texts:
<mask> (; 18 October 1902  18 March 1971) was a Soviet Army major general and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Moiseyevsky joined the Red Army in 1919 and fought in the Russian Civil War. Later, he became an officer and political commissar, fighting in the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Moiseyevsky took command of the 303rd Rifle Division in September 1941, leading it in the Yelnya Offensive and the Battle of Moscow, during which it was destroyed in the Spas-Demensk pocket. After reaching Soviet lines and being screened in a NKVD filtration camp, he became deputy commander of the 160th Rifle Division in January 1942. In August, <mask> took command of the 312th Rifle Division, which he led for the rest of the war. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 6 April 1945 for his division's breakthrough during the Vistula–Oder Offensive.Moiseyevsky retired from the army in 1954 and lived in Moscow, working at the Ministry of Defence. Early life and Russian Civil War
<mask> was born on 18 October 1902 in Verniy to a working-class family. His father became a Bolshevik in 1905 and was often in prison. Moiseyevsky later moved to Tomsk, where he graduated from 2nd grade at the Tomsk Gymnasium. He then worked at a candy factory. In 1919, when the 30th Rifle Division entered Tomsk during the Russian Civil War, <mask> and his father joined the Red Army. Moiseyevsky became a soldier in the 267th Rifle Regiment and was wounded near Krasnoyarsk.Upon recovering he returned to the regiment. Interwar period
In 1921, Moiseyevsky graduated from several artillery training courses. He graduated from the commanders' refresher courses (KUKS) in 1922. Moiseyevsky became a Communist Party of the Soviet Union member in 1924. In December 1929, while a political commissar in the 21st Artillery Regiment of the 21st Rifle Division, Moiseyevsky fought in the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict. In a battle south of Manzhouli, he directed his battery in the repulse of a Chinese attack. When the Chinese reached a close range, the battery engaged in hand-to-hand combat.For his actions, <mask> was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 4 April 1930. In 1934, he graduated from the Lenin Military-Political Academy. In 1940, Moiseyevsky completed two years of absentee courses at the Frunze Military Academy. World War II
<mask> was posted to the Moscow Military District when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. At the beginning of September, he was appointed commander of the 303rd Rifle Division, part of the 24th Army. Moiseyevsky led the division during the Yelnya Offensive, after which the division defended its sector. After holding its position for 15 days, the division was encircled after the beginning of Operation Typhoon, the German attack on Moscow, on 5 October.<mask> and his division were encircled in the Spas-Demensk Pocket, only breaking out in December. After exiting the pocket he was screened in the Abinsky NKVD filtration camp to ensure his loyalty. In January 1942, <mask> became deputy commander of the 160th Rifle Division. <mask> became commander of the 312th Rifle Division in August. The division fought in fierce fighting during the Battles of Rzhev, which lasted until March 1943. <mask> was awarded a second Order of the Red Banner on 30 March. On 1 September, the division began its advance on Smolensk during the Battle of Smolensk.<mask>'s division broke through along with self-propelled guns and tanks. Soon after, Dorogobuzh was recaptured. On 24 September the 312th crossed the Dnieper and attacked Smolensk from the south. By the next day the town was recaptured. In late 1943 he was promoted to major general. By this time the division had advanced to the Pronya River in the Mogilev Region. On 3 June 1944, he was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class.During the summer of 1944 the division fought in the Lublin–Brest Offensive. On 18 June, the division's 1083rd Rifle Regiment broke through the first German line south of Kovel. <mask> then advanced the 1081st Regiment through the breach, and the rest of the 69th Army followed. He then committed his division in a 40-kilometer night march in the German rear, crossing the Western Bug. The division captured Dorohusk and then Chełm.The division and the rest of the army advanced to the Vistula, crossing on 4 August. The division participated in heavy fighting in the Puławy bridgehead. <mask>'s division was able to expand the foothold by capturing Kazimierz Dolny.The fighting in the sector lasted until September. On 3 November, <mask> was awarded his third Order of the Red Banner. On 14 January 1945, the Vistula–Oder Offensive was launched. The 312th advanced out of the bridgehead 18 kilometers, capturing Policzna. The division reached the Radomka on the third day of the attack. On 29 January the division captured the western part of Poznań. On 6 April <mask> was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin for his leadership.After crossing the Oder, the division fought in the Battle of Berlin as part of the 8th Guards Army. On 30 April, <mask> was awarded a second Order of Lenin. The division ended the war in the German capital. On 29 May, he received the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class. Postwar
After the war, <mask> continued to serve in the Soviet Army. On 15 November 1950, he was awarded a fourth Order of the Red Banner. In 1951, he graduated from the Higher Academic Courses at the Military Academy of the General Staff.He retired in 1954 and lived in Moscow. Moiseyevsky worked for a long period at the Ministry of Defence. He died on 18 March 1971 and was buried in the Vagankovo Cemetery. References

1902 births
1971 deaths
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
People from Almaty
Soviet major generals
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Lenin Military Political Academy alumni

masks:
Alexander Gavrilovich Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky
Moiseyevsky


type: original

texts:
<mask> (; ; 1 February 1758 – 24 July 1824) was a prominent Spanish engineer, who worked in Spain, France and Russia. His work ranged from steam engines and balloons to structural engineering and urban planning. As an educator, Betancourt founded and managed the Spanish Corps of Civil Engineers and the Saint Petersburg Institute of Communications Engineers. As an urban planner and construction manager, Betancourt supervised planning and construction in Saint Petersburg, Kronstadt, Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities. Childhood and education

<mask> was born in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain. The Tenerife <mask> family can trace their roots to <mask>, who launched colonization of the Canary Islands in 1402 and became a self-proclaimed King of Tenerife in 1417 under the overlordship of the King of Castile. Augustín's father, also <mask>, was a well-educated businessman with interests in textile machinery.His mother, <mask> <mask> née Castro, is believed to be the first woman in Tenerife to publish a scientific article (also related to textile dyes). In 1778, Augustin moved to Madrid to study engineering at the San Isidro Royal College, and never returned to Tenerife again. His first jobs, after graduation in 1783, were related to the Aragon Canal and mining in Almadén. In 1784, he travelled to Paris to study hydraulics and mechanics at the School of Bridges and Roads. Career in Spain and France

Intelligence missions

In France, Betancourt published treatises on engineering (e.g. on coal mining), but his real assignment was to scout new technologies for the benefit of Spain and to acquire modern machinery for the future Cabinet of Machinery in Madrid, envisioned by Chief minister Floridablanca. In 1788, he travelled to England, visiting James Watt and Matthew Boulton, pioneers in steam engines.Watt was reluctant to reveal the secrets of his trade, but <mask> inspected Watt's engines working in London mills. Back in Paris, he wrote a treatise on steam engines and designed a steam-powered pump and a mechanical loom, also sending a collection of machinery to Madrid. In 1791, he concentrated on naval technologies – harbor dredging and drilling gun barrels (his own dredge design materialized twenty years later, in Kronstadt). Shortly before the fall of French monarchy, <mask> returned to Madrid with his new finds. In 1792, <mask> was appointed the Director of the Royal Cabinet of Machinery, and catalogued hundreds of its exhibits scouted in France, England and the Netherlands. In 1793-1795, he continued intelligence in England. This assignment was interrupted by Spain's alliance with revolutionary France (1796).In Paris, <mask> teamed up with Abraham-Louis Breguet in perfecting their version of the optical telegraph. Later however, the French chose a competing design by <mask>. <mask> built his telegraph in Spain, between Madrid and Cádiz in 1798. In 1783 he was involved in launching Spain's first hot-air balloon (the scene can be seen in a picture by A. Carnicero in the Prado national museum). Administrative career

In 1797, <mask>'s achievements were rewarded with the positions of Chief Inspector of Ports and Communications in Spain, Chief of the Corps of Engineers of the Spanish military, and other important assignments. In 1802, he founded Spain's first civil engineering college, the School of the Corps of Engineers, and managed the institution until 1807. Soon after the establishment in 1794 of the École Polytechnique in Paris, Gaspard Monge had proposed a class on the analysis of mechanisms and described the subject to fellow teachers.When the class was first taught in 1806 by Hachette, Betancourt was among its students. Another student was José María Lanz, whose lecture notes were revised and published together with Betancourt as Essai sur la composition des machines (1808; 2nd ed. 1819; 3rd ed. 1840), encouraged to do so by Monge and Hachette. This textbook on machine design became widespread in European universities. It was translated to English as Analytical essay of the construction of machines (1820, published by Rudolph Ackermann) and by Thomas Fenwick as Essays on practical mechanics (1822) and to German by Wilhelm Kreyher as Versuch über die Zusammensetzung der Maschinen (1829). In 1807, <mask> left Spain for Paris, where he was inducted into the French Academy of Sciences; ironically, James Watt was inducted simultaneously.<mask> was recruited into Russian service by Ivan Muravyov-Apostol (Ambassador to Spain until 1806) and left France for Saint Petersburg in 1808. Career in Russia

<mask> joined Russian service in the rank of Major General, assigned to the Directorate of Communications. His first extant work is the famous fountain in Tsarskoye Selo (1810), with sculpture by Pavel Sokolov immortalized by <mask>'s poetry. In 1816, <mask> was promoted to head the Commission for Construction and Hydraulics, a national institution targeted primarily at Saint Petersburg development; since 1819 he also headed the Directorate of Communications. He recruited and trained such architects as <mask> Montferrand and Leo Carboniere. Structural engineering

In 1811–1813, Betancourt built Saint Petersburg's first bridge across Malaya Nevka, connecting Kamenny Island with Aptekarsky Island that is known as Kamennoostrovsky Bridge now. This seven-span wooden bridge, named after Betancourt, served for a record fifty years and was the only wooden bridge to survive the disastrous 1824 flood.He designed similar bridges for Warsaw, Tula and Peterhof. In 1816, <mask> of Russia assigned <mask> to find an architect for rebuilding Saint Isaac's Cathedral. Betancourt promoted Montferrand and, in February 1818, the Tsar approved Montferrand's fifth draft. Betancourt provided Montferrand with an efficient, thoroughly calculated dome design utilizing three interconnected steel domes without any masonry vaults. Cathedral construction was delayed until <mask>'s death; the dome was erected only in 1841. In Moscow, Betancourt supervised construction of the Moscow Manege (1817). Architectural design was assigned to Leo Carboniere.The building, 166 meters long and 44.7 meters wide, required a single-span roof without any internal columns. <mask> personally designed the wooden roof trusses and completed the whole project in six months. By 1824, roofing required replacement; new trusses, installed in 1824–1825, served until the fire of 2004. Urban planning

