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 1996, she went on a ten-city book tour and made numerous television appearances to promote the book, although she was frequently hit with questions about her involvement in the Whitewater and Travelgate controversies. The book spent 18 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller List that year, including three weeks at number one. By 2000, it had sold 450,000 copies in hardcover and another 200,000 in paperback. <mask> received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording. Response to Lewinsky scandal

In 1998, the <mask>s' private concerns became the subject of much speculation when investigations revealed the president had engaged in an extramarital affair with 22-year-old White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of the president by the House of Representatives; he was later acquitted by the senate.When the allegations against her husband were first made public, <mask> stated that the allegations were part of a "vast right-wing conspiracy". She characterized the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Bill's political enemies rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place. After the evidence of President <mask>'s encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage. Privately, she was reported to be furious at him and was unsure if she wanted to remain in the marriage. The White House residence staff noticed a pronounced level of tension between the couple during this period. Public reaction varied.Women variously admired her strength and poise in private matters that were made public. They sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior and criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions. They also accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence. In the wake of the revelations, her public approval ratings shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been. In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to "a love that has persisted for decades" and add: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing, and fully alive person I have ever met." Issues that surrounded the Lewinsky scandal left <mask> with substantial legal bills.In 2014, <mask> said that she and Bill had left the White House "not only dead broke, but in debt". The statement may have been literally accurate but ignored the potentially enormous earning power of ex-presidents who give paid speeches after leaving office. The couple would also have the ability to secure loans from banks. In October 2018, <mask> stated in an interview on CBS News Sunday Morning that Bill was right to not resign from office, and that Bill's affair with Lewinsky did not constitute an abuse of power because Lewinsky "was an adult". Other books and initiatives
Other books published by <mask> when she was the first lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat. She was the founding chair of Save America's Treasures, a nationwide effort matching federal funds with private donations to preserve and restore historic items and sites.This included the flag that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Ladies National Historic Site in Canton, Ohio. She also published a weekly syndicated newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000. It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she met during her travels around the world. Traditional duties
She was head of the White House Millennium Council and hosted Millennium Evenings, a series of lectures that discussed futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House. <mask> also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, located in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned by museums. In the White House, <mask> placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms. She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be historically authentic to the period of James Monroe, and the Map Room to how it looked during World War II.Working with Arkansas interior decorator Kaki Hockersmith over an eight-year period, she oversaw extensive, privately funded redecoration efforts around the building, often trying to make it look brighter. These included changing of the Treaty Room and a presidential study to have a 19th-century look. Overall the redecoration brought mixed notices, with Victorian furnishings for the Lincoln Sitting Room being criticized the most. <mask> hosted many large-scale events at the White House, including a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the 21st century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000. U.S. Senate (2001–2009)

2000 U.S. Senate election

When New York's long-serving U.S. senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles Rangel of New York, urged <mask> to run for his open seat in the Senate election of 2000. Once she decided to run, the <mask>s purchased a home at 15 Old House Lane in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City, in September 1999. She became the first wife of the president of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.Initially, <mask> expected to face Rudy Giuliani—the mayor of New York City—as her Republican opponent in the election. Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and matters related to his failing marriage became public. <mask> then faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives who represented New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused <mask> of carpetbagging, because she had never resided in New York State or participated in the state's politics before the 2000 Senate race. Bill de Blasio was <mask>'s campaign manager. She began her drive to the U.S. Senate by visiting all 62 counties in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings. She devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions.<mask> vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care. The contest drew national attention. During a September debate, Lazio blundered when he seemed to invade <mask>'s personal space by trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement. Their campaigns, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million. <mask> won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.She was sworn in as U.S. senator on January 3, 2001, and as George W. Bush was still 17 days away from being inaugurated as president after winning the 2000 presidential election, that meant from January 3–20, she simultaneously held the titles of First Lady and Senator – a first in U.S. history. Publisher Simon & Schuster paid <mask> a near-record advance of $8 million in December 2000 for her autobiography, released in 2003, as Living History. First term

