricultural policy, politics, and the public interest. Philadelphia (Chapter 9 by R.R<mask>. Land-Grant Institutions, the Public, and the Public Interestl)
 <mask> <mask> (1960). Montana civic index: a voter's guide. Great Falls, Montana Republican Club
 <mask> <mask>,  J Wesley Hoffmann (1960). The Montana citizen.Helena, MT State Pub. Co.
 <mask> <mask> (1963). Trade and aid in a troubled world: remarks at the University of Nebraska Conference on Trade and Aid
 Roland <mask> (1974). Agricultural universities in India. Urbana-Champaign, University of Illinois
 <mask> <mask> (1974). Alberta and Montana agriculture, trade, and tourism. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept.<mask> <mask> (1976). The role of agricultural economists:  the next 100 years or Less. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. <mask> <mask> (1977). A survey of Montana manufacturing exporters. Bozeman, MSU Agricultural Economics & Economics Dept. Resources

External links
 <mask>. <mask> 1964 Gubernatorial Campaign Papers

1905 births
1989 deaths
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni
Montana politicians
People from Greenwich Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey
United States Department of Agriculture officials
Presidents of Montana State University
People from Bozeman, Montana

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<mask> (born January 3, 1963) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons, primarily with the Los Angeles Rams. He played college football for the Purdue Boilermakers and was selected as the third pick in the first round of the 1986 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. Unable to work out a contract agreement with <mask>, the Oilers traded his rights to the Rams, with whom <mask> played from 1986 to 1993. <mask> then played with the New Orleans Saints from 1994 to 1996 and ended his career with a stint with the San Diego Chargers in 1997. College career
Purdue University recruited <mask> out of Eldorado High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, <mask> led his high school team to the State Championship game in 1979 against the Demons of Santa Fe High School. The Demons' stifling defense (held opponents to 100 points) and record-setting offense (547 points scored) handed the <mask> and his Eagle teammates their second loss of the season, and avenged a loss the Demons suffered earlier in the year. In 1980 they finally won the school's only state championship.In addition to quarterbacking the team, he played defense as a safety. Recruited to play either safety or quarterback, he was soon slotted into the quarterback role where he narrowly missed out on being a four-year starter at Purdue, as a game-day decision before his first game as a freshman led to Scott Campbell getting the nod over <mask>. Campbell held off <mask> for three years, one of which <mask> was able to redshirt to gain an extra year of eligibility. Upon Campbell's graduation to a seven-year career in the NFL, <mask> took over the reins of the pass-oriented Boilermakers offense. As a junior, <mask> led the Boilermakers to the 1984 Peach Bowl, where he passed for 253 yards and three touchdowns. Purdue lost the game to Virginia, quarterbacked by future Green Bay Packer Don Majkowski, 27–24. <mask> is also the only Purdue quarterback to ever beat Michigan, Notre Dame, and Ohio State all in the same season.During the 1985 season, <mask> led the NCAA in total offense (3,589 yards), at the time a school record (since broken by fellow Purdue alum Drew Brees). He finished sixth in balloting for the 1985 Heisman Trophy. <mask> earned regular membership on the Distinguished Students list at Purdue, and graduated with a degree in industrial management. During his time at Purdue, <mask> regularly tutored fellow Purdue athletes in courses such as calculus and statistical analysis. He was also initiated into the Sigma Chi fraternity as an undergraduate. During his senior year, he was awarded the Big Ten Medal of Honor in recognition of his athletic and academic achievements. 1984: 3,256 yards with 18 TD vs 16 INT in 11 games
 1985: 3,651 yards with 23 TD vs 11 INT in 11 games

NFL career

<mask> had a productive NFL career, especially with the Rams, where he was a statistical leader in several passing categories.His Rams teams were successful early in his career, earning playoff berths in 1986, 1988, and 1989, despite never reaching the Super Bowl. <mask> continued to produce fine statistics, and was rewarded with a trip to the 1991 Pro Bowl game in Honolulu, Hawaii. Despite productive years with the Rams, 1989 marked <mask>'s final playoff season in his NFL career. Starting in 1990, the Rams began to trade or release players due to financial concerns. (For example, LeRoy Irvin spent his final season with the Lions. Meanwhile, Greg Bell, who had been the team's starting running back, spent 1990 across town.) After winning 13 games in 1989 (including 2 playoff wins), the Rams won 19 games from 1990-93 combined (5 in 1990, 3 in 1991, 6 in 1992, 5 in 1993).The 1993 season was a low point in <mask>'s career. He played in only 10 games but managed to throw 12 interceptions. He threw only eight touchdown passes, tying the lowest yearly total of his career and matching his rookie total when he only played in six games. Around mid-season, Rams coach Chuck Knox benched him for T. J. Rubley. The Rams traded <mask> to the Saints in March 1994. In return, the Los Angeles Times reported, Los Angeles received "a seventh-round pick in the 1995 draft". In three years with the Saints, benefitting from receivers such as Quinn Early and former Falcon receiver Michael Haynes and former Bear fullback Brad Muster in the backfield, <mask> threw 22, 26, and 12 touchdowns.But the team finished 7–9, 7–9, and 3–13 in those three years, respectively. The Saints, like many other NFL teams, released or traded core players when the NFL's salary cap took effect around the time <mask> arrived in New Orleans. The Dome Patrol defense had largely been dismantled by 1994. Only Sam Mills remained on the Saints' roster by 1994, and that was Mills's final season, as he departed for the expansion Carolina Panthers the following year. Running backs Dalton Hilliard and Craig Heyward had also both left the Saints by 1994. <mask> signed with the Chargers in June 1997. In his first start for San Diego, he defeated the Saints, 20–6, in his return to the Superdome.1997 was his final NFL season. Over his career, <mask> performed well enough to be among league leaders in several passing categories. His 203 touchdown passes rank 25th all-time, and his 34,837 passing yards are 14th all-time. He also ranks 15th all-time in completions and 16th all-time in pass attempts. On a year-to-year basis, he was among the top ten league leaders in pass attempts (seven times), completions (eight times), pass yards (seven times), and passing touchdowns (six, including leading the league twice). <mask>'s two postseason victories (both in 1989) tied him with Vince Ferragamo, James Harris, and Norm Van Brocklin for second-most playoff victories during the Rams' first stint in Los Angeles (as of 2018, it is now the third-most). Only Ferragamo had more wins (three) during the Rams' 49-year stint in Los Angeles.Kurt Warner's five playoff victories during the Rams' years in St. Louis have since superseded Ferragamo's record. <mask> altercation
Following the 1989 regular season, <mask> was reportedly "shellshocked" from the numerous times he was sacked and hit in the NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers (the 49ers won, 30–3). At one point in the game, <mask> was so rattled that he collapsed to the ground in the pocket in anticipation of a sack, even though the 49ers' defensive players had not yet reached him, a play now known as <mask>'s "phantom sack". His struggle eventually led to a 1994 confrontation with then Talk2 host <mask>. Rome had regularly mocked <mask>'s aversion to taking hits on the field, mockingly referring to him as "Chris" <mask> (a reference to female tennis player, Chris Evert). When <mask> appeared as a guest on Talk2, Rome wasted no time, calling him "Chris". <mask> dared Rome to repeat it to his face again, implying that a physical confrontation would ensue were Rome to do so.When Rome did it anyway, <mask> overturned the table between them and shoved Rome to the floor while still on the air. Rome was not injured and no legal action was taken following the confrontation. In a 2012 interview with Deadspin, <mask> stated that "a large burger franchise" wanted to use the footage in an ad. <mask> agreed, but Rome did not, blocking the deal. Post-NFL
After his NFL career ended, <mask> received an MBA degree from Pepperdine University and started an asset management business. Eventually, he settled in Dana Point, California. See also
 List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback
 List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Los Angeles Rams players
Purdue Boilermakers football players
New Orleans Saints players
San Diego Chargers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pepperdine University alumni
Players of American football from Albuquerque, New Mexico
People from Emporia, Kansas