In 1816, accidental fire destroyed the Makaryev Fair. The Fairgrounds were transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, equipped with temporary wooden shacks. <mask> visited the site in 1817 and proposed a six million rouble, four-year project to rebuild the Fair in stone. He supervised overall planning and financing, while Montferrand, as the chief architect, was designing individual buildings and ensembles.Despite his Petersburg projects, Betancourt travelled to Nizhny Novgorod every year to inspect the progress of construction. The Saviour Cathedral, also known as Old Fair Cathedral (Спасский собор, Староярмарочный собор), was designed by <mask> (overall structure) and Montferrand (facade and interiors) together and completed in 1822, the year when the Fair opened for its first season. The fair operated until 1930. Betancourt designed other buildings for Nizhny, including the city jail, three brick foundries, and helped in preservation of two ancient churches. Throughout the 19th century, the left bank of Oka River was developing according to his master plan. Naval engineering

Russia's first steamship, Yelizaveta was designed jointly by Charles Baird and Betancourt (1815). In 1810, <mask> completed his steam-powered dredge.It was used to deepen the shallow waters around Kronstadt and build a canal between this island and the Izhorsky foundries on the mainland. He could not patent the design immediately, because Russian patent law was enacted later, in 1812; eventually, patent was granted to completely different people. Currency printshop

After the French invasion of Russia (1812), Russian monetary system was ruined by war expenditure and a flood of counterfeit bills. Dmitry Guriev, Minister of Finance, assigned Betancourt to set up a modern currency printing facility. By 1816, <mask> examined all existing printshop and persuaded the government to build a new factory equipped with steam-driven machinery. He designed the buildings, machinery and the technological process, using his childhood experience in textile mills. The new printshop (present-day Saint Petersburg Goznak) was inaugurated in 1818.Other projects

<mask> is credited with design of Russia's first modern highway between Saint Petersburg and Moscow, as well as numerous industrial projects like Tula and Kazan armouries. In 1809, <mask> set up  Saint Petersburg Institute of Communications Engineers, the nations' first engineering college, and headed the Institute until 1824. Final years

In 1822, <mask> fell into disfavor at the court, and lost his chair as the Director of Communications, but retained other state jobs. In 1823 he was struck by the death of his only daughter and never recovered from this loss. In February 1824 he finally resigned, and died on 14 July 1824 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He was buried at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery in Saint Petersburg. His tomb, a 6.85-meter cast-iron column, was designed and made by <mask> Montferrand and paid for by Nizhny Novgorod merchant society.In 1979, the grave was relocated to the Lazarevskoe Cemetery in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Saint Petersburg has three monuments to Betancourt: in University Embankment, in Communications University and inside the Goznak currency printshop. Betancourt's Medal is an annual award instituted in 1997 by Russian Railways for excellence in science and education. Notes

References
 Russian bio: Ренкель, А., "Бетанкур — россиянин с острова Тенерифе", "Изобретатель и рационализатор" N.12(684), 2006
 Russian bio, focusing on currency printing: Воробьева, Ольга, "Он научил Россию печатать деньги", "Водяной знак", N.7-8(15-16), 2004

External links
 Betancourt Project (monographic website about <mask> <mask>, in Spanish, English and Russian)
The German "Digitale Mechanismen- und Getriebebibliothek" provides information about Betancourt and has digitized:
Essai sur la composition des machines (2nd ed. 1819)  metadata, fulltext viewer
Versuch über die Zusammensetzung der Maschinen (1829) metadata, fulltext viewer

1758 births
1824 deaths
Agustin
Burials at Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery
Burials at Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Imperial Russian Army generals
Inventors of the Russian Empire
People from Puerto de la Cruz
Russian military engineers
Spanish civil engineers
Spanish emigrants to the Russian Empire
Spanish engineers
Spanish inventors
Spanish urban planners

masks:
Agustín de Betancourt y Molina
de Betancourt
Betancourt
Jean de Béthencourt
Augustín de Betancourt y Castro
Maria de
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Claude Chappe
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Alexander Pushkin
Betancourt
Auguste de
Alexander I
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Betancourt
Auguste de
Agustín
de Betancourt


texts:
<mask> (8 January 1937 – 20 May 2017) was a German writer, dramaturge and stage director. Life
Waldtraut <mask> was born in Wernigerode, a small town on the northeastern flank of the Harz Mountains, roughly equidistant between Hanover and Leipzig. Her mother was a singer. On leaving school she enrolled at the Humboldt University of Berlin where till 1961 she studied Germanistics, Latin and Theatre studies. She worked between 1961 and 1973 as a music-dramaturge and stage director at the Regional Theatre (as it was then known) in Halle, in a team that also included Horst-Tanu Margraf and Rudolf Heinrich. Her daughter Miriam Margraf, subsequently notable in her own right as an author and music critic, was born during this period in 1964. Another achievement during the time she worked in Halle involved the translation of the libretti of sixteen Handel operas from Italian.She was awarded the city's Handel Prize in 1970. <mask> moved in 1973 to the Rostock People's Theatre, taking a position as an opera producer and chief dramaturge for music theatre. Between 1977 and 1979 she wrote the libretto for Rosa Laub, East Germany's first rock opera, which had its premier at Rostock, although by this time <mask> was no longer among the theatre's permanent staff, having turned freelance in 1977. She published her first novel in 1973. "Herr Lucius und sein Schwarzer Schwan" is, like many of her subsequent books, an historical novel. Her next book, also an historical novel, was Die Ärztin von Lakros, and appeared in 1977. The focus of her professional career was as a freelance author after 1977.Her own website, consulted shortly after her death, stated that she had published around 70 titles, including twelve written jointly with her daughter. There were several biographies, notably of George Frideric Handel and of Julius Caesar. As her writing career progressed she increasingly specialised in works for younger adults and teenagers. There were also radio plays, libretti, and screen plays. Her published translations took in works previously accessible in French, Russian or Italian. <mask> <mask> died in May 2017 in Berlin. She had celebrated her 80th birthday "still in good health, in Israel" a few months earlier.During the closing days of the East German dictatorship officers of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) took frantic steps to destroy the records that the ministry had accumulated during the previous forty years. Angry protesters took steps to prevent the destruction of the records, which were believed to evidence forty years of domestic espionage by a principal East German government agency devoted to controlling and monitoring people in the name of "security". The Stasi were diligent in their record keeping: there were a lot of files. Many survived. It is not known how many were destroyed. The Stasi files are preserved by the Stasi Records Agency, headquartered in Berlin, accessible to scholars, journalists and others interested. Search of the Stasi archives disclosed that Between 1975 and November 1988 Waldtraut <mask> was one of several hundred thousand Stasi informers.The code name by which she is identified in Stasi files is "IM Wald". A sympathetic commentator observes dryly in an obituary piece that Waldtraut <mask> would undoubtedly have been able to come up with a better code name for herself, had she been invited to do so. The same commentator quotes another sympathetic source insisting that it abundantly is clear from the thick Stasi files on Waldtraut <mask> that no one suffered damage because of her reports on them. Nevertheless, a number of major publishers stopped publishing her works after receiving reports of her Stasi connections. Personal
Both Waldtraut <mask>'s children, Miriam Margraf and Niklas <mask>, are writers. Awards and honours (selection)

 1978 Lion Feuchtwanger Prize by the Academy of Arts, Berlin (East Germany)
 1981  (Listeners' prize, 3rd place)
 1981 East German children's radio play prize (Critics' prize)
 1984 East German children's radio play prize (Listeners' prize, 2nd place)
 1988 East German children's radio play prize (Listeners' prize, 2nd place)
 1988 National Prize of the German Democratic Republic for literature, 2nd class
 1989 East German children's radio play prize (Critics' prize)
 2000 Bad Harzburg Youth Literature prize

Output (selection)

 Herr Lucius und sein schwarzer Schwan (1973)
  Die Ärztin von Lakros (1977)
 Katakomben und Erdbeeren (1977)
 Die stillen Römer (1979)
 Gaius Julius Caesar (1980)
 Viktoria von jenseits des Zauns. Drei Märchen um die Liebe (1981).Als E-Book 2011, EditionDigital
 Der Sohn des Adlers, des Müllmanns und der häßlichsten Frau der Welt (1981). Als E-Book 2011, EditionDigital
 Garten fremder Herren. 10 Tage Sizilien (1982)
 Vom Eulchen und der Dunkelheit (1982)
 Kuckucksrufe und Ohrfeigen (1983)
 Federico (1984), bei Freese:
 Georg Friedrich Händel (with Hannah M. Margraf, 1984)
 Waterloo liegt in Belgien (1985)
 Villa im Regen. Impressionen aus der Toscana (1986),
 Addio, Bradamante. 3 Geschichten aus Italien (1986),
 Märchen von den Hügeln (1986),
 Poros und Mahamaya. 2008. , E-Book: Verlagsgruppe Random House,
 Griechische Sagen. Ausgewählt und neu erzählt, Verlag Loewe, Bindlach 2008,
 Leonie Lasker, Jüdin.Teil 1: Die drei Zeichen, Verlag cbj, München 2010,
 Leonie Lasker, Jüdin. Teil 2: Dunkle Schatten, Verlag cbj, München 2010,
 Leonie Lasker, Jüdin. Teil 3: Welt in Flammen, Verlag cbj, München 2010,
 Die Jüdin von Konstantinopel. Roman, Knaur-Taschenbuch-Verlag, München 2010,
 Valadas versinkende Gärten. Roman, Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, München 2012,
 Leo Baeck. Geschichte eines deutschen Juden. Eine Romanbiografie, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2012,
 Der Wind trägt die Worte.Buch 1. Von der Zeit der Legenden bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, Verlag cbj, München 2012,
 Römische Sagen. Ausgewählt und neu erzählt, Verlag Loewe, Bindlach 2013,
 Der Wind trägt die Worte. Buch 2. Von der Neuzeit bis in die Gegenwart, Verlag cbj, München 2013,
 Nenn mich nicht bei meinem Namen, Ein Mädchen an Bord der Exodus, Verlag cbj, München 2014,
 Feuer. Der Luther-Roman, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2014,
 Das Beiderwandkleid. Roman, 175er Verlag, Hartha 2015,
 Wenn du jetzt bei mir wärst.Eine Annäherung an Anne Frank, cbj, München 2015,

