texts:
<mask> (9 January 18818 July 1956) was an Italian journalist, essayist, novelist, short story writer, poet, literary critic, and philosopher. A controversial literary figure of the early and mid-twentieth century, he was the earliest and most enthusiastic representative and promoter of Italian pragmatism. <mask> was admired for his writing style and engaged in heated polemics. Involved with avant-garde movements such as futurism and post-decadentism, he moved from one political and philosophical position to another, always dissatisfied and uneasy: he converted from anti-clericalism and atheism to Catholicism, and went from convinced interventionism – before 1915 – to an aversion to war. In the 1930s, after moving from individualism to conservatism, he finally became a fascist, while maintaining an aversion to Nazism. As one of the founders of the journals Leonardo (1903) and Lacerba (1913), he conceived literature as "action" and gave his writings an oratory and irreverent tone. Though self-educated, he was an influential iconoclastic editor and writer, with a leading role in Italian futurism and the early literary movements of youth.Working in Florence, he actively participated in foreign literary philosophical and political movements such as the French intuitionism of Bergson and the Anglo-American pragmatism of Peirce and James. Promoting the development of Italian culture and life with an individualistic and dreamy conception of life and art, he acted as a spokesman in Roman Catholic religious beliefs. <mask>'s literary success began with "Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi" ("The Twilight of the Philosophers"), published in 1906, and his 1913 publication of his auto-biographical novel Un Uomo Finito ("A finished man"). Due to his ideological choices, <mask>'s work was almost forgotten after his death, although it was later re-evaluated and appreciated again: in 1975, the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges called him an "undeservedly forgotten" author. Early life

Born in Florence as the son of a modest furniture retailer (and former member of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts) from Borgo degli Albizi, Papini was baptized in secret by his mother to avoid the aggressive anti-clericalism of his father. Almost entirely self-educated, he never received an official university degree, and his highest level of education was a teaching certificate. Papini had a rustic, lonesome childhood.He felt a strong aversion to all beliefs, to all churches, as well as to any form of servitude (which he saw as connected to religion); he became enchanted with the idea of writing an encyclopedia wherein all cultures would be summarized. Trained at the Istituto di Studi Superiori (1900–2), he taught for a year in the Anglo-Italian school and then was librarian at the Museum of Anthropology from 1902 to 1904. The literary life attracted <mask>, who  in 1903 founded the magazine Il Leonardo, to which he contributed articles under the pseudonym of "Gian Falco." His collaborators included Giuseppe Prezzolini, Borgese, Vailati, Costetti and Calderoni. Through Leonardo's Papini and his contributors introduced in Italy important thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Peirce, Nietzsche, Santayana and Poincaré. He would later join the staff of Il Regno, a nationalist publication directed by Enrico Corradini, who formed the Associazione Nazionalistica Italiana, to support his country colonial expansionism. Papini met William James and Henri Bergson, who greatly influenced his early works.He started publishing short-stories and essays: in 1906, "Il Tragico Quotidiano" ("Everyday Tragic"), in 1907 "Il Pilota Cieco" ("The Blind Pilot") and "Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi" ("The Twilight of the Philosophers"). The latter constituted a polemic with established and diverse intellectual figures, such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Papini proclaimed the death of philosophy and the demolition of thinking itself. He briefly flirted with Futurism and other violent and liberating forms of Modernism

In 1907 Papini married Giacinta Giovagnoli; the couple had two daughters, Viola and Gioconda. Before and during World War I

After leaving Il Leonardo in 1907, <mask>i founded several other magazines. First he published La Voce in 1908, then L'Anima together with <mask> and Prezzolini. In 1913 (right before Italy's entry into World War I) he started Lacerba (1913–15).From three years Papini was correspondent for the Mercure de France and later literary critic for La Nazione. About 1918 he created yet another review, La Vraie Italie, with Ardengo Soffici. Other books came from his pen. His Parole e Sangue ("Words and Blood") showed his fundamental atheism. Furthermore, Papini sought to create scandal by speculating that Jesus and John the Apostle had a homosexual relationship. In 1912 he published his best-known work, the autobiography Un Uomo Finito ("The Failure"). In his 1915 collection of poetic prose Cento Pagine di Poesia (followed by Buffonate, Maschilità, and Stroncature), Papini placed himself face-to-face with <mask>, William Shakespeare, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, but also contemporaries such as Benedetto Croce and <mask>, and less prominent disciples of Gabriele D'Annunzio.A critic wrote of him:

<mask> [...] is one of the finest minds in the Italy of today. He is an excellent representative of modernity's restless search for truth, and his work exhibits a refreshing independence founded, not like so much so-called independence, upon ignorance of the past, but upon a study and understanding of it. He published verse in 1917, grouped under the title Opera Prima. In 1921, Papini announced his newly found Roman Catholicism, publishing his Storia di Cristo ("The Story of Christ"), a book which has been translated into twenty-three languages and has had a worldwide success. After further verse works, he published the satire Gog (1931) and the essay Dante Vivo ("Living Dante", or "If Dante Were Alive"; 1933). World War II and collaborations with Fascism
He became a teacher at the University of Bologna in 1935, when the Fascist authorities confirmed <mask>'s "impeccable reputation" through the appointment. In 1937, Papini published the only volume of his History of Italian Literature, which he dedicated to Benito Mussolini: "to Il Duce, friend of poetry and of the poets", being awarded top positions in academia, especially in the study of Italian Renaissance.In 1940 <mask>'s Storia della Letteratura Italiana was published in Nazi Germany with the title Eternal Italy: The Great in its Empire of Letters (in German: Ewiges Italien – Die Großen im Reich seiner Dichtung). <mask> was the vice president of the Europäische Schriftstellervereinigung (i.e. European Writers' League), which was founded by Joseph Goebbels in 1941/42. When the Fascist regime crumbled in 1943, Papini entered a Franciscan convent in La Verna, under the name "Fra' Bonaventura". Final years

Largely discredited at the end of World War II, <mask> was defended by the Catholic political right. His work concentrated on different subjects, including a biography of Michelangelo, while he continued to publish dark and tragic essays. He collaborated with Corriere della Sera, contributing articles that were published as a volume after his death.<mask> had been suffering from progressive paralysis (due by motor neuron disease) and was blind during the last years of his life. He died at the age of 75. According to art historian Richard Dorment, Francisco Franco's regime and NATO used <mask>'s series of imaginary interviews (Il Libro Nero, 1951) as propaganda against Pablo Picasso, to dramatically undercut his pro-Communist image. In 1962, the artist asked his biographer Pierre Daix, to expose the pretend interview, which he did in Les Lettres Françaises. He was admired by Bruno de Finetti, founder of a subjective theory of probability, and Jorge Luis Borges, who remarked that Papini had been "unjustly forgotten" and included some of his stories in the Library of Babel. In popular culture
Papini appears as a character in several poems of the period written by Mina Loy. Wallace Stevens wrote poem called "Reply to Papini."<mask> is repeatedly mentioned in speeches made by Colombian writer Gabriel García Marquez

Publications

  La Teoria Psicologica della Previsione (1902). Sentire Senza Agire e Agire Senza Sentire (1905). Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi (1906). Il Tragico Quotidiano (1906). La Coltura Italiana  (with Giuseppe Prezzolini, 1906). Il Pilota Cieco (1907). Le Memorie d'Iddio (1911).L'Altra Metà (1911). La Vita di Nessuno (1912). Parole e Sangue (1912). Un Uomo Finito (1913). Ventiquattro Cervelli (1913). Sul Pragmatismo: Saggi e Ricerche, 1903–1911 (1913). Almanacco Purgativo 1914 (with Ardengo Soffici et al., 1913).Buffonate (1914). Vecchio e Nuovo Nazionalismo (with Giuseppe Prezzolini, 1914). Cento Pagine di Poesia (1915). Maschilità (1915). La Paga del

masks:
Giovanni Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Amendola
Giovanni Boccaccio
Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini
Papini


type: original

texts:
 Sabato (1915). Stroncature (1916). Opera Prima (1917).Polemiche Religiose (1917). Testimonianze (1918). L'Uomo Carducci (1918). L'Europa Occidentale Contro la Mittel-Europa (1918). Chiudiamo le Scuole (1918). Giorni di Festa (1918). L'Esperienza Futurista (1919).Poeti d'Oggi (with Pietro Pancrazi, 1920). Storia di Cristo (1921). Antologia della Poesia Religiosa Italiana (1923). Dizionario dell'Omo Salvatico (with Domenico Giuliotti, 1923). L'Anno Santo e le Quattro Paci (1925). Pane e Vino (1926). Gli Operai della Vigna (1929).Sant'Agostino (1931). Gog (1931). La Scala di Giacobbe (1932). Firenze (1932). Il Sacco dell'Orco (1933). Dante Vivo (1933). Ardengo Soffici (1933).La Pietra Infernale (1934). Grandezze di Carducci (1935). I Testimoni della Passione (1937). Storia della Letteratura Italiana (1937). Italia Mia (1939). Figure Umane (1940). Medardo Rosso (1940).La Corona d'Argento (1941). Mostra Personale (1941). Prose di Cattolici Italiani d'Ogni Secolo (with Giuseppe De Luca, 1941). L'Imitazione del Padre. Saggi sul Rinascimento (1942). Racconti di Gioventù (1943). Cielo e Terra (1943).Foglie della Foresta (1946). Lettere agli Uomini di Papa Celestino VI (1946). Primo Conti (1947). Santi e Poeti (1948). Passato Remoto (1948). Vita di Michelangiolo (1949). Le Pazzie del Poeta (1950).Firenze Fiore del Mondo (with Ardengo Soffici, Piero Bargellini and Spadolini, 1950). Il Libro Nero (1951). Il Diavolo (1953). Il Bel Viaggio (with Enzo Palmeri, 1954). Concerto Fantastico (1954). Strane Storie (1954). La Spia del Mondo (1955).La Loggia dei Busti (1955). Le Felicità dell'Infelice (1956). Posthumous
  L'Aurora della Letteratura Italiana: Da Jacopone da Todi a Franco Sacchetti (1956). Il Muro dei Gelsomini: Ricordi di Fanciullezza (1957). Giudizio Universale (1957). La Seconda Nascita (1958). Dichiarazione al Tipografo (1958).Città Felicità (1960). Diario (1962). Schegge (Articles published in Corriere della Sera, 1971). Rapporto sugli Uomini (1978). Collected works
 Tutte le Opere di <mask>i, 11 vols. Milan: Mondadori (1958–66)