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<mask> (born May 28, 1991) is a former American football defensive tackle. He played college football for the University of Florida, where he was recognized as an All-American in 2012. <mask> was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft. Early years
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended George Washington High School in Philadelphia, where he started playing basketball, which led to football. He totaled over 50 tackles, two sacks and seven tackles for losses during his junior season while tearing his ACL during a semifinal playoff game. He received an invitation to the annual U.S. Army National Combine in January 2009, but initially could not afford the travel costs to San Antonio, Texas.With help from special-education students and counselor, Dawn Seeger, <mask> baked brownies and sold them at school for weeks to raise the money. He was able to make the trip and earned first-team all-combine honors. After his senior season at Washington High School, he was named a high school All-American by USA Today, Parade magazine, and EA Sports. He ended his high school career at the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. College recruiting
Regarded as a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was listed as the No. 1 defensive tackle prospect in the class of 2010. He chose Florida over eight other major Division I FBS college football programs, including Miami, Ohio State and USC.College career

<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida, where he played for coach Urban Meyer and coach Will Muschamp's Florida Gators football teams from 2010 to 2012. Arriving in Gainesville as the highest-rated football recruit since wide receiver Percy Harvin in 2006, <mask> was one of seven true freshmen to make a start for the Florida Gators in 2010. After three seasons for the Gators, <mask> totalled 115 tackles (26 of them for loss), 9.5 sacks, one forced fumble, one pass defended and blocked three field goals. Freshman season (2010)

As a freshman in 2010, <mask> earned a starting spot and contributed with two tackles, including one for loss, in the Gators' win over Penn State in the 2011 Outback Bowl. For the season, he had 23 tackles (13 assisted and 10 solo) with 6.5 of them for loss. Sophomore season (2011)

As a sophomore in 2011, <mask> started the final 11 games of the season at defensive end, and totaled 46 tackles, including 6.5 tackles for a loss, 1.5 quarterback sacks, a pass breakup and a blocked kick. He also tied for the team lead with four quarterback hurries.He registered his first career sack in the 2012 Gator Bowl against Ohio State, and followed it with an assisted sack on the very next play for a total loss of five yards. Junior season (2012)

During his 2012 junior season, <mask> moved back to his natural defensive tackle position, and had 31 tackles (including 19 solo). He also had a team-high 8.5 tackles for a loss, and was second with four quarterback hurries. After the season, he was recognized as first-team All-American by The Sporting News and received third-team honors from the Associated Press. He was also a first-team All-Southeastern Conference selection. After Florida's loss in the 2013 Sugar Bowl, <mask> announced his decision to forgo his final year of college eligibility and enter the NFL Draft. Professional career
As of late January 2013, <mask> was projected to be a late-first round selection, and the fourth defensive tackle off the board, according to Sports Illustrated.After the combine, SI moved <mask> up to the No. 3 selection overall, and No. 1 among defensive tackles. In early April, CBSSports.com's Pete Prisco projected <mask> to go second overall, calling him "the best player in this draft". <mask> was listed as a defensive tackle, but was considered to be best fit as a defensive end in a 3–4 defensive alignment. <mask> was chosen by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round (23rd overall pick) of the 2013 NFL Draft, becoming the first defensive tackle selected by the Vikings in the 1st round since 2003 when the team drafted Kevin Williams 9th overall. He was also the first of three players drafted by the Vikings in the first round, marking only the second time in team history the team had three picks in the first round and the first time for an NFL team since the Rams in 2001.He signed a four-year, $8,076,200 contract with the Vikings, including a $4,253,600 signing bonus, $6,569,900 guaranteed, and an average annual salary of $2,019,050. On September 29, <mask> recorded the first sack of his career when he and Jared Allen combined to sack Pittsburgh's Ben Roethlisberger during the NFL International Series in London. He ended his rookie season with 19 combined tackles, 2.5 sacks, one forced fumble, and two pass deflections. He switched his jersey to #73 for the 2014 season, going back to his high school and college number after wearing #95 for his rookie season. In 2014, <mask> finished the season with the most quarterback hurries among Vikings defensive tackles with 20, per Pro Football Focus, despite playing just 587 snaps. He recorded 42 total tackles, 4.5 sacks and one pass deflection. <mask> was a starting defensive tackle next to Linval Joseph in the 2015 season.<mask> recorded a half a sack in Week 3 against the San Diego Chargers, and half a sack in Week 6 against the Kansas City Chiefs. He did not play in Week 7 against the Detroit Lions due to a knee/ankle injury. He was still hampered by the injury and was listed inactive for the Week 8 match-up against the Chicago Bears. On May 2, 2016, the Vikings announced that they picked up the fifth-year option of <mask>'s contract. <mask> only played in the first game of the season before being inactive for the next 12 games dealing with a knee injury. He was placed on injured reserve on December 12, 2016. On March 30, 2017, it was revealed that <mask> was diagnosed with nerve damage in his knee following meniscus surgery in September 2016.With the lingering nerve damage, some projected that it could be career threatening. He was placed on the reserve/non-football injury list on September 2, 2017. Career statistics

College

NFL

See also

 2012 College Football All-America Team
 List of Florida Gators football All-Americans
 List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft
 List of Minnesota Vikings first-round draft picks

References

External links
  <mask> <mask> – Florida Gators athlete profile

1991 births
Living people
Players of American football from Philadelphia
American football defensive tackles
Florida Gators football players
Minnesota Vikings players

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<mask> (5 March 1637, Gorinchem – 28 March 1712, Amsterdam) was a Dutch Baroque-era painter, glass painter, draughtsman and printmaker. <mask>den was one of the first Dutch painters to specialize in townscapes and became one of the leading architectural painters of the Dutch Golden Age. He painted a number of still lifes in the beginning and at the end of his career. <mask> was also an engineer and inventor who made significant contributions to contemporary firefighting technology. Together  with his brother Nicolaes, who was a hydraulic engineer, he invented an improvement of the fire hose in 1672,. He modified the manual fire engine, reorganised the volunteer fire brigade (1685) and wrote and illustrated the first firefighting manual (Brandspuiten-boek). A comprehensive street lighting scheme for Amsterdam, designed and implemented by <mask>den, remained in operation from 1669 until 1840 and was adopted as a model by many other towns and abroad.Life
<mask> <mask> was born in Gorinchem, the son of a mennonite father and the third of eight children. His father was by turns an oil mill owner, a grain merchant and a broker. The family moved to Amsterdam in 1646 and <mask> <mask>’s father acquired local citizenship. <mask> <mask> himself would never acquire Amsterdam citizenship. <mask> <mask> may have received his initial artistic training in the studio of a relative, perhaps his eldest brother, Goris <mask> <mask>, who made and sold mirrors. He had joined his brother Goris in his mirror producing and selling business. He may also have learned drawing from a glass painter.It is possible that his teacher may have been one of the most admired glass painters of the time, <mask> <mask>t, who was also originally from <mask> <mask>'s hometown. Several examples of <mask> <mask>’s paintings on glass (verre eglomisé) have survived and probably date from this early part of his career. He married Sara ter Hiel of Utrecht on 26 June 1661 in Amsterdam. At the time of his marriage, he lived on the most fashionable canal in Amsterdam, Herengracht. He was then already a practising artist. His earliest dated works are two drawn portraits of his brother-in-law Samuel ter Hiel and his bride, Jacquemijntje <mask> Passe date 1659. His earliest dated painting is from 1663.As a young man he witnessed the fire in the old town hall which made a deep impression on him. He later would describe or draw 80 fires in almost any neighborhood of Amsterdam. In 1668 Cosimo III de' Medici bought one of his paintings, a view of the townhall with a manipulated perspective. Painting was not the sole occupation and interest of <mask> Heyden. In fact he never joined Amsterdam's painters' guild. Even while his work was in great demand, he did not rely on his art to make a living. His principal source of income was, in fact, not painting.Rather he was employed as engineer, inventor and municipal official. He was clearly greatly preoccupied with the problem of how to fight fires effectively, and, with his brother Nicolaes, devoted much time between 1668 and 1671 to inventing a new, highly successful water pumping mechanism. He devised a street-lighting system for Amsterdam and was in 1669 appointed director of street lighting. In 1673 the two brothers received  official appointments to manage the city’s fire-fighting equipment and organisation. The two officials appointments were sufficient to ensure the prosperity of the artist. <mask> <mask> moved in 1680 to the Koestraat near the St. Anthonismarkt. Here he built a new family home and a factory for producing fire equipment.In collaboration with his eldest son <mask>, he published in 1690 an illustrated book on fire-fighting, entitled 'Beschrijving der nieuwlijks uitgevonden en geoctrojeerde Slangbrandspuiten' ('Description of the recently invented and patented hose fire engines'). <mask> <mask> died a wealthy man in 1712. His wife survived her husband by only a month. The inventory of the estate made soon after her death include more than 70 of his own paintings. His only known pupil is his son <mask>.

