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<mask> (born <mask>; October 27, 1920 – February 22, 2018) was an American actress, singer, and dancer. She began her career performing in vaudeville as a child and became a musical-theatre actress during the 1940s and 1950s, acclaimed for her role in High Button Shoes (1947) and winning a Tony Award in 1949 for her performance in Love Life. In the mid-1950s, she served as Sid Caesar's comedic partner on Caesar's Hour, for which she won three Emmy Awards, as well as appearing with Fred Astaire in the film musical The Band Wagon. From 1979 to 1984, she played Katherine Romano, the mother of lead character Ann Romano, on the TV series One Day at a Time. She also appeared as the mother of Christine Armstrong (played by her niece Shelley Fabares) in the television series "Coach." Fabray overcame a significant hearing impairment and was a long-time advocate for the rights of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Her honors for representing the disabled included the President's Distinguished Service Award and the Eleanor Roosevelt Humanitarian Award.Early life
<mask> was born Ruby Bernadette <mask> Theresa Fabares on October 27, 1920, in San Diego, to Lily Agnes (McGovern), a housewife, and Raoul Bernard Fabares, a train conductor. She used one of her middle names, <mask>, as her first name in honor of a beloved aunt from San Diego, whose name was also Nanette. Throughout life, she often went by the nickname Nan, and to a lesser extent, by close friends or relatives, sometimes Nanny-goat. Her family resided in Los Angeles, and <mask>'s mother was instrumental in getting her daughter involved in show business as a child. At a young age, she studied tap dance with, among others, Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. She made her professional stage debut as "Miss New Years Eve 1923" at the Million Dollar Theater at the age of three. She spent much of her childhood appearing in vaudeville productions as a dancer and singer under the name “Baby Nan.” She appeared with stars such as Ben Turpin.Raised by what would now likely be known as a stage mom, <mask> herself was not much interested in show business until later on, and never believed in pushing children into performing at a young age, instead wishing for them to be able to live out their childhoods as opposed to having to deal with adult concerns at a young age. Her early dance training, however, did lead her always to consider herself a tap dancer first and foremost. Contrary to popular misinformation from an undying rumor, she was never a regular or recurring guest of the Our Gang series; she did, however, appear as an extra one single time, a guest among many other children in a party scene. <mask>'s parents divorced when she was nine, but they continued living together for financial reasons. During the Great Depression, her mother turned their home into a boarding house, which <mask> and her siblings helped run, Nanette’s main job being ironing clothes. In her early teenage years, Fabray attended the Max Reinhardt School of the Theatre on a scholarship. She then attended Hollywood High School, participating in the drama program with a favorite teacher, where she graduated in 1939.She beat out classmate Alexis Smith for the lead in the school play her senior year. Fabray entered Los Angeles Junior College in the fall of 1939, but did not do well and withdrew a few months later. She had always had difficulty in school due to an undiagnosed hearing impairment, which made learning difficult. She eventually was diagnosed with a conductive hearing loss (due to congenital, progressive otosclerosis) in her twenties after an acting teacher encouraged her to get her hearing tested. <mask> said of the experience, "It was a revelation to me. All these years I had thought I was stupid, but in reality, I just had a hearing problem." Fabray gave many interviews over the years and much of the information known about her was revealed in these conversations.In 2004, she was interviewed for posterity in the oral history Archives of American Television as an Emmy TV legend. Career

Theatre
At the age of 19, <mask> made her feature film debut as one of Bette Davis's ladies-in-waiting in The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939). She appeared in two additional movies that year for Warner Bros., The Monroe Doctrine (short) and A Child Is Born, but was not signed to a long-term studio contract. She next appeared in the stage production Meet the People in Los Angeles in 1940, which then toured the United States in 1940–1941. In the show, she sang the opera aria "Caro nome" from Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto while tap dancing. During the show's New York run, <mask> was invited to perform the "Caro nome" number for a benefit at Madison Square Garden with Eleanor Roosevelt as the main speaker. Ed Sullivan was the master of ceremonies for the event and the famed host, reading a cue card, mispronounced her name as "Nanette Fa-bare-ass."After this embarrassing faux pas, the actress immediately legally changed the spelling of her name from Fabares to as close as possible a match to the proper pronunciation: Fabray. Artur Rodziński, conductor of the New York Philharmonic, saw Fabray's performance in Meet the People and offered to sponsor operatic vocal training for her at the Juilliard School. She studied opera at Juilliard with Lucia Dunham during the latter half of 1941 while performing in her first Broadway musical, Cole Porter's Let's Face It!, with Danny Kaye and Eve Arden. She decided that studying during the day and performing at night was too much for her and took away from her active social nightlife which she so enjoyed, and that she preferred performing in musical theatre over opera; thus she withdrew from the school after about five months. She became a successful musical-theatre actress in New York during the 1940s and early 1950s, starring in such productions as By Jupiter (1942), My Dear Public (1943), Jackpot (1944), Bloomer Girl (1946), High Button Shoes (1947), Arms and the Girl (1950), and Make a Wish (1951). In 1949, she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Susan Cooper in the Kurt Weill/Alan Jay Lerner musical Love Life. She received a Tony nomination for her role as Nell Henderson in  Mr. President in 1963, after an 11-year absence from the New York stage.Fabray continued to tour in musicals for many years, appearing in such shows as Wonderful Town and No, No, Nanette. Television and film

In the mid-1940s, <mask> worked regularly for NBC on a variety of programs in the Los Angeles area. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, she made her first high-profile national television appearances performing on a number of variety programs such as The Ed Sullivan Show, Texaco Star Theatre, and The Arthur Murray Party. She also appeared on Your Show of Shows as a guest star opposite Sid Caesar. She appeared as a regular on Caesar's Hour from 1954 to 1956, winning three Emmys. <mask> left the show after a misunderstanding when her business manager, unbeknownst to her, made unreasonable demands for her third-season contract. <mask> and Caesar did not reconcile until years later.In 1961, <mask> Show or Yes, Yes Nanette. The character was mainly loosely based on herself and her own life as a newly married couple with her husband and her new stepchildren. <mask> appeared as the mother of the main character on several television series such as One Day at a Time, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and Coach, where she played mother to real-life niece Shelley Fabares. Like her aunt, Shelley Fabares also appeared on One Day at a Time. <mask> made 13 guest appearances on The Carol Burnett Show. She performed on multiple episodes of The Dean Martin Show, The Hollywood Palace, Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall, and The Andy Williams Show. She was a panelist on 230 episodes of the long-running game show The Hollywood Squares, as well as a mystery guest on What's My Line?and later a panelist on Match Game in 1973. Other recurring game show appearances by Fabray included participation in Password, I’ve Got a Secret, He Said, She Said, and Celebrity Bowling. She also appeared on the game shows Stump the Stars, Let's Make a Deal, All Star Secrets, and a television series families "All Star special" of Family Feud with fellow One Day at a Time cast members. She appeared in guest-starring roles on Burke's Law, Love, American Style, Maude, The Love Boat, and Murder, She Wrote. On the PBS program Pioneers of Television: Sitcoms, Mary Tyler Moore credited Fabray with inspiring her trademark comedic crying technique. In 1953, Fabray played her best-known screen role as a Betty Comden-like playwright in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical The Band Wagon with Fred Astaire and Jack Buchanan. The film in one scene featured <mask>, Astaire, and Buchanan performing the classic comedic musical number "Triplets", which was also included in That's Entertainment, Part II.<mask>'s additional film credits include The Happy Ending (1969), Harper Valley PTA (1978), and Amy (1981). <mask>'s final work was in 2007, when she appeared in The Damsel Dialogues, an original revue by composer Dick DeBenedictis, with direction/choreography by Miriam Nelson. The show, which was performed at the Whitefire Theatre in Sherman Oaks, California, focused on women's issues with life, love, loss, and the workplace. Personal life
<mask>'s first husband, David Tebet, was in television marketing and talent, and later became a vice president of NBC. According to Fabray, their marriage ended in divorce partially because of her depression, anxiety, and insecurities surrounding her worsening hearing loss. Her second husband was screenwriter Ranald MacDougall, whose writing credits include Mildred Pierce and Cleopatra and who, in the early 1970s, served as president of the Writers Guild of America. The couple was married from 1957 until his death in 1973.They had one son together: Jamie MacDougall. She was a resident of Pacific Palisades, California, and was the aunt of singer/actress Shelley Fabares. Her niece's 1984 wedding to M*A*S*H actor Mike Farrell was held at her home. Longtime neighbors, Fabray was associated with Ronald Reagan's campaign for the governorship of California in 1966. She was hospitalized for almost two weeks after being knocked unconscious by a falling pipe backstage during a live broadcast of Caesar's Hour in 1955. The audience in the studio heard her screams and Sid Caesar had at first been told she had been killed in the freak accident. Fabray suffered a serious concussion along with associated temporary vision impairment and photosensitivity/photophobia.Later, she realized she had only avoided being directly impaled because of the position she happened to have been in at the time (bending over as opposed to standing up straight). In 1978, during the filming of Harper Valley PTA, <mask> suffered a second major concussion when she was knocked over, hitting her neck on the sidewalk and the back of her head on a rock. The accident was caused when a live elephant appearing in the film stampeded when spooked by a drunken civilian bystander, who had bypassed the blocked-off street on the set. <mask> suffered associated memory loss and visual issues such as nystagmus, but still had to finish her scenes (namely a car chase) in the movie, for which filming had not yet wrapped. She had to be closely directed and coached, fed line-by-line, as she could not remember any of her lines or cues due to the concussion. She also had to be filmed only from specific angles to mask the obvious abnormal eye movements the concussion had temporarily caused. Activism
A longtime champion of hearing awareness and support of the deaf, she sat on boards and spoke at many related functions.A forward-thinking proponent of total communication and teaching the deaf language and communication in any way possible, including American Sign Language and not just the oralism method of the time, <mask> was one of, if not the first, to use sign language on [live] television, something which she continued to showcase on many programs on which she made appearances, including the Carol Burnett Show, Match Game ‘73, and I’ve Got a Secret. She even contributed the story line to an entire 1982 episode of One Day at a Time, which focused on hearing loss awareness and acceptance, treatment options, and sign language. Fabray appeared in a 1986 infomercial for hearing device and deafness support products for House Ear Institute. In 2001, she wrote to advice columnist Dear Abby to decry the loud background music played on television programs. A founding member of the National Captioning Institute, she also was one of the first big names to bring awareness to the need for media closed-captioning. Likewise, after the passing of her second husband, Randy MacDougall, Fabray also started to learn about the tribulations associated with spousal death and began to bring awareness to the need for changes in the law for widows and widowers. She focused her later years on campaigning for widows’ rights, particularly pertaining to women’s inheritance laws, taxes, and asset protection.Death
<mask> <mask> died on February 22, 2018, at the Canterbury Nursing home in California at the age of 97 from natural causes. Honors
A Tony and three-time Primetime Emmy award winner, <mask> Fabray has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1986, she received a Life Achievement award from the Screen Actors Guild. She won a Golden Apple award from the Hollywood Women’s Press Club in 1960 along with Janet Leigh for being a Most Cooperative actress. She was awarded the President's Distinguished Service Award and the Eleanor Roosevelt Humanitarian Award for her long efforts on behalf of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Partial filmography