References

People from Wernigerode
Dramaturges
German children's writers
German radio writers
Women radio writers
German biographers
German librettists
Italian–German translators
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
Handel Prize winners
1937 births
2017 deaths
East German writers
People of the Stasi
20th-century translators

masks:
Waldtraut Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Waldtraut
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin
Lewin


texts:
<mask>, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, KG (151420 June 1561) was the eldest son of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon, the ex-mistress of Henry VIII. His maternal first cousins included Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford and Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex. He was born in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. He was tutored by John Leland during his youth. His mother, Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon had an affair with Henry VIII in 1510, the discovery of which led her husband to remove her to a convent and her brother to leave court in a rage, refusing to stay under Henry's roof. As late as 1513, Anne was the courtier who received the second most expensive New Year's gift from Henry, indicating that their relationship continued until then. However, there are no contemporary references to the possibility of <mask> being an illegitimate son of the Tudor monarch.His father was created the first Earl of Huntingdon by Henry VIII of England on 3 November 1529. He was awarded stewardship over two abbeys in 1530. Marriage and children
<mask> married Katherine Pole (151923 September 1576) on 25 June 1532. She was a daughter of Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu and Jane Neville. Henry Pole was the oldest son of Sir Richard Pole and Lady Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury, daughter of George of York, Duke of Clarence and his wife Lady Isabel, Duchess of Clarence. Jane was in turn a daughter of George Neville, 5th Baron Bergavenny and Margaret, daughter of Hugh Fenn. They had eleven children:
Frances Anne Hastings (1533–1574).Married Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton and was mother of William Compton, 1st Earl of Northampton. Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (153614 December 1595). William Hastings (born 1537). George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon (15403 December 1604). Sir Edward Hastings (1541–1603?). Married Barbara Devereux, daughter of Sir William Devereux and Jane Scudamore. Her paternal grandfather was Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford.She was the sole heir of both her father and her previous husband Edward Cayce. Her considerable inheritance included Leicester Abbey. <mask> Hastings, 12th Earl of Huntingdon and all subsequent Earls of Huntingdon are descended in the paternal line from Edward. Catherine Hastings (11 August 154222 September 1576). Married Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln and was mother of Thomas Clinton, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. Walter Hastings (154420 August 1616). Married Joyce Roper.Elizabeth Hastings (c. 154624 August 1621). Married Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester. Anne Hastings (born 1548). <mask> (c. 155026 September 1610). Married Maud Longford. Mary Hastings (born 1552) (ru) – Ivan the Terrible's potential bride. The 1583 Russian Embassy to discuss the marriage was unsuccessful.Political career
He seems to have gained some favour and was created a Knight of the Bath in 1533. His father died on 24 March 1544 and <mask> succeeded as the 2nd Earl of Huntingdon. At the coronation of Edward VI of England on 20 February 1547, Huntingdon carried St. Edward's staff and took a prominent part in the jousting competition held in celebration of the event. He was a political supporter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland during the protectorate of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. He was the one to lead Somerset to the Tower of London for his imprisonment on 13 October 1549. He was rewarded with a creation as a Knight of the Garter before the end of that day, alongside George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham, Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr and William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke. The Kingdom of England was at this point at war with Scotland and France, under Mary, Queen of Scots and King Henry II, respectively.<mask> was named Lieutenant General of the army and Chief Captain of the fleet in a campaign against Boulogne-sur-Mer. His complaining about the lack of sufficient funding and equipment for his campaign was probably justified. The campaign led however to the signing of the Peace of Boulogne. According to its terms all English claims were forfeit in exchange for 400,000 crowns. The British forces accordingly withdrew from Boulogne and all hostilities ceased for a time. After this reasonable success for Huntingdon, Northumberland was able to provide his supporter with a membership in the Privy council. He accompanied Edward VI in 1552 and Northumberland in 1553 during their respective travels in English territory away from London.He probably enjoyed the trust of both at the time. In 1553, Huntingdon was further awarded with several estates in Leicestershire which were previously held by John Beaumont. Beaumont had been attainted and was by then deceased. Huntingdon generously allowed the widow of Beaumont to keep their family manor in Grace-Dieu where further members of this family would survive. On 21 May 1553, his eldest son Henry married Katherine Dudley, the youngest daughter of their ally Northumberland. Huntingdon was among the nobles who signed the document proclaiming Lady Jane Grey heir of Edward VI. Jane was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, son to Northumberland and brother-in-law of Henry Hastings.<mask> probably held high hopes for his son under the new reign. He was among the supporters of Jane in her brief reign (1019 July 1553) but this reign ended in revolt in favour of her cousin Mary I of England. <mask> was arrested and incarcerated in the Tower of London. He was released in January 1554 and immediately assigned to locate and arrest the rebellious Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, father of Jane Grey. He was successful and led Suffolk to the Tower for his incarceration. He was present for the execution of Thomas Wyatt the younger (on 11 April 1554). Hastings was a nephew by marriage of Cardinal Reginald Pole who was a favourite of Mary I and briefly Archbishop of Canterbury (1554–1558).This connection allowed him to avoid persecution for his Protestantism. Mary died in 1558 and was succeeded by the Protestant Elizabeth I. In 1555 he had completed the building of a huge Manor house at Stoke Poges, four miles to the North of Windsor Castle. He died in 1562 and was buried in St Helen's Church, Ashby-de-la-Zouch where his alabaster monument still exists in the Hastings Chapel. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Henry two years later. References

External links
A biography article on him

|-

1514 births
1561 deaths
Lord-Lieutenants of Derbyshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Leicestershire
People from Ashby-de-la-Zouch
Knights of the Garter
16th-century English nobility
Knights of the Bath
<mask>, 02nd Earl of Huntingdon
2
Barons Hastings
Barons Botreaux
Barons Hungerford

masks:
Francis Hastings
Francis
Francis
Hans Francis
Francis Hastings
Francis
Huntingdon
Huntingdon
Huntingdon
Francis Hastings


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Major-general Sir <mask>, 13th Baronet,  (11 February 1876 – 4 August 1963) was a British Army officer. Born into an historic and noble family, he joined the King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) as a second lieutenant in 1897. He served on the staff during the Second Boer War, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. During the First World War, he served again as a staff officer with the British Expeditionary Force. In 1917 he was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier-general and appointed to the secretariat of the Supreme War Council (SWC). Wake led E Branch, responsible for advising the British military representative, General Sir Henry Wilson on enemy strength and supply. Wake's unit predicted the 1918 German spring offensive but countermeasures recommended by the SWC were ignored by the British commander-in-chief Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig.Towards the end of the war Wake predicted that Germany would remain the predominant military power in Europe. After the war, Wake returned to his regiment and commanded its 4th battalion in British India. He was made an aide-de-camp to George V and promoted to major-general. Wake afterwards commanded the 12th Infantry Brigade and the 46th (North Midland) Division. Wake retired from the army in 1937 but maintained links, being appointed to the honorary role of colonel-commandant of the KRRC, and later chairing the Northamptonshire Territorial Army Association. During the Second World War, he commanded the county's Local Defence Volunteers, and was colonel-commandant of the 1st battalion of the Northamptonshire Army Cadet Force. He also held non-military roles as a Deputy Lieutenant and High Sheriff of Northamptonshire.He had an interest in history, was a member of the Northamptonshire Record Society and campaigned for the restoration of abandoned ironstone quarries in the county. Early life
<mask> Wake was born in London on 11 February 1876, the eldest son of Sir <mask> Wake, 12th Baronet. The Wake family, owners of the manor of Courteenhall since 1672, claim descent from the Anglo-Saxon noble, <mask> the Wake, who led an armed opposition in East Anglia to the 1066 Norman conquest. This may have been an attempt to improve the family's English provenance in the 14th century, and it seems more likely the Wakes were descended from a 12th-century Norman immigrant. <mask> Wake was educated at Eton College. Military career