Work

General

<mask> <mask> was one of the first Dutch painters to dedicate most of his output to cityscapes and other depictions of groups of buildings. In addition, he also painted approximately 40 pure landscapes, of which two on glass. At the end of his career he painted still lifes in indoor settings.Architectural paintings

His most frequent subject were various views of Amsterdam. In addition, he painted vistas of other Dutch, Flemish and German cities (in particular the region near the Dutch–German border), country houses and estates and landscapes. It is believed that he visited these places personally. A painting of an Italian scene is believed to have been based on a drawing by Daniël Schellinks. Other foreign scenes may have been based on drawings of other artists. <mask> Heyden often painted country estates. Several views exist of a country estate owned by Joan Huydecoper II, the Amsterdam burgomaster.A set of 14 paintings depicting scenes in and around the village of Maarssen were likely also made on commission for Joan Huydecoper II, who had developed real estate around that village. <mask> Heyden also created completely imaginary architectural fantasies, so-called capricci. An example is An Architectural Fantasy (c. 1670, National Gallery of Art), which appears to be a product of pure imagination. Italian influences are visible in the classical structure recalling the buildings of Palladio and the decorative sculptural elements. The figures, probably painted by Adriaen <mask> Velde, on the other hand, are unmistakably Dutch. While the great house with its sunlit formal gardens evokes an idealized world, at the elaborate gateway of the brick walls surrounding the gardens, an elegant gentleman encounters a beggar with her baby. The inclusion of these discordant elements undermining the country idyll set <mask> Heyden apart from his contemporary Gerrit Berckheyde.Various of his compositions include out-of-place statuary, stray farm animals or even urban shepherdesses, which add a feeling of anomaly and contradiction. These elements contribute to the feeling of modernity typical for his works. Only one painting known as the Triumph of Mordecai (Staatliches Museum Schwerin), depicts a history scene. It is probably an early work, which, as behoves an architectural painter, gives much prominence to the buildings in the composition. Despite the apparently naturalistic style, which was so detailed that every single brick was visible, the artist did not strive for topographical accuracy in his city views. Even in his depictions of recognizable sites he regularly adapted and rearranged the architecture and setting to fit his overall compositional goals. Topographical accuracy was clearly not his primary objective.Rather he strove to present an idealized vision of the world around him. Despite the attention to detail, <mask> <mask>'s primary aim was to achieve an overall harmony in his compositions. It is possible that <mask> Heyden achieved the details in his paintings with the aid of a magnifying glass or even a camera obscura, lenses and mirrors. <mask> Heyden's scenes are usually bathed in a brilliant, crisp light of almost unnatural clarity. <mask> <mask>'s skill in distributing areas of light and shade and his mastery of subtle atmospheric effects contribute to the sense of coherence and unity of his works. The staffage in his paintings was often added by other artists such as Johannes Lingelbach, Adriaen <mask> Velde and Eglon <mask> Neer. He most often collaborated with the accomplished painter of figures and animals Adriaen <mask> Velde.The two artists had an especially successful partnership built on their complementary skills: Adriaen <mask> Velde contributed his lively and well-characterised figures to <mask> Heyden's exquisitely painted architectural settings. A fine example of their collaboration is The Dam and Damrak (c. 1663, Fogg Museum). The composition depicts the Dam and Damrak bathed in a late afternoon sun, which casts long shadows on the cobblestones of the Dam. The Damrak, the waterway that linked the Dam to Amsterdam's harbor, terminates at the far left of the composition. Still lifes
<mask> <mask> painted still lifes in the beginning and at the end of his career. Nine of his still lifes survive. One of his earliest dated still lifes is a Still life with a bible (signed and dated 1664, Mauritshuis).This and other early still lifes typically depict a bible and other objects on a table with a carpet. An example of his early works in this genre is the Still Life with Globe, Books, Sculpture, and Other Objects (c. 1670, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna). This painting stands in a long tradition of Dutch still life paintings depicting vanitas symbols. These symbols include not only hourglasses, skulls and smoking candles but also attributes of scholarship and intellectual inquiry assembled in an amateur collector's cabinet or the study of a humanist scholar. This tradition is also found in the Dutch painter Gerard Dou's rare still lifes, which are considered an important influence on <mask> Heyden's still lifes. Dou's Allegorical Self-Portrait in a Studio, which includes still life elements, has been identified as an important influence on this composition. In particular, like in Dou's composition, <mask> Heyden's still life scene depicts a wide range of objects of an artistic as well as a scientific nature.These objects reference the passion of contemporary scholars for putting together collections of miscellaneous objects. The objects in <mask> Heyden's Still Life with Globe, Books, Sculpture, and Other Objects were apparently selected to evoke the two intellectual attributes of the active and contemplative life. The contemplative life is the life of art, philosophy and theology while the active life is characterised by curiosity about the outside world and, in particular, the commerce with the New World in which the home country of <mask> Heyden was actively involved. This world of trade is represented in the globe and atlas, as well as the imported products such as the Chinese silk cloth on the table, the Japanese lacquered box and the exotic animal (a South American iguana) suspended at the back of the composition. The map on which the atlas is open is a plan of the fortifications of Bergen-op-Zoom. These fortifications had been built during the Eighty Years War with Spain and had played an important role in achieving the first victories against the Spanish troops. They thus referenced the founding myths of the nation.<mask> Heyden may also have selected this map as a reference to the recent hostilities with France. The same map is also included in two of his later still lifes. In the lower right of the painting is a large Protestant Bible opened to the end of Het Boeck der Psalmen (Book of Psalms) at the chapter entitled PROVERBIA / Spreuken / SALOMONIS (Solomon's Proverbs). It is likely that the artist intended to reference the messages in Solomon's Proverbs about wisdom, self-discipline and justice as well as the vanitas message, as one of the Proverbs states that only righteousness can deliver from death. <mask> Heyden stopped painting still lifes around 1670 only to return to the subject in the last two years of his life. The motifs, designs and themes in his later still lifes are the same as those of his early still lifes but their execution is very different, much drier. <mask> Heyden painted his still life masterpiece Room Corner with Curiosities at the age of seventy-five in 1712, the year he died.Now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest the composition reprises the themes of his earlier still lifes with special attention given to the vanitas symbolism. The Bible in the foreground is opened at the well-known line from Ecclesiastes: 'Vanity of vanities, all is vanity'. This message may have resonated particularly with the artist who was nearing the end of his life. The objects present in the composition point to the various aspects of worldly culture, not just wealth but also noble intellectual aspirations. The atlas is again opened on the page showing the fortifications of Bergen-op-Zoom. Other exotic objects reference all the routes plowed by the Dutch merchant fleets: a Turkish carpet, Chinese silk and porcelain, Japanese weapons and a stuffed armadillo from South America. Classical culture, the cradle of European civilization, is represented in the picture above the fireplace, which depicts the tragedy of Dido, and the German cabinet, which is decorated with an image of Minerva.Terrestrial and celestial globes introduce a universal dimension into the mix of symbols. Museums with <mask> <mask>'s works