Film

Television

Stage work
The Miracle (1939)
Six Characters in Search of an Author (1939)
The Servant of Two Masters (1939)
Meet the People (1940)
Let's Face It! (1941)
By Jupiter (1942) (replacement for Constance Moore)
My Dear Public (1943)
Jackpot (1944)
Bloomer Girl (1945; 1947; 1949)
High Button Shoes (1947)
Love Life (1948)
Arms and the Girl (1950)
Make a Wish (1951)
Mr. President (1962)
No Hard Feelings (1973)
Applause (1973)
Plaza Suite (1975)
Wonderful Town (1975)
The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild (1977)
Call Me Madam (1979)
Cactus Flower (1984)
Prince of Central Park (1989) (replacement for Jo Anne Worley)
The Bermuda Avenue Triangle (1997)

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1920 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American musical theatre actresses
Tony Award winners
Donaldson Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award
American women comedians
Actresses from San Diego
Vaudeville performers
Comedians from California
California Republicans
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians

masks:
Nanette Fabray
Ruby Bernadette Nanette Theresa Fabares
Fabray
Nanette
Nanette
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabrayray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Fabray
Nanette
Fabray
Nanette


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<mask> (born October 23, 1974 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Croatian super middleweight boxer. He won the title of World Boxing Foundation (WBFo) world champion on June 6, 2005 fighting against Australian Nader Hamdan. He successfully defended the title on December 2 in the same year versus Argentinian Julio Vasquez. He won the WBA intercontinental title versus  Danish Lolenga Mock. After several defenses of the WBA intercontinental title, <mask> landed a shot at the WBA world title, losing to Dimitri Sartison by sixth round TKO. Personal life
<mask> married Angelina in 2005 and they had two children together, Dominik and Matej. In April 2010 <mask> announced that he was getting divorced.Professional boxing record

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|29 Wins (19 knockouts, 10 decisions), 11 Losses (8 knockouts, 3 decisions), 0 Draws
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.

masks:
Stjepan Božić
Božić
Stjepan
Stjepan


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<mask> (Avraham) ben <mask> (Hebrew אברהם בן שמואל - Avraham ben Shmuel; Karayce: Аврагъам Фиркович - <mask>) (1786–1874) was a famous Karaite writer and archaeologist, collector of ancient manuscripts, and a Karaite Hakham. He was born in Lutsk, Volhynia, then lived in Lithuania, and finally settled in Çufut Qale, Crimea. <mask> of Troki was his son-in-law. Biography

<mask> was born in 1787 into a Crimean Karaite farming family in the Lutsk district of Volhynia, then part of the Russian Empire, now Ukraine. In 1818 he was serving the local Crimean Karaite communities as a junior hazzan, or religious leader, and from there he went on to the city of Eupatoria in Crimea. In 1822, he moved to the Karaite community in Gozleve, and he was appointed as hazan, or community leader, in 1825. Together with the Karaite noble Simha Babovich, he sent memoranda to the Czar, with proposals to relieve Karaites from the heavy taxes imposed on the Jewish community.In 1828 he moved to Berdichev, where he met many Hasidism and learned more about their interpretations of Jewish Scriptures based on the Talmud and rabbinic tradition. The encounter with Rabbinical Jews brought <mask> into conflict with them. He published a book, "Massah and Meribah" (Yevpatoria, 1838) which argued against the predominant Jewish halakha of the Rabbinites. In 1830 he visited Jerusalem, where he collected many Jewish manuscripts. On his return he remained for two years in Constantinople, as a teacher in the Karaite community there. He then went to Crimea and organized a society to publish old Karaite works, of which several appeared in Yevpatoria (Koslov) with comments by him. In 1838 he was the teacher of the children of Sima Babovich, the head of the Russian Crimean Karaites, who one year later recommended him to Count Vorontzov and to the Historical Society of Odessa as a suitable man to send to collect material for the history of the Crimean Karaites.In 1839, <mask> began excavations in the ancient cemetery of Çufut Qale, and unearthed many old tombstones, claiming that some of them dated from the first centuries of the common era. The following two years were spent in travels through the Caucasus, where he ransacked the genizot of the old Jewish communities and collected many valuable manuscripts. He went as far as Derbent, and returned in 1842. In later years he made other journeys of the same nature, visiting Egypt and other countries. In Odessa he became the friend of Bezalel Stern and of Simchah Pinsker, and while residing in Wilna he made the acquaintance of Samuel Joseph Fuenn and other Hebrew scholars. In 1871 he visited the small Karaite community in Halych, Galicia, where he introduced several reforms. From there he went to Vienna, where he was introduced to Count Beust and also made the acquaintance of Adolph Jellinek.He returned to pass his last days in Çufut Qale, of which there now remain only a few buildings and many ruins. However, <mask>'s house is still preserved in the site. <mask> collected a vast number of Hebrew, Arabic and Samaritan manuscripts during his many travels in his search for evidence concerning the traditions of his people. These included thousands of Jewish documents from throughout the Russian Empire in what became known as the First Firkovich Collection. His Second Collection contains material collected from the Near East. His visit took place about thirty years before Solomon Schechter's more famous trip to Egypt. This "Second Firkovich Collection" contains 13,700 items and is of incredible value.As a result of his research he became focused on the origin of the ancestors of the Crimean Karaites who he claimed had arrived in Crimea before the common era. The Karaites, therefore, could not be seen as culpable for the crucifixion of Jesus because they had settled in Crimea at such an early date. His theories persuaded the Russian imperial court that Crimean Karaites cannot be accused in Jesus' Crucifixion and they were excluded from the restrictive measures against Jews. Many of his findings were disputed immediately after his death, and despite their important value there is still controversy over many of the documents he collected. The Russian National Library purchased the Second Firkovich Collection in 1876, a little more than a year after <mask>'s death. Among the treasures in the <mask> collection is a manuscript of the Garden of Metaphors, an aesthetic appreciation of Biblical literature written in Judeo-Arabic by one of the greatest of the Sephardi poets, Moses ibn Ezra. <mask>'s life and works are of great importance to Karaite history and literature.His collections at the Russian National Library are important to biblical scholars and to historians, especially those of the Karaite and Samaritan communities. Controversy continues regarding his alleged discoveries and the reliability of his works. Works
<mask>'s chief work is his "Abne Zikkaron," containing the texts of inscriptions discovered by him (Wilna, 1872). It is preceded by a lengthy account of his travels to Daghestan, characterized by Strack as a mixture of truth and fiction. His other works are "Ḥotam Toknit," antirabbinical polemics, appended to his edition of the "Mibḥar Yesharim" by Aaron the elder (Koslov, 1835); "Ebel Kabod," on the death of his wife and of his son Jacob (Odessa, 1866); and "Bene Reshef", essays and poems, published by Peretz Smolenskin (Vienna, 1871). Collections
<mask> collected several distinct collections of documents. In sum the <mask> collection contains approximately 15,000 items, of which many are fragmentary.His collections represent 'by far the greatest repository of all Judaeo-Arabic manuscripts' and are today held in the National Library of Russia in St Petersburg, while microfilm reproductions of all the manuscripts are held in the Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew manuscripts at the Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem. The Odessa Collection
This collection contains material from the Crimea and the Caucasus. It was largely collected between 1839 and 1840, but with additions from <mask> as late as 1852. It was originally owned by the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities and was stored in the Odessa museum. Some of these documents deteriorated due to chemical treatment performed by <mask>. Other documents which were suspected forgeries disappeared; <mask> claimed they had been stolen. The collection was moved to the Imperial Public Library in 1863.In 1844 the Russian historian Arist Kunik, a leading anti-Normanist, and Bezalel Stern, an influential Russian Maskil, would study and partly describe the discovery. Briefly stated, the discoveries include the major part of the manuscripts described in Pinner's "Prospectus der Odessaer Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Alterthum Gehörenden Aeltesten Hebräischen und Rabbinischen Manuscripte" (Odessa, 1845), a rather rare work which is briefly described in "Literaturblatt des Orients" for 1847, No. 2. These manuscripts consist of:

Fifteen scrolls of the Law, with postscripts which give, in Karaite fashion, the date and place of writing, the name of the writer or corrector or other interesting data. Twenty copies of books of the Bible other than the Pentateuch, some complete, others fragmentary, of one of which, the Book of Habakkuk, dated 916, a facsimile is given. Nine numbers of Talmudical and rabbinical manuscripts. The First Collection
Contains material from the Crimea and the Caucasus largely collected between 1839 and 1841.It was purchased by the Imperial Public Library in 1862. The Samaritan Collection
Another collection of 317 Samaritan manuscripts, acquired in Nablus, arrived in the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy in 1867 (see Fürst, "Geschichte des Karäerthums", iii. pp. 176, Leipsic, 1869)

In 1864 <mask> acquired a large collection of Samaritan documents in Nablus. He sold the documents to the Imperial Public Library in 1870. In sum the collection contains 1,350 items. The Second Collection
Contains material collected from the Near East.The material was collected between 1863 and 1865. <mask> collected in Jerusalem, Aleppo and also in Cairo. <mask> concealed where he obtained the documents. He possibly collected from the Cairo Geniza thirty years before Solomon Schechter discovered it. <mask> sold this collection to the Imperial Public Library in 1873. Forgery Accusations
<mask> has come to be regarded as a forger, acting in support of Karaite causes. He wished to eliminate any connection between Rabbinic Judaism and the Karaites by declaring that the Karaites were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes.<mask> successfully petitioned the Russian government to exempt the Karaites from anti-Jewish laws on the grounds that Karaites had immigrated to Europe before the crucifixion of Jesus and thus could not be held responsible for his death. S. L. Rapoport has pointed out some impossibilities in the inscriptions (Ha-Meliẓ, 1861, Nos. 13-15, 37); A. Geiger in his Jüdische Zeitschrift (1865, p. 166), Schorr in He-Ḥaluẓ, and A. Neubauer in the Journal Asiatique (1862–63) and in his Aus der Petersburger Bibliothek (Leipzig, 1866) have challenged the correctness of the facts and the theories based upon them which Jost, Julius Fürst, and Heinrich Grätz, in their writings on the Karaites, took from Pinsker's Liḳḳuṭe Ḳadmoniyyot, in which the data furnished by <mask> were unhesitatingly accepted. Further exposures were made by Strack and Harkavy (St. Petersburg, 1875) in the Catalog der Hebr. Bibelhandschriften der Kaiserlichen Oeffentlichen Bibliothek in St. Petersburg; in Harkavy's Altjüdische Denkmäler aus der Krim (ib. 1876); in Strack's A. Firkowitsch und Seine Entdeckungen (Leipsic, 1876); in Fränkel's Aḥare Reshet le-Baḳḳer (Ha-Shaḥar, vii.646 et seq. ); in Deinard's Massa' Ḳrim (Warsaw, 1878); and in other places.In contradiction, <mask>'s most sympathetic critic, Chwolson, gives as a résumé of his belief, after considering all controversies, that <mask> succeeded in demonstrating that some of the Jewish tombstones from Chufut-Kale date back to the seventh century, and that seemingly modern forms of eulogy and the method of counting after the era of creation were in vogue among Jews much earlier than had been hitherto suspected. Chwolson alone defended him, but he also was forced to admit that in some cases Firkovich had resorted to forgery. In his Corpus Inscriptionum Hebraicarum (St. Petersburg, 1882; Russian ed., ib. 1884) Chwolson attempts to prove that the <mask> collection, especially the epitaphs from tombstones, contains much which is genuine. In 1980, V. V. Lebedev investigated the Firkovich collection and came to the conclusion that forgery cannot be attributed to <mask>, but rather it was done by the previous owners, in an attempt to increase the price of the manuscripts. For many years the manuscripts were not available to Western scholars. The extent of <mask>’s forgeries is still being determined.<mask>’s materials require careful examination on a case by case basis. His collection remains of great value to scholars of Jewish studies. See also
Seraya Shapshal, Philosophical disciple of <mask> also carrying the Bashyazi Sevel ha Yerushah. References

Sources
Ben-Sasson, M. (1991). "<mask>'s Second Collection: Notes on historical and Halakhic material." Jewish Studies, 31: 47-67 (Hebrew). Josephs, Susan."Fact from Fantasy" The Jewish Week January 12, 2001. Markon, I. “Babowitsch, Simcha ben Salamo.” Encyclopaedia Judaica 3: 857-58.
.  “Firkowitsch, (Firkowitz), <mask> ben Samuel.”  Encyclopaedia Judaica 6: 1017-19. Miller, Philip E. Karaite Separatism in Nineteenth-Century Russia. Cincinnati, 1993
Harkavy, Albert. Altjudische Denkmaller aus der Krim mitgetheilt von <mask>, 1839-1872. In Memoires de l’Academie Imperiale de St.-Peterboug, VIIe Serie, 24, 1877; reprinted Wiesbaden, 1969.Кизилов, Михаил. “Караим Авраам Фиркович: прокладывая путь тюркскому национализму.” Историческое наследие Крыма 9 (2005): 218-221. Кизилов М., Щеголева T. Осень караимского патриарха. Авраам Фиркович по описаниям очевидцев и современников // Параллели 2-3 (2003). С.319-362. Shapira, Dan. “Remarks on Avraham Firkowicz and the Hebrew Mejelis 'Document'.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59:2 (2006): 131-180.Shapira, Dan. Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830–1832). Paving the Way for Turkic Nationalism. Ankara: KaraM, 2003. Shapira, Dan. “Yitshaq Sangari, Sangarit, Bezalel Stern and Avraham Firkowicz: Notes on Two Forged Inscriptions.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 12 (2002–2003): 223-260. Kizilov, Mikhail.Karaites through the Travelers’ Eyes. Ethnic History, Traditional Culture and Everyday Life of the Crimean Karaites According to Descriptions of the Travelers. New York: al-Qirqisani, 2003. The book “Masa UMriva”, an essay by the Karaite scholar <mask> <mask> with an explanatory essay to him “Tzedek veShalom” by D-r hazzan Avraam Kefeli, in two volumes (Ashdod 5780, 2019), D.A.N.A. 800-161008

1786 births
1874 deaths
Book and manuscript collectors
History of Crimea
Rabbis of the Russian Empire
Crimean Karaites
Karaite rabbis
Khazar studies
Forgery controversies
Religious leaders from Lutsk

masks:
Abraham
Samuel Firkovich
Avragham Firkovich
Gabriel Firkovich
Abraham Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Abraham Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Firkovich
Abraham
Abraham Firkowitsch
Abraham Samuilovich
Firkovich


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<mask> (; born May 6, 1990) is a Venezuelan professional baseball second baseman for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Astros signed <mask> as an amateur free agent in 2007, and he made his major league debut in 2011. A right-handed batter and thrower, as of 2017 he was the shortest active MLB player, at . His listed weight is . From 2014 to 2017, <mask> recorded at least 200 hits each season and led the American League (AL) in the category. He won three batting championships in that span. A seven-time MLB All-Star, <mask> has been voted the starting second baseman for the AL in the All-Star Game four times.In 2017, he won the AL Most Valuable Player Award, the Hank Aaron Award, and became a World Series champion with the Astros, each for the first time. In the same year, <mask> was Sports Illustrated co-Sportsperson of the Year with J. J. Watt of the NFL's Houston Texans for helping to lead relief efforts in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. Other awards <mask> received in 2017 were the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year, The Sporting News Major League Player of the Year (making him the fifth player to be selected in consecutive years), and Baseball America Major League Player of the Year. He has also won five Silver Slugger Awards and one Rawlings Gold Glove. After hitting an epic, pennant-winning walk-off two-run home run off Yankees closer Aroldis Chapman to end the 2019 American League Championship Series and send the Astros to their second World Series in three years, <mask> was awarded his first ALCS MVP. In 2014, he became the first player in over 80 years to reach 130 hits and 40 stolen bases before the All-Star Game. That same season, he became the first Astro to win a batting title, leading the AL with a .341 average.He has twice led the AL in stolen bases. From Maracay, Venezuela, <mask> played for the Venezuelan national team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic (WBC). He holds the record for postseason home runs among second basemen and infielders with 23, which is second all-time in postseason history while being the fastest to do so in games played. He had 31 games with four hits from 2011 to 2021, the most among any player in that span in MLB. Early life
<mask> is a native of Maracay, Venezuela, and grew up there. At age seven, he met fellow future major leaguer Salvador Pérez, who became a catcher for the Kansas City Royals. The two competed together beginning in Maracay and many times in American League games.Professional career

Minor leagues
At age 16, <mask> attended a Houston Astros' tryout camp in Maracay. However, the team's scouts declined to allow him to participate because they decided he was too short and they suspected that he had lied about his age. The next day, with encouragement from his father, <mask> returned to the camp and produced his birth certificate. Al Pedrique, then a special assistant for the Astros, asked <mask>, "Can you play?" <mask> looked him in the eye and said, "I'll show you." Pedrique championed him to the front office, convincing them that he had the talent and strength to eventually play in the major leagues. The club gave him an evaluation, and, after he impressed team officials, they signed him to a contract as an undrafted free agent on March 6, 2007, with a $15,000 (USD, $ today) bonus.After a strong 2007 season in the Venezuelan Summer League in which he hit .343, <mask> moved to the United States in 2008 and hit .284 in 40 games for the Greeneville Astros in the Rookie-level Appalachian League. He returned to Greeneville in 2009 and hit .324 with 21 stolen bases in just 45 games, earning him a spot on the league All-Star team, team most valuable player (MVP) honors, and a promotion to the Tri-City ValleyCats of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League for which he played in 21 games. He began 2010 with the Lexington Legends of the Class A South Atlantic League, hitting .308 with 39 steals and 11 home runs, earned a spot on the league all-star team, and then moved up to the Lancaster JetHawks in the Class A-Advanced California League and hit .276. Returning to Lancaster for 2011, he hit .408 with 19 steals in 52 games. After being promoted to the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League, he hit .361, giving him an overall line of .389 with 24 steals, 26 walks, and 40 strikeouts in 357 minor league at-bats that year. He was named the second baseman on Baseball Americas 2011 Minor League All Star Team as well as the Houston Astros Minor League Player of the Year. <mask> was called up to the major league club in mid-summer, bypassing Class AAA level.Houston Astros