Boer War
Wake attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst from 1896, and after graduating, he was appointed a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) on 17 March 1897. Wake served in South Africa during the Second Boer War from 4 November 1899.He was seconded to the staff on 13 March 1900, by which time he had been promoted to the rank of lieutenant. Wake was aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa (initially Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, later Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener) from 18 March 1900 to 1 March 1901. Wake saw action at the Battle of Colenso (15 December 1899), Battle of Spion Kop (23–24 January 1900), Battle of the Tugela Heights (14–27 February 1900) and the Relief of Ladysmith (1 March 1900). He was wounded in action during the war and was also twice mentioned in dispatches (on 3 February and 9 March 1900). Wake was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 29 November 1900 and, during this war, also received the Royal Humane Society's bronze medal for the saving of life. Also serving on Roberts' staff in South Africa was Major Henry Wilson, with whom Wake would be associated in his later career. Later in the war Wake commanded a company on operations in the Orange Free State, the Colony of Natal, the South African Republic and Cape Colony.Wake was appointed to the supernumerary rank of captain before 6 December 1902 and was appointed adjutant on 27 June 1903. He returned to England on 28 June 1904 and relinquished his appointment as adjutant on 26 June 1906. In 1908 he attended the Staff College, Camberley where Wilson was commandant. He was advanced to the regimental rank of captain on 22 December 1908 and at the same time joined the Naval War Course for training. In 1910 Wake was appointed a 3rd grade general staff officer and he worked at the War Office until 1911. First World War
By 1914 Wake held the rank of major and, after the outbreak of the First World War, held a position as a War Office liaison officer with The Admiralty. Later that year he was appointed as a 3rd grade general staff officer to the general headquarters of the British Expeditionary Force.Whilst in France Wake, with Wilson, attended the death bed of Roberts, who had fallen ill while visiting the troops. In November he wrote an article for the journal of the Royal United Services Institute entitled The Four-Company Battalion in Battle. Wake transferred to the staff of I Corps in 1915 and became a 2nd grade general staff officer on 1 February 1916, returning to the War Office. Wake was appointed 1st grade staff officer on 1 March 1916 on the staff of the 61st Infantry Division and also received the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. Wake was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier-general in 1917. Wilson was then the  British military representative on the Allied Supreme War Council (SWC), based at Versailles, and selected Wake to join the organisation's secretariat in December. Wake headed the British E Branch, responsible for estimating the state of enemy manpower and materiel, the first time that such an in-depth study was attempted by the British.In this role he noted the difficulties the Allies had in estimating the strength of Austro-Hungarian forces on the Italian front. Wake's men were encouraged to think like their opponents and Wilson had them wear their caps back to front to remind them of this. Wake's unit predicted the German spring offensive by January of that year, presenting his findings to Leo Amery, who was the political representative to the SWC, and British prime minister David Lloyd George. He estimated that 100 German divisions would push back the British right flank and separate them from their French allies. Wake's findings and the recommendations of the SWC's A Branch for British countermeasures were ignored by the British commander in chief, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig. When the German offensive came, and almost succeeded, Wake complained to Amery about the state of British military leadership. Amery noted in his diary that Wake and another SWC officer thought that there was "no one at GHQ [Haig's General Head Quarters] who has any brains or approves of brains in anyone else".Wake had asked Amery "what was to be expected with a fool like Haig and a liar like Petain [the French commander in chief]". Later in 1918 he made a number of tours of inspection of the Balkans on behalf of the British government. Towards the end of the war Wake was asked his assessment of the future balance of power in Europe. On 26 October he stated that Germany would remain the strongest military power for the foreseeable future. He cautioned against any attempt to create buffer states on Germany's eastern border, predicting that these would merely become German satellites. For his service during the war, Wake received the French Legion of Honour and the Order of the Crown of Italy in 1919. In addition, he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, with the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel.After the war he maintained a link with army veterans, from 1922 he was the first president of the Roade and Courteenhall Branch of the Royal British Legion and presented them with a wooden hut to host their meetings. Later career
Wake commanded 4th battalion, KRRC in British India from 1920 to 1923, was appointed an aide-de-camp to George V on 5 December 1930, then promoted to major-general on 23 May 1932. He commanded the 12th Infantry Brigade until placed on half pay on 23 August 1932. He returned to service on 1 April 1934 as commander of the Territorial Army's 46th (North Midland) Division, by this time he had also been appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Retiring from the army on 11 February 1937, on 20 January 1938, he became colonel-commandant of the KRRC, an honorary and ceremonial role. During the Second World War, Wake chaired the Northamptonshire Territorial Army Association and commanded the Northamptonshire Local Defence Volunteers. He was general officer commanding of the Northern Home Guard from 1940 to 1943.On 5 May 1942, Wake was appointed the first colonel-commandant of 1st battalion, Northamptonshire Army Cadet Force (this unit is now A Company of the Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Rutland Army Cadet Force). Wake co-authored Swift and Bold, a history of the KRRC in the Second World War, published in 1949. Personal life and other interests

Wake married Margaret Winifred Benson, the daughter of banker and art collector Robin Benson, at St George's Hanover Square Church, Westminster, on 30 October 1912. The Wakes lived at their ancestral home, Courteenhall House. They had seven children, including <mask> Wake who also served in the KRRC. One of their daughters, Diana Wake, was killed in a riding accident at Bicester Hunt Races on 11 March 1950, another married the son of Major-General Guy Dawnay. Wake inherited the baronetcy (as 13th baronet) upon his father's death in 1916.He was appointed as a deputy lieutenant for Northamptonshire on 29 July 1922. Wake was nominated for the position of High Sheriff of Northamptonshire in November 1925 and 1938, before he was appointed to the position in 1944. Wake had a keen interest in history and was an early member of the Northamptonshire Record Society, founded by his sister Joan Wake in 1920. During the inter-war years, he had at one time held command of Dover Castle and was responsible for handing over its keep to the Office of Works for preservation, having recognised its historic importance and the risk of fire posed by its use as a rifle store. Wake also played a key role in highlighting the damage caused to Northamptonshire by ironstone workings. He chaired a sub-committee on the issue for the county's branch of the Country Landowners Association and was a member of the Northamptonshire County Planning Committee. Wake opposed the findings of the Kennet Committee which recommended against any action to restore the workings.He played a role in persuading government to pass an act, proposed by Hugh Dalton, to mandate the restoration of all current ironstone workings and several thousand acres of former workings. In later life he lived in Hampshire but continued to monitor the progress of restoration on visits to Northamptonshire. Wake died on 4 August 1963. References

Bibliography

1876 births
1963 deaths
King's Royal Rifle Corps officers
British Army generals of World War I
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Hereward
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Deputy Lieutenants of Northamptonshire
High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army generals
Military personnel from London

