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<mask> (born October 21, 1971 in Greenwich Village, New York) is an American playwright, screenwriter, director, and co-founder of NahNotOutsideMyHouse! Productions. He is of Italian-American descent. He attended Xavier High School and then later, New York University. Career

Messina's most notable stage work is the Off-Broadway play Mercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God, a monodrama written and directed by Messina about Queen frontman Freddie Mercury, which starred Khalid Gonçalves and later, Amir Darvish. Among <mask>'s other biographical works, there is Cirque Jacqueline, about the life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, which was written by and starred Andrea Reese, and The Accidental Pervert, an autobiographical one man show written and performed by Andrew Goffman and directed by Messina. In 1999, Actor Found Dead, a one-act play written and directed by Messina about actor James Hayden (who Messina, as a child, had seen in American Buffalo), debuted at the John Houseman Studio Theatre in New York City.The play starred Khalid Gonçalves as Hayden, with Andrew I. Mones and David B. Martin. A screenplay based on Hayden's life was optioned in late 2007. In the fall of 2006, the Messina-penned film They're Just My Friends was released, starring Lord Jamar, Malik Yoba, and Bruce Altman. In August 2007, Messina directed Two-Mur Humor, which was an official entry in the 2007 Fringe Festival in NYC. In 2007, Messina also directed the big budget musical Be My Love: The Mario Lanza Story, written by Richard Vetere, about the life of singer Mario Lanza, which was produced by Sonny Grosso and Phil Ramone. It premiered at The Tilles Center for the Performing Arts in Greenvale, NY. Also in 2007, Messina's play Merging starring Jason Cerbone, and Ernest Mingione won Best Play in The Players' Theater's Shortened Attention Span Theater Festival in Greenwich Village.A film version of the play Merging was released in 2009. Messina has directed the off-Broadway shows Rockaway Boulevard by Richard Vetere, The Accidental Pervert by Andrew Goffman, and Art Metrano's Accidental Comedy, as well as a staged reading of his own script Younger, starring Joe Piscopo. Messina's play, Homeland, which premiered in 2008, starred Sopranos actors Dan Grimaldi, Jason Cerbone, Joe Lisi, as well as Amir Darvish. Messina co-wrote the book My Father, My Don, about the life of Genovese Capo James "Jimmy Nap" Napoli and his son Tony Napoli, in collaboration with Tony Napoli. In May 2010, Messina directed and co-wrote (along with Vincent Gogliormella) the script Twas The Night Before a Brooklyn Christmas, starring Mario Cantone, Michael Rispoli and Robert Cuccioli, also at 45 Bleecker Street. In 2011, the film Spy was released, starring Vincent Pastore, Frank Vincent, and Ben Curtis. Messina was co-author of the film's screenplay.On March 29, 2012 - April 1, 2012, three of Messina's plays - Merging, Fugazy, and Sick Bastids - under the title The Tenement Plays, were performed at the 13th St Repertory Theater. Twilight Theatre Productions performed three of Messina's plays - Thompson Street, Lilac, and Fugazy - from June 21 through August 2, 2013 at Kenlake State Resort Park in Hardin, KY.

On September 22, 2013, The Abingdon Theatre hosted a special reading of three of Messina's plays: Fairies, Thompson Street, and Sinkhole, as part of a fundraiser for the theater. The cast included (in alphabetical order): Michael Barbieri, Anthony DeSando, Alfredo Diaz, Nick Fondulis, Khalid Gonçalves, Steven LaChioma, Tom Alan Robbins, Scott Seidman, and Johnny Tammaro. According to BroadwayWorld.com, Fairies was "so beloved by audiences" that The Abingdon Theatre decided to produce the show again, on December 17, 2013. The entire original cast returned. On November 16, 2014, three new one-act plays by Messina were read at The Abingdon Theatre as part of their weekly Sunday Series. The plays, titled A Mooney for the Misbegotten, Fifteen Minutes of Shame, and Chubby & Glen, featured actors Jason Cerbone, Anthony DeSando, Mary Dimino, Nick Fondulis, Valerie Smaldone, Johnny Tammaro, and Michael Townsend Wright.The Abingdon Theatre once again hosted a reading of <mask>'s one-act trilogies, this time on March 22, 2015. Titled Three from the Neighborhood, the evening marked the debut of Dewey, Phukum & Howe, The Neighborhood, and The Wreck. The cast featured: Michael Barbieri, Rosie DeSanctis, Anthony DeSando, Alfredo Diaz, Mary Dimino, Nick Fondulis, Lynne Koplitz, Khalid Gonçalves, Ernest Mingione, Kyle C. Mumford, Craig Rivela, Jonathan Smith, Johnny Tammaro and Michael Townsend Wright. The Abingdon Theatre Company presented a reading of Messina's play A ROOM OF MY OWN, starring Mario Cantone, Ralph Macchio, Joli Tribuzio, Tammaro, Barbieri, Jain, Antoinette LaVecchia and Michael Townsend Wright on April 21, 2015. [17]The comedy is based on Messina's life growing up in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s. The Abingdon Theatre has committed to a full production of the play next season in Spring 2016. The autobiographical play is a bawdy, family comedy revolving around a writer telling the story of his life, as events and characters start to slowly slip away from his control.Messina will be debuting True East, an urban Twilight Zone-esque podcast series set in the Greenwich Village of the 1980s. The series is being produced by Hollywood veteran Craig Singer in conjunction with Sound Lounge's Marshall Grupp. It will be narrated by actor Ralph Macchio. Upcoming and announced projects

A Room of My Own

On September 20, 2010, a staged reading of Messina's semi-autobiographical play A Room of My Own, about an Italian-American family living in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s, was performed at The Theatre at 45 Bleecker Street in Greenwich Village with Ralph Macchio, Cantone, Lynne Koplitz, Johnny Tammaro, John Barbieri, and Kendra Jain. On November 13, 2012, a second reading of the play was done at 45 Bleecker Street, starring Cantone, Rachel Dratch, Zach Galligan, and Mike Barbieri, as well as Tammaro, and Jain. The Abingdon Theatre Company presented a reading of <mask>'s play A Room of My Own, starring Cantone, Macchio, Joli Tribuzio, Tammaro, Barbieri, Jain, Antoinette LaVecchia and Michael Townsend Wright on April 21, 2015. The comedy is based on Messina's life growing up in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s.Broadway World announced that the Abingdon Theatre will be debuting the first full production of A Room of My Own. The show will have a special limited-engagement run from February 19 - March 20, 2016. The autobiographical play is a bawdy, family comedy revolving around a writer telling the story of his life, as events and characters start to slowly slip away from his control. A Room of My Own starring Ralph Macchio and Mario Cantone will open on February 13, 2016 at the Abingdon Theatre. The Wanderer

Messina is currently collaborating with Dion DiMucci on a musical about the singer's life called The Wanderer - the Life and Music of Dion, with Ted Kurdyla as executive producer. The first reading of the play was performed at the Triad Theater in New York City on October 13, 2011. On September 13 and 14, 2018 the NYC workshop of “The Wanderer” took place at the Baryshnikov Arts Center.It was produced by Jill Menza and <mask>, written by <mask> and directed by Kenneth Ferrone. It starred Mike Wartella, Christy Altomare, Joey McIntyre, Johnny Tammaro, Joli Tribuzio, Lance Roberts and others. In a December 9, 2011 interview with The New York Times, <mask> explained why he chose Dion's story as a subject: "The conflict was irresistible to me as a dramatist," he said. "But what's interesting about Dion is that he lived. In my other plays, you don't have that ending where the guy overcame. Dion overcame." On March 18, 2019, BroadwayWorld announced that The Wanderer would begin a run at New Jersey's Paper Mill Playhouse in the Spring of 2020, before its eventual Broadway debut.Kenneth Ferrone is slated to direct. Three Plays by <mask> (Fugazy, Klepto and Merging) - (2011) by The Beckham Publications Group

Films

 They're Just My Friends (2006) - co-writer
 Merging (2009) - screenwriter, director
 Spy (2011) - co-writer
 Choose (2011) - associate producer
 Thompson Street (2015) - writer

Books

 My Father, My Don (2008) - co-author (published by The Beckham Publications Group) - Tony Nap Napoli

Podcasts

 True East (series) (2015) - writer, director

References

External links
 <mask>'s official site
 NahNotOutsideMyHouse! Productions, Messina's production company

1971 births
Living people
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
American writers of Italian descent
New York University alumni
Xavier High School (New York City) alumni

masks:
Charles Messina
Messina
Messina
Charles Messina
Charles Messina
Charles Messina
Messina
Charles Messina
Charles Messina


type: original

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<mask> (born December 19, 1986) is a retired American amateur wrestler and current wrestling coach for Elevation Fight Team in Denver, Colorado. Zabriskie, wrestled for the Iowa State Cyclones, and is a three-time Big 12 Champion, three-time All-American in NCAA Division I collegiate wrestling, and won the 2010 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships in the 285lb weight class. Early life
<mask> began wrestling in 1996 while in the 4th grade, but did not continue after that season. He would return to the sport in 1999 to give wrestling a second try for the Branchville Bombers. It was then that <mask> started to find his love for the sport. Wrestling career

High school
2000-2005
Zabriskie Wrestled for High Point Regional High School in Wantage Township, New Jersey under head coach John Gardner. As a freshman Zabriskie wrestled at 171lbs on Junior Varsity for the Wildcats, he would not break the varsity starting lineup until the following year.As a Sophomore <mask> moved up to 189lbs and compiled a 20–5 record, but failed to qualify for the Region and NJ State tournaments. During his junior year <mask> once again moved up a weight class to 215lbs. He compiled a record of 30-7 and placed 2nd in district 3, 2nd in region 1, and 6th at the NJSIAA State Wrestling Tournament. As a senior <mask> remained in the 215lbs division and went undefeated finishing 1st in District 3, 1st in Region 1, and finishing 1st in the state of New Jersey. He finished his high school career with a combined record of 89–13. High school accolades
High School Record 89-13
New Jersey State Champion
2x State Placer