Works in English translation
 Four and Twenty Minds. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1922.The Story of Christ. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1923 [Rep. as Life of Christ. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1923]. The Failure. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1924 [Rep. as A Man-Finished. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1924]. The Memoirs of God.Boston: The Ball Publishing Co., 1926. A Hymn to Intelligence. Pittsburgh: The Laboratory Press, 1928. A Prayer for Fools, Particularly Those we See in Art Galleries, Drawing-rooms and Theatres. Pittsburgh: The Laboratory Press, 1929. Laborers in the Vineyard. London: Sheed & Ward, 1930.Life and Myself, translated by Dorothy Emmrich. New York: Brentano's, 1930. Saint Augustine. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1930. Gog, translated by Mary Prichard Agnetti. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1931. Dante Vivo.New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935. The Letters of Pope Celestine VI to All Mankind. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1948. Florence: Flower of the World. Firenze: L'Arco, 1952 [with Ardengo Soffici and Piero Bargellini]. Michelangelo, his Life and his Era.New York: E. P. Dutton, 1952. The Devil; Notes for Future Diabology. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1954 [London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1955]. Nietzsche: An Essay. Mount Pleasant, Mich.: Enigma Press, 1966. "The Circle is Closing."In: Lawrence Rainey (ed. ), Futurism: An Anthology, Yale University Press, 2009. Selected articles
 "Philosophy in Italy," The Monist 8 (4), July 1903, pp. 553–585. "What Pragmatism is Like," Popular Science Monthly, Vol. LXXI, October 1907, pp. 351–358."The Historical Play," The Little Review 6 (2), pp. 49–51. "Ignoto," The New Age 26 (6), 1919, p. 95. "Buddha," The New Age 26 (13), 1920, pp. 200–201. "Rudolph Eucken" The Open Court, 38 (5), May 1924, pp. 257–261.Short stories
 "The Debt of a Day," The International 9 (4), 1915, pp. 105–107. "The Substitute Suicide," The International 10 (5), 1916, pp. 148–149. "Four-Hundred and Fifty-Three Love Letters," The Stratford Journal 3 (1), 1918, pp. 9–12. "The Beggar of Souls" The Stratford Journal 4, 1919, p. 59–64."Life: The Vanishing Mirror," Vanity Fair 13 (6), 1920, p. 53. "Don Juan's Lament," Vanity Fair 13 (10), 1920, p. 43. "An Adventure in Introspection," Vanity Fair 13 (10), 1920, p. 65. "Having to do with Love – and Memory," Vanity Fair 14 (2), 1920, p. 69. "For no Reason," Vanity Fair 14 (3), 1920, pp. 71, 116. "The Prophetic Portrait," Vanity Fair 14 (4), 1920, p. 73."The Man who Lost Himself," Vanity Fair 14 (5), 1920, p. 35. "Hope," Vanity Fair 14 (6), 1920, p. 57. "The Magnanimous Suicide," Vanity Fair 15 (1), 1920, p. 73. "The Lost Day," Vanity Fair 15 (3), 1920, pp. 79, 106. "Two Faces in the Well," Vanity Fair 15 (4), 1920, p. 41. "Two Interviews with the Devil," Vanity Fair 15 (5), 1921, pp.59, 94. "The Bartered Souls," Vanity Fair 15 (6), 1921, p. 57. "The Man Who Could Not be Emperor," Vanity Fair 16 (1), 1921, p. 41. "A Man Among Men — No More," Vanity Fair 16 (2), 1921, p.
 "His Own Jailer," The Living Age, December 9, 1922. "Pallas and the Centaur," Italian Literary Digest 1 (1), April 1947. References

Notes

Bibliography

 Arnone, Vincenzo (2005). Papini, un Uomo Infinito.Padova: Messaggero. Berghaus, Günter (2000). International Futurism in Arts and Literature. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Castaldini, Alberto (2006). <mask>: la Reazione alla Modernità. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki.Castelli, Eugenio & Julio Chiappini (1971). Diez Ensayos sobre <mask>. Santa Fe, Argentina: Ediciones Colmegna. Colella, E. Paul (2005). "Reflex Action and the Pragmatism of <mask>," The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 19 (3), pp. 187–215. De Paulis-Dalembert, Maria Pia (2007).<mask>: Culture et Identité. Toulouse: Presses de l'Université du Mirail. Di Biase, Carmine (1999). <mask>. L'Anima Intera. Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. <mask>, Antonino (2009).<mask>. Dalla Filosofia Dilettante al Diletto della Filosofia. Roma-Acireale: Bonanno. Fantino, Giuseppe (1981). Saggio su Papini. Milano: Italia Letteraria. Filippis, M. de (1944)."<mask>," The Modern Language Journal 28 (4), pp. 352–364. Frangini, <mask> (1982). Papini Vivo. Palermo: Thule. Fuente, Jaime de la (1970). Papini: Una Vida en Busca de la Verdad.Madrid: E.P.E.S.A. Gironella, José María (1958). "The Death and Judgment of <mask>," Modern Age 2 (3), pp. 240–250. Fondi, Renato (1922). Un costruttore: <mask>. Firenze: Vallecchi.Giuliano, William P. (1946). "Spiritual Evolution of <mask>i," Italica 23 (4), pp. 304–311. Golino, Carlo L. (1955). "<mask>i and American Pragmatism," Italica 32 (1), pp. 38–48. Horia, Vintilă (1963).<mask>. Paris: Wesmael-Charlier. Invitto, <mask> (1984). Un Contrasto Novecentesco: <mask> e la Filosofia. Lecce: Ed. Milella. Phelps, Ruth Shepard (1923)."The Poet in Papini," The North American Review, Vol. CCXVII, No. 811, pp. 834–843. Phillips, Charles (1921). "A Prophet in Italy," Catholic World, Vol. CIV, pp.210–219. Prezzolini, Giuseppe (1922). "<mask>i," Broom 1 (3), pp. 239–248. Prezzolini, Giuseppe (1915). Discorso su <mask>i. Firenze: Libreria Della Voce.Riccio, Peter M. (1938). "<mask>i." In: Italian Authors of Today. New York: S.F. Vanni, Inc., pp. 87–96. Richter, Mario (2005).Papini e Soffici: Mezzo Secolo di Vita Italiana (1903–1956). Florence: Le Lettere. Ridolfi, Roberto (1957). Vita di Giovanni Papini. Milano: A. Mondadori, 1957 (Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1996). Righi, Lorenzo (1981). <mask>i Imperatore del Nulla: 1881–1981.Firenze: Tip. Sbolci. Waterfield, Lina (1921). "<mask>," The Living Age, No. 4016, pp. 788–789. James, William (1906)."G<mask> and the Pragmatist Movement in Italy," The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 3 (13), pp. 337–341. Wilson, Lawrence A. (1961). "A Possible Original of <mask>'s Dottor Alberto Rego," Italica 38 (4), pp. 296–301. Wohl, Robert (2009).The Generation of 1914. Harvard University Press. External links

 **Almost There**
 L'Anima Magazine, May 1911

 A website about <mask>i in Italian
 A list of Papini's books translated in English

1881 births
1956 deaths
20th-century Italian poets
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
Christian fascists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Neurological disease deaths in Tuscany
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Futurist writers
Italian Franciscans
Italian Futurism
Italian Nationalist Association
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian biographers
Italian essayists
Male essayists
Italian fascists
Journalists from Florence
Italian literary critics
Italian magazine founders
Italian male journalists
Italian male poets
Italian memoirists
Male biographers
Members of the Royal Academy of Italy
Writers from Florence
Roman Catholic conspiracy theorists
Roman Catholic writers
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century memoirists
Italian male non-fiction writers
Italian conspiracy theorists
University of Bologna

masks:
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Di Giovanni
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni
Giovanni Papini
Giovanni Papin
Giovannipin
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papin
Giovanni Papini
. Papini
Papini
Giovanni Papin


texts:
<mask> (李振) (died November 20, 923), courtesy name Xingxu (興緒), was an important official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Liang. He was a trusted aide of Later Liang's founding emperor Emperor Taizu (Zhu Quanzhong) before the founding of the Later Liang state, and later served as the director of imperial governance (崇政使, Chongzhengshi) during the reigns of Emperor Taizu's sons and successors Zhu Yougui and <mask>. After Later Liang was destroyed by its rival Later Tang, Later Tang's Emperor Zhuangzong put <mask> to death. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. It is known that he was a great-grandson of the mid-Tang general <mask>, and that his grandfather and father, whose names were lost to history, were both prefectural prefects. <mask> had submitted himself for imperial examinations in the Jinshi class several times during Emperor Yizong's Xiantong era (860-874) and Emperor Xizong's Qianfu era (874-879), but was unable to pass, and therefore developed a hatred for those officials who passed the Jinshi examinations. He was eventually able to obtain a commission as a general of the imperial guards, and was later commissioned as the prefect of Tai Prefecture (臺州, in modern Taizhou, Zhejiang).However, when he was reporting to the prefecture, the prefecture had become overrun by agrarian rebels, and he was unable to take office. As he headed back toward the imperial capital Chang'an, he went through Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng, Henan), the capital of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武). He offered strategical advice to Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu; Zhu was impressed, and therefore kept <mask> at Xuanwu as an assistant to himself. Service under Zhu Quanzhong