masks:
Hereward Wake
Hereward
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<mask> (宇文述; died 616), courtesy name Botong (伯通), formally Duke Gong of Xu (許恭公), was a Chinese military general and politician during the Sui Dynasty. He was a confidant of Emperor Yang (Yang Guang) and was instrumental in Yang Guang's displacement of his brother Yang Yong as crown prince; therefore, after Yang Guang became emperor, <mask> became exceedingly powerful and was one of two generals who spearheaded Yangdi's efforts in the Goguryeo-Sui Wars. His son <mask>i later led a coup against Emperor Yang in 618 and, after killing Emperor Yang, briefly claimed imperial title in 619, but was soon captured and killed. Another son of <mask>, <mask>, however, was a friend of Tang Dynasty's founder Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu), and after Li Yuan established Tang remained an influential official. Background
Yuwen <mask>'s ancestors were originally named Poyetou (破野頭) and were ethnically Xianbei. As they became followers of the Yuwen branch of the Xianbei, their names were named to Yuwen. His great-great-grandfather Yuwen Juyudun (宇文侰與敦), great-grandfather <mask> (宇文長壽), and grandfather <mask> (宇文孤) all served under Northern Wei as army officers at Woye Garrison (沃野, in modern Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia).<mask> <mask>'s father <mask> Sheng (宇文盛) was a general under Northern Zhou and eventually served as the minister of imperial clan affairs, one of the six main ministers under Northern Zhou's six-department governmental structure. It is not known when <mask> <mask> was born. When he was young, he became known for his skills at riding and archery. Because of his father's achievements, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, he was made a mid-level governmental official. He was much favored by Emperor Wu's regent <mask> Hu, and he became a commander of <mask> Hu's personal guards. After Emperor Wu killed <mask> Hu and personally took power in 572, he made <mask> <mask> the deputy minister of imperial clan affairs, and eventually, he was created the Duke of Boling, and then the Duke of Puyang. In 580, after the death of Emperor Wu's son and successor Emperor Xuan, Emperor Xuan's father-in-law Yang Jian seized power as regent, and the general Yuchi Jiong, suspicious of Yang's intentions, rose against him at Xiang Province (相州, roughly modern Handan, Hebei).Yang sent the general Wei Xiaokuan against Yuchi, and Yuwen served under Wei. He defeated Yuchi's general Li Jun (李雋), and later, with other generals, defeated Yuchi's son Yuchi Dun (尉遲惇). Eventually, after Wei was victorious over Yuchi Jiong, forcing Yuchi Jiong to commit suicide, <mask>'s title was promoted to Duke of Bao. During Emperor Wen's reign
In 581, Yang Jian had Emperor Xuan's young son Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and starting Sui Dynasty as its Emperor Wen. <mask> <mask> served as a general for Sui. In winter 588, when Emperor Wen launched a major attack on rival Chen Dynasty, <mask> <mask> participated in the campaign, and after the generals Han Qinhu (韓擒虎) and Heruo Bi (賀若弼) crossed the Yangtze River to attack the Chen capital Jiankang, Yuwen advanced to the nearby fortress of Shitou to aid Han and Heruo. After Heruo and Han captured Jiankang and the Chen emperor <mask>bao, the Chen generals Xiao Huan (蕭瓛) and Xiao Yan (蕭巖) were holding out in modern Zhejiang.<mask> was sent, along with Yan Rong (燕榮), to attack Xiao Huan and Xiao Yan, and he defeated Xiao Huan and forced Xiao Yan to surrender. After the completion of the campaign, in recognition of his contributions, Emperor Wen gave his son <mask> Huaji a mid-level governmental post, while making <mask> <mask> himself the commandant at An Province (安州, roughly modern Xiaogan, Hubei). After the campaign against Chen, Emperor Wen's son Yang Guang the Prince of Jin, who was in overall command of the campaign against Chen, became the commandant at Yang Province (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). <mask> <mask> was friendly with Yang Guang, and Yang Guang, whose ambitions included displacing his older brother Yang Yong the Crown Prince as his father's heir, therefore requested in 600 and received Emperor Wen's approval to have Yuwen's command post moved to Shou Province (壽州, roughly modern Lu'an, Anhui), closer to Yang Guang's post. At one point, Yang Guang consulted <mask> <mask> as to how he could displace his brother. Yuwen suggested entering an alliance with the powerful official Yang Su—and forming the relationship with Yang Su through Yang Su's brother and confidant Yang Yue (楊約). Yang Guang therefore gave Yuwen much treasure and had him go to the capital Chang'an to try to meet Yang Yue.<mask> offered some of the treasures pillaged from Chen to Yang Yue, and then also intentionally lost to Yang Yue when the gambled. After he had become sufficiently familiar to Yang Yue, he revealed to Yang Yue that it was Yang Guang's intent to enter into an alliance with Yang Su—persuading Yang Yue that given that Yang Su did not have a warm relationship with Yang Yong, his family would be in danger if Yang Yong were to succeed Emperor Wen. Yang Yue, in turn, persuaded Yang Su, who subsequently persuaded Emperor Wen and Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dugu that Yang Yong should be deposed. Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu agreed, and in 600 Emperor Wen deposed Yang Yong and replaced him with Yang Guang. Yang Guang made <mask> <mask> a commander of his palace guards and gave his daughter, the Princess Nanyang, to <mask> <mask>'s son <mask> Shiji (宇文士及) in marriage. In 604, while Emperor Wen was ill, <mask> <mask> was one of the guard commanders that Yang Guang summoned to guard Emperor Wen's vacation palace Renshou Palace (仁壽宮, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). Emperor Wen soon died—a death that traditional historians, while admitting a lack of direct evidence, generally believed to be a murder ordered by Yang Guang.Yang Guang then took the throne as Emperor Yang, and he put Yang Yong to death. During Emperor Yang's reign
After Emperor Yang took the throne, <mask> <mask>, as one of his confidants, became more and more powerful, eventually becoming one of the most powerful individuals in the realm; Emperor Yang also elevated his title to Duke of Xu (許國公). In 607, <mask>, in order to allow Yun Dingxing (雲定興), the father of Yang Yong's favorite concubine Consort Yun, to join Emperor Yang's regime, persuaded Yun that Yang Yong's sons needed to die, and then persuaded Emperor Yang of the same. Emperor Yang poisoned Yang Yong's oldest son (by Consort Yun), Yang Yan (楊儼) the former Prince of Changning, and exiled Yang Yong's other sons, but eventually had them all killed. It was only after the deaths of Yang Yong's sons that <mask> was able to recommend Yun to Emperor Yang, who made Yun one of his chief engineers. In 607, while Emperor Yang was conducting a tour of the northern border, he arrived at Yulin Commandery (榆林, roughly modern Yulin, Shaanxi). <mask> <mask>'s sons <mask> Huaji and Yuwen Zhiji (宇文智及), who were mid-level officials in Emperor Yang's government, secretly conducted forbidden trade with Tujue.Emperor Yang was incensed and ordered that they be executed, but at the last minute spared them, formally awarding them to their father as slaves. In 608, the official Pei Ju persuaded Tiele to attack Tuyuhun, and after Tiele defeated Tuyuhun, Tuyuhun's Bujiabo Khan Murong Fuyun offered to surrender to Sui. Emperor Yang sent his cousin Yang Xiong (楊雄) the Prince of Ande and Yuwen to rendezvous with Murong Fuyun to accept his surrender, but once Yuwen arrived at Linqiang (臨羌, in modern Xining, Qinghai), Murong Fuyun, fearful of the strength of Yuwen's force, changed his mind and fled west, and Yuwen attacked Tuyuhun's trailing people instead, capturing thousands of Tuyuhun's people. Emperor Yang thus established four commanderies over the former Tuyuhun territory. In 612, <mask> <mask> participated in Emperor Yang's first campaign against Goguryeo. Emperor Yang's main forces put Goguryeo's key northern city Liaodong (遼東, in modern Liaoyang, Liaoning) under siege (although he was ultimately unable to capture it), but sent Yuwen with a branch army to head deep south, across the Yalu River, heading directly toward the Goguryeo capital Pyongyang. However, on the way, his army ran out of food supplies and was forced to withdraw, and as it did, Goguryeo forces gave chase and crushed him.When Emperor Yang retreated as well, he put Yuwen under imprisonment, but still remembering his relationship with Yuwen, did not execute him, but reduced him to commoner rank. However, soon he had Yuwen's title restored. In 613, Emperor Yang launched his second campaign against Goguryeo—and again, he himself headed for Liaodong while ordering <mask> and Yang Yichen to head for Pyongyang. In the midst of the campaign, however, news arrived that Yang Su's son Yang Xuangan had rebelled near the eastern capital Luoyang. Emperor Yang was forced to abandon the campaign against Goguryeo, and he sent Yuwen and Qutu Tong (屈突通) ahead of himself, to reinforce the forces near Luoyang against Yang Xuangan. Yuwen, Qutu, and the generals defeated Yang Xuangan, and Yang Xuangan fled west, intending to attack Chang'an. Yuwen, Qutu, Wei Wensheng (衛文昇) and Lai Hu'er (來護兒) gave chase, catching up with Yang Xuangan at Hongnong (弘農, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan) and dealt him a final crushing blow.Yang Xuangan tried to flee further, but knowing that he could not escape, had his brother Yang Jishan (楊積善) kill him. Pursuant to <mask>'s suggestions, Emperor Yang had Yang Jishan and Yang Xuangan's strategist Wei Fusi (韋福嗣) put to death in cruel manner. In 615, <mask> was involved in a major massacre of a noble clan. While <mask> was still Emperor Yang's guard commander when Emperor Yang was crown prince, Li Hun (李渾) the son of the senior noble Li Mu (李穆) the Duke of Shen, who had died in 586, had become angry at his nephew Li Yun (李筠), who had inherited the title of Duke of Shen, and he had Li Yun assassinated, while framing his cousin Li Jutan (李瞿曇) for the murder and had Li Jutan executed. He then bribed <mask>, his brother-in-law, with a promise that if he were allowed to inherit the ducal title, he would give Yuwen half of the stipend received from the fief. Yuwen persuaded the Crown Prince to in turn persuade Emperor Wen to agree, so Li Hun inherited the title. However, after Li Hun received the title, he only paid the bribe for two years and then stopped.<mask>, resentful of Li Hun's broken promise, planned his revenge. By 615, there had been rumors throughout Sui territory that the next emperor would be named Li. Emperor Yang therefore particularly became suspicious of Li Hun's nephew Li Min (李敏), the husband of his sister Yang Lihua's daughter <mask> Eying (宇文娥英, who was also the daughter of Northern Zhou's Emperor Xuan, as the Yang Lihua, the Princess Leping, was Emperor Xuan's wife and empress), because Li Min's nickname was "Hong'er" (洪兒), meaning "son of a flood," and Emperor Wen had long ago dreamed that a flood would overflow the capital. Emperor Yang therefore tried to hint to Li Min that he should commit suicide, but Li Min did not. <mask> <mask> then had the official Pei Renji (裴仁基) falsely accuse Li Hun of plotting treason. Emperor Yang put <mask> <mask> in charge of the investigation, and <mask> <mask> manufactured evidence, particularly persuading <mask> Eying that Emperor Yang would have the Lis executed anyway, and that she should save herself. <mask> Eying thus wrote a confession implicating both Li Hun and Li Min.Li Hun, Li Min, and 32 of their clansmen were executed, and their other relatives were exiled. Several months later, <mask> Eying was also poisoned. In fall 615, Yuwen accompanied Emperor Yang on a tour of the northern frontier. The Eastern Turk leader Shibi Khan took the opportunity to launch a surprise attack against Yanmen Commandery in reprisal against various offenses by the emperor. His Chinese wife, the princess Yicheng, secretly sent a warning of the Turkish plans to Emperor Yang, who took refuge at the commandery seat in present-day Daixian, Shanxi. The Turks began their siege of the town on September 11. Yuwen suggested Emperor Yang select a few thousand elite cavalry soldiers to attempt a break out, but Su Wei and Fan Zigai (樊子蓋) persuaded Emperor Yang not to attempt this.Instead, at the suggestion of his brother-in-law Xiao Yu, the emperor sought more help from Princess Yicheng, who was one of his relatives but—according to Turkish custom—was in charge of managing military affairs at home in her husband's absence. She sent Shibi Khan a false report of a northern attack on the Khaganate; hearing this and learning of Chinese reinforcements on their way to the emperor's relief, the khan abandoned the siege and returned north. Su subsequently suggested to Emperor Yang that he return to Chang'an, but at Yuwen's suggestion, Emperor Yang went to Luoyang instead. In fall 616, while Emperor Yang was inquiring about the status of agrarian rebellions (by this point, most of Sui territory was in fact engulfed in agrarian rebellions), Yuwen, in order to placate him, informed him that the rebellions had largely been suppressed. Su, however, truthfully informed Emperor Yang that the rebellions were causing major problems for Sui rule. Emperor Yang, not happy about the news, soon considered putting Su to death, but eventually only reduced Su to commoner rank. Soon thereafter, seeing that Emperor Yang wanted to go back to Jiangdu, the capital of Yang Province, Yuwen formally suggested that he does so, and Emperor Yang agreed.Yuwen followed Emperor Yang there, and became ill at Jiangdu. He died in winter 616. Pursuant to his dying wishes, Emperor Yang pardoned <mask> Huaji and <mask> Zhiji, returning them to governmental service. See also
 Goguryeo-Sui Wars
 Emperor Yang of Sui
 Yuwen Huaji
 Collapse of the Sui

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Book of Sui, vol. 61.
 .
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 174, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183. 616 deaths

Year of birth unknown
Northern Zhou generals
Sui dynasty generals
Sui dynasty politicians
Transition from Sui to Tang
Yuwen

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<mask> (; October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. She is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry and is best known for two of her published collections, The Colossus and Other Poems (1960) and Ariel (1965), as well as The Bell Jar, a semi-autobiographical novel published shortly before her death in 1963. The Collected Poems were published in 1981, which included previously unpublished works. For this collection Plath was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in Poetry in 1982, making her the fourth to receive this honour posthumously. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Plath studied at and graduated from Smith College in Massachusetts and at Newnham College, Cambridge, England. She married fellow poet Ted Hughes in 1956, and they lived together in the United States and then in England. Their relationship was tumultuous and, in her letters, Plath alleges abuse at his hands.They had two children before separating in 1962. Plath was clinically depressed for most of her adult life, and was treated multiple times with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). She killed herself in 1963. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born on October 27, 1932, in Boston, Massachusetts. Her mother, Aurelia Schober <mask> (1906–1994), was a second-generation American of Austrian descent, and her father, <mask> (1885–1940), was from Grabow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany. Plath's father was an entomologist and a professor of biology at Boston University who authored a book about bumblebees. On April 27, 1935, Plath's brother Warren was born.In 1936 the family moved from 24 Prince Street in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, to 92 Johnson Avenue, Winthrop, Massachusetts. Plath's mother, Aurelia, with Plath's maternal grandparents, the Schobers, had lived since 1920 in a section of Winthrop called Point Shirley, a location mentioned in Plath's poetry. While living in Winthrop, eight-year-old Plath published her first poem in the Boston Heralds children's section. Over the next few years, Plath published multiple poems in regional magazines and newspapers. At age 11, Plath began keeping a journal. In addition to writing, she showed early promise as an artist, winning an award for her paintings from the Scholastic Art & Writing Awards in 1947. "Even in her youth, Plath was ambitiously driven to succeed".Plath also had an IQ of around 160. <mask> died on November 5, 1940, a week and a half after Plath's eighth birthday, of complications following the amputation of a foot due to untreated diabetes. He had become ill shortly after a close friend died of lung cancer. Comparing the similarities between his friend's symptoms and his own, Otto became convinced that he, too, had lung cancer and did not seek treatment until his diabetes had progressed too far. Raised as a Unitarian, Plath experienced a loss of faith after her father's death and remained ambivalent about religion throughout her life. Her father was buried in Winthrop Cemetery, in Massachusetts. A visit to her father's grave later prompted Plath to write the poem "Electra on Azalea Path".After Otto's death, Aurelia moved her children and her parents to 26 Elmwood Road, Wellesley, Massachusetts in 1942. In one of her last prose pieces, Plath commented that her first nine years "sealed themselves off like a ship in a bottle—beautiful, inaccessible, obsolete, a fine, white flying myth". Plath attended Bradford Senior High School (now Wellesley High School) in Wellesley, graduating in 1950. Just after graduating from high school, she had her first national publication in the Christian Science Monitor. College years and depression