Because <mask>'s term as president did not end until 17 days after she was sworn in, upon entering the Senate, <mask> became the first and so far only first lady to serve as a senator and first lady concurrently. <mask> maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties when she started her term. She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast. She sat on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–02), Committee on Armed Services (2003–09), Committee on Environment and Public Works (2001–09), Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (2001–09) and Special Committee on Aging. She was also a member of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (2001–09).Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, <mask> sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Chuck Schumer, she was instrumental in securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment. She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders. <mask> voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she expressed concerns with the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report regarding civil liberties. In March 2006, she voted in favor of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 that had gained large majority support. <mask> strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.<mask> voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq. After the Iraq War began, <mask> made trips to Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, <mask> noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier and that parts of the country were functioning well. Observing that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular U.S. Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain. In late 2005, <mask> said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves". Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic Party who favored quick withdrawal. <mask> supported retaining and improving health benefits for reservists and lobbied against the closure of several military bases, especially those in New York.She used her position on the Armed Services Committee to forge close relationships with a number of high-ranking military officers. By 2014 and 2015 <mask> had fully reversed herself on the Iraq War Resolution, saying she "got it wrong" and the vote in support had been a "mistake". <mask> voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Simon & Schuster released Living History: The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work, went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication, and was translated into twelve foreign languages. <mask>'s audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album. <mask> voted against the 2005 confirmation of John Roberts as chief justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court, filibustering the latter. In 2005, <mask> called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.Along with senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, <mask> voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage. Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism, <mask> played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former <mask> administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress, shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003 and advised the <mask>s' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004. Following the 2004 Senate elections, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging. 2006 reelection campaign

In November 2004, <mask> announced she would seek a second Senate term. She easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist Jonathan Tasini. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.<mask>'s eventual opponent in the general election was Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers. <mask> won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent, carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties. Her campaign spent $36 million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008. In the following months, she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign. Second term

<mask> opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, for both military and domestic political reasons (by the following year, she was privately acknowledging the surge had been successful). In March of that year, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines but was subsequently vetoed by Bush.In May, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; <mask> was one of those who voted against it. She responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief." In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, <mask> called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign. Regarding the high-profile, hotly debated immigration reform bill known as the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, <mask> cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture. As the financial crisis of 2007–08 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008, <mask> supported the proposed bailout of the U.S. financial system, voting in favor of the $700 billion law that created the Troubled Asset Relief Program, saying it represented the interests of the American people. It passed the Senate 74–25. In 2007, <mask> and Virginia senator Jim Webb called for an investigation into whether the body armor issued to soldiers in Iraq was adequate.2008 presidential campaign

<mask> had been preparing for a potential candidacy for U.S. president since at least early 2003. On January 20, 2007, she announced via her website the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008, stating: "I'm in and I'm in to win." No woman had ever been nominated by a major party for the presidency, and no first lady had ever run for president. When <mask> became president in 1993, a blind trust was established; in April 2007, the <mask>s liquidated the blind trust to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments as <mask> undertook her presidential race. Later disclosure statements revealed the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million. They had earned over $100 million since 2000—most of it coming from Bill's books, speaking engagements and other activities. Throughout the first half of 2007, <mask> led candidates competing for the Democratic presidential nomination in opinion polls for the election.Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former senator John Edwards of North Carolina were her strongest competitors. The biggest threat to her campaign was her past support of the Iraq War, which Obama had opposed from the beginning. <mask> and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter. At the end of October, <mask> fared poorly in her debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents. Obama's message of change began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than <mask>'s message of experience. In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January3 Iowa Democratic caucus behind Obama and Edwards. Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the New Hampshire primary.<mask> gained a surprise win there on January 8, narrowly defeating Obama. It was the first time a woman had won a major American party's presidential primary for the purposes of delegate selection. Explanations for <mask>'s New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election. The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. Several remarks by <mask> and other surrogates, and a remark by <mask> concerning Martin Luther King Jr. and Lyndon B. Johnson, were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign. Despite attempts by both <mask> and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with <mask> losing much of