During Tang
In 898, after Zhu Quanzhong, who was then military governor of not only Xuanwu but also Xuanyi Circuit (宣義, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), had further expanded his territory by conquering Tianping (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) and Taining (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining, Shandong) Circuits, he sent his deputy military governor <mask> (韋震) to Chang'an to request that Emperor Zhaozong (Emperor Xizong's brother and successor) make him the military governor of Tianping as well. The imperial government, after initial reservations, did so after much lobbying by Wei. Zhu subsequently made Wei the acting military governor and <mask> the deputy military governor. In 900, the powerful eunuchs, led by <mask>, overthrew Emperor Zhaozong and put him under arrest, replacing him with his son <mask>, Prince of De.<mask> sent his adoptive son <mask> (劉希度) and another eunuch, <mask> (李奉本), to Bian Prefecture to try to persuade Zhu to support the eunuchs' coup, promising to let him control the imperial court if he did so. Zhu was unsure what to do, and most of his staff members suggested not getting involved with the politics at the imperial court. <mask>, however, urged intervention against the eunuchs, pointing out that this was a good opportunity for Zhu to raise his profile among the regional governors, and further pointing out that if the young emperor became firmly in control of the eunuchs, the eunuchs could easily do what they wanted. Zhu agreed, and put <mask> and <mask> under arrest, while sending <mask> to Chang'an to personally meet with the anti-eunuch chancellor Cui Yin, who was an ally of Zhu's, to consider what to do next. When, shortly thereafter, a countercoup by several Shence Army officers killed <mask> and his coconspirators and restored Emperor Zhaozong, Zhu, who then executed <mask> and <mask>, became even more attentive to <mask>'s advice. By 904, Zhu had Emperor Zhaozong in his firm control and had forcibly moved the emperor from Chang'an to Luoyang. However, he was still apprehensive that the emperor might coordinate his actions with several other warlords who did not obey him—<mask> the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), <mask> the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), <mask> the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and Zhao Kuangning the military governor of Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei).He therefore resolved to assassinate the emperor, and therefore sent <mask> to Luoyang to coordinate this matter with Jiang Xuanhui (蔣玄暉) the director of palace communications (whom Zhu had put in charge of monitoring the emperor), as well as his adoptive son Zhu Yougong (朱友恭) and officer Shi Shucong (氏叔琮). Zhu Yougong and Shi subsequently assassinated Emperor Zhaozong, who was then replaced with his son Emperor Ai. While Zhu Quanzhong subsequently ordered Zhu Yougong and Shi to commit suicide in order to divert responsibility, no harm came to <mask> or Jiang. In 905, Zhu made <mask> the acting military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong), to replace Wang Shifan, who had previously launched a resistance campaign against Zhu but who had subsequently submitted to Zhu. When Wang received the order, he feared that Zhu would bear past grudges against him, and begged <mask> to have at least his family spared. <mask> alleviated Wang's fears by citing the example of how Cao Cao had spared Zhang Xiu, and Wang subsequently went to Bian Prefecture along with his family. Zhu soon recalled <mask> himself back to Bian Prefecture.Later in 905, as Zhu was planning on seizing the throne soon, Zhu's ally, the chancellor <mask>, advocated a mass purge of high-level Tang aristocrats, a proposal that <mask> also supported, as <mask> still hated these aristocrats, whose careers were largely launched from passing the Jinshi examinations. Zhu therefore had a group of some 30 high-level Tang aristocrats gathered at Baima Station (白馬驛, in modern Anyang), and then forced them to commit suicide. The victims included former chancellors Pei Shu, Dugu Sun, Cui Yuan, Lu Yi, Wang Pu, as well as the prominent officials Zhao Chong (趙崇) and Wang Zan (王贊). Further, at <mask>'s suggestion—arguing that these aristocrats had considered themselves clean in their origin (i.e., qingliu (清流), literally "clear flow"), they should be thrown into the muddy waters of the Yellow River to taint them—Zhu had their bodies thrown into the Yellow River. (During the purge, because <mask> was acting arrogantly toward Tang officials at Luoyang, and it was said that every time that he went from Bian Prefecture to Luoyang, some officials would always get exiled or executed, he became known by the nickname of Chixiao (鴟梟)—a mythical one-head, three-bodied bird.) During Later Liang
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang Dynasty and establishing a new Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu. <mask> was thereafter made the director of palace affairs (殿中監, Dianzhong Jian).Shortly after, it was at his and Jing Xiang's suggestion that the Tang official Su Xun (蘇循), who had submitted petitions in support of the dynastic transition, be forced to retire as a traitor to Tang. <mask> was later made the minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu). In 911, when Later Liang's Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) was under attack by <mask>u, the prince of Later Liang's enemy state Jin to the north, Emperor Taizu was concerned that Tianxiong's young military governor, Luo Zhouhan (who had inherited the governorship from his father Luo Shaowei), would not have the ability to stand against a Jin attack, and therefore sent the general Du Tingyin (杜廷隱) to assist Luo in the defense and <mask> to serve as Luo's deputy military governor. (It did not appear that <mask>ong, however, based on subsequent events.) Service under Zhu Yougui and <mask>
In 912, Emperor Taizu's son Zhu Yougui the Prince of Ying assassinated Emperor Taizu (who was then at Luoyang), blamed the assassination on his adoptive older brother Zhu Youwen the Prince of Bo and had Zhu Youwen executed, and then took the throne himself. Apprehensive about Jing Xiang, who was then the director of imperial governance and whose office was within the palace, as Jing was a close associate of Emperor Taizu's, Zhu Yougui gave Jing what appeared to be a promotion — to chancellorship — to remove him from the director of imperial governance position and remove his presence from the palace. <mask> was made the director of imperial governance.In 913, Zhu Yougui's younger brother Zhu Youzhen the Prince of Jun, who was then at Daliang (i.e., Bian Prefecture), prepared a coup against Zhu Yougui. Before he could launch it, however, his cousin Yuan Xiangxian (a son of Emperor Taiizu's sister), an imperial guard general, launched a coup and had Zhu Yougui's palace surrounded. Zhu Yougui committed suicide. During this coup, many Later Liang officials were killed or injured, and <mask> was one of the ones injured. Subsequently, Yuan offered the throne to Zhu Youzhen, who accepted it at Daliang, and subsequently changed his name to <mask>. While <mask> continued to serve as the director of imperial governance, neither he nor Jing was listened to much by <mask>, even though nominally they were the most honored officials of the state. Instead, <mask> mostly listened to the advice of Zhao Yan, the husband of one of his sisters, as well as his wife Consort Zhang's brothers Zhang Handing (張漢鼎) and Zhang Hanjie (張漢傑) and cousins Zhang Hanlun (張漢倫) and Zhang Hanrong (張漢融).As a result, <mask> often claimed to be ill to avoid policy meetings and avoid arguments with Zhao and the Zhangs. In 923, <mask>, whose Jin state by that point controlled nearly all of the territory north of the Yellow River, claimed imperial title as well, establishing a new Later Tang as its Emperor Zhuangzong. The two states were gearing up for a major confrontation on the battlefield, and <mask> put the general Duan Ning in command of the Later Liang army, against Jing's and <mask>'s advice and against their subsequent requests to replace him. (It was said that <mask> stated to <mask>, "Duan Ning has not committed an error," and <mask> responded, "When he does so, the empire would already be in danger.") As Duan prepared an ambitious four-prong attack against Later Tang, the new Later Tang emperor bypassed him, crossed the Yellow River, and headed toward Daliang directly. With Daliang defenseless (because all the soldiers had been given to Duan in anticipation for the attack against Later Tang), <mask> panicked and committed suicide, ending Later Liang. Death
Upon Emperor Zhuangzong's arrival at Daliang, he issued an edict generally pardoning the Later Liang officials.Hearing of the edict, <mask> went to see Jing Xiang and suggested that they go see Emperor Zhuangzong together to beg for pardon. Jing responded, "Both of us were Liang chancellors. We could not correct the emperor's poor governance, and we could not save the dynasty from destruction. If the new emperor questions us on these grounds, how are we going to respond?" The next morning, Jing's servants informed him that <mask> had already gone to the palace. Jing sighed and stated, "<mask> is no man. The Zhus and the new emperor have been enemies for generations.Now, the empire has been destroyed, and the emperor is dead. Even if the new emperor would spare us, how can we still enter the Jianguo Gate [(建國門, the gate to the Later Liang imperial palace)]?" He therefore hanged himself. Within a few days, Emperor Zhuangzong, at the instigation of Duan Ning and another former Later Liang general, Du Yanqiu, issued another edict which, while generally confirming the pardon, ordered that Jing (whose death he apparently did not know), <mask>, Zhao, the Zhangs, the Later Liang general Zhu Gui (朱珪), and the Khitan prince Yelü Sala'abo (耶律撒剌阿撥) (the brother of the Khitan emperor Emperor Taizu of Liao, who had previously rebelled against the Khitan emperor and fled to Emperor Zhuangzong, and then re-defected to Later Liang) be put to death, along with their families. Notes and references