In 1950, Plath attended Smith College, a private women's liberal arts college in Massachusetts. She excelled academically. While at Smith, she lived in Lawrence House, and a plaque can be found outside her old room.She edited The Smith Review. After her third year of college, Plath was awarded a coveted position as a guest editor at Mademoiselle magazine, during which she spent a month in New York City. The experience was not what she had hoped for, and many of the events that took place during that summer were later used as inspiration for her novel The Bell Jar. She was furious at not being at a meeting the editor had arranged with Welsh poet Dylan Thomas—a writer whom she loved, said one of her boyfriends, "more than life itself". She hung around the White Horse Tavern and the Chelsea Hotel for two days, hoping to meet Thomas, but he was already on his way home. A few weeks later, she slashed her legs to see if she had enough "courage" to kill herself. During this time she was refused admission to the Harvard writing seminar.Following electroconvulsive therapy for depression, Plath made her first medically documented suicide attempt on August 24, 1953 by crawling under the front porch and taking her mother's sleeping pills. She survived this first suicide attempt, later writing that she "blissfully succumbed to the whirling blackness that I honestly believed was eternal oblivion". She spent the next six months in psychiatric care, receiving more electric and insulin shock treatment under the care of Ruth Beuscher. Her stay at McLean Hospital and her Smith Scholarship were paid for by Olive Higgins Prouty, who had successfully recovered from a mental breakdown herself. Plath seemed to make a good recovery and returned to college. In January 1955, she submitted her thesis, The Magic Mirror: A Study of the Double in Two of Dostoyevsky's Novels, and in June graduated from Smith with an A.B. summa cum laude.She was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society. She obtained a Fulbright Scholarship to study at Newnham College, one of the two women-only colleges of the University of Cambridge in England, where she continued actively writing poetry and publishing her work in the student newspaper Varsity. At Newnham, she studied with Dorothea Krook, whom she held in high regard. She spent her first year winter and spring holidays traveling around Europe. Career and marriage

Plath first met poet Ted Hughes on February 25, 1956. In a 1961 BBC interview (now held by the British Library Sound Archive), Plath describes how she met Hughes:
I'd read some of Ted's poems in this magazine and I was very impressed and I wanted to meet him. I went to this little celebration and that's actually where we met... Then we saw a great deal of each other.Ted came back to Cambridge and suddenly we found ourselves getting married a few months later... We kept writing poems to each other. Then it just grew out of that, I guess, a feeling that we both were writing so much and having such a fine time doing it, we decided that this should keep on. Plath described Hughes as "a singer, story-teller, lion and world-wanderer" with "a voice like the thunder of God". The couple married on June 16, 1956, at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London (now in the Borough of Camden) with Plath's mother in attendance, and spent their honeymoon in Paris and Benidorm. Plath returned to Newnham in October to begin her second year. During this time, they both became deeply interested in astrology and the supernatural, using ouija boards. In June 1957, Plath and Hughes moved to the United States, and from September, Plath taught at Smith College, her alma mater.She found it difficult to both teach and have enough time and energy to write, and in the middle of 1958, the couple moved to Boston. Plath took a job as a receptionist in the psychiatric unit of Massachusetts General Hospital and in the evening sat in on creative writing seminars given by poet Robert Lowell (also attended by the writers Anne Sexton and George Starbuck). Both Lowell and Sexton encouraged Plath to write from her experience and she did so. She openly discussed her depression with Lowell and her suicide attempts with Sexton, who led her to write from a more female perspective. Plath began to consider herself as a more serious, focused poet and short-story writer. At this time <mask> and Hughes first met the poet W. S. Merwin, who admired their work and was to remain a lifelong friend. Plath resumed psychoanalytic treatment in December, working with Ruth Beuscher.Plath and Hughes traveled across Canada and the United States, staying at the Yaddo artist colony in Saratoga Springs, New York in late 1959. Plath says that it was here that she learned "to be true to my own weirdnesses", but she remained anxious about writing confessionally, from deeply personal and private material. The couple moved back to England in December 1959 and lived in London at 3 Chalcot Square, near the Primrose Hill area of Regent's Park, where an English Heritage plaque records Plath's residence. Their daughter Frieda was born on April 1, 1960, and in October, Plath published her first collection of poetry, The Colossus. In February 1961, Plath's second pregnancy ended in miscarriage; several of her poems, including "Parliament Hill Fields", address this event. In a letter to her therapist, Plath wrote that Hughes beat her two days before the miscarriage. In August she finished her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar and immediately after this, the family moved to Court Green in the small market town of North Tawton in Devon.Nicholas was born in January 1962. In mid-1962 Plath and Hughes began to keep bees, which would be the subject of many Plath poems. In 1961, the couple rented their flat at Chalcot Square to Assia Wevill (née Gutmann) and David Wevill. Hughes was immediately struck with the beautiful Assia, as she was with him. In June 1962, Plath had a car accident which she described as one of many suicide attempts. In July 1962, Plath discovered Hughes had been having an affair with Assia Wevill; in September Plath and Hughes separated. Beginning in October 1962, Plath experienced a great burst of creativity and wrote most of the poems on which her reputation now rests, writing at least 26 of the poems of her posthumous collection Ariel during the final months of her life.In December 1962, she returned alone to London with their children, and rented, on a five-year lease, a flat at 23 Fitzroy Road—only a few streets from the Chalcot Square flat. William Butler Yeats once lived in the house, which bears an English Heritage blue plaque for the Irish poet. Plath was pleased by this fact and considered it a good omen. The northern winter of 1962–1963 was one of the coldest in 100 years; the pipes froze, the children—now two years old and nine months—were often sick, and the house had no telephone. Her depression returned but she completed the rest of her poetry collection, which would be published after her death (1965 in the UK, 1966 in the US). Her only novel, The Bell Jar, was published in January 1963, under the pen name Victoria Lucas, and was met with critical indifference. Final depressive episode and death
Before her death, Plath tried several times to take her own life.On August 24, 1953, she overdosed on sleeping pills, then, in June1962, she drove her car off the side of the road into a river, which she later said was an attempt to take her own life. In January1963, Plath spoke with John Horder, her general practitioner and a close friend who lived near her. She described the current depressive episode she was experiencing; it had been ongoing for six or seven months. While for most of the time she had been able to continue working, her depression had worsened and become severe, "marked by constant agitation, suicidal thoughts and inability to cope with daily life". Plath struggled with insomnia, taking medication at night to induce sleep, and frequently woke up early. She lost 20pounds (9 kg). However, she continued to take care of her physical appearance and did not outwardly speak of feeling guilty or unworthy.Horder prescribed her an anti-depressant, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, a few days before her suicide. Knowing she was at risk alone with two young children, he says he visited her daily and made strenuous efforts to have her admitted to a hospital; when that failed, he arranged for a live-in nurse. Commentators have argued that because anti-depressants may take up to three weeks to take effect, her prescription from Horder would not have taken full effect. The nurse was due to arrive at nine on the morning of February 11, 1963, to help Plath with the care of her children. Upon arrival, she could not get into the flat but eventually gained access with the help of a workman, Charles Langridge. They found Plath dead with her head in the oven, having sealed the rooms between her and her sleeping children with tape, towels and cloths. She was 30years old.Plath's intentions have been debated. That morning, she asked her downstairs neighbor, Trevor Thomas (1907–1993), what time he would be leaving. She also left a note reading "Call Dr.Horder", including the doctor's phone number. It is argued Plath turned on the gas at a time when Thomas would have been able to see the note (although the escaping gas had seeped downstairs and also rendered Thomas unconscious while he slept). However, in her biography Giving Up: The

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texts:
 Last Days of <mask>h, Plath's best friend, Jillian Becker, wrote, "According to Mr.Goodchild, a police officer attached to the coroner's office, [Plath] had thrust her head far into the gas oven and had really meant to die." Horder also believed her intention was clear. He stated that "No one who saw the care with which the kitchen was prepared could have interpreted her action as anything but an irrational compulsion."Plath had described the quality of her despair as "owl's talons clenching my heart". In his 1971 book on suicide, friend and critic Al Alvarez claimed that Plath's suicide was an unanswered cry for help, and spoke, in a BBC interview in March2000, about his failure to recognize Plath's depression, saying he regretted his inability to offer her emotional support: "I failed her on that level. I was thirtyyears old and stupid. What did I know about chronic clinical depression? She kind of needed someone to take care of her. And that was not something I could do." Following Plath's death
An inquest was held on February 15 and gave a ruling of suicide as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning.Hughes was devastated; they had been separated for six months. In a letter to an old friend of Plath's from Smith College, he wrote, "That's the end of my life. The rest is posthumous." <mask>'s gravestone, in Heptonstall's parish churchyard of St Thomas the Apostle bears the inscription that Hughes chose for her: "Even amidst fierce flames the golden lotus can be planted." Biographers attribute the source of the quote to the Hindu text the Bhagavad Gita or to the 16th-century Buddhist novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en. The daughter of <mask> and Hughes, Frieda Hughes, is a writer and artist. On March 16, 2009, Nicholas Hughes, their son, hanged himself at his home in Fairbanks, Alaska, following a history of depression.Works

Plath wrote poetry from the age of eight, her first poem appearing in the Boston Traveller. By the time she arrived at Smith College she had written over 50 short stories and been published in a raft of magazines. In fact Plath desired much of her life to write prose and stories, and she felt that poetry was an aside. But, in sum, she was not successful in publishing prose. At Smith she majored in English and won all the major prizes in writing and scholarship. Additionally, she won a summer editor position at the young women's magazine Mademoiselle, and, on her graduation in 1955, she won the Glascock Prize for "Two Lovers and a Beachcomber by the Real Sea". Later, she wrote for the university publication, Varsity.The Colossus