2011

The Astros promoted <mask> to the major leagues for the first time on July 19, 2011. He represented the Astros at the 2011 All-Star Futures Game. He was named the second baseman on Baseball America 2011 Minor League All-Star team. On July 27, 2011, <mask> tied Russ Johnson for the Astros record for most consecutive games with a hit to start a career with 7. On August 20, 2011, <mask> hit an inside-the-park home run, his first major league home-run. He became the first Astros player since Adam Everett in 2003 to hit an inside-the-park home run, the first Astros player to get his first major league home run on an inside-the-park home run since pitcher Butch Henry in 1992, and the first Astros player to lead off a game with an inside-the-park home run since Bill Doran in 1987. He batted .346 over his first 21 games before slumping a bit and ended the year with a .276 average.He also hit two home runs, stole seven bases, and posted a .358 slugging percentage in 221 at-bats. <mask> returned to Venezuela to play for Navegantes del Magallanes, based in Valencia, Carabobo, in the Venezuelan Winter League. He hit .339 with a .381 on-base percentage and a .455 slugging percentage. <mask> finished 2011 with 898 aggregated plate appearances, including 391 in the minors, 234 with Houston, and 273 with the Magallanes. <mask> had 82 hits in winter league, bringing his cumulative year-end count to 282. 2012
On May 1, 2012, <mask> faced New York Mets reliever Jon Rauch, the tallest player in major league history at . The  height difference is believed to be the biggest between pitcher and batter with the exception of a 1951 publicity stunt in which a  Eddie Gaedel had one plate appearance for the St. Louis Browns.<mask> was the Astros' representative at the All-Star Game, played at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri. This was his first career selection. 2013
On July 13, 2013, <mask> signed a four-year, $12.5 million extension that included two club options for 2018 and 2019 worth $6 and $6.5 million, respectively. The deal also included a $750,000 bonus to be received in 2013. At the time of the extension, <mask> was hitting .280 with 21 stolen bases, 15 doubles, and 28 RBI. 2014

On June 29, 2014, <mask> stole two bases in a game against the Detroit Tigers. This made him the first MLB player since Ray Chapman in 1917 to steal two or more bases in four consecutive games.<mask> became the first MLB player since 1933 to have 130 hits and 40 stolen bases before the All-Star Break. <mask> was named to the 2014 All-Star Game. Coupled with his 2012 All-Star appearance in the Astros' final season as a National League team, <mask> is the only player in Major League history to represent both the American and National Leagues in the All-Star Game while still being a member of the same team. On September 16, <mask> hit a single up the middle to break Craig Biggio's franchise single-season hit record of 210 hits. The Astros had 11 games remaining in the season at the time that <mask> broke the record. In 158 games, <mask> totaled 225 hits and a .341 batting average, both of which led the major leagues, and 56 stolen bases, which led the American League. He also hit 47 doubles, seven home runs, and 59 RBI.He became the first Astros player to win a batting title. After the 2014 season, <mask> traveled to Japan to participate in the 2014 Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series. He was named the GIBBY/This Year in Baseball Award winner as the Breakout Everyday Player of the Year. He won the first Silver Slugger Award of his career, as the top hitter among American League second basemen. He was also bestowed his first iteration of the Luis Aparicio Award, annually given to the Venezuelan judged to produce the best individual performance. 2015
<mask> was voted as the AL's starting second baseman for the MLB All-Star Game, edging Kansas City's Omar Infante by more than 600,000 votes. <mask> became the third Astro second baseman to be voted a starter, following Biggio and Jeff Kent.On September 11, 2015, <mask> recorded his 800th career hit, surpassing Biggio for the fastest Astro player to reach 800 hits. In the final game of the season, <mask> went 3-for-5 to reach 200 hits for the second season in a row, which led the American League, while becoming both the first player in Astros history and Venezuelan to accumulate multiple 200-hit seasons. He also led the AL in stolen bases (38), and his .313 batting average was third best in the majors. He reached then-career highs with each of 15 home runs, .459 SLG, 86 runs scored, and 66 RBI. He led American League second basemen in fielding percentage (.993). The Astros clinched a playoff berth on the final day of the season, securing their place in the AL Wild Card Game versus the New York Yankees. Thus, <mask> made the MLB playoffs for the first time in his career.The Astros defeated the Yankees, 3−0. <mask> drove in Jonathan Villar in the seventh inning versus Yankee reliever Dellin Betances for the final run of the contest. Next, the Astros faced the Royals in the American League Division Series (ALDS), but were eliminated in five games. <mask> was awarded his first career Rawlings Gold Glove Award for second base on November 10, 2015. He also received his second consecutive Silver Slugger Award. 2016
For his performance in the month of June 2016, <mask> was named AL Player of the Month for the first time in his career. He had batted .420, six doubles, four home runs, 15 RBI, six stolen bases and 1.112 OPS (.492 OBP/.620 SLG) in 26 games.He became an All-Star selection for the fourth time of his career, and started for the second consecutive time. On August 16, <mask> collected his 1,000th hit, setting the Astros' franchise record for fewest games to do so (786) after a three-hit night versus the St. Louis Cardinals. He also was the second-fastest among active players to do so, following Ichiro Suzuki (696 games). In 161 games, <mask> had an MLB-leading 216 hits, an AL-leading .338 batting average, 30 stolen bases. He also found a power surge with 42 doubles (the second most of his career and his third straight season with 40+ doubles), a career-high 24 home runs, and a career-high 96 RBI. This marked his second batting title, the last being in 2014. At the end of the season, <mask> was named The Sporting News Player of the Year, and the MLBPA Players Choice Awards for Major League Player of the Year, AL Outstanding Player, and Majestic Athletic Always Game Award.He placed third in the AL MVP voting, behind winner Mike Trout and Mookie Betts. 2017

Voted as a starter in the All-Star Game at Marlins Park in Miami, <mask> batted leadoff and played second base. He served as the Astros' number three hitter during the 2017 season. Over two games versus the Baltimore Orioles and Philadelphia Phillies on July 23–24, he set the club record for hits in consecutive plate appearances with eight. In July, <mask> hit .485 for the fifth-highest average in one month since 1961. Over 23 games, he accumulated 48 hits, 10 doubles, one triple, four home runs, 21 RBI, and 1.251 OPS. He carried a 19-game hitting streak from July 2 to 23.He also recorded five consecutive multi-hit games during the week of July 3–9, becoming the ninth player in MLB history to do so. His average set the Astros record for one calendar month—surpassing Richard Hidalgo's .476 average in September of 2000—and he won his second AL Player of the Month Award. <mask> concluded the 2017 campaign by playing in 153 contests with an MLB-leading and career-best .346 batting average, an AL-leading 204 hits, a major-league leading 30 infield hits, 39 doubles, 32 stolen bases, 24 home runs, and 84 RBI. He led all MLB hitters (140 or more plate appearances) in batting average against right-handers, at .344. The Astros finished with a 101−61 record, clinching the AL West division. <mask> became just the fifth hitter since integration in 1947 to record four straight 200-hit seasons, following Wade Boggs (1983−89), Kirby Puckett (1986−89), Suzuki (2001−2010), and Michael Young (2003−07). He also became the first hitter in Major League history to solely lead his respective league in hits for four years in a row while also collecting his third career batting title.Suzuki technically led the AL in hits from 2006 to 2010, but tied with Dustin Pedroia in 2008. <mask> led MLB in Wins Above Replacement (WAR, 8.3) for the first time in his career. He also led the American League in power-speed number (27.4). On September 19, he was announced as the recipient of MLB's Lou Gehrig Memorial Award for 2017, as the player "who best exemplifies the giving character" of Gehrig. With 1,250 career hits at the end of 2017, only Ty Cobb, Hank Aaron, and Pete Rose had accumulated more hits through their age-27 season. In Game 1 of the ALDS against the Boston Red Sox,