The National Gallery, London, England
Amsterdams Historisch Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Musée du Louvre, Paris, France
Mauritshuis, Royal Cabinet of Paintings, The Hague
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York
Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas
National Gallery of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut

Nazi-looted art
In 2019, <mask> <mask>'s Picture of a Dutch Square which had been confiscated by the Gestapo after the Jewish owners Gottlieb and Mathilde Kraus fled Nazi persecution, was restituted to the family. The history of the painting caused a scandal when it was learned that after the war it was returned not to the Kraus family but to Nazis. References

External links

1637 births
1712 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch engineers
17th-century Dutch inventors
18th-century Dutch inventors
History of firefighting
Dutch landscape painters
People from Gorinchem
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam

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<mask> (24 April 1917  – 19 September 2003 ) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. He was one of few Luftwaffe pilots to survive the whole war, serving from 1939 until 1945. During his career he was credited with 47 aerial victories in more than 900 missions. <mask> was born on 24 April 1917 in Ratibor, present-day Racibórz in southern Poland, at the time in the Province of Silesia of the Kingdom of Prussia. He began his military career as an Unteroffizier within 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing).He claimed his first victory during the "Phoney War" by shooting down a Royal Air Force (RAF) Vickers Wellington bomber on 14 December 1939. The bombers from No. 99 Squadron were on a mission to attack the Kriegsmarine cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig which were returning to port after they were hit by torpedoes fired from the Royal Navy submarine  the day before. This was followed by a Lockheed Hudson on 24 February 1940. In March 1940, <mask> was transferred to 5./Zerstörergeschwader 1. With this unit he took part in the  campaign in the West. This unit was changed to 8./ZG 1 on 26 June 1940.With this unit he participated in Battle of Britain. The unit was finally transformed on 24 April 1941 to Schnellkampfgeschwader 210. With this unit <mask> entered the war on the Eastern Front and received the German Cross in Gold () on 14 February 1942 and Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 24 September 1942. With Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet"
In 1943, the Luftwaffe planned to expand the authorized strength of every Jagdgeschwader from three to four Gruppen. On 1 June 1943, Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) was among the first units expanded. At Neubiberg Airfield near Munich, VI. Gruppe of JG 3, under the command of Hauptmann Franz Beyer, was created by spawning elements of I., II.and III. Gruppe of JG 3. The three Staffeln of VI. Gruppe were headed by Oberleutnant Franz Daspelgruber, as commander of 10. Staffel, Oberleutnant Gustav Frielinghaus, commanding 11. Staffel, and <mask>, who was given command of 12. Staffel.The Gruppe was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 and was sent to southern Italy to fight in the Mediterranean front. In early July 1943, all elements of VI. Gruppe were based at Lecce Airfield until they were transferred to Sicily on 11 July. Defense of the Reich
On 24 September, VI. Gruppe was ordered back to Germany, where the unit was initially based at Neubiberg Airfield again. The increasing success of the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive had forced the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL—High Command of the Air Force) to relocate its forces. In total, five Gruppen were withdrawn from other theaters of operations and redeployed to Defense of the Reich in August and September 1943.At Neubiberg, the Gruppe received a new complement of Bf 109 G-6 aircraft while the pilots were trained in formation flying and tactics in fighting the combat box, a tactical formation used by heavy bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). On 18 December, the Gruppe was ordered to Grimbergen. Before this order was executed, on 19 December, the Fifteenth Air Force attacked railroading targets at Innsbruck and the Messerschmitt factories at Augsburg. Defending against this attack, <mask> claimed the destruction of a B-24 bomber. On 24 February 1944, during Big Week, <mask> was shot down in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 411048—factory number) by a Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in aerial combat near Quakenbrück. The following day, Hauptmann Eberhard von Boremski succeeded <mask> as command of 12. Staffel.In July 1944, he returned to the front in Normandy and succeeded Leutnant Franz Ruhl as Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel of JG 3, a squadron of II. Gruppe. Ruhl was hospitalized due to physical and mental exhaustion. On 20 July, <mask> became Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of JG 3, succeeding Hauptmann Hans-Ekkehard Bob in this command position. Command of 4.Staffel returned to Ruhl after his return from the hospital. On 25 November 1944, II. Gruppe was detached from JG 3. The Gruppe was converted to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 "Stormbird" jet fighter and became the I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), the first operational jet fighter wing. With Jagdgeschwader 27 and 11
<mask> did not convert to the Me 262, he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) and appointed Staffelkapitän of the 15. Staffel of JG 27 on 14 December 1944. He replaced Hauptmann Ernst Laube who was transferred.On 17 December 1944, Hauptmann Fritz Keller, the Gruppenkommandeur of II. Gruppe of JG 27, was shot down and wounded in combat. In consequence, <mask> was transferred and tasked with the leadership of II. Gruppe. On 25 December 1944, during the Ardennes offensive, <mask> claimed two North American P-51 Mustang fighters shot down west of the Nürburgring. The mission was to provide ground support for German troops fighting around St. Vith. <mask> led his fighters from Hopsten to the Schnee Eifel area where they were intercepted by USAAF fighters returning from a fighter escort mission near Adenau and the Nürburgring.In this encounter, German fighters claimed four aerial victories for the loss of eight Bf 109s. <mask> was shot down and slightly wounded   west of Bad Neuenahr in his Bf 109 G-10 (Werknummer 490664). His victor may have been Captain Bertrum Edwin Ellingson from the 356th Fighter Group. On 23 February 1945, he was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of the III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing), succeeding Oberleutnant Paul-Heinrich Dähne, who was transferred. <mask> flew more than 900 missions. He was credited with 47 victories in air combat—44 of which were on the Western Front (at least six were four-engine bombers)—plus at least 44 aircraft destroyed on the ground.He successfully targeted dozens of different objectives, including 41 tanks, 15 locomotives, 11 artillery positions, and 157 vehicles. <mask> died 19 September 2003 in Kempten at the age of 86. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 47 aerial victories claimed in over 900 combat missions. This figure includes 18 claims on the Eastern Front, and 29 on the Western Front, including six four-engine bombers. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that he claimed at least 39 aerial victories, potentially 45 claims. He claimed approximately 18 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and 21 on the Western Front which includes six four-engine bombers. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 14 Ost 51331".The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class
 1st Class
 Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "500"
 Wound Badge in Black (25 December 1944)
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 3 November 1941 as Oberfeldwebel and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 14 February 1942 as Oberfeldwebel in the 5./Kampfgeschwader 210 (S)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 24 September 1942 as Leutnant of the Reserves and pilot in the II./Schnellkampfgeschwader 210

Notes

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Citations

Bibliography

1917 births
2003 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
People from the Province of Silesia
People from Racibórz
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

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Herbert Kutscha
Career Kutscha
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<mask> () (28 March 1743 – 15 January 1810), later Princess Dashkova, was an influential noblewoman, a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment and a close friend of Empress Catherine the Great. She was part of the coup d'état that placed Catherine on the throne, the first woman in the world to head a national academy of sciences, the first woman in Europe to hold a government office  and the president of the Russian Academy, which she helped found. She also published prolifically, with original and translated works on many subjects, and was invited by Benjamin Franklin to become the first female member of the American Philosophical Society. Early life and education