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 her support among African Americans. She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26, South Carolina primary, setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February5 Super Tuesday states.<mask> had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former president "needs to stop". The South Carolina campaign had done lasting damage to <mask>, eroding her support among the Democratic establishment and leading to the prized endorsement of Obama by Ted Kennedy. On Super Tuesday, <mask> won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states; they almost evenly split the total popular vote. But Obama was gaining more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules. The <mask> campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising as <mask> began loaning money to her campaign. There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff, and she made several top-level personnel changes. Obama won the next eleven February contests across the country, often by large margins and took a significant pledged delegate lead over <mask>.On March 4, <mask> broke the string of losses by winning in Ohio among other places, where her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband's presidency, helped in a state where the trade agreement was unpopular. Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses, for which the <mask> campaign largely ignored and failed to prepare. Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; <mask> did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated. Behind in delegates, <mask>'s best hope of winning the nomination came in persuading uncommitted, party-appointed superdelegates. Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive nominee. In a speech before her supporters on June 7, <mask> ended her campaign and endorsed Obama. By campaign's end, <mask> had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763; at the time of the clinching, <mask> had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395, with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.<mask> and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process with both breaking the previous record. <mask> was the first woman to run in the primary or caucus of every state and she eclipsed, by a very wide margin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 marks for most votes garnered and delegates won by a woman. <mask> gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned frequently for him in fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4. <mask>'s campaign ended up severely in debt; she owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off the $13 million that she lent it herself. The debt was eventually paid off by the beginning of 2013. Secretary of State (2009–2013)

Nomination and confirmation

In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and <mask> discussed the possibility of her serving as secretary of state in his administration. She was initially quite reluctant, but on November 20 she told Obama she would accept the position.On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that <mask> would be his nominee for secretary of state. <mask> said she did not want to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure". As part of the nomination and to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, <mask> agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the William J. Clinton Foundation and the Clinton Global Initiative. The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008. Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the committee voted 16–1 to approve <mask>. By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal. On January 21, 2009, <mask> was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.<mask> took the oath of office of secretary of state, resigning from the Senate later that day. She became the first former first lady to be a member of the United States Cabinet. First half of tenure