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 <mask> hit three home runs in a single game for the first time of his career while becoming the tenth player to hit three home runs in a single postseason game. The Astros faced the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series (ALCS).After taking the first two games in Houston, with <mask> scoring the winning run in Game 2, <mask> and the Astros offense slumped as they lost all three middle games at Yankee Stadium. He hit a solo home run in a 4−0, Game 7 win in which the Astros advanced to their second World Series in franchise history, to face the National League pennant-winning Los Angeles Dodgers. In Game 2 of the World Series, <mask>, along with two Astros teammates–Carlos Correa and George Springer—and two Dodgers players–Charlie Culberson and Yasiel Puig—all homered in extra innings as the Astros prevailed, 7−6. The five home runs accounted for the most hit in extra innings of any single game in major league history. <mask> homered in the bottom of the fifth inning of Game 5, tying the score 7–7, and hit a game-tying double in the eighth, before the Astros prevailed 13–12 in the bottom of the 10th inning with a walk-off single from Alex Bregman. The World Series went on for seven games, and the Astros prevailed for the first title in franchise history. In the Astros' 18-game championship run, <mask> batted .310/.388/.634, 22 hits, 14 runs scored, seven home runs, 14 RBI, and nine extra-base hits.He established a franchise record for total hits in a postseason. Further, he tied the record for home runs by a second baseman in a single postseason, and hit the fourth-most among all players. Along with pitcher Justin Verlander, <mask> was named winner of the Babe Ruth Award as MVP of the 2017 postseason. Prior to Game 2 of the World Series, <mask> was presented with the Hank Aaron Award, the first of his career, as the "most outstanding offensive performer" in the American League. It was the first time a Houston Astros player had won the prize. Next, he was named The Sporting News Major League Player of the Year for the second consecutive season, following Ted Williams (1941−42), Joe Morgan (1975−76), Albert Pujols (2008−09), and Miguel Cabrera (2012−13) as repeat winners in consecutive years of the honor given out since 1936. Other awards <mask> received in 2017 included Baseball America'''s Major League Player of the Year award, becoming the first Venezuelan since Johan Santana in 2006 to receive the award bestowed since 1998.He was also the first second baseman and first Astro ever to win it. For the second consecutive season, he won the Players Choice Awards for Major League Player of the Year and AL Outstanding Player. He won his fourth consecutive and overall Silver Slugger Award at second base. In 2019, <mask>'s role in the 2017 World Series gained nationwide attention in the Houston Astros sign stealing scandal. With regard to his accused role of wearing a wire and stealing signs, <mask> said, "I'm not going to say to you that it was good — it was wrong. We feel bad, we feel remorse, like I said, the impact on the fans, the impact on the game — we feel bad." The Astros selected <mask>'s option for 2018, worth a reported $6 million, on November 3, 2017.On November 16, <mask> was conferred the AL Most Valuable Player Award, only the second Astro to win the award, following Jeff Bagwell in 1994. <mask> became the tenth second baseman to be granted MVP, and was the shortest player to win since Phil Rizzuto, also 5' 6", in 1950. <mask> became the first player since Buster Posey in 2012—and the eighth player overall—to win a batting title, MVP and World Series in the same season. On December 5, <mask> and Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt were named co-winners of the Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year Award for his efforts in leading the Astros to their first World Series title and aiding in the recovery of the Greater Houston area in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. <mask> became the 18th Major League Baseball player to win the award in its 64-year history, and both the first Houston Astro and first Venezuelan player. He was also selected the 2017 Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year. 2018
Prior to the 2018 season, Sports Illustrated'' ranked <mask> as the #2 player in baseball, trailing only Trout.On March 16, 2018, <mask> and the Astros agreed to a five-year, $151 million contract extension that would span the 2020–24 seasons. His current contract included a $6 million salary in 2018 and a $6.5 million team option in 2019. It was the largest contract in team history, and he became the sixth player to agree to a contract with an average annual value of $30 million per season or greater. <mask> reached 1,000 games played in his career on April 17, 2018, versus the Seattle Mariners. He became the 20th player to appear in 1,000 games for the Astros. Over three games versus the Cleveland Indians spanning May 25–27, he realized a base hit in each of 10 consecutive at bats, breaking his own club record of eight which he had set the year prior. The streak included three doubles, one triple, and one home run.On July 8, 2018, <mask> was selected as the starting second baseman for the American League in the All-Star Game, collecting the most votes of any player with 4,849,630 votes. It was his 6th All-Star selection overall and his 5th consecutive appearance and 4th straight start. On July 29, <mask> was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his MLB career due to right knee discomfort. Plagued with a right knee injury, the Astros announced that <mask> would serve as the designated hitter for the remainder of the season. In 137 games, <mask> finished with a .316 average, 13 home runs, and 61 RBI. With the Astros finishing the year 103-59, the team clinched the AL West again, sweeping the Cleveland Indians in 3 games before eventually falling to the Red Sox in the ALCS. On October 19, 2018, <mask> officially underwent surgery to repair a patella avulsion fracture in his right knee.On November 8, <mask> was awarded his fifth career Silver Slugger Award and his fifth consecutive award. Having won his fifth award at second base, it tied him with Robinson Canó for most awards for an American League second baseman and second most all-time behind Ryne Sandberg. 2019
On April 9, 2019, <mask> hit his 100th career home run off New York Yankees pitcher Jonathan Loáisiga. He became the 16th player in Astros history to reach 100 home runs. On April 12, <mask> connected for his second career grand slam, and first since 2014, in a 10–6 win over the Seattle Mariners. <mask> would hit another home run off of Félix Hernández the next night, making it the fifth consecutive game with a home run and sixth home run in that span. <mask> was the first Astro to hit a home run in five consecutive games since Morgan Ensberg's franchise-record six consecutive games in 2006.<mask> was placed on the injured list on May 12 with a left hamstring strain, missing 35 games until returning versus the Cincinnati Reds on June 19. At the time, he had hit nine home runs, though his overall batting line was down from his career norm, at .243/.329/.472 (117 wRC+). On July 2, 2019, <mask> doubled in the top of the seventh for his third of four hits in a 9–8 victory over the Colorado Rockies. His 142nd career three-hit game, <mask> passed Jeff Bagwell for second-most in Astros history, behind Craig Biggio (225). It was also <mask>'s second straight game with at least three hits, a 6–1 victory over the Seattle Mariners on June 30. He hit his third career grand slam and second of the season on July 14, yielding the Astros a franchise record-breaking ninth grand slam in a single season. During a contest versus the St. Louis Cardinals on July 28, <mask> homered off Dakota Hudson for his 1,500th career hit, one of three hits in a 6–2 win that afternoon, in his 1,190th career game.The only players in the divisional play era to reach the milestone faster were Suzuki, Wade Boggs, Kirby Puckett, Nomar Garciaparra, Tony Gwynn and Derek Jeter. <mask> finished the regular season batting .298/.353/.550 with 31 home runs and 74 RBIs in 500 at bats. <mask> continued his hot hitting in October. During the ALDS <mask> hit 3 home runs en route to a 3–2 series victory over the Tampa Bay Rays. With his 3rd home run of the series in Game 5, <mask> hit his 11th career postseason home run, the most by any second baseman in baseball history and drew him into a tie with George Springer for most postseason home runs by a Houston Astros player. <mask>'s ninth-inning walk-off home run off Aroldis Chapman in Game 6 of the ALCS sent Houston back to the World Series. <mask> received the ALCS MVP award for his performance in the series, batting .348 with 2 home runs, 3 RBIs, 6 runs scored, and a 1.097 OPS.He also set the record for the most career postseason homers by a second baseman (13). He hit .303 with no home runs and one RBI in the 2019 World Series, which the Astros lost to the Washington Nationals. 2020
In 2020, he batted .219/.286/.344 with 5 home runs and 18 RBI in 192 at bats. On July 27, 2020, <mask> hit his 300th double in his MLB career. On October 7, 2020, <mask> became the Venezuelan with the most home runs in postseason history; he is tied with Mickey Mantle and Reggie Jackson for 5th-most home runs in postseason history. In Game 4 of the ALCS, <mask> took a  four-seam fastball from Tampa Bay Rays starter Tyler Glasnow and hit the fastest pitches hit for home runs in 2020. On October 15, 2020, <mask> became the Venezuelan with the most RBI in the playoffs.In the postseason, he batted .306/.378/.565 with 5 home runs and 11 RBI in 48 at bats. 2021
On June 15, 2021, <mask> hit a walk-off grand slam versus the Texas Rangers. The next day, he continued with a lead-off home run against Texas; <mask> is the first player in major league history to have hit a walk-off grand slam and then hit a lead-off home run in the following game. On June 23, <mask> hit his 150th career home run, doing so off Thomas Eshelman of the Baltimore Orioles. On July 4, 2021, after finishing as the runner-up AL second baseman in fan voting, <mask> was named to his seventh All-Star Game, tying the Astros franchise record with Craig Biggio for the most career All-Star game selections. On September 17, 2021, <mask> hit a home run off Madison Bumgarner of the Arizona Diamondbacks at Minute Maid Park to collect his 849th career hit in the stadium, which tied him with Lance Berkman for most hits by an Astro in the venue. He then passed Berkman the next night with a double.In Game 6 of the 2021 World Series, <mask> made his 73rd postseason start as part of the infield unit of Alex Bregman, Carlos Correa, and Yuli Gurriel, which was more postseason starts than any quartet of teammates in major league history, surpassing the Yankees' Derek Jeter, Tino Martinez, Paul O’Neill, and Bernie Williams, who had started 68 postseason contests together. Awards

Personal life

Originally listed at , <mask> is now listed at his correct height of , making him the shortest active player in Major League Baseball, and the shortest since Freddie Patek retired following the 1981 season. Inspired by broadcasters debating how many "Altuves" a particular home run traveled, Bryan Trostel created a simple web-based calculator to calculate distance in Official Standard Listed Altuves (OSLA). Although Altuve's listed height is 5 feet 6 inches (5.5 feet), one OSLA = 5.417 feet (5 feet 5 inches). <mask> himself has been receptive of the idea, saying "It's funny, man... When they told me how many 'Altuves' was a home run, I just laughed." Trostel, who published his calculator at How Many Altuves, has expanded it to include speed (Altuves per second) as well as cubic and squared Altuves for volume and area.On November 1, 2016, <mask>'s wife Nina gave birth to their first child, a daughter. They reside in Pearland, Texas. <mask> has cited fellow Venezuelan designated hitter and catcher Víctor Martínez as a mentor. <mask> is a born-again Christian and has spoken about his faith in videos released by the Astros for faith day events. See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Houston Astros team records
 List of Major League Baseball career assists as a second baseman leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career games played as a second baseman leaders
 List of Major League Baseball hit records
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
 Major League Baseball titles leaders
 Major League Baseball titles streaks

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American League batting champions
American League Championship Series MVPs
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League stolen base champions
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gold Glove Award winners
Greeneville Astros players
Houston Astros players
Lancaster JetHawks players
Lexington Legends players
Luis Aparicio Award winners
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Major League Baseball second basemen
National League All-Stars
Navegantes del Magallanes players
People from Puerto Cabello
Round Rock Express players
Sportspeople from Maracay
Silver Slugger Award winners
Tri-City ValleyCats players
Venezuelan Christians
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Venezuelan Summer League Astros players
World Baseball Classic players of Venezuela
2017 World Baseball Classic