By the time Heinemann published her first collection, The Colossus and Other Poems in the UK in late 1960, Plath had been short-listed several times in the Yale Younger Poets book competition and had had work printed in Harper's, The Spectator and The Times Literary Supplement. All the poems in The Colossus had already been printed in major US and British journals and she had a contract with The New Yorker. It was, however, her 1965 collection Ariel, published posthumously, on which Plath's reputation essentially rests. "Often, her work is singled out for the intense coupling of its violent or disturbed imagery and its playful use of alliteration and rhyme." The Colossus received largely positive UK reviews, highlighting Plath's voice as new and strong, individual and American in tone. Peter Dickinson at Punch called the collection "a real find" and "exhilarating to read", full of "clean, easy verse". Bernard Bergonzi at the Manchester Guardian said the book was an "outstanding technical accomplishment" with a "virtuoso quality".From the point of publication she became a presence on the poetry scene. The book went on to be published in America in 1962 to less-glowing reviews. Whilst her craft was generally praised, her writing was viewed as more derivative of other poets. The Bell Jar

Plath's semi-autobiographical novel—her mother wanted to block publication—was published in 1963 and in the US in 1971. Describing the compilation of the book to her mother, she wrote, "What I've done is to throw together events from my own life, fictionalising to add color—it's a pot boiler really, but I think it will show how isolated a person feels when he is suffering a breakdown... I've tried to picture my world and the people in it as seen through the distorting lens of a bell jar". She described her novel as "an autobiographical apprentice work which I had to write in order to free myself from the past".She dated a Yale senior named Dick Norton during her junior year. Norton, upon whom the character of Buddy in The Bell Jar is based, contracted tuberculosis and was treated at the Ray Brook Sanatorium near Saranac Lake. While visiting Norton, Plath broke her leg skiing, an incident that was fictionalized in the novel. Plath also used the novel to highlight the issue of women in the workforce during the 1950s. She strongly believed in women's abilities to be writers and editors, while society forced them to fulfill secretarial roles. Double Exposure
In 1963, after The Bell Jar was published, Plath began working on another literary work titled Double Exposure. It was never published and the manuscript disappeared around 1970.According to Hughes, Plath left behind "some 130 [typed] pages of another novel, provisionally titled Double Exposure". Theories about what happened to the unfinished manuscript are repeatedly brought up in the book <mask>'s Fiction: A Critical Study by Luke Ferretter including the claim that the rare books department at Smith College in Massachusetts has a secret copy of the work under seal or that the draft of Double Exposure may have been destroyed, stolen, or even lost. He also postulates in his book that the draft may lie unfound in a university archive. Ariel

The posthumous publication of Ariel in 1965 precipitated Plath's rise to fame. The poems in Ariel mark a departure from her earlier work into a more personal arena of poetry. Robert Lowell's poetry may have played a part in this shift as she cited Lowell's 1959 book Life Studies as a significant influence, in an interview just before her death. The impact of Ariel was dramatic, with its dark and potentially autobiographical descriptions of mental illness in poems such as "Tulips", "Daddy" and "Lady Lazarus".Plath's work is often held within the genre of confessional poetry and the style of her work compared to other contemporaries, such as Lowell and W. D. Snodgrass. Plath's close friend Al Alvarez, who wrote about her extensively, said of her later work: "Plath's case is complicated by the fact that, in her mature work, she deliberately used the details of her everyday life as raw material for her art. A casual visitor or unexpected telephone call, a cut, a bruise, a kitchen bowl, a candlestick—everything became usable, charged with meaning, transformed. Her poems are full of references and images that seem impenetrable at this distance, but which could mostly be explained in footnotes by a scholar with full access to the details of her life." Many of Plath's later poems deal with what one critic calls the "domestic surreal" in which Plath takes everyday elements of life and twists the images, giving them an almost nightmarish quality. Plath's poem "Morning Song" from Ariel is regarded as one of her finest poems on freedom of expression of an artist. Plath's fellow confessional poet and friend Anne Sexton commented: "<mask> and I would talk at length about our first suicide, in detail and in depth—between the free potato chips.Suicide is, after all, the opposite of the poem. <mask> and I often talked opposites. We talked death with burned-up intensity, both of us drawn to it like moths to an electric lightbulb, sucking on it. She told the story of her first suicide in sweet and loving detail, and her description in The Bell Jar is just that same story." The confessional interpretation of Plath's work has led to some dismissing certain aspects of her work as an exposition of sentimentalist melodrama; in 2010, for example, Theodore Dalrymple asserted that Plath had been the "patron saint of self-dramatisation" and of self-pity. Revisionist critics such as Tracy Brain have, however, argued against a tightly autobiographical interpretation of Plath's material. Other works
In 1971, the volumes Winter Trees and Crossing the Water were published in the UK, including nine previously unseen poems from the original manuscript of Ariel.Writing in New Statesman, fellow poet Peter Porter wrote:

Crossing the Water is full of perfectly realised works. Its most striking impression is of a front-rank artist in the process of discovering her true power. Such is Plath's control that the book possesses a singularity and certainty which should make it as celebrated as The Colossus or Ariel. The Collected Poems, published in 1981, edited and introduced by Ted Hughes, contained poetry written from 1956 until her death. Plath was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. In 2006 Anna Journey, then a graduate student at Virginia Commonwealth University, discovered a previously unpublished sonnet written by Plath titled "Ennui". The poem, composed during Plath's early years at Smith College, was published in the online journal Blackbird.Journals and letters
Plath's letters were published in 1975, edited and selected by her mother Aurelia Plath. The collection, Letters Home: Correspondence 1950–1963, came out partly in response to the strong public reaction to the publication of The Bell Jar in America. Plath began keeping a diary from the age of 11 and continued doing so until her suicide. Her adult diaries, starting from her first year at Smith College in 1950, were first published in 1982 as The Journals of <mask> Plath, edited by Frances McCullough, with Ted Hughes as consulting editor. In 1982, when Smith College acquired Plath's remaining journals, Hughes sealed two of them until February 11, 2013, the 50th anniversary of Plath's death. During the last years of his life, Hughes began working on a fuller publication of Plath's journals. In 1998, shortly before his death, he unsealed the two journals, and passed the project onto his children by Plath, Frieda and Nicholas, who passed it on to Karen V. Kukil.Kukil finished her editing in December 1999, and in 2000 Anchor Books published The Unabridged Journals of <mask>h (Plath 2000). More than half of the new volume contained newly released material; the American author Joyce Carol Oates hailed the publication as a "genuine literary event". Hughes faced criticism for his role in handling the journals: he claims to have destroyed Plath's last journal, which contained entries from the winter of 1962 up to her death. In the foreword of the 1982 version, he writes, "I destroyed [the last of her journals] because I did not want her children to have to read it (in those days I regarded forgetfulness as an essential part of survival)." Hughes controversies

As Hughes and <mask> were legally married at the time of her death, Hughes inherited the Plath estate, including all her written work. He has been condemned repeatedly for burning Plath's last journal, saying he "did not want her children to have to read it". Hughes lost another journal and an unfinished novel, and instructed that a collection of Plath's papers and journals should not be released until 2013.He has been accused of attempting to control the estate for his own ends, although royalties from Plath's poetry were placed into a trust account for their two children, Frieda and Nicholas. <mask>'s gravestone has been repeatedly vandalized by those aggrieved that "Hughes" is written on the stone; they have attempted to chisel it off, leaving only the name "<mask>h". When Hughes' mistress Assia Wevill killed herself and their four-year-old daughter Shura in 1969, this practice intensified. After each defacement, Hughes had the damaged stone removed, sometimes leaving the site unmarked during repair. Outraged mourners accused Hughes in the media of dishonoring her name by removing the stone. Wevill's death led to claims that Hughes had been abusive to both Plath and Wevill. Radical feminist poet Robin Morgan published the poem "Arraignment", in which she openly accused Hughes of the battery and murder of Plath.Her book Monster (1972) "included a piece in which a gang of Plath aficionados are imagined castrating Hughes, stuffing his penis into his mouth and then blowing out his brains". Hughes threatened to sue Morgan. The book was withdrawn by the publisher Random House, although it remained in circulation among feminists. Other feminists threatened to kill Hughes in Plath's name and pursue a conviction for murder. Plath's poem "The Jailor", in which the speaker condemns her husband's brutality, was included in Morgan's 1970 anthology Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement. In 1989, with Hughes under public attack, a battle raged in the letters pages of The Guardian and The Independent. In The Guardian on April 20, 1989, Hughes wrote the article "The Place Where <mask>lath

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texts:
 Should Rest in Peace": "In the years soon after [Plath's] death, when scholars approached me, I tried to take their apparently serious concern for the truth about <mask>h seriously.But I learned my lesson early. ... If I tried too hard to tell them exactly how something happened, in the hope of correcting some fantasy, I was quite likely to be accused of trying to suppress Free Speech. In general, my refusal to have anything to do with the Plath Fantasia has been regarded as an attempt to suppress Free Speech ... The Fantasia about <mask>h is more needed than the facts. Where that leaves respect for the truth of her life (and of mine), or for her memory, or for the literary tradition, I do not know." Still the subject of speculation and opprobrium in 1998, Hughes published Birthday Letters that year, his own collection of 88 poems about his relationship with Plath.Hughes had published very little about his experience of the marriage and <mask>'s subsequent suicide, and the book caused a sensation, being taken as his first explicit disclosure, and it topped best seller charts. It was not known at the volume's release that Hughes was suffering from terminal cancer and would die later that year. The book went on to win the Forward Poetry Prize, the T. S. Eliot Prize for Poetry, and the Whitbread Poetry Prize. The poems, written after Plath's death, in some cases long after, try to find a reason why Plath took her own life. In October 2015, the BBC Two documentary Ted Hughes: Stronger Than Death examined Hughes' life and work; it included audio recordings of Plath reciting her own poetry. Their daughter Frieda spoke for the first time about her mother and father. Themes and legacy