Born Countess <mask>na Vorontsova, she was the daughter of Count Roman Vorontsov, a member of the Senate, and  his wife Marfa Surmina. Her uncle Mikhail Illarionovich and older brother Alexander both served as Imperial Chancellor. Her younger brother Semyon was a Russian ambassador to Great Britain, and a celebrated Anglophile. She had two older sisters: Maria, later Countess Buturlin, who married Count Peter Buturlin, and Elizabeth, who married state advisor Alexander Polyansky.Among her godparents were  Empress Elizabeth I and Grand Duke Peter Petrovich, later Emperor Peter III; her mother was a lady-in-waiting and very close friend of the Empress. When <mask> was just 2 years old, Marfa died and Count Roman was an absent father, so the children were sent to different places. Alexander continued to live with their father, but Semyon was raised in the countryside by their grandfather and the three sisters went to live with their uncle Mikhail at the lavish Vorontsov Palace. He provided his nieces with an exceptionally good education and spared no expenses with them, the girls being treated by the best doctors and spoiled with fine clothes and jewellery. <mask> learned several languages (Russian, French, Italian and German), studied Mathematics at the University of Moscow and read French literature – according to her memoirs, her favourites were Bayle, Montesquieu, Boileau and Voltaire. She also developed an interest in politics at a very young age and was allowed by her uncle to go through his papers, reading diplomatic letters from Russian ambassadors to illustrious foreigners like the Emperor of China (the content of which she describes in her memoirs), which gave her an inside look at how diplomacy worked. She grew up a well-educated, well-read, bright and intelligent girl.Life at court and marriage
Just like her older sisters, <mask> went to live at the Russian court when she became a teenager and, by favour of her godmother Empress Elizabeth I, appointed as one of her maids-of-honour. There, she became acquainted with the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alexeyevna, 14 years older than her, and the pair bonded over their love of literature, particularly French Enlightenment authors, like Voltaire. She supported the Grand Duchess through her difficult marriage to Grand Duke Peter Petrovich. For <mask>'s embarrassment, her sister Elizabeth became Peter's mistress. At 15, she met 22-year-old Second Lieutenant Prince Mikhail Dashkov of the Imperial Guards and the two fell in love. The couple went to live in Moscow and married a year later, in February 1759. She became known as Princess Vorontsova-Dashkova  or simply Princess Dashkova.The couple had three children: Anastasia (born in February 1760), Mikhail (born in January 1761) and Pavel (born in May 1763). Her son Mikhail died in the autumn of 1762. Catherine's coup d'état
The couple was close friends with Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alexeyevna and disliked the Grand Duke Peter, fearing for the future of Russia under the rule of the pro-Prussia future tsar. In December 1761, Empress Elizabeth became severely ill and died January 5, 1762. Her nephew ascended the throne, began undoing her policies and kept a submissive position towards his idol and Russia's enemy, Frederick the Great, much to the displeasement of his court and military. <mask>, along with several nobleman and members of the Imperial Guards, lead a coup d'état against him on June 28, 1762, that put his wife on the throne. She continued to be loyal to the newly crowned Empress Catherine.However, their friendship gave place to a more estranged relationship as <mask> often disliked the men the Empress took as lovers, and often resented the graces and devotion shown to them. She was also disappointed when her request to become a colonel of the Imperial Guards was denied. There were also some tensions over what Catherine the Great called in her letters an exaggerated account of her friend taking the lead part in the coup d'état. She may have also done this to belittle <mask>'s resolve and ambition, which made her a potential rival in her eyes, capable of taking her away from the throne as she had been of putting her there. Foreign travels

When Prince Dashkov died in 1764, <mask> decided to ask to leave court and was granted permission, starting in 1768 a 14 year-long journey through Europe, where she was welcomed in several courts with respect and admiration. Paris

In Paris, she became good friends with Diderot and Voltaire, who admired and respected her. She also met Benjamin Franklin in the French capital on February 3, 1781  and the two became close friends, corresponding frequently and showing mutual respect and admiration.United Kingdom And Ireland

<mask> also corresponded with Garrick, Dr. Blair, and Principal William Robertson, meeting them during her visit to the United Kingdom and entrusting the education of her son Pavel to the latter. She was also friends with English painter Georgiana Hare-Naylor, daughter of Jonathan Shipley, whom she met in London. She lived in Edinburgh from December 1776 to June 1779 at Palace of Holyrood, where she was involved and wounded in a sword duel with another lady, and donated a collection of Russian commemorative medals to the University of Edinburgh on the occasion of her son Pavel's graduation fom that school. Having recovered from her duel wound, she traveled to Ireland to visit her friend Lady Catherine Hamilton, daughter of John Ryder, the Archbishop of Tuam. She can be seen in a painting by Francis Wheatley watching from a balcony a review of the Dublin Volunteers on November 4, 1779, during her Irish visit. Career
At the end of 1782, <mask> returned to Russia and was welcomed by the Empress. Her son Pavel had become an adjutant of Grigory Potyomkin and married a lower-class woman, Anna Alferova, in January 1788, later leaving her for his mistress.Her daughter Anastasia was forced into an arranged marriage, ending in debt and involved in many scandals. In January 1783, the princess was appointed director of the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences (known now as the Russian Academy of Sciences) by Catherine the Great. She became the first woman in the world to head a national academy of sciences. Famous in her own right as a philologist, she guided the ailing Academy to prominence and intellectual respectability. In October 1783, <mask> was also named the first president of the newly created Russian Academy and launched a project for the creation of a 6-volume dictionary of the Russian Languages in 1789.In 1783, she was the first foreign woman elected an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and was invited by her friend Benjamin Franklin to become the first woman to join the American Philosophical Society in 1789. Exile and death

When the Empress died in 1796 and her son Emperor Paul I succeeded her, <mask> was sent into exile by the new tsar "to meditate on the events of 1762". Eventually, the exile was over on the petition of her friends and she was allowed to spend the last years of her life on her rural estate in Troitskoye, west of Moscow.In 1803, Catherine Hamilton sent her cousin Martha Wilmot (1775–1873) to visit the princess in Russia; in 1805, Wilmot was joined by her sister Catherine (1773–1824) and the two sisters ended up living with <mask> as her companions, editing and translating her memoirs to English (they were originally written in French). Martha was like a daughter to the princess, who even called the Anglo-Irish woman Mavra Romanovna as if she had actually adopted her, leaving her a fortune and some material possessions upon her death. Catherine left Russia in 1807 and Martha in October 1808. Her son Pavel died in January 1807 and bequeathed his fortune to his cousin Ivan Vorontsov. <mask> Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova died in Moscow on the 4th of January, 1810, at 66 years of age. Works and legacy
Besides her work on the 6-volume dictionary of the Russian Languages, <mask> edited a monthly magazine, and wrote at least two novels: The Marriage of Fabian and a comedy entitled Toissiokoff. The University of Edinburgh opened in 2010 the Princess Dashkova Russian Centre in her honor.Her memoirs were published in French in 1804 (Mon Histoire), then edited and translated to English by Martha Wilmot in 1840 in two volumes (Memoirs of the Princess Daschkaw, written by herself)) and the Russian version of her memoirs was translated by Alexander Herzen in 1857. Exhibitions
The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin and the Age of Enlightenment exhibition was held in Philadelphia,  USA from February to December 2006. They met only once, in Paris in 1781. Franklin was 75 and Dashkova was 37. Franklin and Dashkova were both evidently impressed with each other. Franklin invited Dashkova to become the first woman to join the American Philosophical Society in 1789. Later, Dashkova reciprocated by making him the first American member of the Russian Academy.The correspondence between Franklin and Dashkova was the highlight of the exhibition. See also
 Maria Choglokova
 Praskovya Bruce

Notes

References

Sources
The princess & the patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin, and the Age of Enlightenment, Volume 96, Part 1, Editor Sue Ann Prince, American Philosophical Society, 2006,
 Woronzoff-Dashkoff, A.  Dashkova: A Life of Influence and Exile. American Philosophical Society: Philadelphia, 2008. The memoirs of Princess Dashkova, Editors Jehanne M. Gheith, Alexander Woronzoff-Dashkoff, Translator Kyril FitzLyon, Duke University Press, 1995,
"Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova Dashkova", Great Women Travel Writers: From 1750 to the Present, Editors Alba Amoia, Bettina Knapp, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006,