Collegiate

Redshirt
In 2005 <mask> used a Redshirt to postpone his NCAA eligibility. Freshman
<mask> started for the Iowa State Cyclones as a freshman in the 285lb weight class.As a rookie <mask> would help clinch ISU's first conference wrestling title in 25 years with a 3-2 decision over the Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls Jared Rosholt in the finals of the 2007 Big 12 Conference tournament This qualified <mask> for the 2007 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships at The Palace in Auburn Hills, Michigan He would go 3–2 at the tournament finishing one win short of becoming an All-American as a Freshman, but helping his team to a second-place finish as a team. <mask> finished his rookie season with a record of 27-8 and 13–2 in dual meets. Sophomore
<mask> wrapped up his sophomore season with a 29–8 record and 16–3 in dual meets. He would again make it to the finals of the Big 12 Championships, but this time falling short of a second championship falling to Jared Rosholt in the finals. Iowa state would still win its second consecutive team title a qualify at all 10 of its varsity wrestlers for the NCAA tournament. At the 2008 NCAA tournament in St Louis, Missouri, <mask> would earn his first All-American honors placing 6th at the tournament, helping contribute to Iowa State's 7 all Americans that year. They finished 5th as a team.<mask> concluded his junior Cyclone season with a 34–4 record and 16–1 in dual meets. He would go on to win his second Big 12 Conference title with a 3-1 decision over Missouri Tigers Mark Ellis and for the second time clinch Iowa States Big 12 Conference title making it three in a row for the Cyclones. <mask> would enter the 2009 NCAA wrestling tournament as the number one seeded wrestler in the 285lb division. He went on to win his first 3 matches before falling in the semi-finals to Konrad Dudziak of Duke 3–2. <mask> would go on to finish 5th at the 2009 NCAA tournament and as a team the Cyclones would finish in 3rd place with 5 All-Americans. Senior
In <mask>'s final year of competition for the Cyclones, he finished with a season record of 26-2 and 11–1 in dual meets. He would go on to win his 3rd Big 12 Conference Championship and for the fourth time qualify for the NCAA Wrestling Tournament in Omaha, Nebraska.<mask> would again enter the tournament as the number one seed. In his first-round match he wrestled Wisconsin's Eric Bugenhagen to a 6-2 decision. In the second-round he defeated Arizona states Erik Nye via decision 4–2. Moving on to the quarter finals he wrestled the returning 2009 NCAA
Champion, Mark Ellis, winning 4–1. His win against Ellis secured <mask> his 3rd All-American finish and moved him into the semifinals again against Duke Blue Devils Konrad Dudziak the returning 2009's NCAA finalist. <mask> won the match this time by decision 6–5. In <mask>'s first appearance in the NCAA finals he would face 2009's 3rd-place finisher, Jared Rosholt, this was the 10th time in their collegiate careers they would face off.<mask> won their final bout and the 2010 NCAA Title by decision 3–2. Collegiate accolades
Collegiate Record 116-22
Dual Meets, 57-7
4x NCAA D1 Qualifier
3x All-American
3x Big 12 Conference Champion
4x Big 12 Conference Finalist
NCAA Champion
Iowa State's only 3x Heavyweight All-American
AWN All-Rookie First Team

Freestyle wrestling career

Cyclone Wrestling Club
2010-2012
After graduating from Iowa State University in 2010 <mask> stayed in Ames, Iowa and competed for the Cyclone Wrestling Club and the Sunkist Kids. During this time Zabriskie Placed 4th at the US Senior Nationals, 2nd at the Olympic Trails Qualifier, and went 3–2 at the 2012 US Olympic Trials finishing 6th. Lehigh Valley Wrestling Club
2012-2016
After the 2012 Olympic Trials <mask> moved his training to Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to compete for the Lehigh Valley Athletic Club. <mask> would go on to All-American at US Senior Nationals two more times, take a bronze at the Pan Am Championships, and take silver at the Alexander 2013 Medved Golden Grand Prix. Coaching

Collegiate

Colorado School of the Mines
2019–Present
<mask> was hired as an assistant wrestling coach for the 2019–2020 season wrestling for the Colorado Mines Orediggers in Golden, Colorado

MMA

Elevation Fight Team
2016–Present
<mask> started working with the team in the fall of 2016 and became the wrestling coach for Elevation Fight Team at the start 2017 taking over for former wrestling coach and head coach of the team Leister Bowling. Notable Fighters
Drew Dober
Neil Magny
Andrew Kapel
Cory Sandhagen
Alistair Overeem
Bojan Veličković
Shana Dobson

Acting

Foxcatcher
In 2012, <mask> was cast for the role of Dan Bane in the 5x academy award nominated movie Foxcatcher.His character is based on real-life wrestler, friend, and teammate of Dave Schultz and Mark Schultz, Dan Chaid. During production <mask> additionally participated in the films wrestling choreography and training for the main cast helping teach Steve Carell, Channing Tatum, and Mark Ruffalo period correct wrestling technique. Football

Cleveland Browns
In 2010, after coming off of a heavyweight national championship, <mask> received an invitation from then head coach of the Cleveland Browns, Eric Mangini to attend their summer rookie camp <mask> tried out for the inside linebacker position but was not picked by the Browns after the camp. This was <mask>'s 1st and only venture into football.

masks:
David Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Junior Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie
Zabriskie


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<mask>, (December 6, 1919 – July 4, 2012) was an American heavyweight boxer whose professional career ran from 1940 to 1955. He was born in Dry Branch, Georgia. Although he was never given the opportunity to fight for a world title, despite at one point being the number one contender in both the light heavyweight and heavyweight divisions, Bivins fought and defeated many of the great fighters of his era and won the "Duration" Light Heavyweight and Heavyweight titles. In recognition of his achievements in the ring - among other things, he defeated eight of the eleven world champions he faced - <mask> was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1999. He was also the one-time husband of Dollree Mapp, the subject of prominent Supreme Court case regarding the rights of search and seizures. Boxing career
Although he was born in Georgia, <mask> fought out of Cleveland, Ohio for the entirety of his career. He made his professional debut on January 15, 1940, winning by knockout in the first round, and went on to win his first nineteen fights, all fought in 1940, before losing a split decision to Anton Christoforidis, whom he had previously beaten.<mask> won his first four fights of 1941, including contests with Teddy Yarosz and Curtis Sheppard, but lost three of his other four contests that year, which included a points loss to Melio Bettina. He began 1942 with wins against Billy Soose and Gus Lesnevich and a split-decision loss to Bob Pastor. After this loss, <mask> had a twenty-seven fight undefeated streak that lasted for four years; it was during this period that <mask> established himself as one of the great heavyweights of his era - a remarkable achievement given that, at 5' 9", he was often significantly smaller than his opponents. Bivins first fight after losing to Pastor was a split-decision win against Joey Maxim, a fellow Cleveland fighter who went on to become a member of the hall of fame. Bivins fought four more contests in 1942, including a rematch with Bob Pastor and a bout with Lee Savold, and won them all. He began 1943 with a remarkable win against Ezzard Charles, in which he recorded seven knockdowns against the future heavyweight world champion. On February 23, 1943 he defeated Anton Christoforidis on points for the duration light heavyweight title - as all the world titles had been frozen for the duration of World War II, this was the closest he ever came to holding a world title.In the three years after this fight <mask> went on to defeat Tami Mauriello, Pat Valentino, Lloyd Marshall, Melio Bettina, Curtis Sheppard and Archie Moore, whom he knocked-down six times en route to a knockout victory. Bivins served with the United States Army from March, 1944 until his honorable discharge in November of the same year - during 1944 he fought only one professional fight, a points victory over Lee Q. Murray. On February 25, 1946 Bivins fought Jersey Joe Walcott at the Cleveland Arena. The fight was <mask>' first loss in four years, the split decision was interesting in that one official had the fight 6-4 to Bivins, the second had it 9-1 to Walcott and the last had it 5-4-1 to <mask> but gave the fight to Walcott because of a third round knockdown in his favour. After losing his long unbeaten streak, <mask>' record as a fighter became somewhat average. After his loss to Walcott, <mask> went on to lose his next two contests, against Lee Q. Murray and Ezzard Charles, before winning the following four. <mask> suffered a knockout loss to Ezzard Charles on March 10, 1947 and went on to lose a further two of his final seven fights that year, to Lee Q. Murray and Archie Moore.He went on to win six of his nine fights in 1948, losing only to Joey Maxim, Ezzard Charles and Archie Moore. In 1949 he won five of his eight fights, but lost to both Archie Moore and Harold Johnson. He only fought twice in 1950, but returned to fighting regularly the following year. In 1951 he defeated Ted Lowry on points, but was once again knocked-out by Archie Moore and lost by unanimous decision to both Joe Louis and the undefeated Bob Baker. <mask> had a further eleven fights after his loss to Baker, and won eight of them. His only big-name opponent during these final fights was Ezzard Charles, who won by decision on November 26, 1952. <mask> retired following a victory over the journeyman Chubby Wright in June 1953, but returned for two final fights, both of which he won, a couple of years later.Retirement and later life
Following his retirement, <mask> earned a living as a bakery truck driver. In his spare time, he coached young people in boxing. <mask>' first two marriages ended in divorce. His third wife, Elizabeth, died in 1995. In April 1998, <mask> was discovered living in the unheated attic of his daughter and son in law's home in Collinwood, wrapped in a urine and feces caked blanket. The former boxer's weight had dwindled to 110 pounds. <mask> was then moved into his sister's home in Shaker Heights.In 2009, <mask> was moved into MacGregor Home, a care facility for the elderly. He died in 2012 at the age of 92 in Cleveland, Ohio. Awards and honors
Entered into Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame in 1978
Entered into The Canadian Boxing Hall of Fame in 1988
Entered into The World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1994
Entered into The International Boxing Hall of Fame (class of 1999)
Jimmy Bivins Park dedicated in Cleveland (2000)
Entered into The California Boxing Hall of Fame 2015

Professional boxing record

References

External links

 WCPN interview

1919 births
2012 deaths
Boxers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Boxers from Ohio
Sportspeople from Shaker Heights, Ohio
People from Twiggs County, Georgia
Heavyweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from pneumonia in Ohio
American male boxers
United States Army personnel of World War II
African-American boxers
African Americans in World War II
21st-century African-American people

masks:
James Louis Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins
Bivins


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Jadwiga (; 1373 or 137417 July 1399), also known as Hedwig (), was the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland, reigning from 16 October 1384 until her death. She was the youngest daughter of Louis the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, and his wife Elizabeth of Bosnia. Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, but she had more close forebears among the Polish Piasts than among the Angevins. In 1997 she was canonized by the Catholic Church. In 1375 it was planned that she would eventually marry William of Austria, and would live in Vienna from 1378 to 1380. Jadwiga's father is thought to have regarded her and William as his favoured successors in Hungary after the 1379 death of her eldest sister, Catherine, since the Polish nobility had that same year pledged their homage to Louis' second daughter, Mary, and Mary's fiancé, Sigismund of Luxembourg. However, Louis died, and in 1382, at her mother's insistence, Mary was crowned "King of Hungary".Sigismund of Luxembourg tried to take control of Poland, but the Polish nobility countered that they would be obedient to a daughter of King Louis only if she settled in Poland. Queen Elizabeth then chose Jadwiga to reign there, but did not send her to Kraków to be crowned. During the interregnum, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, became a candidate for the Polish throne. The nobility of Greater Poland favored him and proposed that he marry Jadwiga. However, Lesser Poland's nobility opposed him and persuaded Queen Elizabeth to send Jadwiga to Poland. Jadwiga was crowned "king" in Poland's capital, Kraków, on 16 October 1384. Her coronation either reflected the Polish nobility's opposition to her intended husband, William, becoming king without further negotiation, or simply emphasized her status as queen regnant.With her mother's consent, Jadwiga's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who was still a pagan, concerning his potential marriage to Jadwiga. Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo, pledging to convert to Catholicism and to promote his pagan subjects' conversion. Meanwhile, William hastened to Kraków, hoping to marry his childhood fiancé Jadwiga, but in late August 1385 the Polish nobles expelled him. Jogaila, who took the baptismal name Władysław, married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386. Legend says that she had agreed to marrying him only after lengthy prayer, seeking divine inspiration. Jogaila, now in Polish styled Władysław Jagiełło, was crowned King of Poland on 4 March 1386. As Jadwiga's co-ruler, Jagiełło worked closely with his wife.After rebellious nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia had imprisoned her mother and sister, she marched into the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which had been under Hungarian rule, and persuaded most of the inhabitants to become subjects of the Polish Crown. She mediated between her husband's quarreling kin, and between Poland and the Teutonic Knights. After her sister Mary died in 1395, Jadwiga and Jagiełło laid claim to Hungary against the widowed Sigismund of Luxembourg, but the Hungarian lords failed to support them. Childhood (1373 or 1374 – 1382)