 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 18. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol.43. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272. 9th-century births
923 deaths
Tang dynasty politicians
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) chongzhengshi
People executed by Later Tang
Executed Later Tang people
People executed by a Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms state by decapitation
Political office-holders in Zhejiang
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people born during Tang

masks:
Li Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Li
Li Zhen
Li Baozhen
Li Zhen
Li
Wei Zhen
Li Zhen
Liu Jishu
Li Yu
Liu
Liu Xidu
Li Fengben
Li Zhen
Liu Xidu
Li Fengben
Li Zhen
Liu Jishu
Liu Xidu
Li Fengben
Li Zhen
Li Maozhen
Li Jihui
Li Keyong
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Liu Can
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li
Li Cunx
Li Zhen
Li Zhenxi
Zhu Zhen
Li Zhen
Li
Zhu Zhen
Li
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Li
Li Cunxu
Zhu Zhen
Li
Zhu Zhen
Li
Li
Zhu Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li Zhen
Li


texts:
<mask> (born 24 January 1974) is an Australian actress, singer, model, and presenter. She played the role of Nikki Spencer on the popular Australian TV soap opera E Street, from September 1990 to May 1993. During the early 1990s she had a solo music career, performing mononymously as <mask>, and had top 20 hits on the ARIA Singles Chart with "Read My Lips" (Number One, June 1991), "Sexy (Is the Word)" (No. 3, September) and "Skin to Skin" (No. 16, April 1992). "Read My Lips" also became a Number One hit in Sweden. Her debut album, Fresh, was released in June 1992 and peaked at No.15 on the ARIA Albums Chart. After her stint on E Street, <mask> has appeared on Paradise Beach (1993–94), Pacific Drive (1996–98), All Saints (2001–02, 2004), Swift and Shift Couriers (2008, 2011) and Housos (2011). Her modelling career has included early child modelling, then as a teen in various pop entertainment magazines and from 1996 on fashion and men's magazines. On 4 December 2005, she issued her second solo album, Lost & Found, which provide a single, her cover version of "The Glamorous Life", which appeared in the top 40. In August 2011 she issued a compilation album, The Hits & More. In February 2009 Tkautz married a finance businessman, Kwesi Nicholas, her partner of five years; outside her performance career she uses her married name, <mask>. Tkautz released a single "The Key" on 26 May 2017.Television career
<mask> was born in Sydney in 1974. According to <mask> "I had very strict parents ... I wasn't allowed to do anything". Her father, <mask>, is from Austria and her mother's family are Maltese. As a young child she studied drama, dance and singing; she began modelling and appearing in commercials. By the age of 17, she had appeared in over 160 television and print commercials. Some of these included ads for Qantas and Cadbury.She started modelling and then began acting in TV soap operas, Richmond Hill and Home & Away in the late 1980s. In 1989 she entered the Miss Teen Australia contest. In September 1990, at the age of 16 years, <mask> was cast in the role of Nikki Spencer on the popular Australian soap opera, E Street. She described her role, "Nikki is everything I don't want to be ... She smokes and she's really the sort of girl most parents would be horrified to have their daughters associating with". <mask> soon became one of the show's main stars due to the popularity of her character. During this time, she attended the Australian Academy of Dramatic Art in Sydney, graduating in 1991. During that year she appeared on numerous Australian editions of magazine covers including Vogue, Cosmopolitan, TV Week, Smash Hits and Dolly.In 1991 readers of TV Hits voted her as the Hottest Woman on Earth. <mask> also had a supporting role in the mini-series, The Girl from Tomorrow (1992). Due to her popularity, the producers of E Street decided to have <mask> record a song, which would be used in the show as part of a dream sequence, where her character imagines she is a pop star. This resulted in a recording career for <mask>, she later recalled "I loved singing and I had trained as a singer, but everything happened so quickly, it was just a crazy whirlwind. One minute I'm watching E Street in my lounge room, the next minute I’m starring in E Street and I've got a number one single in the charts". However, in November 1991, due to the pressures of juggling two full-time careers, and a conflict with the producer, Forrest Redlich, <mask> left E Street to concentrate on her music career. At the TV Week-sponsored Logie Awards she was nominated for Most Popular New Talent in 1992.By November 1992 <mask> had returned to E Street. However, the network decided to axe the series in May 1993. In 1993 and 1994, Tkautz appeared on Paradise Beach, playing Vanessa Campbell, the manipulative ex-girlfriend of Sean Hayden (played by Ingo Rademacher). Tkautz described her character "[s]he's a bit of a psycho, a real bitch ... She is nothing like Nicki in E Street. This one's a real troublemaker". In 1995, she had a role in Echo Point. In 1996, Tkautz joined the series Pacific Drive, where she played a model, Bethany Daniels.This role had a major effect on <mask>, who played the first long-term HIV positive character on Australian TV. She described how "I did a lot of research on the role and a lot of charity work with HIV [patients], especially young kids who had contracted the disease". The series later gained a cult following. When Pacific Drive was cancelled in 1998, <mask> joined the cast of Medivac (1998) as Nurse Evie Morrison. <mask> later appeared in the series, All Saints (2001–02, 2004). From 1996, Tkautz modelled for fashion and men's magazines Black+White, Australian Playboy, Ralph and FHM. In 2001 she appeared on the Myer Intimacy Apparel runway, modelling underwear, and followed with a stint at the Australian Fashion Week, that year.In late 2008, <mask> starred in Swift and Shift Couriers (created by the same crew that created Fat Pizza), which aired on SBS ONE. Filming took place in early 2008, with some episodes being shot in Thailand and Egypt. The first season had eight episodes that aired on TV during October–November 2008. She returned for a second season in 2011. <mask> was also a guest star in controversial comedy series, Housos (from October 2011) and residents of housing commission units wanted the show banned. In May 2012, <mask> was interviewed by Sonia Kruger and David Campbell on Mornings and described her career after E Street in the segment, "Where Are They Now?". On 22 July 2016, it was announced <mask> would be one of seven women appearing on the first season of The Real Housewives of Sydney.Music career
<mask> was signed to Westside Records, a label created by E Streets producers, and recorded her debut single, "Read My Lips". Redlich described why <mask> was chosen ahead of her fellow actresses "I thought it was too raunchy for Toni Pearen and too teeny-bopper for Alyssa-Jane Cook". It was promoted via the show and released in May 1991, which reached the number-one position on the ARIA Singles Chart in July. The track was written by Tony King and Roy Nicolson, and was produced by Leon Berger. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1992 it won Highest Selling Single for the previous year. The song was parodied by Gina Riley on the comedy TV series, Fast Forward, as "Pout Your Lips". The single's B-side is "Say Goodbye" and was written by Berger, Alston Koch and Doug Henderson.Since 1991, <mask> has re-recorded "Read My Lips" twice: the first version as the "Read My Lips (Electro Pushers Remix)", which was to be included as a bonus track on her proposed third album, Glamorous Life; and the second version as the "Read My Lips (Neon Stereo Remix)", which was performed live by <mask> on Channel 7's The Morning Show. <mask>' second single from her debut album, "Sexy (Is the Word)", was issued in September 1991 and peaked at No. 3. It was written by Berger, King and Nicholson and produced by Berger, Koch and Henderson. She performed the track at the 1991 Rugby League Grand Final. At the end of that year Tkautz toured nationally as a support act on American dance-pop and hip hop group, C+C Music Factory's Australian Tour. Her third single, "Skin to Skin", appeared in April the next year, which reached No.16, and was written and produced by the same team as "Sexy (Is the Word)". In June that year, having left E Street, Tkautz released her debut album, Fresh, which peaked at No. 15 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Tkautz promoted the album by a national tour, a further single, "Is It...? ", was issued in July 1993 and reached the top 40, but a proposed second album was shelved and Tkautz refocused on her acting career. In September 2005, Tkautz released a new single, a cover version of "The Glamorous Life", a 1984 song by Sheila E and written by Prince, which peaked at No. 31 on the ARIA Singles Chart.Her second album, Lost & Found, was issued on 4 December that year. Also that year, she re-recorded "Sexy (Is the Word)", which was included as a bonus track on Lost & Found. <mask> travelled to Sweden in early 2006 to work with 2N and while there she recorded her next single, "Easily Affected", and "Not Enough". Her version of "The Glamorous Life" had some success internationally. It was released in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, South Africa, Sweden, Russia, Dubai and UAE, and Canada. In February 2008 she performed "Easily Affected", "True Love", "Read My Lips (Neon Stereo Remix)" and her new single, "I Want Your Love" at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Fair Day. In January 2012 Australian comedian, Sam Kekovich, released a music video as an ad for Australian lamb meat, which was a rendition of Aqua's hit "Barbie Girl"; it featured vocals by <mask> and an appearance by hip-hop dance and pop music group, Justice Crew.Meat and Livestock Australia's marketing manager, Andrew Cox, declared "[i]t's the most successful lamb campaign ever in terms of lamb sales ... people were able to share our 'Barbie Girl' song on Facebook and Twitter". In August that year Tkautz issued a compilation album, The Hits & More, and followed with a tour promoting its appearance. In 2015 British producers 7th Heaven Productions announced via their website that they have remixed <mask>'s track Not Enough - and stated this was an upcoming single release by Tkautz. Nothing has eventuated since this announcement and no bootleg or preview of the track has been released as yet. Fans are hoping that this will be released in the future. In December 2017 during an interview, <mask> revealed she would be heading into the recording studio in January to record her next single. She states the new single is a duet with another famous singer.No release dates or information on this project has been officially released as of 30 January 2018. Personal life
In 1999 her father, Stefan, died of cancer, she co-wrote the track, "Goodbye Daddy" (with Paul Wiltshire), from Lost & Found in his honour. In December 2006 Tkautz told Woman's Day that she had been in love with her E Street co-star, Simon Baker, the relationship ended as "she wanted a long-term commitment but he was not at that stage of his life"; and then with Marcus Graham who "betrayed her after four months". Baker had also appeared in the music video for her debut single, "Read My Lips". In February 2009 <mask> married a finance businessman, Kwesi Nicholas, her partner of five years. She uses her married name, <mask>, outside her professional career. Together they have two kids.Discography