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<mask><mask> (August 9, 1929 – February 13, 2014) was an American linguist and Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan in 1961. Fillmore spent ten years at Ohio State University and a year as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University before joining Berkeley's Department of Linguistics in 1971. <mask> was extremely influential in the areas of syntax and lexical semantics. A three–day conference was held at UC Berkeley in celebration of his 80th birthday in 2009. <mask> received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics. He died in 2014.Early years

Fillmore spent three years in the U.S. Army stationed in Japan, where he intercepted coded Russian conversations on short-wave radio and taught himself Japanese. Following his discharge, he taught English at a Buddhist girls' school while also taking classes at Kyoto University. He returned to the US, receiving his doctorate at the University of Michigan and then teaching at The Ohio State University in Columbus. At the time, he was still a proponent of Noam Chomsky's theory of generative grammar during its earliest transformational grammar phase. In 1963, his seminal article The position of embedding transformations in a Grammar introduced the transformational cycle. The central idea is to first apply rules to the smallest applicable unit, then to the smallest unit containing that one, and so on. This principle has been a foundational insight for theories of syntax since that time.Cognitive linguistics

By 1965, Fillmore had come to acknowledge that semantics plays a crucial role in grammar. In 1968, he published his theory of Case Grammar (Fillmore 1968), which highlighted the fact that syntactic structure can be predicted by semantic participants. An action can have an agent, a patient, purposes, locations, and so on. These participants were called "cases" in his original paper, but later came to be known as semantic roles or thematic relations, which are similar to theta roles in generative grammar. Following his move to the University of California, Berkeley, in 1971, this theory eventually evolved into a broader cognitive linguistic theory called Frame Semantics (1976). A commercial event, for instance, crucially involved elements such as a seller, a buyer, some good, and some money. In language, such an event can be expressed in a variety of different ways, e.g.using the verb 'to sell' or the verb 'to buy'. According to frame semantics, meaning is best studied in terms of the mental concepts and participants in the minds of the speaker and addressee. Around the same time, <mask>'s Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis, delivered in 1971 and published in 1975, contributed to establishing the field of linguistic pragmatics, which studies the relationship between linguistic form and the context of utterance. In all of this research, he illuminated the fundamental importance of semantics, and its role in motivating syntactic and morphological phenomena. His collaboration with Paul Kay and George Lakoff was generalized into the theory of Construction Grammar. This work aimed at developing a complete theory of grammar that would fully acknowledge the role of semantics right from the start, while simultaneously adopting constraint-based formalisms as popular in computer science and natural language processing. This theory built on the notion of construction from traditional and pedagogical grammars rather than the rule-based formalisms that dominate most of generative grammar.One of <mask>'s most widely noticed works of the time (with Paul Kay and Cathy O'Connor) appeared in 'Language' in 1988 as "Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone". Their paper highlighted the merits of such a theory of by focusing on the 'let alone' construction. Over time, construction grammar developed into a research area of its own, and a number of variants have been proposed over the years by different researchers. <mask> is now widely recognized as one of the founders of cognitive linguistics. The first chapter of “Cognitive Linguistics” by Cruse and Croft (2004), for instance, begins with a summary of <mask>'s work. <mask> served as President of the Linguistic Society of America in 1991 and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago in 2000. His legacy continues with his many notable students, including Adele Goldberg, Laura Michaelis, <mask>, Miriam R. L. Petruck, Len Talmy, and Eve Sweetser.FrameNet

In 1988, <mask> taught classes in computational lexicography at a summer school at the University of Pisa, where he met Sue Atkins, who was conducting frame-semantic analyses from a lexicographic perspective. In their subsequent discussions and collaborations, <mask> came to acknowledge the importance of considering corpus data. They discussed the "dictionary of the future", in which every word would be linked to example sentences from corpora. After 23 years at the University of California, Berkeley, <mask> retired in 1994 and joined Berkeley's International Computer Science Institute. There, he started a project called FrameNet, an on-line structured description of the English lexicon implementing much of what he had earlier proposed more theoretically in his theory of Frame semantics, while implementing the idea of emphasizing example sentences from corpora. In FrameNet, words are described in terms of the frames they evoke. Data is gathered from the British National Corpus, annotated for semantic and syntactic relations, and stored in a database organized by both lexical items and Frames.FrameNet has inspired parallel projects, which investigate other languages, including Spanish, German, and Japanese. Due to the project's influence, issue 16 of the International Journal of Lexicography was devoted entirely to FrameNet. The project has been highly influential in computational linguistics and natural language processing as well. FrameNet led to the establishment of the task of shallow semantic parsing or automatic semantic role labelling (SRL). The first automatic SRL system was developed by Berkeley graduate student Daniel Gildea. Semantic Role Labelling has since become one of the standard NLP tasks. In recognition of his contributions to computational linguistics, Fillmore received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics.Together with Collin F. Baker, he also received the 2012 Antonio Zampolli Prize, awarded by the European Language Resources Association. Publications
His seminal publications include:

"The Position of Embedding Transformations in a Grammar" (1963). In Word 19:208-231. "The Case for Case" (1968). In Bach and Harms (Ed. ): Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1-88."Frame semantics and the nature of language" (1976): . In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech. Volume 280: 20-32. "Frame semantics" (1982). In Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Seoul, Hanshin Publishing Co., 111-137. (with Paul Kay and Mary Catherine O'Connor) "Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone" (1988).Language. Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), 501-538
 (with Sue Atkins) "Starting where the dictionaries stop: The challenge for computational lexicography". (1994). In Atkins, B. T. S. and A. Zampolli (Eds.) Computational Approaches to the Lexicon.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 349-393. (with Paul Kay) "Construction Grammar" (1995). Stanford: CSLI
Lectures on Deixis (1997). Stanford: CSLI Publications. (originally distributed as Fillmore (1975/1971) Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis by the Indiana University Linguistics Club)

Personal life
Fillmore was married to Lily Wong <mask>, a linguist and professor emeritus at Berkeley. References

External links
Official website

1929 births
2014 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Ohio State University faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Linguists from the United States
Cognitive scientists
Syntacticians
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Computational linguistics researchers

masks:
Charles J
. Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Christopher Johnson
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore
Fillmore


texts:
<mask>, known as J<mask>, is an American photojournalist who won a Pulitzer Prize for his portfolio showing the brutal treatment of prisoners by Rhodesian Security Forces in the fall of 1977. Early life and photographic career
<mask> was born in Dearborn, Michigan to Charles T<mask>, an executive for the Ford Motor Company and <mask>. He attended Marion L. Steele High School in Amherst, Ohio, where he worked on the school newspaper staff and was the salutatorian of his graduating class in 1971. After graduating from Kent State University in 1975, where in his junior year he became editor of the school yearbook, The Chestnut Burr, Baughman started work as a photojournalist for The Lorain Journal of Lorain, Ohio, about 30 miles west of Cleveland (now The Morning Journal). In 1976, while at The Journal, he infiltrated a branch of the American Nazi Party in Cleveland called the United White People's Party, and spent seven months recording both its activities and those of an affiliated group in Chicago called the National Socialist Party of America, headed by Frank Collin. The resulting investigative series "Nazis in America" was initiated June 4, 1977, with a front page story on the murder of Chicago-area businessman Sydney Cohen by Raymond Lee Schultz, who had ties to the American Nazi Party in the 1960s and then became affiliated with the National States' Rights Party. The story also contained details about possible other murders and bombings being planned by Nazi groups.A series of five more front-page stories ran from June 12 to 16, 1977. The Journal was invited by  Richard T. Baker, professor at Columbia University and secretary to the Pulitzer Prizes advisory board, to submit the series for the 1978 Pulitzer Prizes. The series won a first place award for investigative reporting in the Ohio division of the Associated Press Managing Editors competition. Upon leaving The Journal in 1977, Baughman moved to London and accepted a contract with the Associated Press (AP). From there he was sent to Salisbury, Rhodesia to cover the Rhodesian Bush War. While in Rhodesia, he obtained permission to accompany the Grey's Scouts, a Rhodesian Security Forces mounted infantry unit established in 1975 to combat nationalist guerrilla forces. During the two weeks he spent with the Scouts he captured photographs of troops brutalizing their prisoners.Much of his film was confiscated by Rhodesian government officials but he successfully hid several rolls and smuggled them out of the country. Three of the photographs were submitted by AP for the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography, which Baughman won—at age 23, the youngest professional to win a journalism Pulitzer. Rhodesian photo debate
The release of the photographs on December 2, 1977 created a furore among both Rhodesian government officials and Baughman's fellow journalists, with the government claiming inaccuracies in the written report that accompanied the photos and journalists questioning both the means by which the photos were acquired and their authenticity. In order to accompany the Scouts, Baughman had to prove he could ride a horse and was required to carry a weapon and wear an Army uniform, thus making himself indistinguishable from the troops. In addition, he presented himself as sympathetic to the aims of the Rhodesian government and military. While the AP stood behind the authenticity of the photographs, and Rhodesian government officials never questioned them, AP General Manager Keith Fuller expressed doubts about Baughman's methods of acquiring them. Enough speculation was raised that the photographs were withdrawn from consideration for the Robert Capa Gold Medal Award of the Overseas Press Club after the Club's Annual Awards Committee meeting in February 1978.When the same photos won the Pulitzer only weeks later several members of the Overseas Press Club jury apologized for their decision, stating that lack of information about the circumstances under which the photos were taken led them to their conclusion. In September 2010 Baughman donated his Pulitzer Prize certificate, one of the cameras he used in Rhodesia and a number of prints made from the film he shot there to the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History, along with other photos and artifacts collected from his career. Career after the Pulitzer