Jadwiga was born in Buda, the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary. She was the third and youngest daughter of Louis I, King of Hungary and Poland, and his second wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia. Both her grandmothers were Polish princesses, connecting her to the native Piast dynasty of Poland. Historian Oscar Halecki concluded that Jadwiga's "genealogical tree clearly shows that [she] had more Polish blood than any other".She was probably born between 3 October 1373 and 18 February 1374. She was named after her distant ancestor, Saint Hedwig of Silesia, who was especially venerated in the Hungarian royal court at the time of her birth. King Louis, who had not fathered any sons, wanted to ensure his daughters' right to inherit his realms. Therefore, European royals regarded his three daughters as especially attractive brides. Leopold III, Duke of Austria, proposed his eldest son, William, to Jadwiga already on 18 August 1374. The envoys of the Polish nobles acknowledged that one of Louis's daughters would succeed him in Poland after he confirmed and extended their liberties in the Privilege of Koszyce on 17 September 1374. They took an oath of loyalty to Catherine on Louis's demand.Louis agreed to give Jadwiga in marriage to William of Austria on 4 March 1375. The children's sponsalia de futuro, or "provisional marriage", was celebrated at Hainburg on 15 June 1378. The ceremony established the legal framework for the consummation of the marriage without any further ecclesiastical act as soon as they both reached the age of maturity. Duke Leopold agreed that Jadwiga would only receive Treviso, a town which was to be conquered from the Republic of Venice, as dowry from her father. After the ceremony, Jadwiga stayed in Austria for almost two years; she mainly lived in Vienna. Catherine died in late 1378. Louis persuaded the most influential Polish lords to swear an oath of loyalty to her younger sister, Mary, in September 1379.She was betrothed to Sigismund of Luxemburg, a great-grandson of Casimir the Great, who had been Louis's predecessor on the Polish throne. The "promised marriage" of Jadwiga and William was confirmed at their fathers' meeting in Zólyom (now Zvolen in Slovakia) on 12 February 1380. Hungarian lords also approved the document, implying that Jadwiga and William were regarded as her father's successors in Hungary. A delegation of the Polish lords and clergy paid formal homage to Sigismund of Luxemburg as their future king on 25 July 1382. The Poles believed that Louis planned also to persuade the Hungarian lords and prelates to accept Jadwiga and William of Austria as his heirs in Hungary. However, he died on 10 September 1382. Jadwiga was present at her father's death bed.Accession negotiations (1382–84)

Jadwiga's sister, Mary, was crowned king of Hungary five days after their father's death. With the ceremony, their ambitious mother secured the right to govern Hungary on her twelve-year-old daughter's behalf instead of Mary's fiancé, Sigismund. Sigismund could not be present at Mary's coronation, because Louis had sent him to Poland to crush a rebellion. After he learnt of Louis's death, he adopted the title "Lord of the Kingdom of Poland", demanding oaths of loyalty from the towns in Lesser Poland. On 25 November, the nobles of Greater Poland assembled at Radomsko and decided to obey nobody but the daughter of the late king as she would settle in Poland. On their initiative, the noblemen of Lesser Poland passed a similar agreement in Wiślica on 12 December. Queen Elizabeth sent her envoys to the assembled lords and forbade them to swear an oath of loyalty to anyone other than one of her daughters, thus invalidating the oath of loyalty that the Polish noblemen had sworn to Sigismund on the late King Louis's demand.Both Elizabeth's daughters had been engaged to foreign princes (Sigismund and William, respectively) unpopular in Poland. Polish lords who were opposed to a foreign monarch regarded the members of the Piast dynasty as possible candidates to the Polish throne. Queen Elizabeth's uncle Władysław the White had already attempted to seize Poland during Louis's reign. However, he had taken monastic vows and settled in a Benedictine abbey in Dijon in Burgundy. Antipope Clement VII, whom King Louis had refused to recognize against Pope Urban VI, released Władysław from his vows, but he did not leave his monastery. Meanwhile, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, appeared as a more ambitious candidate. He was especially popular among the nobility and townspeople of Greater Poland.Queen Elizabeth's representatives released the Poles from their oath of fidelity that their representatives had sworn to Mary at an assembly in Sieradz in February 1383. The envoys also announced that she was willing to send Jadwiga to be crowned instead, on condition that she return to Buda after her coronation to live there until her twelfth birthday. The Polish lords accepted the proposal, but they soon realized that thereby the interregnum would be extended by a further three years. At a new meeting in Sieradz, most noblemen were ready to elect Siemowit of Masovia king on 28 March. They proposed that Siemowit should marry Jadwiga. A member of the influential Tęczyński family, Jan, convinced them to postpone Siemowit's election. The noblemen agreed to wait for Jadwiga until 10 May, stipulating that she was to live in Poland after her coronation.They also demanded that Dobrzyń and Gniewków (two fiefdoms which her father had granted to Vladislaus II of Opole), and "Ruthenia" (that had passed to Hungary in accordance with a previous treaty) be restored to the Polish Crown. Meanwhile, Jan Tęczyński and his allies, including , seem to have started negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania. Siemowit's supporters however, tried to enter Kraków in the retinue of Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno, in May, but the townspeople closed the gates of the city before their arrival. Jadwiga had not arrived in Poland by the stipulated date (10 May). Her mother's envoys stated that the spring floods had hindered Jadwiga's progress over the Carpathian Mountains. Siemowit of Mazovia took up arms and advanced as far as Kalisz. His supporters assembled in Sieradz in August in order to elect him king, but Archbishop Bodzanta refused to perform his coronation.In a meeting in Kassa, Queen Elizabeth promised the delegates of the Polish provinces to send Jadwiga to Poland before November. The queen mother and the Poles also agreed that if either Jadwiga or Mary died childless, her kingdom would pass to her surviving sister. Siemowit having laid siege to Kalisz, Queen Elizabeth sent Sigismund of Luxemburg at the head of an "improvised army" to Lesser Poland. Siemowit failed to take Kalisz, but news about the appalling behaviour of Sigismund's soldiers increased Sigismund's unpopularity in Poland. Sędziwój Pałuka, who was the castellan of Kalisz and starosta of Kraków, led a delegation to Zadar in Dalmatia to negotiate with Queen Elizabeth, but she had him imprisoned instead. She sent Hungarian soldiers to Poland to garrison them in Wawel Castle in Kraków, but Pałuka escaped and successfully obstructed her soldiers entering the castle. At a general assembly in Radomsko in early March, the delegates of all the Polish provinces and towns decided to elect Siemowit king, if Jadwiga did not come to Poland within two months.They set up a provisional government, stipulating that only the "community of lords and citizens" had the authority to administer Poland during the interregnum. Queen Elizabeth, who was only informed of the decision by an informal message, realized that she could not any longer postpone Jadwiga's coronation and so sent her to Poland. The exact date of Jadwiga's arrival is unknown, because the main source for the history of Poland during this periodJan of Czarnków's chronicle ended prior to this event. Reign

Coronation (1384)
The interregnum that followed Louis's death and caused such internal strife came to an end with Jadwiga's arrival in Poland. A large crowd of clerics, noblemen and burghers gathered at Kraków "to greet her with a display of affection", according to the 15th-century Polish historian, Jan Długosz. Nobody protested when Archbishop Bodzanta crowned her on 16 October 1384. According to traditional scholarly consensus, Jadwiga was crowned "king".Thereby, as Robert W. Knoll proposes, the Polish lords prevented her eventual spouse from adopting the same title without their consent. Stephen C. Rowell, who says that sources that contradict the traditional view


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 outnumber those verifying it, suggests that sporadic contemporaneous references to Jadwiga as "king" only reflect that she was not a queen consort, but a queen regnant. Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno, Jan Radlica, Bishop of Kraków, Dobrogost of Nowy Dwór, Bishop of Poznań, and Duke Vladislaus II of Opole were Jadwiga's most trusted advisers during the first years of her reign. According to a widely accepted scholarly theory, Jadwiga, who was still a minor, was "a mere tool" to her advisers. However, Halecki refutes this view, contending that Jadwiga matured quickly and her personality, especially her charm and kindness, only served to strengthen her position. Already in late 1384 she intervened on Duke Vladislaus's behalf to reconcile him with her mother's favourite, Nicholas I Garai. Refusal of William (1385)
The Polish lords did not want to accept Jadwiga's fourteen-year-old fiancé, William of Habsburg, as their sovereign.They thought that the inexperienced William and his Austrian kinsmen could not safeguard Poland's interests against its powerful neighbours, especially the Luxemburgs which controlled Bohemia and Brandenburg, and had a strong claim on Hungary. According to Halecki, the lords of Lesser Poland were the first to suggest that Jadwiga should marry the pagan duke Jogaila of Lithuania. Jogaila sent his envoysincluding his brother, Skirgaila, and a German burgher from Riga, Hanul to Kraków to request Jadwiga's hand in January 1385. Jadwiga refused to answer, stating only that her mother would decide. Jogaila's two envoys left for Hungary and met Queen Elizabeth. She informed them that "she would allow whatever was advantageous to Poland and insisted that her daughter and the prelates and nobles of the Kingdom had to do what they considered would benefit Christianity and their kingdom", according to Jan Długosz's chronicle. The nobles from Kraków, Sandomierz and Greater Poland assembled in Kraków in June or July and the "majority of the more sensible" voted for the acceptance of Jogaila's marriage proposal.In the meantime, William's father, Leopold III hurried to Buda in late July 1385, demanding the consummation of the marriage between William and Jadwiga before 16 August. Queen Elizabeth confirmed the previous agreements about the marriage, ordering Vladislaus II of Opole to make preparations for the ceremony. According to canon law, Jadwiga's marriage sacrament could only be completed before her twelfth birthday if the competent prelate testified her precocious maturity. Demetrius, Archbishop of Esztergom, issued the necessary document. William went to Kraków in the first half of August, but his entry to Wawel Castle was barred. Długosz states that Jadwiga and William would only be able to meet in the nearby Franciscan convent. Contemporary or nearly contemporaneous records of the completion of the marriage between William and Jadwiga are contradictory and unclear.The official accounts of the municipal authorities of Kraków record that on 23 August 1385 an amnesty was granted to the prisoners in the city jail on the occasion of the celebration of the Queen's marriage. On the other hand, a contemporary Austrian chronicle, the Continuatio Claustroneubuzgis states that the Poles had tried to murder William before he consummated the marriage. In the next century, Długosz states that William was "removed in a shameful and offensive manner and driven from the castle" after he entered "the Queen's bedchamber"; but the same chronicler also mentions that Jadwiga was well aware that "many people knew  she had for a fortnight shared her bed with Duke William and that there had been physical consummation". On the night when William entered the queen's bedchamber, a group of Polish noblemen broke into the castle, forcing William to flee, according to Długosz. After this humiliation, Długosz continues, Jadwiga decided to leave Wawel and join William, but the gate of the castle was locked. She called for "an axe and [tried] to break it open", but Dymitr of Goraj convinced her to return to the castle. Oscar Halecki says that Długosz's narrative "cannot be dismissed as a romantic legend"; Robert I.Frost writes that it is a "tale, almost certainly apocryphal". There is no doubt, however, that William of Austria was forced to leave Poland. Marriage to Jogaila (1385–92)

Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in August 1385, promising Queen Elizabeth's representatives and the Polish lords' envoys that he would convert to Catholicism, together with his pagan kinsmen and subjects, if Jadwiga married him. He also pledged to pay 200,000 florins to William of Habsburg in compensation. William never accepted it. Two days after the Union of Krewo, the Teutonic Knights invaded Lithuania. The Aeltere Hochmeisterchronik and other chronicles written in the Knights' territory accused the Polish prelates and lords of forcing Jadwiga to accept Jogaila's offer.According to a Polish legend, Jadwiga agreed to marry Jogaila due to divine inspiration during her long prayers before a crucifix in Wawel Cathedral. Siemowit IV of Mazovia resigned his claim to Poland in December. The Polish lords' envoys informed Jogaila that they would obey him if he married Jadwiga on 11 January 1386. Jogaila went to Lublin where a general assembly unanimously declared him "king and lord of Poland" in early February. Jogaila went on to Kraków where he was baptized, receiving the Christian name, Władysław, in Wawel Cathedral on 15 February. Three days later, 35-year-old Władysław-Jogaila married 12-year-old Jadwiga. Władysław-Jogaila styled himself as dominus et tutor regni Poloniae ("lord and guardian of the Kingdom of Poland") in his first charter issued after the marriage.Archbishop Bodzanta crowned Władysław-Jogaila king on 4 March 1386. Poland was transformed into a diarchya kingdom ruled over by two sovereigns. Jadwiga and her husband did not speak a common language, but they cooperated closely in their marriage. She accompanied him to Greater Poland to appease the local lords who were still hostile to him. The royal visit caused damage to the peasants who lived in the local prelates' domains, but Jadwiga persuaded her husband to compensate them, saying: "We have, indeed, returned the peasants' cattle, but who can repair their tears? ", according to Długosz's chronicle. A court record of her order to the judges in favour of a peasant also shows that she protected the poor.Pope Urban VI sent his legate, Maffiolus de Lampugnano, to Kraków to enquire about the marriage of the royal couple. Lampugnano did not voice any objections, but the Teutonic Knights started a propaganda campaign in favour of William of Habsburg. Queen Elizabeth pledged to assist Władysław-Jogaila against his enemies on 9 June 1386, but Hungary had sunken into anarchy. A group of Slavonian lords captured and imprisoned Jadwiga's mother and sister on 25 July. The rebels murdered Queen Elizabeth in January 1387. A month later, Jadwiga marched at the head of Polish troops to Ruthenia where all but one of the governors submitted to her without opposition. Duke Vladislaus of Opole also had a claim on Ruthenia but could not convince King Wenceslaus of Germany to intervene on his behalf.Jadwiga confirmed the privileges of the local inhabitants and promised that Ruthenia would never again be separated from the Polish Crown. After the reinforcements that Władysław-Jogaila sent from Lithuania arrived in August, Halych, the only fortress to resist, also surrendered. Władysław-Jogaila also came to Ruthenia in September. Voivode Petru II of Moldavia visited the royal couple and paid homage to them in Lviv on 26 September. Władysław-Jogaila confirmed the privileges that Jadwiga had granted the Ruthenians in October. She also instructed her subjects to show the same respect for her husband as for herself: in a letter addressed to the burghers of Kraków in late 1387, she stated that her husband was their "natural lord". On William's demand, Pope Urban VI initiated a new investigation about the marriage of Jadwiga and Władysław-Jogaila.They sent Bishop Dobrogost of Poznań to Rome to inform the pope of the Christianization of Lithuania. In his letter to Bishop Dobrogost, Pope Urban jointly mentioned the royal couple in March 1388, which implied that he had already acknowledged the legality of their marriage. However, Gniewosz of Dalewice, who had been William of Habsburg's supporter, spread rumours about secret meetings between William and Jadwiga in the royal castle. Jadwiga took a solemn oath before Jan Tęczyński, stating that she had only had marital relations with Władysław-Jogaila. After all witnesses confirmed her oath, Gniewosz of Dalewice confessed that he had lied. She did not take vengeance on him. Strife with Sigismund (1392–95)

Jadwiga's brother-in-law, Sigismund, who had been crowned King of Hungary, started negotiations with the Teutonic Knights about partitioning Poland in early 1392.<mask> met Mary in Stará Ľubovňa in May and returned to Kraków only in early July. She most probably accompanied her husband to Lithuania, according to Oscar Halecki, because she was far from Kraków till the end of August. On 4 August, Władysław-Jogaila's cousin, Vytautas, who had earlier fled from Lithuania to the Teutonic Knights, paid homage to Władysław-Jogaila near Lida in Lithuania on 4 August. Negotiations between Sigismund and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Konrad von Wallenrode, continued with the mediation of Vladislaus of Opole. However, Hungary's southern border was exposed to Ottoman incursions, preventing Sigismund from taking military measures against Poland. Wallenrode died on 25 July 1393. His successor, Konrad von Jungingen, opened negotiations with the Poles.During the discussions, Pope Boniface IX's legate, John of Messina, supported the Poles. Jadwiga was a skilful mediator, famed for her impartiality and intelligence. She went to Lithuania to reconcile her brother-in-law, Skirgaila, with Vytautas in October 1393. Relations between Poland and Hungary remained tense. Sigismund invaded Moldavia, forcing Stephen I of Moldavia to accept his suzerainty in 1394. Soon after the Hungarian troops left Moldavia, Stephen sent his envoys to Jadwiga and Jogaila, promising to assist Poland against Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and the Teutonic Knights. On 17 May 1395, Mary died after a riding accident.According to the 1383 agreement between their mother and the Polish lords, Jadwiga was her childless sister's heir in Hungary. Vlad I of Wallachia, a Hungarian vassal, issued an act of submission on 28 May, acknowledging Jadwiga and her husband as Mary's legitimate successors. The widowed king's close supporter, Stibor of Stiboricz, expelled Vlad from Wallachia. Władysław-Jogaila gathered his troops on the Polish-Hungarian border, but , Palatine of Hungary, and , Archbishop of Esztergom, stopped his invasion of Hungary. In September, Konrad von Jungingen told the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire that the union of Poland, Lithuania and Hungary under Władysław-Jogaila's rule would endanger Christendom. However, most of Sigismund's opponents, who were especially numerous in Croatia, supported the claim of Ladislaus of Naples, the last male member of the Capetian House of Anjou. On 8 September, the most influential Hungarian lords declared that they would not support any change in government while Sigismund was far from Hungary fighting against the Ottoman Turks.Before the end of the year, peace negotiations between the representatives of Hungary and Poland ended with an agreement. Jadwiga adopted the title "heir to Hungary", but she and her husband took no further action against Sigismund.


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 Conflict with the Teutonic Knights (1395–99)

The relationship between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights remained tense. Jadwiga and her Polish advisers invited the Grand Master, Konrad von Jungingen, to Poland to open new negotiations in June 1396. Conflicts with Vladislaus of Opole and Siemowit of Masovia, who had not given up their claims to parts of Ruthenia and Cuyavia, also intensified. To demonstrate that the territories were under Jadwiga's direct control, Władysław-Jogaila granted the Duchy of Belz (in Ruthenia) and Cuyavia to her in early 1397. However, Jadwiga and her Polish advisers wanted to avoid a war with the Teutonic Order.In response, Władysław-Jogaila replaced most Polish "starostas" (aldermen) in Ruthenia with local Orthodox noblemen. According to German sources, Władysław-Jogaila and Vytautas jointly asked Pope Boniface IX to sanction Vytautas' coronation as king of Lithuania and Ruthenia. Jadwiga and Jungingen met in Włocławek in the middle of June, but they did not reach a compromise. The Teutonic Order entrusted Vladislaus of Opole with the task of representing their claims to Dobrzyń against Jadwiga. Jadwiga and her husband met Sigismund of Hungary, who had returned there after his catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Nicopolis, on 14 July. They seem to have reached a compromise, because Sigismund offered to mediate between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights. On Jadwiga's request, Wenceslaus of Bohemia granted permission for the establishment of a college for Lithuanian students in Prague on 20 July 1397.Jadwiga, who had spent "many sleepless nights" thinking of this project, according to herself, issued a charter of establishment for the college on 10 November. She opened new negotiations with the Teutonic Knights, but Konrad von Jungingen dispatched a simple knight to meet her in May 1398. Władysław-Jogaila's cousin Vytautas also entered into negotiations with the Teutonic Knights because he wanted to unite Lithuania and Ruthenia under his rule and to receive a royal crown from the Holy See. According to the chronicle of John of Posilge, who was an official of the Teutonic Order, Jadwiga sent a letter to Vytautas, reminding him to pay the annual tribute that Władysław-Jogaila had granted her as dower. Offended by Jadwiga's demand, Vytautas sought the opinion of the Lithuanian and Ruthenian lords who refused Jadwiga's claim to a tribute. On 12 October 1398, he signed a peace treaty with the Teutonic Knights, without referring to Władysław-Jogaila's right to confirm it. Oscar Halecki says that Posilge's "sensational story" is either an invention based on gossip or a guess by the chronicler.Pregnancy and death (1399)