<mask> spent her initial days as secretary of state telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. foreign policy would change direction: "We have a lot of damage to repair." She advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department, and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Department had conducted diplomatic missions. <mask> announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, which establishes specific objectives for the State Department's diplomatic missions abroad; it was modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senate Armed Services Committee. The first such review was issued in late 2010. It called for the U.S. leading through "civilian power" as a cost-effective way of responding to international challenges and defusing crises.It also sought to institutionalize goals of empowering women throughout the world. A cause <mask> advocated throughout her tenure was the adoption of cookstoves in the developing world, to foster cleaner and more environmentally sound food preparation and reduce smoke dangers to women. In a 2009 internal debate regarding the War in Afghanistan, <mask> sided with the military's recommendations for a maximal "Afghanistan surge", recommending 40,000 troops and no public deadline for withdrawal. She prevailed over Vice President Joe Biden's opposition but eventually supported Obama's compromise plan to send an additional 30,000 troops and tie the surge to a timetable for eventual withdrawal. In March 2009, <mask> presented Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov with a "reset button" symbolizing U.S. attempts to rebuild ties with that country under its new president, Dmitry Medvedev. The photo op was remembered for a mistranslation into Russian. The policy, which became known as the Russian reset, led to improved cooperation in several areas during Medvedev's time in office.Relations would worsen considerably, however, following Vladimir Putin's return to the position in 2012. In October 2009, on a trip to Switzerland, <mask>'s intervention overcame last-minute snags and saved the signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that established diplomatic relations and opened the border between the two long-hostile nations. In Pakistan, she engaged in several unusually blunt discussions with students, talk show hosts and tribal elders, in an attempt to repair the Pakistani image of the U.S. Beginning in 2010, she helped organize a diplomatic isolation and international sanctions regime against Iran, in an effort to force curtailment of that country's nuclear program; this would eventually lead to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action being agreed to in 2015. <mask> and Obama forged a good working relationship without power struggles; she was a team player within the administration and a defender of it to the outside and was careful that neither she nor her husband would upstage the president. <mask> formed an alliance with Secretary of Defense Gates as they shared similar strategic outlooks. Obama and <mask> both approached foreign policy as a largely non-ideological, pragmatic exercise. She met with him weekly but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her predecessors had had with their presidents; moreover, certain key areas of policymaking were kept inside the White House or Pentagon.Nevertheless, the president had trust in her actions. In a prepared speech in January 2010, <mask> drew analogies between the Iron Curtain and the free and unfree Internet. Chinese officials reacted negatively towards it. The speech garnered attention as the first time a senior American official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy. In July 2010, she visited South Korea, where she and Cheryl Mills worked to convince SAE-A, a large apparel subcontractor, to invest in Haiti despite the company's deep concerns about plans to raise the minimum wage. In the summer of 2010, the South Korean company signed a contract at the US State Department, ensuring that the Caracol Industrial Park would have a key tenant. This was part of the "build back better" program initiated by her husband, named UN Special Envoy to Haiti in 2009 after a tropical storm season caused $1 billion in damages to the island.In January 2011, <mask> traveled to Haiti in order to help pave the way for the election of Michel Martelly. Second half of tenure
The 2011 Egyptian protests posed the most challenging foreign policy crisis yet for the Obama administration. <mask>'s public response quickly evolved from an early assessment that the government of Hosni Mubarak was "stable", to a stance that there needed to be an "orderly transition [to] a democratic participatory government", to a condemnation of violence against the protesters. Obama came to rely upon <mask>'s advice, organization and personal connections in the behind-the-scenes response to developments. As Arab Spring protests spread throughout the region, <mask> was at the forefront of a U.S. response that she recognized was sometimes contradictory, backing some regimes while supporting protesters against others. As the Libyan Civil War took place, <mask>'s shift in favor of military intervention aligned her with Ambassador to the UN Susan Rice and National Security Council figure Samantha Power. This was a key turning point in overcoming internal administration opposition from Defense Secretary Gates, security advisor Thomas E. Donilon and counterterrorism advisor John Brennan in gaining the backing for, and Arab and U.N. approval of, the 2011 military intervention in Libya.Secretary <mask> testified to Congress that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya, despite objections from some members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution. The State Department's legal advisor argued the same point when the Resolution's 60-day limit for unauthorized wars was passed (a view that prevailed in a legal debate within the Obama administration). <mask> later used U.S. allies and what she called "convening power" to promote unity among the Libyan rebels as they eventually overthrew the Gaddafi regime. The aftermath of the Libyan Civil War saw the country becoming a failed state. The wisdom of the intervention and interpretation of what happened afterward would become the subject of considerable debate. During April 2011, internal deliberations of the president's innermost circle of advisors over whether to order U.S. special forces to conduct a raid into Pakistan against Osama bin Laden, <mask> was among those who argued in favor, saying the importance of getting bin Laden outweighed the risks to the U.S. relationship with Pakistan. Following the completion of the mission on May2 resulting in bin Laden's death, <mask> played a key role in the administration's decision not to release photographs of the dead al-Qaeda leader.During internal discussions regarding Iraq in 2011, <mask> argued for keeping a residual force of up to 10,000–20,000 U.S. troops there. (All of them ended up being withdrawn after negotiations for a revised U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement failed.) In a speech before the United Nations Human Rights Council in December 2011, <mask> said that, "Gay rights are human rights", and that the U.S. would advocate for gay rights and legal protections of gay people abroad. The same period saw her overcome internal administration opposition with a direct appeal to Obama and stage the first visit to Burma by a U.S. secretary of state since 1955. She met with Burmese leaders as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and sought to support the 2011 Burmese democratic reforms. She also said the 21st century would be "America's Pacific century", a declaration that was part of the Obama administration's "pivot to Asia". During the Syrian Civil War, <mask> and the Obama administration initially sought to persuade Syrian president Bashar al-Assad to engage popular demonstrations with reform.As government violence allegedly rose in August 2011, they called for him to resign from the presidency. The administration joined several countries in delivering non-lethal assistance to so-called rebels opposed to the Assad government and humanitarian groups working in Syria. During mid-2012, <mask> formed a plan with CIA Director David Petraeus to further strengthen the opposition by arming and training vetted groups of Syrian rebels. The proposal was rejected by White House officials who were reluctant to become entangled in the conflict, fearing that extremists hidden among the rebels might turn the weapons against other targets. In December 2012, <mask> was hospitalized for a few days for treatment of a blood clot in her right transverse venous sinus. Her doctors had discovered the clot during a follow-up examination for a concussion she had sustained when she fainted and fell nearly three weeks earlier, as a result of severe dehydration from a viral intestinal ailment acquired during a trip to Europe. The clot, which caused no immediate neurological injury, was treated with anticoagulant medication, and her doctors have said she has made a full recovery.Overall themes