While the debate over the Rhodesian photographs took place in the United States, Baughman continued to work for AP overseas, where he was subsequently sent to the Cairo, Egypt bureau and spent two days in March 1978 photographing a raid on Israeli forces in southern Lebanon conducted by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a Marxist guerilla group. Baughman worked for AP until the end of May 1978. In June he and two partners, Mark Greenberg and Stephen Schneider, founded the Visions photo agency as part of Independent Visions International in New York City. Visions specialized in investigative photo features which were mainly published by premier news magazines. While working for Visions, Baughman completed a number of assignments for Newsweek, Life magazine, and other major magazines.He remained with the agency as a senior partner until 1996. Injury in El Salvador

On March 3, 1982, while Baughman and photojournalist <mask> were on assignment in El Salvador covering the Salvadoran Civil War for Newsweek, he tripped a land mine while trying locate guerrilla forces. The accident resulted in severe injuries to Baughman's left leg and minor injuries to Nachtwey. Baughman would later call for changes in the way journalists were assigned to cover such wars, after the death of another photojournalist, <mask>. He suggested that editors assign journalists to cover only one side of the conflict at a time, thus eliminating the risks of traveling between enemy lines. Leaving the press pool in Grenada

On October 28, 1983, while on assignment for Newsweek during the invasion of Grenada, Baughman left the press pool that had been formed by the U.S. Government as a means of protesting the tight restrictions that had been placed on journalists covering the invasion. He called leaving the pool a "matter of civil disobedience" and spent three days on the island.On October 29, a spokesman for the Joint Information Bureau announced that Newsweek would no longer be included in the press pool. Editor Maynard Parker, while stating that he felt the press restrictions were "totally outrageous and unnecessary", also said that Newsweek would curtail further dealings with Baughman on the assignment. Nevertheless Baughman's photo of a visit to the island by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff <mask> Vessey <mask>. did appear in Newsweek. Work for Life magazine

From 1980 to 1996 while with Visions, Baughman was assigned a number of investigative photo essay projects for Life magazine, including the following:

 "No Haven for the Last of Cuba's Outcasts" (November 1980, with reporter Steve Robinson), which examined the issues surrounding the Marielito boat refugees from Cuba being detained at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. "Saturday Night in El Barrio" (May 1982, with reporter David Friend), which focused on the lives of members of the 18th Street Gang in Los Angeles. "The Double Closet" (May 1983, with writer Anne Fadiman), about two gay fathers raising their four children in a combined household. "A Haven for AIDS Outcasts" (January 1984, self-reported with later writing by Dianna Waggoner), covering the first hospice for terminally ill AIDS patients in San Francisco."Hunting Parole Violators" (July 1984 with reporter Ed Barnes), following undercover detectives in New York City hunt for parole violators in an environment made more dangerous by the 'three strikes' laws. "Disarmers of Terror: The World's Busiest Bomb Squad" (December 1984 with reporter David Friend), describing the work of Israeli Defense Forces in Jerusalem in disabling terrorist bombs. The Washington Times

In 1999, Baughman accepted the position of photo editor at The Washington Times, being promoted to deputy director of photography in June 2000, director of photography in March 2003  and finally senior editor, overseeing television, radio and new media development. Baughman also contributed regularly to the print and online editions as a columnist and literary critic,  before leaving in December 2009. During this time, The Washington Times photography staff was a finalist for the Breaking News Photography Pulitzer in 2003 for its coverage of the Washington D.C. Beltway sniper story and Mary F. Calvert was a Feature Photography finalist in 2007 for her depiction of sub-Saharan African women afflicted with fistula after childbirth. Journalistic ethics work

Baughman has lectured extensively on the subject of journalistic ethics and methods, including programs at the Smithsonian Institution, the International Center of Photography, and the Rhode Island School of Design, along with other major American universities such as Columbia University, Dartmouth College, and Rutgers University. In lectures and interviews, he has expressed the belief that it is a journalist's duty to record events with as little disruption or interference in those events as possible, even in circumstances where there is danger to the subject.In 2003 while at The Washington Times, he assisted in revising the National Press Photographers Association Code of Ethics, which was officially adopted by the NPPA Board in July 2004. Teaching

<mask> was on the faculty of the photo department at the New School for Social Research and Parson's School of Design in New York City from 1979 to 1997. He was an adjunct professor for the University of Missouri Graduate Program in Journalism in New York City from 1984 to 1986, and also taught at New York University from 1980 to 1982. In addition he was a co-founder and program director for the Focus Photography Symposiums in New York City from 1981 to 1988. Gallery

Other interests

From 1989 to 2005, Baughman wrote five non-fiction history books on topics ranging from folk art to the Protestant Reformation and the American colonial era. Until April 2009, he also served as curator of colonial history collections at the Bachmann Publick House, a museum in Easton, Pennsylvania. This same collection of family artifacts is now exhibited at the Woodstock Museum of Shenandoah County, Virginia.In addition, he was one of the earliest proponents and administrators of Y-chromosome genetic testing for genealogical purposes. Books by J. <mask>man
Graven Images: a Thematic Portfolio, 1976. A series of individual images depicting themes of childhood, courtship, marriage, old age and death. ASIN B0006CVB2S. Forbidden Images: a Secret Portfolio, 1977. A series of photo essays depicting people on the fringes of society (Ku Klux Klan members, transvestites, carnival sideshow workers, the institutionalized mentally ill). ASIN B0006CP7FA .Some Ancestors of the <mask> Family in America: tracing back twelve generations from Switzerland through Virginia, & c. growing along with the nation, across its heartland, 1989. Genealogical history of the Baughman family. . Harvest Time: being several essays on the history of the Swiss, German & Dutch folk in early America named Baughman, Layman, Moyer, Huff, and others across New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and four centuries, 1994. Family history focused on colonial American history in New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.worldcat.org/title/harvest-time-being-several-essays-on-the-history-of-the-swiss-german-dutch-folk-in-early-america-named-baughman-layman-moyer-huff-and-others-across-new-york-pennsylvania-virginia-tennessee-missouri-arkansas-and-four-centuries/oclc/031204535 |title=Harvest Time: being several essays on the history of the Swiss, German & Dutch folk in early America named Baughman, Layman, Moyer, Huff, and others across New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and four centuries |publisher=WorldCat |accessdate=February 26, 2016}}</ref> .Apart from the World: an account of the origins and destinies of various Swiss Mennonites who fled from their homelands in remote parts of Cantons Zurich, Aargau and Bern, 1997. Centers on histories of medieval Europe, the Protestant Reformation and its impact on the New World. .A Lake Beneath the Crescent Moon: some of the history, legends & folkart from around Zurich, ranging from prehistoric times through the 18th century: along with the families thereabout named Bachman, Hiestand, Ringger & Strickler, 2000. Centers on mythology and folk art..The Chain Rejoined: or the bonds of science and mystery amongst family, including many attempts to recover ties across the Atlantic Ocean to ancestors and cousins of Baughmans and Bachmans, 2005. Focuses on cycles of justice and injustice among the races throughout European and American history. .Angle: Fighting Censorship, Death Threats, Ethical Traps and a Land Mine, While Winning a Pulitzer Along the Way'', 2014. Memoir. .

References

External links
 Reddit IAmA thread
 'Disarmers of Terror': LIFE With an Israeli Bomb Squad, 1984. LIFE archive gallery. Amazon.com biography

1953 births
American photojournalists
Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography winners
Kent State University alumni
Living people
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
People from Dearborn, Michigan
Photographers from Michigan

masks:
John Ross Baughman
. Ross Baughman
Baughman
. Baughman
Patricia Baughman
James Nachtwey
John Hoagland
John William
Jr
Baughman
Ross Baugh
Baughman


texts:
<mask> (born January 25, 1971), better known mononymously as Joi, is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer associated with the Dungeon Family collective based in Atlanta, Georgia, and as such often performs with OutKast, Organized Noize, and Goodie Mob (her ex-husband, Big Gipp, is a member of the latter group). Her signature songs include "Sunshine & the Rain", "Lick", and "Freedom". Biography
Joi is the daughter of NFL Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Joe Gilliam and granddaughter of Tennessee State Tigers football coach Joe Gilliam, Sr.