External links

The Vorontsov Virtual Museum
Madame Directeur de l'Academie
Brooklyn Museum Heritage Floor: <mask> Dashkova
Russian Princess Stands With Franklin as Comrade of the Enlightenment
 This source reports that Prince Dashkov died three years after his marriage. Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Russian Academy
Moscow State University alumni
Russian memoirists
Countesses of the Russian Empire
1743 births
1810 deaths
18th-century Russian people
People from Saint Petersburg
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Russian women writers
Yekaterina
Age of Enlightenment
Women memoirists
Russian princesses by marriage

masks:
Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova
Yekaterina Romanov
Yekaterina
Yekaterina
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Yekaterina
Yekaterina
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<mask> (also Johnstone) (1739–1796) was an English cleric and essayist, now remembered as a correspondent of James Boswell. Early life
<mask> was the son of <mask> of Allerdean, near Berwick-on-Tweed, where his father was mayor in 1750 and again in 1754. His mother was Sarah, daughter of Alexander Johnston of Newcastle upon Tyne, who died in 1747. <mask> was baptised at Berwick as "<mask>" on 20 December 1739. He was a fellow-student at the University of Edinburgh with James Boswell, in the class of Robert Hunter. Their correspondence is in print from 29 July 1758, by which time <mask> had left Edinburgh. On 22 May in that year he was admitted pensioner at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and on 5 February 1759 he became a scholar on that foundation.<mask>'s name was taken off the books on 20 November 1761, and he went to London: he and Boswell met as again law students at the end of 1762. <mask> took chambers in Farrar's Buildings, at the bottom of Inner Temple Lane, and in July 1763 he lent these rooms to Boswell. His father became bankrupt towards the close of 1763, and <mask> contributed to him from the proceeds of the small estate which he had inherited from his mother. To enter the church he returned to Trinity Hall, where he was admitted fellow-commoner on 22 June 1763, and took the degree of LL.B. on 28 June 1765, his name being taken off the books on 13 June 1766. <mask> while at Cambridge became a close friends also to Thomas Gray. He remained in touch with Gray's circle, through Norton Nicholls.Churchman
During a visit to London in February 1766 Boswell introduced <mask> to <mask>. On 14 September 1766 he was ordained deacon at Exeter, by Bishop Frederick Keppel, and on the following Sunday he was ordained priest by Keppel at a general ordination in the cathedral. Next day, on the presentation of Wilmot Vaughan, 4th Viscount Lisburne, whose family were connected with Berwick-on-Tweed, he was instituted to the rectory of Mamhead, adjoining Starcross, about ten miles from Exeter. By August 1767 <mask> was married, to a lady with a fortune of £1,300, but the following year, after the bankruptcy of Fenwick Stow, he was again in financial trouble. He corrected Boswell's Account of Corsica (1768). In May 1770 <mask> contemplated separating from his wife, and by the following November he had sold part of his estate. After proceeding to Northumberland on this business, he visited Boswell at Chessel's Buildings, Canongate, Edinburgh (September 1770).In the spring of 1771 he was looking for a chaplaincy abroad. During a visit to London in May 1773 <mask> dined at the house of Charles and Edward Dilly, the publishers in The Poultry, meeting <mask>, Oliver Goldsmith, Bennet Langton, Boswell, and others; and in April 1775 Boswell paid him a visit at Mamhead. In the meantime <mask> published his first essay (1774); Bishop Keppel made him his chaplain, and by November 1775 he had received the promise of another living, St Gluvias with the chapelry of Budock. As vicar of St Gluvias from 1776, <mask> spent the rest of his days. In 1792 the Cornwall Library and Literary Society was founded, mainly through <mask>, at Truro. <mask> died at St Gluvias on 13 August 1796. A monument in the churchyard was erected to the memory of their parents by "the seven remaining children".His second name is there given as Johnstone. Views
<mask> as man of letters compared literary London very unfavourably with Edinburgh. He did not at all share Boswell's adulation of <mask>, and in literary terms was more an ally of Gray and Horace Walpole. A hostile anonymous biographical work, The Character of Doctor <mask> (1792), has been attributed to <mask>, the attribution rating only as "possible" in one authority. It is accepted as <mask>'s work by Thomas Crawford. He preached against bull-baiting. Anti-religious views and a Socinian tendency expressed privately to Boswell in the late 1760s later dropped away.In politics he held radical reforming views, until late in life these were shaken by the outcomes of the French Revolution. Works
<mask>'s writings were:

 An Essay on the Clergy, their Studies, Recreations, Decline of Influence, 1774. On the Abuse of Unrestrained Power (anonymous), 1778. Moral and Historical Memoirs (anonymous), 1779, including Unrestrained Power. These memoirs argued for less foreign travel, less luxury, and for less variety of reading. A short pamphlet on Jacobinism, 1792?. <mask> left unfinished a work on The Rise and Decline of Modern Rome.Some of his letters to Lord Lisburne are in the Egerton MS. His diaries were published in 1929. Boswell correspondence
A character of Thomas Gray was written by <mask> in a letter to Boswell a short time after the poet's death (30 July 1771), and was published by him without permission in the London Magazine for 1772. <mask> incorporated it in his Life of Gray, and <mask> included it in his memoir of Gray in Lives of the Poets. The Boswell–<mask> correspondence was reconstructed and edited over the 19th and early 20th century. A scholarly edition appeared in 1997. The correspondence was discovered by chance in Boulogne in the late 1830s. The Letters of James Boswell, addressed to the Rev.W. J<mask>, appeared in 1856, anonymously edited by Philip Francis the barrister; this edition contained 97 letters, and was a mainstay of Boswell biography. There was another edition in 1908 by Thomas Seccombe. There was an edition of Boswell's letters in 1924 by Chauncey Brewster Tinker; it was flawed as previous editions were by suppression. Some further letters of Boswell to <mask>, and 338 from <mask> to Boswell, came to light in the 20th century. <mask> married Anne Stow, daughter of <mask> and Anne née Blake, sister of Sir Francis Blake. She died on 14 March 1793, aged 46; they had issue in all eleven children (DNB), or eight (ODNB). One son, <mask> (died 19 January 1863), became vice-admiral; another, Octavius <mask> (died 13 August 1834), was governor of Sierra Leone, and father of <mask>.References

External links
WorldCat page
Page at jamesboswell.info. Attribution

1739 births
1796 deaths
English essayists
18th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century essayists

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<mask>-young (October 10, 1919 – February 5, 1998) was a South Korean film director, known for his intensely psychosexual and melodramatic horror films, often focusing on the psychology of their female characters. <mask> was born in Seoul during the colonial period, raised in Pyongyang, where he became interested in theater and cinema. In Korea after the end of World War II, he studied dentistry while becoming involved in the theater. During the Korean War, he made propaganda films for the United States Information Service. In  1955, he used discarded movie equipments to produce his first two films. With the success of these two films <mask> formed his own production company and produced popular melodramas for the rest of the decade. <mask>'s first expression of his mature style was in his The Housemaid (1960), which featured a powerful femme fatale character.It is widely considered to be one of the best Korean films of all time. After a "Golden Age" during the 1960s, the 1970s were a low-point in the history of Korean cinema because of governmental censorship and a decrease in audience attendance. Nevertheless, working independently, <mask> produced some of his most eccentric cinematic creations in this era. Films such as Insect Woman (1972) and Iodo (1977) were successful at the time and highly influential on the younger generations of South Korean filmmakers both at their time of release, and with their rediscovery years later. By the 1980s, <mask>'s popularity had gone into decline, and his output decreased in the second half of the decade. Neglected by the mainstream during much of the 1990s, <mask> became a cult figure in South Korean film Internet forums in the early 1990s. Widespread international interest in his work was stimulated by a career retrospective at the 1997 Pusan International Film Festival.He was preparing a comeback film when he and his wife were killed in a house fire in 1998. The Berlin International Film Festival gave <mask> a posthumous retrospective in 1998, and the French Cinémathèque screened 18 of <mask>'s films, some newly rediscovered and restored, in 2006. Through the efforts of the Korean Film Council (KOFIC), previously lost films by <mask>-young continue to be rediscovered and restored. Many current prominent South Korean filmmakers, including directors Im Sang-soo, Bong Joon-ho and Park Chan-wook, claim <mask>-young as an influence on their careers. Biography