Throughout her time in office (and mentioned in her final speech concluding it), <mask> viewed "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values. In a world of varied threats, weakened central governments and increasingly important nongovernmental entities, smart power combined military hard power with diplomacy and U.S. soft power capacities in global economics, development aid, technology, creativity and human rights advocacy. As such, she became the first secretary of state to methodically implement the smart power approach. In debates over use of military force, she was generally one of the more hawkish voices in the administration. In August 2011 she hailed the ongoing multinational military intervention in Libya and the initial U.S. response towards the Syrian Civil War as examples of smart power in action. <mask> greatly expanded the State Department's use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter, to get its message out and to help empower citizens of foreign countries vis-à-vis their governments. And in the Mideast turmoil, <mask> particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.Moreover, in a formulation that became known as the "<mask> Doctrine", she viewed women's rights as critical for U.S. security interests, due to a link between the level of violence against women and gender inequality within a state, and the instability and challenge to international security of that state. In turn, there was a trend of women around the world finding more opportunities, and in some cases feeling safer, as the result of her actions and visibility. <mask> visited 112 countries during her tenure, making her the most widely traveled secretary of state (Time magazine wrote that "<mask>'s endurance is legendary".) The first secretary of state to visit countries like Togo and East Timor, she believed that in-person visits were more important than ever in the virtual age. As early as March 2011, she indicated she was not interested in serving a second term as secretary of state should Obama be re-elected in 2012; in December 2012, following that re-election, Obama nominated Senator John Kerry to be <mask>'s successor. Her last day as secretary of state was February 1, 2013. Upon her departure, analysts commented that <mask>'s tenure did not bring any signature diplomatic breakthroughs as some other secretaries of state had accomplished, and highlighted her focus on goals she thought were less tangible but would have more lasting effect.She has also been criticized for accepting millions in dollars in donations from foreign governments to the Clinton Foundation during her tenure as Secretary of State. Benghazi attack and subsequent hearings

On September 11, 2012, the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, was attacked, resulting in the deaths of the U.S. Ambassador, J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans. The attack, questions surrounding the security of the U.S. consulate, and the varying explanations given afterward by administration officials for what had happened became politically controversial in the U.S. On October 15, <mask> took responsibility for the question of security lapses saying the differing explanations were due to the inevitable fog of war confusion after such events. On December 19, a panel led by Thomas R. Pickering and Michael Mullen issued its report on the matter. It was sharply critical of State Department officials in Washington for ignoring requests for more guards and safety upgrades and for failing to adapt security procedures to a deteriorating security environment. It focused its criticism on the department's Bureau of Diplomatic Security and Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs; four State Department officials at the assistant secretary level and below were removed from their posts as a consequence.<mask> said she accepted the conclusions of the report and that changes were underway to implement its suggested recommendations. <mask> gave testimony to two congressional foreign affairs committees on January 23, 2013, regarding the Benghazi attack. She defended