Albums

Singles

Awards and recognition

See also
List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart

References

External links

1974 births
Australian people of Austrian descent
Australian people of Maltese descent
ARIA Award winners
Australian dance musicians
Australian television actresses
The Real Housewives cast members
Living people
<mask>, <mask>
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian women singers

masks:
Melissa Natalie Tkautz
Melissa
Tkautz
Melissa Nicholas
Tkautz
Tkautz
Stefan Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Tkautz
Melissa
Melissa
Tkautz
Melissa Nicholas
Tkautz
Melissa


texts:
<mask><mask> is a Canadian electrical engineer and professor. He is
currently Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto. Academic career
<mask> received the Bachelor of Applied Science degree
from the Division of Engineering Physics (now Division of Engineering Science)
in 1954, the M.A.Sc in electrical engineering in 1956, and the Ph.D. in Physics
in 1960, all from the University of Toronto. From 1954 to 1955 he served with Canadian National Telegraphs as a Transmission
Engineer. In 1956, <mask> joined the Computation Centre, University of Toronto,
as Research Engineer assigned to assist in the development of high-speed
computers at the Digital Computer Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana. In
1960, he joined the faculty at the Department of Electrical Engineering at the
University of Toronto as an Assistant Professor. In 1961 he returned the
University of Illinois as an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering
where he became Chief Engineer of Illiac II, and of the Illiac III, and
attained the rank of Associate Professor of Computer Science.In 1965 he
returned to the University of Toronto where he attained the rank of full
Professor. He served as Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering at
the University of Toronto from 1976 to 1981. <mask>'s publications are in the areas of electronic circuits, computer architecture,
multiple-valued logic, instrumentation, sensors, machine vision, neural
networks, computer music, human factors and human-computer interfaces,
and databases. <mask> has published over 150 scholarly papers. <mask> is the co-author of Microelectronic Circuits (with A.S. Sedra). Two of his former graduate students are Adel S. Sedra and Bill Buxton. <mask> and Sedra notably invented the current conveyor, a general circuit component similar to an operational amplifier.They also co-wrote
the undergraduate microelectronics textbook Microelectronic Circuits, originally published in 1982 and now in its eighth edition (2020). The textbook has over one million copies in print as of June 1988. <mask> was appointed an advisory professor in communications at Shanghai Tiedao University, Shanghai,
China in 1989. From 1993 to 1998, <mask> was a visiting professor of electrical and electronic engineering at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, where he was founding director of its computer engineering department. Publications
Books
A. Sedra and K.C<mask>, Microelectronic Circuits, 6th ed. London, U.K.: Oxford Univ.Press, 2009. K.C<mask>, KCs Problems and Solutions to Microelectronic Circuits, 4th ed. London, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998. K.C<mask>, Laboratory Explorations to Microelectronic Circuits, 4th ed.London, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998. Articles, selected

K.C<mask>, A. Sedra, The current conveyor—A new circuit building block, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1368–1369, August 1968.A. Sedra, K.C<mask>, A second-generation current conveyor and its applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 132–134, February 1970. Zvonko G. Vranesic, E. Stewart Lee, <mask><mask>, A many-valued algebra for switching systems, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 19, no.10, pp. 964–971, October 1970. E.A. Ozkarahan, S.A. Schuster, K.C<mask>, RAP—An associative processor for data base management, Proceedings of the National Computer Conference, pp. 379–387, May 1975. W. Buxton, M.R.Lamb, D. Sherman, K.C<mask>, Towards a comprehensive user interface management system, Computer Graphics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 35–42, July 1983. S.K. Lee, W. Buxton, K.C.<mask>, A multi-touch three-dimensional touch-sensitive tablet, Proceedings of the 1985 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, pp. 21–25, April 1985. K.C<mask>, Multiple-valued logic: A tutorial and appreciation, Computer, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 17–27, April 1988.R. Safaee-Rad, I. Tchoukanov, K.C<mask>, B. Benhabib, Three-dimensional location estimation of circular features for machine vision, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 624–640, October 1992. Service
<mask> was the general Chairman of the 1973 IEEE International Symposium for Circuits and Systems. He has
also contributed to the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference as member of the Program Committee and member of the Executive Committee and Awards Chairman.He was also the Chairman of the Publications Council of the Canadian Society of Electrical Engineering
(CSEE),  and a  Director of the Canadian Society for Professional Engineers (CSPE). Industry
<mask> co-founded and was principal scientist at Z-Tech, a medical-instrumentation company that
developed bio-impedance measurement devices for the detection of breast cancer. Awards and honors
<mask> was elected fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (1978) "for contributions to digital circuit design" and became a Life Fellow in 1996. In 1984, he received the IEEE Computer Society Certificate of Appreciation "for contributions to multiple-valued circuit and device technology". In 2009, he received the IEEE Canada Computer Medal "for lasting technical and educational contributions to electronics for computing". An anonymous former student donated $75,000 to establish the
<mask> <mask> Engineering Science Research Fellowship, which is awarded
yearly to a student or students in the Engineering Science program at the University of
Toronto. In 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from Information Technology Association of Canada (ITAC).He also received University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering Alumni Medal in 2011. In 2012, the "Kenneth C. Smith Early Career Award for Microelectronics
Research" was created by the International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic
to honor <mask> for his contribution to the field of multiple-valued logic. In 2014, <mask><mask> and Laura Fujino were presented with the Annual Creativity in Electronics (ACE) Award, selected by a panel of EDN and EE Times editors. Other awards include:
 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Service Award, 2000
 Special Issue of the Journal of Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) and Soft Computing, in recognition of <mask>’s 70th year and 30 years of contributions to MVL, 2003
 IEEE Computer Society Service Award, 2004

References

1932 births
Living people
University of Toronto faculty
Canadian electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE

masks:
Kenneth C
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
Kenneth C
. Smith
. Smith
. Smith
Smith
. Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Kenneth Carless
Smith
Smith
Kenneth C
. Smith
Smith


texts:
<mask> (born October 24, 1955) is an American dramatic soprano who has sung at many of the world's foremost opera houses. Studer has performed more than eighty roles ranging from the dramatic repertoire to roles more commonly associated with lyric sopranos and coloratura sopranos, and, in her late stage, mezzo-sopranos. She is particularly known for her interpretations of the works of Richard Strauss and Richard Wagner. Early life and education
Studer was born in Midland, Michigan, to Carl W<mask> and Elizabeth (born Smith) <mask>, as one of three children. She studied piano and viola as a child, and began voice lessons at age 12 with Gwendolyn Pike, a local opera singer and voice teacher. She attended Herbert Henry Dow High School, then transferred to the Interlochen Arts Academy for her junior and senior years and graduated from there in 1974. Following high school, Studer studied at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music but left the program after a year, deciding to move with her family to Tennessee.She continued her studies at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, and graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Vocal Performance in 1979. Studer won several awards and competitions during this time, including the High Fidelity/Musical America Award in 1977 and the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions in 1978. In the summer of 1979, Studer attended a course for foreign students on the art of the German Lied at the Schubert Institute in Baden bei Wien, Austria. In this program, Studer's teachers included Irmgard Seefried, Brigitte Fassbaender, and Hans Hotter. Hotter convinced Studer to remain in Europe to study further with him at the Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst, Vienna. Studer studied with Hotter for one year before launching out on her professional career. In 1979, she won the Franz-Schubert-Institut-Preis for excellence in Lied interpretation.Vocation