Jadwiga was childless for over a decade, which, according to chronicles written in the Teutonic lands, caused conflicts between her and her husband. She became pregnant in late 1398 or early 1399. Sigismund, King of Hungary, came to Kraków in early March to negotiate for a campaign to defend Wallachia against the Ottoman Turks. Vytautas, in order to bolster his authority over the Rus' principalities, decided to launch an expedition against Timur, who had subdued the Golden Horde. According to Jan Długosz's chronicle, Jadwiga warned the Polish noblemen not to join Vytautas' campaign because it would end in failure. Halecki says that the great number of Polish knights who joined Vytautas's expedition proves that Długosz's report is not reliable. On the occasion of the expected birth to the royal couple, Jogaila's cousin Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sent expensive gifts, including a silver cradle, to the royal court on behalf of himself and his wife, Anna.The first horoscopes written for Jadwiga's and Jogaila's child predicted a son in mid-September 1398. However, a girl was delivered on 22 June 1399 at Wawel Castle. Reports of the time stated that the child was born prematurely. According to the horoscope, she was actually born slightly late. However, a due date of 18 June would rule out the suspicion of pregnancy as early as mid-September. The newborn princess was named Elizabeth Bonifacia (, ), after Jadwiga's mother and Pope Boniface IX who, in a letter of 5 May 1399, had agreed to be godfather under the condition that the infant be called Boniface or Bonifacia. She was baptised by Piotr Wysz Radoliński, Bishop of Kraków.However, the infant died after only three weeks, on 13 July 1399. Jadwiga, too, was on her deathbed. Stanisław of Skarbimierz expressed hope that she would survive, describing her as the spiritual mother of the poor, weak, and ill of Poland. She advised her husband to marry Anna of Cilli, Casimir the Great's granddaughter—which he did— and died on 17 July 1399, four days after her newborn daughter. Jadwiga and her daughter were buried together in Wawel Cathedral, on 24 August 1399, as stipulated in the Queen's last will. On 12 July 1949, 550 years later, their tomb was opened; nothing remained of the child's soft cartilage. Family

The following family tree illustrates Jadwiga's connection to her notable relatives.Kings of Poland are colored blue. Legacy

Achievements

Two leading historians, Oscar Halecki and S. Harrison Thomson, agree that Jadwiga was one of the greatest rulers of Poland, comparable to Bolesław the Brave and Casimir the Great. Her marriage to Władysław-Jogaila enabled the union of Poland and Lithuania, establishing a large state in East Central Europe. Jadwiga's decision to marry the 'elderly' Władysław-Jogaila instead of her beloved fiancé, William of Habsburg, has often been described as a sacrifice for her country in Polish historiography. Her biographers emphasize Jadwiga's efforts to preserve the peace with the Teutonic Order, which enabled Poland to make preparations for a decisive war against the Knights. Jadwiga's childless death weakened Władysław-Jogaila's position, because his claim to Poland was based on their marriage. Six days after her funeral, Władysław-Jogaila left Poland for Ruthenia, stating that he was to return to Lithuania after his wife's death.The Polish lords sent their envoys to Lviv to open negotiations with him. The delegates took new oaths of loyalty to him, confirming his position as king. On the lords' demand, he agreed to marry Anna of Cilli. Their wedding was celebrated on 29 January 1402. Jadwiga's cultural and charitable activities were of exceptional value. She established new hospitals, schools and churches, and restored older ones. Jadwiga promoted the use of vernacular in church services, especially the singing of hymns in Polish.The Scriptures were translated into Polish on her order. Casimir the Great had already in 1364 established the University of Kraków, but it did not survive his death. Władysław-Jogaila and Jadwiga jointly asked Pope Boniface IX to sanction the establishment of a faculty of theology in Kraków. The pope granted their request on 11 January 1397. Jadwiga bought houses along a central street of Kraków for the university. However, the faculty was only set up a year after Jadwiga's death: Władysław-Jogaila issued the charter for the reestablished university on 26 July 1400. In accordance with Jadwiga's last will, the restoration of the university was partially financed through the sale of her jewellery.Holiness

Oscar Halecki writes that Jadwiga transmitted to the nations of East Central Europe the "universal heritage of the respublica Christiana, which in the West was then waning, but in East Central Europe started flourishing and blending with the pre-Renaissance world". She was closely related to the saintly 13th-century princesses, venerated in Hungary and Poland, including Elizabeth of Hungary and her nieces, Kinga and Yolanda, and Salomea of Poland. She was born to a family famed for its religious zeal. She attended Mass every day. In accordance with her family's tradition, Jadwiga was especially devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. An inscription engraved on her request on a precious chalice, which was placed in the Wawel Cathedral, asked Our Lady to place Poland under her protection. Jadwiga was venerated in Poland soon after her death.Stanisław of Skarbimierz states that she had been "the most Christian queen" in his sermon composed for her funeral. Paul of Zator referred to the wax figures placed by her grave. Sermons written in the early 15th century emphasized that Jadwiga had been a representative of the traditional virtues of holy women, such as mercy and benevolence. Jadwiga's contribution to the restoration of the University of Kraków was also mentioned by early 15th-century scholars. Numerous legends about miracles were recounted to justify her sainthood. The two best-known are those of "Jadwiga's cross" and "Jadwiga's foot":

Jadwiga often prayed before a large black crucifix hanging in the north aisle of Wawel Cathedral. During one of these prayers, the Christ on the cross is said to have spoken to her.The crucifix, "Saint Jadwiga's cross", is still there, with her relics beneath it. Because of this event, she is considered a medieval mystic. According to another legend, Jadwiga took a piece of jewellery from her foot and gave it to a poor stonemason who had begged for her help. When the king left, he noticed her footprint in the plaster floor of his workplace, even though the plaster had already hardened before her visit. The supposed footprint, known as "Jadwiga's foot", can still be seen in one of Kraków's churches. In yet another legend, Jadwiga was taking part in a Corpus Christi Day procession when a coppersmith's son drowned by falling into a river. Jadwiga threw her mantle over the boy's body, and he regained life.On 8 June 1979 Pope John Paul II prayed at her sarcophagus; and the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments officially affirmed her beatification on 8 August 1986. The Pope went on to canonize Jadwiga in Kraków on 8 June 1997. Popular culture

Film
Queen Jadwiga is the main character of the third season of Polish historical TV series Korona królów (The Crown of the Kings). She is played by Dagmara Bryzek. Child Jadwiga is played by Natalia Wolska and Amelia Zawadzka. Video games
Jadwiga appears as the leader of the Polish civilization in the turn-based strategy game Civilization VI, specializing in religion and territorial expansion, and also in Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition - Dawn of the Dukes in a campaign of her own. See also
History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
Saint Hedwig of Poland, patron saint archive

Notes

References

Sources

Primary sources

 The Annals of Jan Długosz (An English abridgement by Maurice Michael, with commentary by Paul Smith) (1997).IM Publications. . Secondary sources

Further reading

External links

St Jadwiga, Wawel Cathedral official page
Queen Jadwiga Foundation Activities of QJF are inspired by life and achievements of St. Jadwiga Queen

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1370s births
1399 deaths
14th-century Polish monarchs
14th-century Polish women
14th-century Christian saints
14th-century women rulers
14th-century Hungarian people
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Burials at Wawel Cathedral
Canonizations by Pope John Paul II
Female saints of medieval Poland
Deaths in childbirth
Grand Duchesses of Lithuania
House of Anjou-Hungary
Jagiellonian dynasty
Hungarian princesses
Jagiellonian University
Medieval child rulers
Medieval Polish saints
People of Byzantine descent
Polish princesses
Polish Roman Catholic saints
Roman Catholic royal saints
Queens regnant
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
14th-century Hungarian women
Female saints of medieval Hungary
Medieval Hungarian saints
Patron saints of Poland
Christian missionaries