<mask>h's early poems exhibit what became her typical imagery, using personal and nature-based depictions featuring, for example, the moon, blood, hospitals, fetuses, and skulls.They were mostly imitation exercises of poets she admired such as Dylan Thomas, W. B. Yeats and Marianne Moore. Late in 1959, when she and Hughes were at the Yaddo writers' colony in New York State, she wrote the seven-part "Poem for a Birthday", echoing Theodore Roethke's Lost Son sequence, though its theme is her own traumatic breakdown and suicide attempt at 20. After 1960 her work moved into a more surreal landscape darkened by a sense of imprisonment and looming death, overshadowed by her father. The Colossus is shot through with themes of death, redemption and resurrection. After Hughes left, Plath produced, in less than two months, the 40 poems of rage, despair, love, and vengeance on which her reputation mostly rests. Plath's landscape poetry, which she wrote throughout her life, has been described as "a rich and important area of her work that is often overlooked ... some of the best of which was written about the Yorkshire moors". Her September 1961 poem "Wuthering Heights" takes its title from the Emily Brontë novel, but its content and style is Plath's own particular vision of the Pennine landscape.It was Plath's publication of Ariel in 1965 that precipitated her rise to fame. As soon as it was published, critics began to see the collection as the charting of Plath's increasing desperation or death wish. Her dramatic death became her most famous aspect, and remains so. Time and Life both reviewed the slim volume of Ariel in the wake of her death. The critic at Time said: "Within a week of her death, intellectual London was hunched over copies of a strange and terrible poem she had written during her last sick slide toward suicide. 'Daddy' was its title; its subject was her morbid love-hatred of her father; its style was as brutal as a truncheon. What is more, 'Daddy' was merely the first jet of flame from a literary dragon who in the last months of her life breathed a burning river of bile across the literary landscape.... In her most ferocious poems, 'Daddy' and 'Lady Lazarus', fear, hate, love, death and the poet's own identity become fused at black heat with the figure of her father, and through him, with the guilt of the German exterminators and the suffering of their Jewish victims. They are poems, as Robert Lowell says in his preface to Ariel, that 'play Russian roulette with six cartridges in the cylinder'." Some in the feminist movement saw Plath as speaking for their experience, as a "symbol of blighted female genius". Writer Honor Moore describes Ariel as marking the beginning of a movement, Plath suddenly visible as "a woman on paper", certain and audacious. Moore says: "When <mask>'s Ariel was published in the United States in 1966, American women noticed. Not only women who ordinarily read poems, but housewives and mothers whose ambitions had awakened ...Here was a woman, superbly trained in her craft, whose final poems uncompromisingly charted female rage, ambivalence, and grief, in a voice with which many women identified." Some feminists threatened to kill Hughes in Plath's name. Smith College, Plath's alma mater, holds her literary papers in the Smith College Library. The United States Postal Service introduced a postage stamp featuring Plath in 2012. An English Heritage plaque records Plath's residence at 3 Chalcot Square, in London. In 2018, The New York Times published an obituary for Plath as part of the Overlooked history project. Portrayals in media
Plath's voice is heard in a BBC documentary about her life, recorded in London in late 1962.Of the BBC recording Elizabeth Hardwick wrote:
I have never before learned anything from a poetic reading, unless the clothes, the beard, the girls, the poor or good condition of the poet can be considered a kind of knowledge. But I was taken aback by <mask>’s reading. It was not anything like I could have imagined. Not a trace of the modest, retreating, humorous Worcester, Massachusetts, of Elizabeth Bishop; nothing of the swallowed plain Pennsylvania of Marianne Moore. Instead these bitter poems—"Daddy", "Lady Lazarus", "The Applicant", "Fever 103°"—were beautifully read, projected in full-throated, plump, diction-perfect, Englishy, mesmerizing cadences, all round and rapid, and paced and spaced. Poor recessive Massachusetts had been erased. "I have done it again!"Clearly, perfectly, staring you down. She seemed to be standing at a banquet like Timon, crying, "Uncover, dogs, and lap!" Gwyneth Paltrow portrayed Plath in the biopic <mask> (2003). Despite criticism from Elizabeth Sigmund, a friend of Plath and Hughes, that Plath was portrayed as a "permanent depressive and possessive person", she conceded that "the film has an atmosphere towards the end of her life which is heartbreaking in its accuracy". Frieda Hughes, now a poet and painter, who was two years old when her mother died, was angered by the making of entertainment featuring her parents' lives. She accused the "peanut crunching" public of wanting to be titillated by the family's tragedies. In 2003, Frieda reacted to the situation in the poem "My Mother" in Tatler:
Now they want to make a film
For anyone lacking the ability
To imagine the body, head in oven,
Orphaning children

 ... they think
I should give them my mother's words
To fill the mouth of their monster,
Their <mask> Suicide Doll

In the 2019 film How to Build a Girl, Plath is one of the figures in Johanna's collage who "talk" to her.(2003). Rough Magic: A Biography of <mask>h. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. .
 Alvarez, Al. (2007). Risky Business: People, Pastimes, Poker and Books. London: Bloomsbury. .
 Badia, Janet and Phegley, Jennifer. (2005).Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present. University of Toronto Press. .
 Becker, Jillian. (2003). Giving Up: The Last Days of <mask>h. New York: St Martins Press. . Brain, Tracy. (2001).The Other <mask>h. Harlow, Essex: Longman. . Brain, Tracy. (2006). "Dangerous Confessions: The Problem of Reading <mask>h Biographically" . Modern Confessional Writing: New Critical Essays. Ed.Jo Gill. London: Routledge. pp. 11–32. . Brain, Tracy. (2007). "The Indeterminacy of the Plath Canon".In Helle (2007) pp. 17–38. Butscher, Edward. (2003). <mask>h: Method and Madness. Tucson, AZ: Schaffner Press. .
 Carmody, Denise Lardner and Carmody, John Tully. (1996).Mysticism: Holiness East and West. Oxford University Press. .
 Christodoulides, Nephie. (2005). Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking: Motherhood in <mask>'s Work. Amsterdam: Rodopi. .
 Dalrymple, Theodore. (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality.London: Gibson Square Books. .
 Ferretter,Luke. (2009). <mask>'s Fiction: A Critical Study . Edinburgh University Press. 1st ed. .
 Gifford, Terry. (2008). Ted Hughes .Routledge. .
 Gill, Jo. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to <mask>h . Cambridge University Press. .
 Hayman, Ronald. (1991). The Death and Life of <mask>. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing. .
 Helle, Anita (Ed).(2007). The Unraveling Archive: Essays on <mask>h . Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. .
 Hemphill, Stephanie. (2007). Your Own, <mask>: A Verse Portrait of <mask>h. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. .
 Hughes, Frieda (2004). "Foreword" .In <mask>, <mask>. Ariel: The Restored Edition. London: Faber and Faber. . Via British Library. Kibler, James E. Jr (Ed.). (1980). American Novelists Since World War II.2nd ed. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 6. Detroit: A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book, The Gale Group. .
 Kirk, Connie Ann. (2004). <mask>h: A Biography . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. .
 Kyle, Barry.(1976). <mask>: A Dramatic Portrait; Conceived and Adapted from Her Writings. London: Faber and Faber. .
 Malcolm, Janet. (1995). The Silent Woman: <mask> and Ted Hughes. New York: Vintage. .
 McCullough, Frances. (2005)."Introduction". In <mask>, <mask>. (2005) [Originally published 1963]. The Bell Jar. New York: Perennial Classics. 1st Harper Perennial Classics ed. .
 Middlebrook, Diane. (2003).Her Husband: Hughes and Plath – a Marriage. New York: Viking. .
 Morgan, Robin. (1970). Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement. New York: Random House. .
 Peel, Robin. (2007). "The Political Education of <mask>h".In Helle (2007) pp. 39–64. <mask>, <mask>. (2000). The Unabridged Journals of <mask>. Edited by Karen V. Kukil. New York: Anchor.Steinberg, Peter K. (2004). <mask>h. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chelsea House. .
 Stevenson, Anne. (1990) [originally published 1989]. Bitter Fame: A Life of <mask>. London: Penguin. .
 Stevenson, Anne. "Plath, <mask>".(1994). The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English. Hamilton, Ian (Ed.). Oxford University Press. .
 Tabor, Stephen. (1988). <mask>h: An Analytical Bibliography. London: Mansell. .
 Taylor, Robert.(1986). Saranac: America's Magic Mountain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. .
 Thomas, David N. (2008). Fatal Neglect: Who Killed Dylan Thomas?. Bridgend: Seren. .
 Wagner, Erica. (2002). Ariel's Gift: Ted Hughes, <mask>, and the Story of Birthday Letters.New York: W. W. Norton. .
 Wagner-Martin, Linda (Ed). (1988). <mask> (Critical Heritage). London: Routledge. .
 Wagner-Martin, Linda. (2003). <mask>: A Literary Life. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. .

Further reading

 Alexander, Paul.(1991). Rough Magic: A Biography of <mask>h. New York: Da Capo Press. .
 Axelrod, Steven Gould. (1992). <mask>: The Wound and the Cure of Words. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University. . External links

 Peter K. Steinberg's A celebration, this is
 Plath profile from American Academy of Poets
 <mask>h drawings at The Mayor Gallery The Daily Telegraph

 <mask>h at the British Library
 Ted Hughes and <mask>h collection at University of Victoria, Special Collections
 <mask>h collection, 1952–1989, Stuart A.Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University Libraries
 Harriet Rosenstein research files on <mask>, 1910–2018, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University Libraries
Sylvia Plath Collection at the Mortimer Rare Book Collection, Smith College Special Collections

 BBC profile and video. BBC archive. Plath reading "Lady Lazarus" from Ariel (sound file)

1932 births
1963 suicides
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century essayists
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
American child writers
American diarists
American essayists
American expatriates in England
American people of Austrian descent
American people of German descent
American Unitarians
American women essayists
American women novelists
American women poets
American women short story writers
Burials in West Yorkshire
Glascock Prize winners
McLean Hospital patients
Novelists from Massachusetts
People from Jamaica Plain
People from Winthrop, Massachusetts
People with mood disorders
Poets from Massachusetts
Pseudonymous women writers
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
Smith College alumni
Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning
Suicides by gas
Suicides in London
Wellesley High School alumni
Women diarists
Writers from Boston
Ted Hughes
20th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century diarists
Yaddo

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