1980s
In 1981, Studer was hired as a permanent member of the Bavarian State Opera by Wolfgang Sawallisch. She remained with the company for two consecutive seasons, singing mostly minor roles in their productions. Her lead roles at the Bavarian State Opera included the title role in Carl Maria von Weber's Euryanthe and Mařenka The Bartered Bride. It was while working with the Bavarian State Opera that Studer was first encouraged to study the works of Richard Wagner and the dramatic soprano repertoire. Up to this point she had focused mostly on the bel canto repertoire, with her only foray into German repertoire up to that point being through Lieder. She made her professional opera debut with the company as Helmwige in Wagner's Die Walküre. At the end of the 1981–82 season, she left the Munich ensemble to join the Staatstheater Darmstadt for two seasons.In the spring of 1983, Studer took her first major role as Violetta in Verdi's La traviata with the Staatstheater Braunschweig. This was followed by two more important roles the following summer: Irene in Wagner's Rienzi and Drola in Wagner's Die Feen, under the direction of Wolfgang Sawallisch at the Bavarian State Opera's Summer Music Festival. In 1984, Studer left the Staatstheater Darmstadt to become a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin ensemble. She stayed with the company for two full seasons. She made her US opera debut the same year with the Lyric Opera of Chicago as Micaëla in Carmen. In 1985, Studer performed as Elisabeth in Wagner's Tannhäuser under Giuseppe Sinopoli at the Bayreuth Festival. Positive reviews of this performance quickly led Studer to more prominent leading roles.In 1986, Studer made her debut at the Liceu as Freia in Wagner's Das Rheingold and her debut at Opéra de Paris as Pamina in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. That same year, she made her debut with the San Francisco Opera as Eva in Wagner's Die Meistersinger. In 1987, Studer made her debut with the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, as Elisabeth in Wagner's Tannhäuser and her debut at La Scala as Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni. In 1988, Studer made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen. That same year she returned to La Scala to perform the role of Mathilde in Rossini's William Tell. She sang Agathe in Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischütz at the Théâtre Musical de Paris. In 1989, she made her Vienna State Opera and Salzburg Festival debuts playing the same role, Chrysothemis in Richard Strauss' Elektra.That same year, Studer received the Grand Prix du Disque – Prix Maria Callas. Also in 1989, she returned to La Scala to perform the role of La Duchesse Hélène in Verdi's I vespri siciliani and made her debut with the Opera Company of Philadelphia in the title role of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. 1990s
In 1990, Studer returned to the Metropolitan Opera to sing the role of Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni. That same year, Studer sang the role of Elsa in Richard Wagner's Lohengrin at the Vienna State Opera. In 1991, Studer performed two more roles at the Met, Elettra in Mozart's Idomeneo and Violetta in Verdi's La traviata. She sang the role of Gilda in act 3 of Verdi's Rigoletto at the Metropolitan Opera's 25th Anniversary Gala, opposite Luciano Pavarotti and Leo Nucci. In 1990, she also sang Odabella in Verdi's Attila at La Scala and Countess Almaviva in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro at the Vienna State Opera.In 1995, she sang the role of Princess von Werdenberg in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier for the first time at the Salzburg Festival. Also in 1995, Studer appeared in concert with her hometown orchestra, the Midland Symphony Orchestra, in Midland, Michigan, during the orchestra's 60th anniversary season. In 1996, Studer sang the same role at the Vienna State Opera. That same year, Studer returned to the Royal Opera to sing the title role of Richard Strauss' Arabella and revisited the title role in Aïda opposite Waltraud Meier as Amneris in performances at the Bavarian State Opera. She sang Leonore in Beethoven's Fidelio at the Salzburg Festival in 1997 conducted by Sir Georg Solti. In 1998, she sang Rosalinde in Die Fledermaus and Sieglinde in Die Walküre at the Bavarian State Opera. That same year she also sang Primadonna/Ariadne in Strauss' Ariadne auf Naxos at the Munich Nationaltheater.Also in 1998, she sang Senta in Der fliegende Holländer at the Bayreuth Festival. She reprised the role there in 1999. In July 1998, she sang a  for the Richard Wagner Society at the Markgräfliches Opernhaus (Margravial or Margrave's Opera House) in Bayreuth celebrating the 250th anniversary of the house. During the late 1990s, Studer had a period of vocal problems that led to the Bavarian State Opera canceling her contracts in 1998, but after a brief time off the stage, her performances indicated a return to form and the Bavarian State Opera renewed her contract for fourteen more performances. 2000s
In 2000 Studer returned to the Metropolitan Opera to sing the role of Princess von Werdenberg (the Marschallin) in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier. That same year, Studer sang the title role of Richard Strauss' Arabella at the Zürich Opera. She also filled in as a last minute Sieglinde in Die Walküre at the Bayreuth Festival substituting for an ailing Waltraud Meier.In 2000, she also sang Richard Strauss' Four Last Songs with the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by David Zinman substituting for an ailing Claudio Abbado. She also sang the Walküre Brünnhilde' in concert in Budapest with the Budapest Festival Orchestra under the direction of Iván Fischer. In February 2001, Studer sang the role of the Kaiserin (Empress) in Richard Strauss' Die Frau ohne Schatten at the Dresden Semperoper conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli. She revisited the role at the Vienna State Opera in 2002 in the Robert Carsen production. Around this time, Studer also sang back-to-back performances of the Kaiserin and the Marschallin at the Semperoper conducted by Dietfried Bernet. In June 2001, Studer sang Elisabeth in performances of Werner Herzog's production of Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser at the Theatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Studer can be heard singing the "Ave Maria" from Verdi's Otello in the soundtrack to the 2001 Hollywood film, O.In February 2002 she made a rare U.S. appearance singing Isolde's "Liebestod" with the Indianapolis Symphony. In January 2003, Studer sang the soprano part in Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in Berlin during UNESCO's official designation of the symphony's manuscript as Memory of the World. Also in 2003, she sang her final Sentas in Der fliegende Holländer in May at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and she gave a  "In Memoriam Maria Callas" in Athens, Greece, with pianist Charles Spencer, featuring songs and Lieder by Verdi, Wagner, Barber, Richard Strauss, and Copland. In March 2004, Studer sang her first complete Isolde in three concert performances of the work, in Münster, Germany. Before these complete Isoldes, she had sung excerpts from all three acts of Tristan und Isolde in Gießen, Germany (in 1999). In October 2005, Studer sang the role of Sieglinde in Richard Wagner's first-ever Ring Cycle in China, at Beijing's Poly Theatre.The cycle was produced by Stephen Lawless for the Staatstheater Nürnberg and the performances were conducted by Philippe Auguin. In November 2005 it was reported, but never confirmed, that Studer had suffered a mild heart attack, forcing her to cancel a number of scheduled concerts in Spain. In June 2007, Studer gave a series of Masterclasses and an all-Richard Strauss Lieder recital with pianist Semyon Skigin in St. Petersburg, Russia. In August 2007, also with pianist Semyon Skigin, she sang an all-Richard Strauss Lieder recital at Villa Wahnfried, Bayreuth. In February 2008, Studer gave a Lieder recital at Teatro Villamarta in Jerez de la Frontera, Spain with pianist Jonathan Alder, featuring Lieder by Schumann, Brahms, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. Later that year in October 2008, Studer gave another Lieder recital at Drake University with pianist Nicholas Roth, featuring songs and Lieder by Rossini, Ravel, Massenet, Albéniz, Brahms, Barber, and Richard Strauss. In November 2008, she gave another recital in Germany with Dutch pianist  featuring Lieder by Schumann, Brahms, Mahler, and Richard Strauss.In August 2009, Studer sang Richard Wagner's Wesendonck Lieder in Berlin, Germany as part of the short-lived Berlin International Music Festival. conducted the Festival orchestra. 2010–present
On July 9, 2010, Studer made her directorial debut in a new production of Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia at the  in Würzburg, Germany. In May 2011, she won the Terras sam Sombra International Prize. Later that year, in November 2011, she appeared in concert in Nuremberg and Antwerp, Belgium, with the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra and its Chief Music Director, Alexander Shelley. The all-Wagner concerts, also featuring Belgian bass-baritone Wilfried Van den Brande, were recorded and will be released as part of the orchestra's "Nürnberger Symphoniker Live" series. Studer has begun a transition into a lower voice range.In December 2011 she appeared as Gertrud in performances of Engelbert Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel at the Hamburg State Opera. She revisited the role in 2013, also in Hamburg. In 2012 she was a recipient of the Ovation Award by the Interlochen Center for the Arts. In 2014, she played Adelaide in Richard Strauss' Arabella at the Hamburg State Opera. Also in 2014, she presided over the 38th International Maria Callas Grand Prix for Opera to be held in Athens, Greece. In October 2016, Studer sang the Overseer/Confidant (Die Vertraute/Die Aufseherin) in the late Patrice Chéreau's production of Richard Strauss' Elektra at the Staatsoper Berlin, conducted by Daniel Barenboim. In December 2016, she sang the role of Nettie Fowler in Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical Carousel at Theater Basel in Switzerland, in a run of performances through April 2017.In September 2018, Studer sang the contralto role of Mamma Lucia in a new production of Pietro Mascagni's opera Cavalleria rusticana at Oper Graz in Austria. The performances were recorded and released by the Oehms Classics label. In November 2021, Studer sang the role of Tertullia in a new production of Paul Dessau/Bertolt Brecht’s 1951 opera Die Verurteilung des Lukullus (The Condemnation of Lucullus) at Staatsoper Stuttgart, conducted by contemporary music specialist Bernhard Kontarsky, and with tenor Gerhard Siegel in the title role. Masterclasses, opera workshops, adjudication
For eighteen years, from 2003 to 2021, Studer taught at the University of Music in Würzburg. She is also honorary professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. Studer conducts a yearly series of master classes and opera workshops at her own North Aegean Music Festival in the island of Lesbos, Greece. She conducts Master Classes internationally (USA, Greece, South Korea, China, Spain, Italy and Germany).Personal life
Studer is married to Greek tenor Michalis Doukakis and has lived in Germany for most of her life. From previous marriages, Studer has two daughters, Elsa and Senta, named after characters from Richard Wagner operas. The elder, Senta, is a pop music singer. Her first solo album, Happy, was released in January 2014. perfido"/Choral Fantasy/Egmont), recorded 12/91, Berliner Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, recorded 4/89, Philadelphia Orchestra, Riccardo Muti, EMI
 Brahms' Ein Deutsches Requiem, recorded 10/92, Berliner Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Bruckner's Mass in F minor / Mozart's Vespers, recorded 3/77, MIT Choral Society, John Oliver, private issue LP
 Donizetti's Messa da Requiem, recorded 1/84, Bamberger Symphoniker, Miguel Ángel Gómez Martínez, Orfeo
 Mahler's Das klagende Lied, recorded 11/90, Philharmonia Orchestra, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Deutsche Grammophon
 Mahler's Symphony No. 2, recorded 11/92, Wiener Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Mahler's Symphony No.8, recorded 11–12/90, Philharmonia Orchestra, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Deutsche Grammophon
 Mahler's Symphony No. 8, recorded 1/94, Berliner Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado, Deutsche Grammophon
 Schubert Lieder, recorded 1/90, Irwin Gage, Deutsche Grammophon
 von Schweinitz's Messe, Op.

masks:
Cheryl Studer
. Studer
Studer


texts:
<mask>, known as <mask><mask>, (March 31, 1892 – May 25, 1976) was a Cuban radio writer, broadcaster, poet, novelist, journalist, theater critic, singer and musical composer. He is known as a pioneer of radio broadcasting in Cuba, and as one of the creators of Latin American soap operas. He was known for his ability to make radio audiences cry. He purposely wrote to make people cry, as he realized that “many were born with pain and misery tattooed on their souls and had so much pain and bitterness in their lives that they never cried for themselves.”