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<mask>Curly" <mask> (born October 30, 1938) is a Sicilian-American former caporegime in the Bonanno crime family who later became an informant. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in a house on West Eight Street in Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York City. The marriage of his mobster father Robert A<mask>, Sr. and his mother was arranged by Genovese crime family patriarch and founder Vito Genovese during the 1930s. <mask> attended Brooklyn's Lafayette High School but dropped out in tenth grade. His father died in 1989, according to what Michael DiLeonardo said during testimony against John A. Gotti. Almost every male member of his family was involved in La Cosa Nostra. After dropping out of high school in the 1950s he joined a violent street gang called the "Avenue U Boys".As a member of the "Avenue U Boys" <mask> was involved in robberies. <mask> first became associated with the La Cosa Nostra at the age of seventeen, and operated the local floating card games controlled by a Genovese crime family made soldier. He was a close business associate of Rosario Gangi. His cousin <mask> and brother Robert A<mask>, Jr. are both capos in the Gambino crime family. He is the father of successful New York City Wall Street stockbroker Michael, and father of Joseph, who became a made member of the Bonanno family. He is cousin-in-law to Grace Ann Scala-<mask>, the sister of Gambino crime family capo Salvatore Scala and father of Colombo crime family mob associate Robert X. Grace Ann <mask> was a customer of drug dealer Michael (Mikey Bear) Aiello.<mask> was enraged over Aiello selling drugs to her and arranged for his murder, which he was supposed to witness, but the murder attempt was botched. He is the father of two sons, one <mask> born c. 1961 who became a made member of the Bonanno family and <mask>. He is a son-in-law to Genovese crime family mob associates Francis Consalvo and Carmine Consalvo and distant uncle to Louis Consalvo. He is a first cousin of Bonanno family capo <mask>, Sr. and a paternal uncle of Bonanno crime family capo Robert A<mask>, Jr. He is the godfather to <mask> and <mask>, Jr., the sons of former Bonanno family capo and childhood friend <mask>. He is a cousin-in-law to Gambino crime family capo Salvatore Scala. He is a close friend of the New York Mets pitcher John Franco and an avid baseball fan.<mask> had dark brown hair, and a round face with a ruddy complexion and later a bald head that "looked like a dirty tennis ball". He had a toothy smile and droopy eyes that were set too close together. <mask> was a no-show school bus driver for the Local 1181 of the Amalgamated Transit Union and employed by a mob-owned bus company Atlantic Express Transportation Corporation that was awarded contracts from the New York City Department of Education, located at 7 North Street in Port Richmond, Staten Island which is still in operation. He became a made man of the Bonanno crime family on October 30, 1977, on Elizabeth Street in Little Italy, Manhattan at his capo Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato's apartment. It was his 40th birthday. As he grew older <mask> became more and more obese. He gained a tremendous amount of weight and began to suffer from high blood pressure.During his 40-year career in organized crime he was under the Genovese family in 1956, switched to the Colombo crime family in 1962 and switched to the Gambino family in 1969 before in 1977 his friend <mask> helped him join the Bonanno crime family. <mask> and four other people including Jerry Rosenberg took part in the robbery of Borough Park Tobacco Company in Brooklyn on May 18, 1962. The robbery was unsuccessful and resulted in the death of two police officers, 56-year-old Detective Luke Joseph Fallon (who was an 26-year-veteran with the NYPD) and 29-year-old Detective John Patrick "Big" Finnegan (who was a seven-year-veteran with the NYPD) from the 70th Detective Squad. The three capos murder
<mask> had done everything from selling illegal pornography to running pump and dump schemes on Wall Street. Over the years he had been a loanshark, bookmaker, drug trafficker and contract killer for which he took part in the gangland slayings of six men including his cousin's drug dealer Michael "The Bear" Aiello and the notorious murders of Bonanno captains Alphonse Indelicato, Dominick Trinchera and Philip Giaccone. On May 5, 1981, Massino loyalists shot and killed Giaccone, Trinchera, and Indelicato in a Brooklyn night club. On the pretext of working out a peace agreement, Massino had invited them to meet with him at the 20/20 Night Club in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn.However, Massino's real plan was to assassinate the capos. The ambush was set in the club store room, with Salvatore Vitale and three other gunmen wearing ski masks hiding in a closet. One of the gunmen was mobster Vito Rizzuto, who came from Montreal, Quebec, Canada with another Canadian mobster to help Massino. Massino told the men to avoid shooting so that bullets wouldn't spray around the room. Massino also brought drop cloths and ropes for disposing of the bodies afterwards. When the capos arrived at the 20/20, Massino and Bonanno mobster Gerlando Sciascia and <mask> escorted them to the store room. As the men entered the room, Sciascia brushed his hand through his hair, giving the prearranged signal.Vitale and gunmen rushed out of the closet, with Rizzuto yelling "it's a hold-up". Massino immediately punched Giaccone, knocking him to the floor, and also stopping Indelicato from escaping. Giaconne got up and tried to run out of the room, but was blocked up against a wall with Trinchera. The gunmen killed Giaccone with a volley of submachine gun fire. The three capos were unarmed, as was the rule when attending a peace meeting. <mask>, who had escaped, was brought instead of Indelicato's son, but was quickly won over to Massino's side. After the killings, the Bonanno gunmen transported the three bodies to a lot in Lindenwood, Queens, in an area known as The Hole.The lot was a Gambino mob graveyard; Gambino crime family capo John Gotti arranged for his men to bury the bodies there as a favor to Massino. A few weeks later, on May 28, authorities discovered Indelicato's body and removed it from the lot. In October 2004, after some children reported finding a body in the Lindenwood lot, FBI agents excavated the property and discovered the bodies of Giaccone and Trinchera. Among the personal items they unearthed was a Piaget watch that had belonged to Giaccone's wife. In December 2004, the bodies were positively identified as Giaccone and Trinchera. On June 23, 2005, Massino, then a government witness to avoid the death penalty, pleaded guilty to several murders including those of Giaccone, Trinchera, and Indelicato. He received two life sentences in prison.On May 4, 2007, after being extradited to the United States, Rizzuto pleaded guilty in a Brooklyn court to reduced charges in the murder of three capos and was sentenced to ten years in state prison. Informant
In September 1999, <mask> began serving a 57-month sentence in prison. In 2003, <mask> was arrested along with Massino, underboss Salvatore Vitale, and fellow capo Daniel Mongelli on a sweeping RICO indictment. A few days after the arrests, Vitale turned informer after learning that Massino had put a contract on him. Vitale's decision to flip unnerved <mask>. While he was charged with Sonny Black's murder, that charge was initially based solely on the word of former Bonanno soldier <mask>. However, Vitale could not only corroborate Coppa's testimony, but could also implicate him in three other murders.<mask> quickly realized that Vitale's testimony could potentially send him to prison for life. When the Bonanno defense team told Massino and <mask> about Vitale's defection, <mask> recalled thinking, "This meeting is a funeral and I'm dead." He secretly got word to prosecutors that he was willing to flip as well, though he feared Massino could order his children and grandchildren killed if word got out. After 81 days in solitary confinement for his own protection, <mask> formally agreed to become an informant. As part of the deal, he revealed everyone he knew was either a made man or an associate—including his own son. <mask>'s testimony implicated Massino in four homicides and featured the first full eyewitness account of the murder of the three captains. References

Crittle, Simon, The Last Godfather: The Rise and Fall of Joey Massino Berkley (March 7, 2006)
DeStefano, Anthony.The Last Godfather: Joey Massino & the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family. California: Citadel, 2006. Giovino, Andrea Divorced from the Mob: My Journey from Organized Crime to Independent Woman
Pistone, Joseph D.; & Woodley, Richard (1999) Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia, Hodder & Stoughton. .
Pistone, Joseph D.; & Brandt, Charles (2007). Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business, Running Press. .
Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press, 2005. External links
http://www.onewal.com/nw-dileo2.html

1938 births
Bonanno crime family
American gangsters of Sicilian descent
Living people
New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
People from Gravesend, Brooklyn
People from Marine Park, Brooklyn

masks:
Frank "
Lino
Lino
. Lino
Frank
Lino
Lino
Edward Lino
. Lino
Lino
Lino
Frank
Joseph Lino
Michael Lino
Robert Lino
. Lino
Michael Lino
Frank Coppa
Frank Coppa
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank Coppa
Lino
Frank
Lino
Lino
Lino
Lino
Lino
Frank Coppa
Lino
Lino
Lino
Lino
Lino


texts:
<mask>  (17 February 1934 – 27 December 2003) was an English actor who came to prominence in the 1960s, when he appeared in films ranging from the popular children's story Whistle Down the Wind to the "kitchen sink" drama A Kind of Loving. He is also known for his performance with Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek, as well as his roles in King of Hearts, Georgy Girl, Far From the Madding Crowd and The Fixer, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969, he starred in the Ken Russell film Women in Love with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson. <mask> went on to star in The Go-Between, An Unmarried Woman, Nijinsky and in The Rose with Bette Midler, as well as many television dramas, including The Mayor of Casterbridge, Harold Pinter's The Collection, A Voyage Round My Father, An Englishman Abroad (as Guy Burgess) and Pack of Lies. He also appeared on the stage, notably in the plays of Simon Gray, such as Butley and Otherwise Engaged. Early life

<mask> was born at the Queen Mary Nursing Home, Darley Abbey, Derby, England, on 17 February 1934, the eldest of three boys born of Florence Mary (née Wheatcroft), a housewife and a pianist, and <mask>, an insurance broker and a cellist. They lived in Allestree, Derby, at the time of <mask>' birth, but briefly moved to Mickleover before returning to Allestree.Both parents were amateur musicians who encouraged <mask> to pursue music. However, by the age of 11, having decided to become an actor, he studied drama instead. He further developed his vocation by attending productions at Derby's Little Theatre. <mask> was educated at the Herbert Strutt Grammar School, Derby Road, Belper, Derbyshire (now "Strutts", a volunteer led business and community centre) and later gained a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, where he studied with Albert Finney and Peter O'Toole, before leaving to join the RAF for National Service at RAF Newton. Career

Early stage appearances
<mask>'s stage debut was in 1955, in You and Your Wife, in Coventry. In 1956 he made his West End debut as Cliff in Look Back in Anger, a role he had originated at the Royal Court and which made him a star. He also played the role on television (for the ITV Play of the Week) and on Broadway.He also was a member of the 1967 acting company at the Stratford Festival in Canada, playing the title role in Richard III. Television
In the late 1950s <mask> appeared in several plays for television in Britain in shows such as ITV Play of the Week, Armchair Theatre and  ITV Television Playhouse. In 1960 appeared as Giorgio in the final episode of The Four Just Men (TV series) entitled Treviso Dam. <mask> made his feature film debut in The Entertainer (1960) opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. <mask> worked for the Padded Wagon Moving Company in the early 1960s while acting at the Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City. Film stardom
<mask> played the lead in his second feature, Whistle Down the Wind (1961), directed by Bryan Forbes. He followed it with the lead in A Kind of Loving (1962), directed by John Schlesinger.Both films were very popular establishing <mask> as a film star. Film critics cited the 1963 film noir, The Running Man, as being one of <mask>' finest performances. The film starred Laurence Harvey, Lee Remick and <mask> in the supporting role of Stephen Maddox, an insurance company investigator who encounters Harvey and Remick in Spain after Harvey successfully faked his death in an aeroplane crash to cash in on a life insurance policy, leaving wife Lee Remick a small fortune. Fans of film noir enjoyed the many intriguing twists and turns The Running Man offered. The film also offered movie fans a depth of character study worthy of a memorable film noir. <mask>' character worked well with Harvey and Remick, helping director Carol Reed craft an ever-guessing, suspenseful story of cat and mouse detective work that moved seamlessly from beginning to end. While many movies in film noir have predictable plots, The Running Man featured a plot that was unpredictable, which was its best asset.The film's finale saw Lee Remick standing wearily on a dock, looking at a departing boat with the Rock of Gibraltar looming in the background. <mask> went into an adaptation of Harold Pinter's The Caretaker (1963) with Donald Pleasence and Robert Shaw. It was directed by Clive Donner who then made Nothing But the Best (1964) with <mask>. He supported Anthony Quinn in Zorba the Greek (1964) and James Mason in Georgy Girl (1966). <mask> returned to TV doing episodes of Wednesday Theatre and starred in Philippe de Broca's King of Hearts (1966). <mask> was reunited with Schlesinger in Far From the Madding Crowd (1967), starring Julie Christie then did the Bernard Malamud film The Fixer (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In 1969 he starred in Women in Love directed by Ken Russell with Oliver Reed and Glenda Jackson, in which <mask> and Reed wrestled naked.He followed it appearing as Col. Vershinin in the National Theatre's film of Three Sisters, directed by and co-starring Laurence Olivier. <mask> was handpicked by director John Schlesinger (with whom he had previously worked on A Kind of Loving and Far From The Madding Crowd) to play the starring role of Dr. Daniel Hirsh in the film Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971). <mask> was held up filming The Go-Between (1971) for director Joseph Losey alongside Christie, and had also become a father around that time, and so he had to refuse the role. (The part then went first to Ian Bannen, who balked at kissing and simulating sex with another man, and then to Peter Finch who earned an Academy Award nomination for the role.) <mask> starred in the film of A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (1972) and produced and appeared in a short, Second Best (1972). He starred in Story of a Love Story (1973), and some play adaptations, Butley (1974) and In Celebration (1975). He was the villain in Royal Flash (1975) and appeared on television in Plays for Today and the Laurence Olivier Presents version of Harold Pinter's The Collection (1976).Television
<mask> starred in the TV movie Piccadilly Circus (1977) and The Mayor of Casterbridge (1978). In the latter he played Michael Henchard, the ultimately-disgraced lead, which he described as his favourite role. He starred in such international films as An Unmarried Woman (1978) and Nijinsky (1980), and also played Bette Midler's ruthless business manager in the film The Rose (1979). He was also in The Shout (1979) and Very Like a Whale (1980). He played two diametrically opposed roles in An Englishman Abroad (1983), as Guy Burgess, a member of the Cambridge spy ring exiled in Moscow, and in Pack of Lies (1987), as a British Secret Service agent tracking several Soviet spies. He continued working in film and television in the 1990s, including the role of Claudius in Mel Gibson's version of Hamlet (1990), though most of his roles in this era were more low-key. Later career
In 2001 <mask> joined an all-star cast in Robert Altman's critically acclaimed period drama Gosford Park, in which he played the butler Jennings.He later played Antonius Agrippa in the 2004 TV film Spartacus, but died before it premiered. The film was dedicated to his memory and that of writer Howard Fast, who wrote the original novel that inspired the film Spartacus by Stanley Kubrick. On stage <mask> had a particular association with the plays of Simon Gray, appearing in Butley, Otherwise Engaged, Stage Struck, Melon, Life Support and Simply Disconnected, as well as the film of Butley and Gray's TV series Unnatural Pursuits. In Otherwise Engaged, his co-star was Ian Charleson, who became a friend, and <mask> later contributed a chapter to a 1990 book on his colleague after Charleson's early death. <mask> was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1996, and was knighted in 2003. He was an Associate Member of RADA and was a patron of The Actors Centre, Covent Garden, London, from 1994 until his death in 2003. Personal life
<mask> was married to actress Victoria Ward from 1970 until her death from a heart attack in 1992, although they had separated many years earlier.They had twin sons, born in November 1970, the actors Benedick <mask> and <mask>. Tristan died following an asthma attack in Tokyo in 1990. <mask> had numerous gay relationships, including those with actor Nickolas Grace and Olympic skater John Curry as detailed in Donald Spoto's authorised biography  Otherwise Engaged: The Life of <mask>. Spoto characterised <mask>'s sexuality as ambiguous, and said, "he loved women but enjoyed his closest relationships with men". Even after homosexuality was partially decriminalised in England in 1967, <mask> rigorously avoided interviews and questions about his personal life, and even denied to his male lovers that there was a homosexual component in his nature. Throughout his life <mask> sought to be regarded as a ladies' man or at least as a man who, as an actor, could appear attractive to and attracted by women. He also chose many roles with an aspect of homosexuality or bisexuality, including the role of Rupert in the 1969 film Women in Love and the role of Frank in the 1988 film We Think the World of You.Death
<mask> died of pancreatic cancer in December 2003 after going into a coma. He is buried at All Saints' Church, Bradbourne in Derbyshire. Otherwise Engaged: The Life of <mask>
Donald Spoto's 2007 book, Otherwise Engaged: The Life of <mask>, is a posthumous authorised biography of <mask>. It was written with the cooperation of his son Benedick, and includes more than one hundred interviews with people such as Michael Linnit and Rosalind Chatto. Tristan Bates Theatre
<mask> and his family created the Tristan Bates Theatre at the Actors' Centre in Covent Garden, in memory of his son Tristan who died at the age of 19. Tristan's twin brother, Benedick, is a vice-director. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards
 1959 Clarence Derwent Award for A Long Day's Journey into Night
 1971 Evening Standard Best Actor Award for Butley
 1972 Best Actor Tony for Butley (a performance he recreated in the film version of the same name, Butley in 1974)
 1975 Variety Club Award for Otherwise Engaged
 1983 Variety Club Award for A Patriot for Me
 2000 Drama Desk and Lucille Lortel Award for Unexpected Man
 2002 Best Actor Tony and Drama Desk, for Fortune's Fool