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 her actions in response to the incident, and while still accepting formal responsibility, said she had had no direct role in specific discussions beforehand regarding consulate security. Congressional Republicans challenged her on several points, to which she responded. In particular, after persistent questioning about whether or not the administration had issued inaccurate "talking points" after the attack, <mask> responded with the much-quoted rejoinder, "With all due respect, the fact is we had four dead Americans. Was it because of a protest or was it because of guys out for a walk one night who decided that they'd they go kill some Americans? What difference at this point does it make?It is our job to figure out what happened and do everything we can to prevent it from ever happening again, Senator." In November 2014, the House Intelligence Committee issued a report that concluded there had been no wrongdoing in the administration's response to the attack. The House Select Committee on Benghazi was created in May 2014 and conducted a two-year investigation related to the 2012 attack. Its actions were often seen through the prism of domestic politics. This was especially the case in September 2015, when House majority leader Kevin McCarthy credited the Benghazi hearings with lowering <mask>'s poll numbers, thereby contradicting the Republicans' previous talking points on the investigation. On October 22, 2015, <mask> testified at an all-day and nighttime session before the committee. The hearing included many heated exchanges between committee members and <mask> and among the committee members themselves.<mask> was widely seen as emerging largely unscathed from the hearing, because of what the media perceived as a calm and unfazed demeanor and a lengthy, meandering, repetitive line of questioning from the committee. The committee issued competing final reports in June 2016 that broke along partisan lines. The Republican report offered some new details about the attack but no new evidence of culpability by <mask>. Email controversy

A controversy arose in March 2015, when the State Department's inspector general revealed that <mask> had used personal email accounts on a non-government, privately maintained server exclusively—instead of email accounts maintained on federal government servers—when conducting official business during her tenure as secretary of state. Some experts, officials, members of Congress and political opponents contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures, and federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping requirements. The controversy occurred against the backdrop of <mask>'s 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi. In a joint statement released on July 15, 2015, the inspector general of the State Department and the inspector general of the intelligence community said their review of the emails found information that was classified when sent, remained so at the time of their inspection and "never should have been transmitted via an unclassified personal system".They also stated unequivocally this classified information should never have been stored outside of secure government computer systems. <mask> had said over a period of months that she kept no classified information on the private server that she set up in her house. Government policy, reiterated in the nondisclosure agreement signed by <mask> as part of gaining her security clearance, is that sensitive information can be considered as classified even if not marked as such. After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into the so-called "born classified" category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the <mask> server. The New York Times reported in February 2016 that nearly 2,100 emails stored on <mask>'s server were retroactively marked classified by the State Department. Additionally, the intelligence community's inspector general wrote Congress to say that some of the emails "contained classified State Department information when originated". In May 2016, the inspector general of the State Department criticized her use of a private email server while secretary of state, stating that she had not requested permission for this and would not have received it if she had asked.<mask> maintained she did not send or receive any emails from her personal server that were confidential at the time they were sent. In a Democratic debate with Bernie Sanders on February 4, 2016, <mask> said, "I never sent or received any classified material—they are retroactively classifying it." On July 2, 2016, <mask> stated: "Let me repeat what I have repeated for many months now, I never received nor sent any material that was marked classified." On July 5, 2016, the FBI concluded its investigation. In a statement, FBI director James Comey said:

110 e-mails in 52 e-mail chains have been determined by the owning agency to contain classified information at the time they were sent or received. Eight of those chains contained information that was Top Secret at the time they were sent; 36 chains contained Secret information at the time; and eight contained Confidential information, which is the lowest level of classification. Separate from those, about 2,000 additional e-mails were "up-classified" to make them Confidential; the information in those had not been classified at the time the e-mails were sent.Out of 30,000, three emails were found to be marked as classified, although they lacked classified headers and were marked only with a small "c" in parentheses, described as "portion markings" by Comey. He also said it was possible <mask> was not "technically sophisticated" enough to understand what the three classified markings meant. The probe found <mask> used her personal email extensively while outside the United States, both sending and receiving work-related emails in the territory of sophisticated adversaries. Comey acknowledged that it was "possible that hostile actors gained access to Secretary <mask>'s personal email account". He added that "[although] we did not find clear evidence that Secretary <mask> or her colleagues intended to violate laws governing the handling of classified information, there is evidence that they were extremely careless in their handling of very sensitive, highly classified information". Nevertheless, Comey asserted that "no reasonable prosecutor" would bring criminal charges in this case, despite the existence of "potential violations of the statutes regarding the handling of classified information". The FBI recommended that the Justice Department decline to prosecute.On July 6, 2016, U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch—who had met privately with <mask> on June 27—confirmed that the probe into <mask>'s use of private email servers would be closed without criminal charges. On October 28, 2016, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had begun looking into newly discovered <mask> emails. Law enforcement officials said that while investigating allegedly illicit text messages from Anthony Weiner, husband of <mask> aide Huma Abedin, to a 15-year-old girl in North Carolina, they discovered emails related to <mask>'s private server on a laptop computer belonging to Weiner. On November 6, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed the conclusion it had reached in July. The notification was later cited by <mask> as a factor in her loss in the 2016 presidential election. The emails controversy received more media coverage than any other topic during the 2016 presidential election. In September 2019, the State Department finished its internal review into 33,000 emails that <mask> had turned over.The investigation that began in 2016 found 588 violations of security procedures and found that <mask>'s use of a personal email server increased the risk of compromising State Department information. In 91 cases, the culpability of sending classified information could be attributed to 38 people, but the review concluded there was "no persuasive evidence of systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information". Clinton Foundation, Hard Choices, and speeches