Caignet believed that the audiences “took on the feelings of one or another character who was suffering and, without being aware of it, associated their own pain with that of the fictitious figure, and cried with him or her.”
<mask><mask>’s radio dramas were broadcast throughout Central and South America and brought stories of social reality and the “speaking in metaphors” narrative style into popularity. Life

Santiago de Cuba
<mask> was born on a coffee plantation in Santa Rita de Burene, San Luis, in the eastern region of Cuba. Poverty forced the family to move to Santiago de Cuba. There, <mask> was exposed to the itinerant story tellers who made the streets their home and he became interested in writing, first with sentimental poems.At the age of 20 he became a journalist and began to contribute to the cultural magazine Teatro Alegre. The newspaper El Diario de Cuba took him on in 1918 and within two years he had his own theatre column, “Vida teatral” (Theater Life) with the byline of Salomón. By 1920 he was also contributing to magazines and newspapers such as El Fígaro, Bohemia and El Sol under a series of bylines. Journalists of the time often protected themselves from retaliation, official or unofficial, through the use of pseudonyms. Caignet at various times signed himself as Doña To Masa (Mrs. All Dough), Miss T. Riosa (Miss T. Rious) and A. L. Khan Ford (Mr. Cam Phor), among many others. He published a children’s story in 1925 called “Las aventuras de Chilín y Bebita en el país azul” (The Adventures of Chilín and <mask>bita in the Blue Country). He continued to write stories for children and, in the early 1930s, broadcast them on the radio on Cuba’s first radio program for children, “Buenas tardes, muchachitos” (Good Afternoon, Boys) on station CMKC of the Grupo Catalán.Some of the stories were invented on the air. Caignet’s suspenseful, episodic story style, learned from the itinerant story tellers of his childhood, was well suited to radio. He adapted “The Adventures of Chilín and <mask>bita in the Blue Country” as a serial for radio called “Chilín y Bebita” and would conduct his own listener surveys by going out into the streets to ask people about the show. From this he got an idea of how many people listened to the program and what they thought of the plot developments. By concentrating on the parts of the story people liked best, he increased the popularity of the series and changed the name from “Chilín y Bebita” to “Chilín, <mask>bita y el enanito Coliflor” (Chilín, <mask>bita and Midget Cauliflower). Also a composer of children’s songs, his song “El ratoncito Miguel” (Mickey Mouse) was used as a fundraiser in the fight against the regime of President Gerardo Machado. The song was performed several times at the Teatro Rialto in Santiago de Cuba in 1932 until it was banned and Caignet arrested.Imprisoned for three days, he was released when his fans, including children, demonstrated outside the Moncada garrison. Caignet enjoyed great success in 1934 with the detective dramas of “Chan Li Po”, based on the American Charlie Chan movies, broadcast on CMKD of the Palacio de la Torre. Caignet acted as narrator for the series. The first episode, “La serpiente roja” (The Red Snake), featured Aníbal de Mar and Nenita Viera. Havana
Deciding to move to Havana, he took a job with millionaire Desiderio Parreño, who hired him to paint stones, called “cromolitos”, for his estate in San Miguel de los Baños, Matanzas while he looked for work in the capital. He pitched his Chan Li Po series, but the radio stations didn’t feel it would appeal to the Havana audience. The only work he could find was reciting and singing with radio station CMQ, either alone or in duets with Rita Montaner or Carmelina Pérez.Eventually Radiodifusión O´Shea broadcast a test airing of “Chan Li Po y la Serpiente Roja,” narrated by Marcelo Agudo and starring Mercedes Díaz and <mask>. It became the most listened to program of the time. Seven months later, Caignet was hired by the firm Ypana and moved to Argentina. Returning to Cuba in 1938, he put a new season of Chan Li Po on the air with COCO Radio. The program ran with great success until 1941. Caignet’s other dramas and adaptations also drew large audiences, such as “Aladino y la lámpara maravillosa” (Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp, 1941), El ladrón de Bagdad (The Thief of Bagdad, 1946), Peor que las víboras (Worse than Vipers, 1946), all broadcast by RHC Cadena Azul. Circuito CMQ S.A. aired El precio de una vida (The Price of a Life, 1944), Ángeles de la calle (Street Angels, 1948), Pobre juventud (Poor Youth, 1957) and La madre de todos (The Mother of Us All, 1958).Circuito CMQ S.A. also produced Caignet’s most popular drama, “El derecho de nacer” (The Right To Be Born) recounting the sad tales of Albertico Limonta and Mamá Dolores. Making its debut on April 1, 1948, with stars María Valero and <mask>, it quickly displaced “Novela del aire” (Novel in the air) of RHC Cadena Azul as the most popular program. RHC Cadena Azul had been offered “El derecho de nacer” (The Right To Be Born), but turned it down due to the controversial subject matter. Death
<mask><mask> died in Havana on May 25, 1976 at 84, for natural causes. His body was buried in Havana until his remains were moved to Santiago de Cuba in 1992 in order to honor his wish to be buried near his parents. Film
Following on his radio success, some of Caignet’s best known stories were made into films, “La Serpiente Roja”, 1937, was the first Cuban film with sound. “El derecho de nacer” was filmed in 1952 by Mexican director Zacarías Gómez Urquiza, starring Jorge Mistral and Gloria Marín.Subsequent films based on Caignet’s stories included Ángeles de la calle (Street Angels), Los que no deben nacer (The ones who should not be born), La mujer que se vendió (The woman who betrayed), Mujer o fiera (Woman or beast), Morir para vivir (To die to live) and La fuerza de los humildes (The force of the humble). Songs
Of <mask><mask>’s many popular songs, the two best known are Frutas del Caney, recorded by the Venezuelan combo Dimensión Latina, and Te odio (I Hate You) sung by the Trío Matamoros and by Rita Montaner and <mask> Diez with Antonio María Romeu’s band. The song was covered (in translation) in the US by <mask>. The popular children's song "El ratoncito Miguel" (Mickey Mouse) was also written by Felix. Poems and Novels
<mask><mask> also wrote poems and novels gaining him the reputation one of the originators of the afrocubanista (Afro-Cubanist) movement as well as writing a number of popular songs. Criticism
Although immensely popular with audiences, Caignet was harshly treated by critics who condemned his work for its mixed metaphors, for ridiculous plots, and tear-jerking sentimentality. He was also known to charge more than any other radio personality, which gave rise to envy amongst his colleagues.Influence
<mask>. Caignet was an influence on Colombian writer and Nobel Prize Winner Gabriel García Márquez. Discography
 http://victor.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/45163/Caignet_Flix_B._composer <mask>. Caignet Discography

External links
  <mask><mask> Biography
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120629212830/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/culture-i/26abril-<mask>aignet.html <mask><mask> Biography

References

1892 births
1976 deaths
Cuban male poets
20th-century Cuban male singers
Cuban composers
Cuban journalists
Male journalists
20th-century composers
20th-century Cuban poets
20th-century male writers
20th-century journalists

masks:
Félix Benjamín Caignet Salomón
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix Benmín Caignet Salomón
Félix
Be
Be
Be
Be
Carlos Badías
Carlos Badías
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix B
. Caignet
Barbarito
Bing Crosby
Félix B
. Caignet
Félix B
Félix B
Félix B
. Caignet
FelixBC
Félix B
. Caignet