Early life
<mask>-young was born in the Gyo-dong neighborhood of Seoul—now part of Gyeongun-dong in Jongno-gu—on October 10, 1922. His family had lived in Seoul for several generations, and his grandfather was a guard at Gwanghwamun. <mask>'s family was well-educated and artistically inclined.His father, <mask>-jin, was an English teacher, and his mother, Han Jin-cho, was also a teacher and a graduate of Gyeonggi Women's College. Both painted as a hobby. The family had two daughters, and <mask>-young was their only son. One of his sisters graduated as an art major from Seoul National University, and the other majored in dance at Ewha Womans University. His sisters encouraged the young <mask> to develop his own creativity. The family moved to Pyongyang in 1930, where they stayed for the next 10 years. At Pyongyang National High School, <mask> showed exceptional talent in music, painting and writing, and his studious nature earned him the nickname "Professor of Physics".While still a student, one of <mask>'s poems was published in a Japanese newspaper, and he was awarded first prize in a painting competition. Despite his artistic talents, <mask>'s main interest was medicine, and he applied for entrance into medical school upon graduation from high school in 1940. When he failed to gain admittance, <mask> moved to Japan, planning to study and save up money to reapply for medical school. The theater and cinema grew into lifetime interests at this time. <mask> often went to Kyoto, where he attended many stage productions and saw many international films. Josef von Sternberg's Morocco (1930) and Fritz Lang's M (1931) made a particularly strong impression on him, and their influence was to show in his mature film style. <mask> returned to Korea in 1941, initially planning to work as a dentist, but instead immersing himself in the study of drama.At this time he was particularly interested in classical Greek theater, Ibsen and Eugene O'Neill. To avoid conscription by the Japanese into the military, <mask> returned to Japan briefly before 1945. He returned to Pyongyang where he studied Stanislavsky's theories of acting and founded a theatrical group called "The Little Orchid". In 1946 <mask> enrolled in Seoul Medical School, Seoul National University, and graduated with a major in dentistry in 1950. While attending university, his theatrical activities continued. He founded the National University Theater in 1949, and with this group staged many works of the Western theater, including Ibsen's Ghosts, Čapek's Robots, Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, and works by Chekhov and O'Neill. The main actress <mask> worked with while at the university was <mask>-bong, who would later become his wife.Film career
<mask> was working as an intern at Seoul University Medical Clinic when the Korean War broke out. He went to Pusan on June 1, 1951, the day the North Korean army retreated. In Pusan, <mask> met Oh Young-jin, a fellow Pyongyang National High School graduate. Oh, who would later write the screenplay to the popular film The Wedding Day (1956), was producing newsreels for the Korean News through the Bureau of Public Information, and helped <mask> get a job writing screenplays with this organization. With Oh's help, <mask> was able to get a job working for the United States Information Service in Jinhae. The job helped shape <mask>'s life in several ways. With the increase in pay he received from the U.S.I.S., he was able to marry <mask>-bong in 1951, and their first son, <mask>-won, was born in 1952.They would have a daughter born in 1955 and a second son, <mask>-yang, born in 1958. The two remained married for the rest of their lives. <mask>-bong supported her husband's filmmaking career through her dental practice, giving him a unique degree of independence among Korean filmmakers of his era to pursue his own personal visions. At a career retrospective during the last year of his life, <mask> commented, "My wife's support has been unflagging over the years, even if, at times, she has seen one of my films and cried 'What have you done with my money?' But at rare moments like this retrospective, she becomes very emotional, recognizing that finally it has all been worthwhile." <mask> filmed about 20 documentaries for the U.S.I.S. with such titles as Diary of the Navy and I Am a Truck for "Liberty  News".The latter title was given an award by the U.S. State Department. The training and equipment <mask> gained while working on these propaganda newsreels for the U.S.I.S. also enabled him to direct his first commercial film, Box of Death (1955). <mask> used expired film stock and a manually operated camera from the U.S.I.S. to make this debut feature, an anti-communist melodrama about war orphans. The film, now lost, showed stylistic influences from the Italian neo-realists and was the first Korean film to employ synchronous sound. With the success of this first film, <mask> was able to direct his second feature, the historical costume drama Yangsan Province (also 1955), again using primitive equipment obtained from the U.S.I.S.Although <mask> claimed to have based the film on a traditional song he learned from his mother, no exact source for the story has been found. It is suspected that the director made up the story himself, modeling it on traditional stories such as Chunhyangjeon, Lee Kyu-hwan's remake of which had recently become a major success, stimulating a rebirth in Korean cinema. After Lee's Chunhyangjeon, Yangsan Province was the second most successful Korean film of 1955. Though a popular success, critics of the time were not kind to Yangsan Province. Yoo Do-yeon called the film a "work of bad taste," and Heo Baek-nyeon said that it "debases the dignity of Korean cinema." As his only surviving film of the 1950s, Yangsan Province sheds considerable light on <mask>-young's early career. In an era in which Korean film critics considered realism to be important, the now-lost ending to Yangsan Province, in which two dead lovers ascend to heaven on a beam of light, was harshly criticized.In light of <mask>'s later career, critics today believe that this cut scene displays some of the most recognizable characteristics of <mask>'s mature style such as an interest in the fantastic, and a jarring blending of genres. Other motifs that were to be explored in depth in <mask>'s later work can also be found in Yangsan Province, such as animal imagery, particularly the use of hens as a representation of fertility and sexuality. In 1956 <mask> started Kim Ki-young Productions, and began making melodramas, the most popular film genre in South Korea at the time. His first independent production was Touch-Me-Not (1956). In 1957, <mask> was living near the red-light district of Yongsan, and the atmosphere of this neighborhood influenced his films, A Woman's War and Twilight Train (both 1957). With First Snow (1958), <mask> moved from melodrama to a more socially conscious realism. Defiance of a Teenager (1959) and Sad Pastorale (1960) followed in this style.Defiance of a Teenager was one of <mask>'s most successful and respected early works, and he attended the San Francisco International Film Festival in 1960 for a showing of this film. The Housemaid

1960 was a critical year for South Korea, marking the end of the rule of Syngman Rhee through the civilian April Revolution. In 1962, another military authoritarian, General Park Chung-Hee, would ascend to power and rule South Korea for nearly two decades. The short period of relative freedom between these two administrations was known as the Second Republic. During this time, filmmakers took advantage of the relaxation of governmental control over the film industry to create several boldly experimental works. Director Yu Hyun-mok's film Aimless Bullet (1960) dates from this period, as does <mask>-young's major breakthrough, The Housemaid (also 1960). A lurid, expressionistic melodrama set in an eerie house, involving sexual obsessions, murder and rats, this is the first film in which <mask>'s mature style is fully evident, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Korean films ever made.The film is a domestic thriller telling of a family's destruction by the introduction of a sexually predatory femme fatale into the household. A composer has just moved into a two-story house with his wife and two children. When his wife becomes