References

External links

1934 births
2003 deaths
Actors awarded knighthoods
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Audiobook narrators
Bisexual male actors
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Drama Desk Award winners
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
LGBT actors from England
BAFTA winners (people)
Knights Bachelor
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Allestree
Royal Shakespeare Company members
English male Shakespearean actors
Tony Award winners
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors

masks:
Sir Alan Arthur Bates
Bates
Bates
Harold Arthur Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Alan Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Tristan Bates
Bates
Alan Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
Alan Bates
Alan Bates
Alan Bates
Bates


texts:
<mask> (born January 21, 1956) is an American percussionist and composer active in the New York City jazz and contemporary music scenes. He has performed and recorded with a diverse group of musicians, including Anthony Braxton, Paul Dunmall, Milt Hinton, Fred Frith, David Krakauer, Joëlle Léandre, Frode Gjerstad, Wilber Morris, James Emery, Bern Nix, and many others. In 1999, he founded Barking Hoop Recordings, a record label dedicated to releasing new and original music. <mask> has also spent summers at camp Encore/Coda in Maine teaching music theory classes and private percussion classes. The label has released 11 CDs to date, which feature <mask>'s own groups as well as artists such as Anthony Braxton, <mask>'Neil, Billy Stein, and the String Trio of New York. Education and career
Born in Brooklyn, NY, <mask> grew up in Staten Island and later studied composition at CUNY's Hunter College, where he began his association with bassist Milt Hinton. <mask> would later record the album The Judge's Decision with Hinton in 1986.Upon graduation from Hunter College, he attended the Manhattan School of Music and earned his Master's degree in classical percussion. After school he began getting involved with the "downtown New York City" scene, and began working with Fred Frith's experimental rock band Keep the Dog (which also featured saxophonist John Zorn and harpist Zeena Parkins). Some other collaborators during this period include Phillip Johnston and Joel Forrester. Beginning in 1998, <mask> is currently teaching at William Paterson University. He began the Barking Hoop label in 1999 with a live concert recording of a piece he composed for the French situationist theorist Guy Debord, "with Braxton cast as sideman. 'I taped the concert, not thinking I was going to put it out,' <mask> says. 'But I was so happy with the results that I thought, well, this should come out.'"More recently, <mask> has been working in various configurations with musicians Tony Malaby, Dave Ballou, John Lindberg, Scott Robinson, Connie Crothers, and J. D. Parran. 1 (Leo, 2002)
 Ninetet (Yoshi's) 1997 Vol. 2 (Leo, 2003)
 23 Standards (Quartet) 2003 (Leo, 2004)
 Ninetet (Yoshi's) 1997 Vol. 3 (Leo, 2005)
 20 Standards (Quartet) 2003 (Leo, 2005)
 Ninetet (Yoshi's) 1997 Vol. (Cadence, 2003)
 Steve Swell, Suite for Players, Listeners and Other Dreamers (CIMP, 2003)
 John Zorn, Nosferatu (Tzadik, 2012)

References

External links

Barking Hoop Recordings
All About Jazz interview

American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz drummers
American jazz vibraphonists
1956 births
Living people
CIMP artists
Hunter College alumni
People from Staten Island
American percussionists
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
Clean Feed Records artists
FMR Records artists

masks:
Kevin Norton
Kevin Norton
Norton
Kevin O
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>, 6 April 1911 – 25 October 1970) was a Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist who popularized the guajira style of Cuban music from the 1930s through the 1960s. His languid, melancholy, intensely lyrical guajiras and his elegant, stylish singing made him popular throughout Latin America, where he is still revered. Discussion of basic data
His father was José Quesada y Perez from Casteiro Oreste Spain and his mother was Marcela Estefania Castillo y Rodriguez from Vueltas Cuba. His birthplace was Rodas in the old province of Santa Clara (Las Villas). In what is now the Province of Cienfuegos. He grew up in Cienfuegos. His father died when he was about 8 years old, his mother then remarried a man whose last name was <mask> (the director of the Hospital in Cienfuegos), thus where his "stage name" came from.Portabales was married to a woman named Araminta and had a son Named <mask>. Portabales had a brother named Manuel Eleuterio Quesada y Castillo. His brother was married to Sylvia Ester Ramirez y Gonzalez, who had four children Manuel Antonio Quesada (born in Caracas Venezuela in 1955), <mask> Quesada (Born in Caracas Venezuela in 1957), Sylvia Mercedes Quesada (Born in Caracas Venezuela in 1958) and Reynaldo Quesada (Born in Miami Florida in 1960). As for his birthdate, Helio Orovio, in the original Cuban edition of 1981, left Portabales out entirely. In the usual Soviet-style way, any opponents of the revolution get 'painted out' of history; but Portabales had left Cuba years before the Castro revolution, and most such people still retained their place in official Cuban history. Portabales had even recorded an album for Gema in Cuba in 1960, after the revolution but before Egrem took over all recording rights in Cuba. The later English translation reinstated such 'enemies of the state' as Celia Cruz (who was a determined opponent of the regime) and Portabales, giving 6 April 1914 as his date of birth.Cristobal Díaz Ayala gives 6 April 1911. The date and place of his death also vary in sources. Orovio's English edition says 1961. This is definitely incorrect, because there are at least three recording session whose dates are later in the 1960s: in 1962/3 in Miami; in 1967/8 in New York, issued on Gema 3070 Viva Portabales; and, above all, in October 1970 in Puerto Rico, just a few days before his death (issued Gema 3086 Sones cubanos: <mask> con Los Guaracheros de Oriente). This simple refutation throws doubt upon Orovio's other data, and has led to a general acceptance of Cristobal Díaz's version of 25 October 1970. He did indeed die on 25 October 1970 while crossing a street in Puerto Rico late at night. He used to perform at a restaurant called Las Palmas in Isla Verde, Puerto Rico and while leaving the restaurant he was hit by a car and dragged several feet.As for location, Orovio says Isla Verde, Cuba and Díaz says San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is almost unbelievable that the two versions should be so different, and again, it seems right to prefer Díaz, especially as the best-known Isla Verde is in Puerto Rico. Both agree that he died in a traffic accident; he was apparently hit by a car when leaving a gig at the Las Palmas restaurant. Career
At age 11, <mask> began work as a printer's assistant in Cienfuegos. In 1928, he made his radio debut on the station CMHI, and from then on divided his time between his work as a printer and performing. In the beginning, Portabales sang a variety of styles — canción, tango, bolero, son — until he discovered that his listeners enjoyed the guajira the most. He thereby refined the style and developed his signature salon guajira style in which he depicted in bucolic terms the life of the Cuban guajiro (the rural campesino).In typical trovadore fashion, Portabales sang and played guitar, sometimes accompanied by a small group. His guajiras have a gentle, lilting rhythm, sometimes mixing with elements of the son or the bolero. <mask> continued to perform and perfect the guajira until he went to Puerto Rico in 1937. There he became enamoured of the neighboring island and stayed there for two years, singing in theaters, clubs and on the radio. In 1939, he married Puerto Rican Arah Mina López, a journalist who joined him as he returned to Cuba in 1939. Over the years they toured together in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, New York City, and Tampa. After returning to Havana, Portabales performed on stage and radio with the Trio Matamoros.He also made a successful tour of United States and took an extended stay in Barranquilla, Colombia. In 1953, <mask> finally settled for good in Puerto Rico, where he continued to record and perform, with occasional tours of the continent. During the 1960s, he expressed his opposition to the Cuban Revolution in several discreetly poetic compositions. Impact
In 2006 the African group Kékélé released an album, Kinavana, that re-Africanized songs Portabales had composed or performed, giving them new lyrics in the Lingala language and playing them in a Congolese style. As a Washington Post writer Mark Jenkins said, the 2006 album "celebrates [<mask>], who died before learning that his music had become popular in Africa." Assessment
<mask>' early work is represented on Tumbao TCD 084 <mask>les: El creador de la guajira de salón 1937–1943: Al vaivén de mi carreta. It is this CD, with its liner notes, which may be the source of the incorrect dates.His voice, and particularly his guitar technique, improved greatly with experience. This is quite clear from the recordings in his fifties, represented by World Circuit WCD 023 <mask>, El Carretero. This includes examples from his three recording sessions in the 1960s