Music career

The Pendulum Vibe (1994)
In 1994, Joi released her debut album, The Pendulum Vibe, on EMI with Dallas Austin as the executive producer. While the lead single "Sunshine & the Rain" received heavy airplay on video outlets such as VH1 and MTV, the single failed to become a hit and album sales were disappointing, selling only 76,000 copies in the U.S. Even though album sales were low, Joi received widespread praise from critics, some calling her the new "Madonna". Madonna herself was so impressed  with Pendulum Vibe that she changed the direction of her 1994 album Bedtime Stories. Madonna was also responsible for assisting <mask> in becoming the first black model in a major Calvin Klein print ad campaign.While Joi was receiving heavy media attention she released two more singles: "I Found My Niche" and "Freedom". During this time, Joi's personal and musical style was the first to be dubbed as "neo soul". The track "Freedom" from Pendulum Vibe was later used for the Mario Van Peebles film Panther in a re-record featuring Aaliyah, Mary J. Blige, En Vogue, Me'shell Ndegeocello, TLC, Queen Latifah, Vanessa Williams, SWV, Brownstone and many more. Amoeba Cleansing Syndrome (1997)
In 1997, Joi prepared for the release of her second album, Amoeba Cleansing Syndrome on Dallas Austin's FreeWorld label. Joi and creative partner Austin brought in the assistance of Fishbone to be her backing band. The song "I Believe" was originally picked to be the first single, a video, which featured a then pregnant Joi was shot, but weeks before its release EMI wanted more "Radio Friendly" tracks for the album, and the video's release was canceled and the album's release was put on hold. Before returning to the studio, Joi gave birth to a healthy baby girl Keypsiia "Blue-Daydreamer" Gipp and took a short hiatus.After almost a year delay, Joi returned with a new single "Ghetto Superstar" which featured her then husband rapper Big Gipp, the song, written for her father Joe Gilliam, coined the term "Ghetto Superstar". A video was shot and released, it featured both Big Gipp and their 1-year-old daughter Keypsiia. Yet, despite its MTV buzz status, when her label Rowdy/EMI folded, so did the release of the album. Even though the album never saw the light of day commercially, months after its cancellation, the album began circulating due to heavy boot-legging, several media outlets were able to obtain copies of the album, giving the project 4 to 5 Star Reviews, calling it "Ahead of its time". But in spite of the positive feedback received for the album, Joi was disappointed about its cancellation and decided to take a hiatus to take care of her family. Lucy Pearl (2000)
In 2000, Joi joined Raphael Saadiq's group, Lucy Pearl, replacing Dawn Robinson (of En Vogue). the group made their first public appearance with Joi on January 25, 2001 on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno performing "You" which was also featured on the Save the Last Dance soundtrack.Even though Joi performed and shot two videos with the group, they never released a follow-up studio album together and the group later disbanded. Star Kitty's Revenge (2002)

In 2002. Joi released her third album Star Kitty's Revenge, on Universal Records. The lead single "Missing You" was produced by Dallas Austin with whom she had not worked since doing background vocals on TLC's "Silly Ho". While the first single failed to become a hit, the second single "Lick" which featured fellow Dungeon Family member Sleepy Brown was included in the film XXX received a large amount of attention from Andrew Soeder courtesy of the film's soundtrack, with no video and little airplay from radio stations across the country, sales for the single soared becoming Joi's most successful single to date, the song would later be sampled by fellow ATL recording artist Gucci Mane on his 2007 hit "Freaky Gurl". The following year, she was released from Universal after the sales of Star Kitty's Revenge failed to impress label executives. In spite of the widespread attention received from "Lick," the album sold only 101,217 copies in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan.Tennessee Slim Is The Bomb (2006)
After leaving Universal, she signed with Raphael Saadiq's Pookie Entertainment label preparing for the release of her fourth album, but due to distribution issues with the boutique label, the album's release was canceled. To avoid having another project shelved, Joi decided to release the project independently. In late 2004, Joi developed her own independent label "Joilicious Records" and put finishing touches to her album. The album was set to be released in 2005, but was eventually released on March 28, 2006 as her fourth album under the title Tennessee Slim Is the Bomb. The first single, "I'm So Famous", was released commercially in late 2006. In spite of moderate airplay from commercial radio, the single received widespread popularity courtesy of online, satellite, and college radio stations across the globe; by late 2006 sales increased dramatically, making physical copies of the album scarce and raising digital sales. A second single "Dance With Yesterday" was also released.Collaborations
Throughout the years, as a member of Atlanta's famous Dungeon Family, Joi has been featured on tracks by many different artists such as Outkast, Goodie Mob, TLC, Robbie Williams, Big Tymers, George Clinton, Curtis Mayfield, Queen Latifah, Too Short, Fishbone, Jim Crow, Shaquille O'Neal, Joss Stone, Run The Jewels and the D.O.C. Discography
The Pendulum Vibe (1994)
Amoeba Cleansing Syndrome (1997)
Star Kitty's Revenge (2002)
Tennessee Slim Is the Bomb (2006)
S.I.R. Rebekkah HolyLove (2018)

Guest Appearances
 "Down" (with Run The Jewels) on Run the Jewels 3 (2016)
 "Miss Georgia Fornia" (with Big K.R.I.T.) on 4eva Is a Mighty Long Time (2017)
 "Kush" (with Organized Noize and 2 Chainz) on The Art Of Organized Noize (2018)

Singles
"Sunshine & the Rain"
"Freedom"
"I Found My Niche"
"Ghetto Superstar"
"I Believe"
"Missing You"
"Lick"
"It's Your Life"
"I'm So Famous"
"Dance With Yesterday"
"Another Rocket"
"Kush"
"Stare At Me"
"No Grey Matter"
"It Is Best"

Filmography
 (2010) Smiles & Cries
 (2018) Luke Cage (season 2)

References

1971 births
American female models
Dungeon Family members
Living people
American neo soul singers
American hip hop singers
American women rock singers
American funk singers
Place of birth missing (living people)
American contemporary R&B singers
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers
Lucy Pearl members
African-American women singer-songwriters

masks:
Joi Elaine Gilliam
Joi


texts:
<mask> (4 May 1927 – 16 March 2009) was an Australian psychologist and author, best known for his sociological works of the 1970s and 1980s, including The Great Australian Stupor which sold around 70,000 copies (a considerable number by Australian standards), and The Land of the Long Weekend (1978). Among other books by him were The End of Stupor? (1984), Being Male (1985), The Rage for Utopia (1994) and a memoir, Conway's Way (1988). <mask> was born in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh, the second son of <mask> and his wife Elizabeth, and grew up as an only child (his brother Keith having died before <mask> was born). In later years, he said that his love of books came from his father and his mother taught him to stand up to the world (his Who's Who entry does not mention her). He also suggested that single-child families should be banned by governments. His early education was constrained by the Great Depression and the family's limited finances, as well as his parents' alleged lack of interest in his abilities.He went to both state and Catholic schools, including Hawksburn state school (where he won a prize for his essay about The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen) and later, when the fees for Christian Brothers College were too much his family, he attended St Joseph's Technical College in the Melbourne suburb of Abbotsford, which he left aged 15 for a job at the well-renowned Hill of Content bookshop in Bourke Street, in Melbourne's central business district. During the final years of the Second World War, <mask> progressed to electrical fitting in the Royal Australian Air Force which he had joined in late 1944. He was later employed as a psychologist by Melbourne's St Vincent's Hospital, from 1961 until his retirement. He also maintained a busy private practice at his homes in the Melbourne suburbs of Canterbury and (later) Hawthorn, specialising in male difficulties and personal issues. Many of <mask>'s articles appeared in The Age, The Australian, Quadrant and the now defunct National Times. He had a long-standing association with the National Civic Council (NCC), led by right-wing Catholic activist B. A. Santamaria; at times Santamaria published <mask> in the NCC's flagship journal, News Weekly.This association ended when an impassioned censure by <mask> of the NCC, particularly concerning the issues of contraception, homosexuality and the parameters of papal infallibility ("Mr Santamaria - And Goodbye To All That", Quadrant, December 1990), led to a lasting estrangement between the two men. <mask> also regretted the 1980s' split in the NCC which saw industrial elements of the organisation ejected. He believed Santamaria to have been the guiding force behind the split. <mask> also worked as a consultant for the Melbourne Catholic archdiocese, assessing seminary candidates. His admirers included Tony Abbott, Prime Minister 2013-15 (and Catholic). In his books and essays (as the above-mentioned reference to the Quadrant piece implies) <mask> questioned Catholic teaching on sexual matters, allying himself with Freud, with Jung (both Freud and Jung are openly praised in The Great Australian Stupor as great pioneers in the study of the human psyche) and, periodically, with Eastern mysticism. This was chiefly because of <mask>'s interest in world religions and human belief systems in general.He emphasised the importance of wider human experience as an antidote to the "psychophobia" present in so many public exchanges. <mask> questioned the validity of Catholic teaching on artificial contraception, pointing to the misery of Africa and South America and maintaining that women had the right to regulate the size of their families in an acceptable fashion. He saw contraception as a "morally neutral" issue that the Church had no reason or right on which to opine. He also believed the church over-emphasised sexual sin above all others, which bemused him. One staunch defence of Freud by <mask> was an article published in The Australian on 22 June 1994: "Integrity Attack Ignores Fruit of Freud's Genius". <mask> also praised the psychotherapeutic use of LSD in the 1960s and 1970s, under the guidance of trained practitioners, and was critical of its withdrawal from use in the early 1970s. In his opinion the ban on LSD was caused largely by the questionable professional machinations of Timothy Leary in the US.<mask> was also friends with Stanislav Grof, an early pioneer in the use of LSD as an aid in his consulting practice. He never changed his opinion that LSD was the most useful tool available for psychotherapists. Politically, <mask> saw himself as an "old-time Whig conservative" with "gnostic" leanings and professionally "eclectic". Others saw him broadly as a neo-Freudian. After the 1996 accession to Melbourne's archiepiscopate of George Pell, <mask> grew less prominent in the media, although now and then he wrote for the Sydney Catholic magazine Annals Australasia, and Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper, as well as periodically appearing on television. <mask> died at St Vincent's Hospital after suffering from Parkinson's disease and peripheral brain damage. He was farewelled in a Funeral Mass at St Patrick's Cathedral, attended by many prominent friends and former clients.His ashes were then interred at the cemetery in Brighton alongside the remains of his parents. Following his death, accusations that he had sexually interfered with male patients were published by Broken Rites and, in 2019, by The Age. Bibliography

 The End of Stupor? : Australia Towards the Third Millennium (Melbourne: Sun Books, 1984)
 Being Male: A Guide for Masculinity in a Time of Change (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1985)
 <mask>'s Way: Memories, Endeavours and Reflections (Blackburn, Victoria: Collins Dove, 1988)
 The Rage for Utopia (St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin, 1992)

References

1927 births
2009 deaths
Australian psychologists
Quadrant (magazine) people
Writers from Melbourne
20th-century psychologists

masks:
Ronald Victor Conway
Career Conway
Leslie Conway
Ronald
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway
Conway