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 exhausted from working at a sewing machine to support the family, the composer hires a housemaid to help with the work around the house. The new housemaid behaves strangely, catching rats with her hands, spying on the composer, seducing him and eventually becoming pregnant by him. The composer's wife convinces the housemaid to induce a miscarriage by falling down a flight of stairs. After this incident, the housemaid's behavior becomes increasingly more erratic. She kills the composer's son, and then persuades the composer to commit suicide with her by swallowing rat poison.The film ends with the composer reading the story from a newspaper with his wife. The narrative of the film has apparently been told by the composer, who then warns the film audience that this is just the sort of thing could happen to anyone. The Housemaid marked <mask>'s full break with realism, the main style of Korean cinema at the time, into his own version of expressionism. The plot, themes and even character names set out in The Housemaid were to be revisited by <mask> repeatedly in his later career. Besides the first film, the official "Housemaid Trilogy" consists of Woman of Fire (1971) and Woman of Fire '82 (1982). Also, at least two other later films—Insect Woman (1972) and Beasts of Prey (1985)—are, in some ways, remakes of The Housemaid. By using the story as a template, <mask> was able to emphasize different aspects of the scenario, and to concentrate on different details and aspects of the central situation with each new re-telling.Mid-career
<mask> solidified his break with cinematic realism by following The Housemaid with two more films exploring styles and mixing genres, radically new for Korean cinema at the time. The Sea Knows (1961) transcended its roots in the standard anti-Japanese World War II film to become a distinctive examination of humanity, sadism, greed, lust for power and sexuality. The box-office success of this film enabled <mask> to buy his first house, in the Namsan district of Seoul. Goryeojang (1963), dealt with a similar subject matter as The Ballad of Narayama (1983), directed by Shohei Imamura, a filmmaker with whom <mask> has often been compared. <mask>'s version of the story is marked by his mixing of genres. For example, he frames the story—which deals with an ancient tradition in which elders were abandoned to die—within a modern lecture on birth control. Some of the characteristic traits of <mask>'s mature style, first seen in these three films, are gothic excess, surrealism, horror, perversions and sexuality.Although in stark contrast to the realism, harmony, balance and sentimentality typical of Korean cinema of the time, <mask>'s films, in an eccentric and metaphorical way, deal with the realities of postwar, industrializing South Korean society and psychology. After having firmly established his auteur status with these films, <mask>'s unique vision began to wane in his films of the later 1960s. During the 1970s, South Korea's film industry was at a low point due to government censorship and underfunding. Because of the poor state of the local film industry, cinema attendance in South Korea had dropped drastically since its high-point in the 1960s. <mask>-young, however, working independently in B-movie-like genre films, began to produce some of his most innovative and personal works at this time. <mask> fully regained his auteurist spirit with Woman of Fire (1971), the second of his Housemaid trilogy. The use of color, particularly reds and blues to express the anxiety and desires of the film's characters, distinguished this film from the original Housemaid'''s dark, shadowy black-and-white photography.For this film, <mask> was named Best Director at the Blue Dragon Film Awards and actress Youn Yuh-jung was given Special Mention for Best Actress at the Festival de Cine de Sitges. Not only popular with the critics, <mask>'s independently produced films were box-office successes during this era in which most films were harmed through heavy governmental interference. In 1972 <mask>'s Insect Woman was the only film to sell more than 100,000 tickets in Seoul and won <mask> the Best Director prize at the Baeksang Arts Awards in 1973. "I'm a scientist specializing in medicine. That makes me close to a technician... In some ways, human beings are more accurate than machines. Of course, that depends on their expertise.As an independent producer, I have to be a type of skilled laborer. There were many times that I had to make a film quickly. At those times, I kept entertainment-value in mind. Not once have I made a film for the sake of making the film itself. My taste is in looking through the camera. Filming happens to correspond with that taste. Art films are what Yu Hyun-mok makes.That's because director Yu wants to make art films. I just make films by following my heart, so the analysis I leave to all of you. "— <mask>-youngAlthough a critically acclaimed, financially successful independent filmmaker, <mask> was not immune from governmental pressure. He filmed Ban Geum-ryeon in 1975, but it was banned at the time, and not released until 1981, with 40 minutes of footage censored. The government also coerced <mask> into making an anti-Communist propaganda film. The resulting film, Love of Blood Relations (1976), transcended the bounds of propaganda by portraying the communist agent as one of <mask>'s typical femme fatale characters. <mask> later commented, "North or south, capitalist or communist, ideology is far less interesting to me than the things that divide the sexes."Film professor and programmer for the Pusan International Film Festival, Lee Yong-kwan calls Iodo (1977) <mask>'s best film, and Variety's Seoul-correspondent Darcy Paquet calls it "one of Korean cinema's most compelling, unnerving depictions of the primal forces that motivate humankind." An examination of environmental, religious, social and sexual taboos, the film culminates in a scene of necrophilia that Paquet calls "one of the most shocking, brazen sequences ever shot by a Korean filmmaker". Rediscovery and later life
<mask>'s associates characterize the director as an eccentric individual. Tokyo International Film Festival programming director Kenji Ishizaka recalls that <mask>'s way of writing a screenplay was to walk away from home for three months. He would shut himself up in a cheap hotel, listen to neighborhood gossip, and write all night in the dark. South Korean film critic Lee Young-il remembers that <mask>'s shoes were never shined, and that one of his few material pleasures was gourmet coffee. <mask>-young's unconventional and nonconformist nature also prevented him from participating in South Korea's mainstream film industry.The only official title he held within the film community was member of The National Academy of Arts, which he joined in 1997, and he did not cultivate friendships with journalists who could further his career. Nevertheless, since the early 1960s, <mask>-young's status as one of the greatest and most original Korean film directors had never been in doubt. His stylistic preoccupation with sexuality, horror and melodrama had earned <mask> the nickname, "Mister Monster" from his admirers. However, by the 1980s <mask>'s career had fallen into neglect. His continued fascination with B-movie exploitation themes as well as the increasingly obsessive and subversive nature of his films resulted in his isolation from the film community, and in financial failures at the box-office. The last of the Housemaid trilogy, Woman of Fire '82 (1982) is an even more radicalized and baroque retelling of the same basic story he had filmed numerous times in the previous two decades. By the mid-1980s, <mask>'s film output had slowed and finally stopped.In the early 1990s <mask>'s work began to be rediscovered by South Korean cult film fans who discussed his films through the Internet and exchanged hard-to-find copies by videotape. Noticing this growing domestic <mask>-young cult, the Dongsung Cinematheque, an art-house theater in Seoul, programmed a retrospective showing of <mask>'s films. With his profile again high in Korean film society, <mask>'s work began to attract international attention. Five of his films were screened at the Tokyo International Film Festival in 1996. When <mask>-young's career was highlighted at the second Pusan International Film Festival in 1997, his work found enthusiastic new audiences in the international film community. The strongly positive reception of <mask>'s work by international audiences surprised the festival organizers, who immediately began receiving requests for overseas retrospectives of <mask>'s career. With this renewed interest, <mask> began work on a comeback film to be titled Diabolical Woman.The Berlin International Film Festival invited him to attend a showing of his films in 1998. Before <mask> started work on the film or attended the festival, he and his wife were killed in a house fire caused by an electrical short circuit on February 5, 1998. <mask>-young's death did not stop the revival of interest in his films. A six-film retrospective of <mask>'s career was shown in San Francisco twice in 1998. Within the year, <mask>'s films were screened at the Belgrade International Film Festival, the London Pan-Asian Film Festival, the Estate Romana and the Paris Videothèque. Few prints of Korean films before the 1970s survive, and at one  point 90% of <mask>'s output was considered lost. Under the "Kim Ki-young Renaissance Project", the Korean Film Council (KOFIC) has worked to find <mask>'s lost films and to restore those that are damaged.In 2006, the French Cinémathèque presented 18 of <mask>'s films, many of them newly rediscovered and restored through the efforts of the KOFIC. During his lifetime, <mask> gained many supporters among the younger generation of South Korean directors. Park Kwang-su reportedly admires <mask>-young above all other directors, and Lee Chang-ho is another of <mask>'s followers. In the years since his death, <mask>'s influence on Korean cinema has continued to be seen through the work of the current generation of South Korean filmmakers, including such prominent directors as Im Sang-soo and <mask>-duk. Bong Joon-ho calls <mask> his mentor and favorite director. Park Chan-wook names The Housemaid'' as one of the films which most influenced his career, and says of <mask>-young, "He is able to find and portray beauty in destruction, humor in violence and terror." Filmography

See also
List of Korean film directors
Cinema of Korea

Notes

Bibliography

  – an extensive page of critical writings

1919 births
1998 deaths
People from Seoul
Seoul National University alumni
South Korean film directors
South Korean anti-communists
Accidental deaths in South Korea
South Korean

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