For the quality of his voice, its purity and its subtle evocation of emotion, and the exceptionally high calibre of his guitar technique – which is certainly worth attention by young musicians – <mask> must be rated as a performer of the highest calibre even given the unusually high standards of Cuban popular music. His style is on the Spanish side of creole in contrast to many other Cuban trova performers in the 20th century: his music is clearly in the tradition of the old Spanish-descent countryside people, the guajiros. His repertoire was originally wide, but he came to specialize in guajira-sons and laments, together with some guaracha-sons. With his smooth style, he was known as the creator of la guajira de salón. As a composer he was perhaps not so important as his rootsier compatriot, Ñico Saquito, but what he did compose was of high quality, and still is popular.Four of his noteworthy compositions: El carretero; Nostalgia guajira; Cumbiamba; Cuando salí de Cuba. References

External links

1911 births
1970 deaths
Cuban male guitarists
Cuban songwriters
Male songwriters
Guajira (music) musicians
World Circuit (record label) artists
20th-century Cuban male singers
20th-century guitarists
Orquesta Riverside members

masks:
Guillermo Portabales
José Guillermo Quesada Castillo
Portabales
Guillermo
José Guillermo
Guillermo Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Portabales
Guillermo Portaba
Guillermo Portabales
Portabales


texts:
<mask> (born 12 April 1969) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. Lenz had four different spells with BFC Dynamo during his professional playing career and has continued to serve as part of the club's backroom staff since retiring in 2008. Lenz played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo between 1988 and 2008. He made two appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989-90 European Cup Winners' Cup. Career

Early career
<mask> was born in Warnemünde. He began playing football for the youth teams of enterprise sports community BSG Schiffahrt/Hafen Rostock in Rostock. He was admitted into the Children and Youth Sports Scool (KJS) in 1981 and then taken over by fotball club FC Hansa Rostock.Lenz joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1985. He was promoted to the reserve team of BFC Dynamo in 1987. <mask> made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo in the first round of the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal against BSG Energie Cottbus II on 10 September 1988. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Waldemar Ksienzyk in the 80th minute. He was thus given the opportunity to play alongside players such as Andreas Thom, Thomas Doll and Frank Rohde. <mask> then made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against BSG Energie Cottbus on 5 May 1989.BFC Dynamo won the 1988–89 FDGB-Pokal. The team was set to play the first ever DFV-Supercup against SG Dynamo Dresden on 5 August 1989. <mask> started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Jörg Fügner in the 77th minute. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football. <mask> then made his international debut for BFC Dynamo in the return leg of the first round of the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup against Valur on 26 September 1989. He started the match as a substitute, but was exchanged for Heiko Bonan in the 33th minute. <mask> scored the winning 2–1 goal for BFC Dynamo in the 83th minute.Lenz also played in the first leg of the second round against AS Monaco FC  at the  Stade Louis II on 17 October 1989. AS Monaco FC was coached by Arsène Wenger and fielded prominent players such as George Weah at the time. Lenz started the match in the starting line-up, but was exchanged for Eike Küttner in the 46th minute. He missed the return leg against AS Monaco FC due to an injury. Lenz made 12 appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989–90 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. Lenz played five matches for FC Berlin the 1990 Intertoto Cup.Jürgen Bogs returned as coach at the beginning of the  1990–91 season. Lenz was regularly included in the starting line-up and made 16 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga. He made 23 appearances for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 NOFV-Oberlig Nord and played all six matches for FC Berlin in the 1991–92 2. Bundesliga play-offs. However, FC Berlin failed to win promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for the second season in a row. <mask> left FC Berlin for  local rival Tennis Borussia Berlin after the season.Tennis Borussia Berlin
Lenz joined Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1992–93 season. The former goalkeeper of BFC Dynamo and ten times East German champion Bodo Rudwaleit was the goalkeeper of Tennis Borussia Berlin at the time. Tennis Borussia Berlin reached the final of the 1992–93 Berlin Cup. The team defeated Türkiyemspor Berlin 2–0 in the final at the Mommsenstadion on 6 May 1993. <mask> would later come to win another two Berlin Cups with the club. Tennis Borussia Berlin also won the 1992–93 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. But the team finished the 1992–94 2.Bundesliga play-offs on second place. However, the winner 1. FC Union Berlin was denied a license and Tennis Borussia Berlin was therefore allowed to advance to the 2. Bundesliga instead. <mask> made his debut in the 2. Bundesliga against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the on 27 July 1993.Tennis Borussia Berlin was qualificied for the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal as a team in the 2. Bundesliga. <mask> made his debut in the DFB-Pokal in the second round of the 1993–94 DFB-Pokal against ASV Neumarkt on 24 August 1993. <mask> made 11 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 1993–94 2. Bundesliga. He made a brief return to FC Berlin at the end of the 1993–94 season and played nine matches for FC Berlin in the 1993–94 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. Tennis Borussa Berlin finished the 1993–94 2.Bundesliga on 17th place and was immediately relegated to the Regionalliga Nordost. <mask> became regular player in Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost. The team won the 1995–96 Regionalliga Nordost, but was defeated by VfB Oldenburg in the Play-offs for the 2. Bundesliga. The play-offs were lost after a 2–1 goal to VfB Oldenburg on stoppage time in the return leg. <mask> has described the defeat in the play-offs as his hardest sporting moment. <mask> left Tennis Borussia Berlin for FC Energie Cottbus after the 1996–97 season.He made 100 appearances for Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 1997. Return to FC Berlin
Lenz joined FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 season. However, he was sparingly used and played only two matches for FC Energie Cottbus in the 1997–98 2. Bundesliga. <mask> returned to FC Berlin during the winter break. He would be a key player in the team for several seasons to come. <mask> became the new team captain of FC Berlin in the 1998–99 Regionalliga Nordost.FC Berlin reverted to its old club name BFC Dynamo during the season. BFC Dynamo reached the final of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team defeated Berlin Türkspor 1965 4–1 in the final at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 11 May 1999. <mask> was team captain of BFC Dynamo also in the following season. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal as winner of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup. The team lost 2–0 to DSC Arminia Bielefeld in the second of the 1999–2000 DFB-Pokal in front of 2,400 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 August 1999 The team finished the 1999–2000 Regionalliga Nordost on 17th place and was relegated to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. VfB Leipzig
BFC Dynamo dominated the 2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga Nord.The team had only suffered three losses and conceded 17 goals during the league season. However, BFC Dynamo was defeated by 1. FC Magdeburg in  the play-offs for the Regionalliga. And it was now also clear that the club was in serious financial difficulties. Insolvency proceeding were opened against BFC Dynamo on 1 November 2001. The club now had to continue under amateur conditions and the team was going to be automatically relegated to the Verbandsliga Berlin. Lenz left BFC Dyamo for VfB Leipzig when the insolvency proceeding were opened.VfB Leipzig was coached by SG Dynamo Dresden legend Hans-Jürgen "Dixie" Dörner at the time. Lenz played his first match for VfB Leipzig against FSV Hoyerswerda in the 2001–02  NOFV-Oberliga Süd on 18 November 2001. He also played for VfB Leipzig in the 2002–03  NOFV-Oberliga Süd. <mask> returned to BFC Dynamo in the 2003–04 season. He once again became the team captain. BFC Dynamo finished 2003–04 Verbandsliga Berlin on first place and won promotion back to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord.The team had won all 17 matches of the second half of season. Lenz celebrated the promotion as his first athletic promotion, as Tennis Borussia Berlin had benefited from the license withdrawal of 1. FC Union Berlin in 1993. The new coach of BFC Dynamo for the 2004–04 season was Christian Backs. Lenz and Backs had played together in FC Berlin until 1992. <mask> was one of the most experienced players in the team of BFC Dynamo in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. He took over as interim player-coach together with goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski after the resignation of coach Rajko Fijalek in the September 2006.Ingo Rentzsch became the new coach in late October 2006. Lenz then again took over as interim player-coach together with Thomaschewski after the dismissal of coach Rentzsch in January 2007. Volkan Uluc then became new coach at the begininng of March 2007. Uluc decided to moved Lenz from a libero position to densive midfield position. Lenz suffered a torn cruciate ligament in the fifth match day of the 2007–08 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. He was out for the majority of the season and returned at the end of the season. Lenz then decided to retire as football player.He played his last match for BFC Dynamo against FC Hansa Rostock II on 1 June 2008. Lenz has played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo since 1988, according to club statistics. The number includes two appearances in the European Cup Winner's Cup and five appearances for FC Berlin in the Intertoto Cup. He played for BFC Dynamo and FC Berlin in four different leagues and tiers: the DDR-Oberliga, the Regionalliga Nordost, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and Verbandsliga Berlin. <mask> continued as team manager in the BFC Dynamo after ending his playing career. He has continued to serve in the club's backroom staff since the 2008–09 season. He serves as team manager of BFC Dynamo and as the head of the Kita-Projekt as of 2021.The Kita-Projekt is a day care project of BFC Dynamo. Miscellaneous
Lenz said in an interview with the Berlin football magazine Fußball-Woche in 2008 that his favorite football clubs besides BFC Dynamo were FC Hansa Rostock  and Hamburger SV. He explained that he had played for FC Hansa Rostock and had sympathy for the North German clubs, as he grew up on the Baltic coast. He also said that he admired Dutch football player Ruud Krol in his youth. Honours

BFC Dynamo
 FDGB-Pokal
 Winner: 1988-89
 DFV-Supercup
 Winners: 1989
 NOFV-Oberliga Nord
 Winner: 1991-92, 2000-01
Verbandsliga Berlin
 Winner: 2003–04
Berlin Cup
 Winner: 1998-99
 Runner-up: 1999-00

Tennis Borussia Berlin
 Regionalliga Nordost
 Winner: 1995-96
 NOFV-Oberliga Nord
 Winner: 1992-93
Berlin Cup
 Winner: 1992-93, 1994-95, 1995-96

References

External links

 Career stats up to 2005

1969 births
Living people
German footballers
East German footballers
Association football defenders
2. Bundesliga players
Berliner FC Dynamo players
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
FC Energie Cottbus players
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig players
German football managers
Berliner FC Dynamo managers
DDR-Oberliga players

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Jörn Lenz
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