texts:
Francis Hillman "Scrapper" <mask> (February 21, 1903 – October 7, 1962) was an American blues guitarist and singer, best known as half of the guitar-piano duo he formed with Leroy Carr in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He was an acoustic single-note picker in the Chicago blues and Piedmont blues styles. Some critics have noted that he veered towards jazz. Biography
<mask> was born in Syracuse, South Carolina, one of sixteen children of Payton and <mask>. He identified as being of Cherokee descent. He grew up in and spent most of his life in Indianapolis, Indiana, where he first relocated to at the age of three. He was given the nickname "Scrapper" by his grandmother, because of his fiery nature.His father played the fiddle, but <mask> was a self-taught guitarist, building his first guitar out of a cigar box, wood and wire. He also learned to play the piano, occasionally performing professionally. By his teens, <mask> was a part-time musician, traveling as far as Chicago. He was known for being withdrawn and hard to work with, but he established a rapport with the pianist Leroy Carr, whom he met in Indianapolis in the mid-1920s, and they had a productive working relationship. Carr convinced <mask> to record with him for Vocalion Records in 1928; the result was "How Long, How Long Blues", the biggest blues hit of that year. <mask> also made solo recordings for Vocalion, including "Kokomo Blues", which was transformed into "Old Kokomo Blues" by Kokomo Arnold and later reworked as "Sweet Home Chicago" by Robert Johnson. <mask> and Carr toured throughout the American Midwest and South between 1928 and 1935 as stars of the blues circuit, recording over 100 sides."Prison Bound Blues" (1928), "Mean Mistreater Mama" (1934), and "Blues Before Sunrise" (1934) were popular tracks. <mask> made several solo excursions. A 1931 visit to Richmond, Indiana, to record at Gennett studios is noteworthy. <mask> was dissatisfied with the lack of credit given his contributions with Carr; the situation was remedied by Vocalion's Mayo Williams after his 1931 breakaway: in all future recordings, <mask> and Carr received equal songwriting credits and equal status in recording contracts. <mask>'s last recording session with Carr was in February 1935, for Bluebird Records. The session ended bitterly, as both musicians left the studio mid-session and on bad terms, stemming from payment disputes. Two months later <mask> received a phone call informing him of Carr's death due to heavy drinking and nephritis.<mask> soon recorded a tribute to his musical partner of seven years ("My Old Pal Blues"). After the death of Carr, <mask> did a few recordings with piano player Dot Rice, without much success; the song "No Good Woman Blues" shows <mask> as the singer. A short time later <mask> retired from the music industry. <mask> returned to music in the late 1950s. He was recorded by Colin C. Pomroy in June 1958 (those recordings were released in 1967 on the Collector label). Soon afterwards he was recorded by Duncan P. Schiedt for Doug Dobell's 77 Records. <mask> was then recorded in 1961, in Indianapolis, by the young Art Rosenbaum for the Prestige/Bluesville Records label.The story was recounted by Rosenbaum as starting three years before the recordings were made. When he was growing up in Indianapolis, Rosenbaum knew an African-American woman who said that he "had to meet a man that she knew, who played guitar, played blues and christian songs, they'll make the hairs stand up on the back of your neck." Rosenbaum subsequently met <mask>: "I met the gentleman across the street from the Methodist hospital in Indianapolis". <mask>'s friend said, "well he hasn't got a guitar", so Rosenbaum said, "well I got a guitar." <mask> than said that he needed some "bird food". Rosenbaum did not understand what he was referring to, so <mask> explained, "you gotta get some bird food for the bird, before the bird sings... beer!"Rosenbaum said, "I'm too young!" <mask> continued, "we'll buy the beer, you just give us some money." Rosenbaum recalled, "So we did, and he started playing these beautiful blues. I didn't realize he was <mask> <mask> til I mentioned his name to a blues collecting friend", when the friend exclaimed, "you met Scrapper <mask>!?" <mask> was ready to resume his blues career, when he was shot and killed in a mugging in an Indianapolis alley, in October 1962 at the age of 59. The police arrested his neighbor at the time for the murder, but the crime remains unsolved. <mask> is buried in New Crown Cemetery, in Indianapolis.See also
List of unsolved murders

Discography

Studio albums
Blues Before Sunrise (77 Records, 1960)
Mr. Scrapper's Blues (Bluesville, 1962)
The Blues of Brooks Berry & Scrapper <mask>: My Heart Struck Sorrow (Bluesville, 1963)

Compilations
The Virtuoso Guitar of Scrapper <mask> (Yazoo, 1970)
Naptown Blues 1929–1934, Leroy Carr and <mask> <mask> (Yazoo, 1973)
Blues That Make Me Cry (Agram, 1981)
Great Piano-Guitar Duets (1929–1935), Leroy Carr and <mask> <mask> (Old Tramp, 1987)
Leroy Carr & Scrapper Blackwell 1929–1935 (Best of Blues, 1989)
Scrapper <mask> with Brooks Berry (Document, 1994)
Complete Recorded Works, Vols. 1 and 2 (Document, 1996)

References

 Swinton, Paul (2000). Audio CD liner notes. Bad Liquor Blues. KATCD162. External links
 Scrapper <mask> at mp3.com
 [ Scrapper <mask> at allmusic]
 Illustrated Scrapper Blackwell discography

1903 births
1962 deaths
1962 murders in the United States
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American singers
American blues guitarists
American blues singers
American male guitarists
American murder victims
American people of Cherokee descent
Chicago blues musicians
Country blues musicians
Deaths by firearm in Indiana
Decca Records artists
Gennett Records artists
Guitarists from Illinois
Male murder victims
Murdered African-American people
People murdered in Indiana
Piedmont blues musicians
Unsolved murders in the United States
Vocalion Records artists
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
20th-century African-American musicians

masks:
Blackwell
Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Scrapper
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Scrapper
Blackwell
Scrapper
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell
Blackwell


texts:
<mask> (born September 12, 1947) is an American chemical physicist. He is the <mask>m and Edward Curtis Franklin Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. Education and academic career
He attended the University of California, Berkeley for both undergraduate and graduate school. He received his Ph.D. in Chemistry in 1974 under the supervision of Professor Charles B. Harris. Fayer began his academic career at Stanford University as an assistant professor in 1974. Research
Fayer pioneered and launched a fundamental transformation of how the dynamics and dynamical interactions of complex molecular systems are investigated. The multiple experimental approaches he initiated have forever changed the manner in which chemists, biologist, molecular physicists, and materials scientist interrogate key aspects of nature.By the early 1970s, just as Fayer was beginning his career, advances in laser technology were occurring to make pulses of light that were short enough to get to the time scales of molecular motions. While Fayer contributed to laser development, his real ground breaking contributions are in the methods that we use to look at molecular motions. Even with ultrashort pulses of light, it is still not possible to look, in the normal sense of the word, at molecules moving. Fayer developed and continues to develop and apply what are called ultrafast nonlinear optical experiments to the study of molecular dynamics in complex molecular systems such as liquids, glasses, crystals, and biological systems. Ultrafast nonlinear methods involve sequences of light pulses. In a typical experiment, three pulses of light impinge on a sample, and remarkably, the nonlinear interactions in the sample give rise to a fourth pulse of light that leaves the sample in a unique direction. If the experiments are conducted with visible light, you can actually see this nonlinear production of an additional light pulse.Three beams of ultrashort light pulses go into the sample, but four beams of light come out of the sample. It is this fourth beam of light that contains the information about the sample. There are many versions of this type of experiment that Fayer developed and applied to understanding molecular materials. Depending on the timing of the pulses, the colors of the pulses, and the directions of the pulses coming into the sample, different properties can be investigated. Fayer drove the field of ultrafast optical spectroscopy through his developments and use of these new methods to explicate the properties of complex molecular systems. Fayer's contributions can be divided into two periods. In the first, approximately 1974 through 1993, Fayer's ultrafast nonlinear experiments were conducted using visible or ultraviolet light.These were the colors that were available with the laser technology of the time. In the early 1990s, Fayer realized that a great leap could be taken if the experiments could be extended to the infrared regions of the optical spectrum. Infrared light acts on molecular vibrations, which are the motions of the atoms that make up molecules. By using infrared light, it is possible to more directly interrogate the structural dynamics of molecular systems than with the use of visible or ultraviolet light. However, a source of ultrashort infrared light pulses was necessary, so Fayer got together with Stanford physicists to turn the free electron laser to the study of molecular process using ultrafast infrared nonlinear experiments. These first experiments using the free electron laser, which was two football fields long and took a crew to run, set off an explosion of interest in infrared nonlinear methods. In less than ten years, it became possible to perform the experiments using lasers that could be housed in a normal laboratory and did not require a free electron laser.Fayer contributed substantially to the equipment side, but his main creative impact was exploiting the new ultrafast infrared methods and technology for a wide variety of fundamentally important molecular problems. These methods have evolved into what are now called ultrafast multi-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. The methods that Fayer popularized are now spread throughout the world. Honors and awards
Fayer was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999 and the National Academy of Sciences in 2007. A 1982 recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship, Fayer has been honored with several awards from American Physical Society including the 2000 Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy “For the development of optical and infrared ultrafast spectroscopic methods, and especially for experiments using these methods to measure dynamical processes in condensed phase systems.” and the 2012 Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science “For seminal contributions to laser science in the development of ultrafast nonlinear and multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy.<mask> is the recipient of the 2007 E. Bright Wilson Award in Spectroscopy by American Chemical Society "For his seminal contributions to the understanding of dynamics and excitation transport in complex condensed matter systems, through his development of ultrafast nonlinear laser spectroscopy, transient grating, and infrared photon echo techniques." He received the 2009 Ellis R. Lippincott Award by Optical Society of America “For seminal contributions to the understanding of the dynamics and interactions in liquids through development and applications of ultrafast nonlinear vibrational experimental methods and spectroscopy.” Fayer was also announced to be the recipient of the 2014 Ahmed Zewail Award in Ultrafast Science and Technology “For the development of coherent infrared spectroscopy and its applications to measurements of ultrafast dynamics in complex molecular systems.”

Scientific education
In addition to his scientific research, Fayer has devoted a great deal of energy to advancing scientific education. He has written two books on quantum theory, one for teaching at the graduate level and one for laymen.His graduate quantum mechanics book, Elements of Quantum Mechanics, Oxford University Press, 2000, is an advanced introduction to quantum theory. Fayer’s book, Absolutely Small – How Quantum Theory Explains Our Everyday World, AMACOM, 2010, is a rigorous introduction to the concepts of quantum mechanics and its application to the molecular and atomic systems that are all around us, but with no math. The book is popular among non-scientists who are interested in science as well as scientists who are not in the field of molecular physics and want a conceptual understanding of quantum theory without getting bogged down with countless equations. Personal life
Fayer has been married to <mask> for well over forty years, and he has two children, Victoria and William. References

1947 births
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Stanford University faculty
21st-century American chemists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

masks:
Michael David Fayer
David Mulvane Ehrsa
” Fayer
Terry Fayer