When <mask> left the State Department, she returned to private life for the first time in thirty years. She and her daughter joined her husband as named members of the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation in 2013. There she focused on early childhood development efforts, including an initiative called Too Small to Fail and a $600 million initiative to encourage the enrollment of girls in secondary schools worldwide, led by former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard. In 2014, <mask> published a second memoir, Hard Choices, which focused on her time as secretary of state. , the book has sold about 280,000 copies.<mask> also led the No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project, a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to gather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the Beijing conference in 1995; its March 2015 report said that while "There has never been a better time in history to be born a woman ... this data shows just how far we still have to go." The foundation began accepting new donations from foreign governments, which it had stopped doing while she was secretary of state. However, even though the Clinton Foundation had stopped taking donations from foreign governments, they continued to take large donations from foreign citizens who were sometimes linked to their governments. She began work on another volume of memoirs and made appearances on the paid speaking circuit. There she received $200,000–225,000 per engagement, often appearing before Wall Street firms or at business conventions. She also made some unpaid speeches on behalf of the foundation. For the fifteen months ending in March 2015, <mask> earned over $11 million from her speeches.For the overall period 2007–14, the <mask>s earned almost $141 million, paid some $56 million in federal and state taxes and donated about $15 million to charity. , she was estimated to be worth over $30 million on her own, or $45–53 million with her husband. <mask> resigned from the board of the foundation in April 2015, when she began her presidential campaign. The foundation said it would accept new foreign governmental donations from six Western nations only. 2016 presidential campaign

On April 12, 2015, <mask> formally announced her candidacy for the presidency in the 2016 election. She had a campaign-in-waiting already in place, including a large donor network, experienced operatives and the Ready for Hillary and Priorities USA Action political action committees and other infrastructure. Prior to her campaign, <mask> had claimed in an interview on NDTV in May 2012 that she would not seek the presidency again, but later wrote in her 2014 autobiography Hard Choices that she had not decided.The campaign's headquarters were established in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Her campaign focused on: raising middle class incomes, establishing universal preschool, making college more affordable and improving the Affordable Care Act. Initially considered a prohibitive favorite to win the Democratic nomination, <mask> faced an unexpectedly strong challenge from democratic socialist Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. His longtime stance against the influence of corporations and the wealthy in American politics resonated with a dissatisfied citizenry troubled by the effects of income inequality in the U.S. and contrasted with <mask>'s Wall Street ties. In the initial contest of the primaries season, <mask> only very narrowly won the Iowa Democratic caucuses, held February 1, over an increasingly popular Sanders — the first woman to win them. In the first primary, held in New Hampshire on February 9, she lost to Sanders by a wide margin. Sanders was an increasing threat in the next contest, the Nevada caucuses on February 20, but <mask> managed a five-percentage-point win, aided by final-days campaigning among casino workers.<mask> followed that with a lopsided victory in the South Carolina primary on February 27. These two victories stabilized her campaign and showed an avoidance of the management turmoil that harmed her 2008 effort. On March 1 Super Tuesday, <mask> won seven of eleven contests, including a string of dominating victories across the South buoyed, as in South Carolina, by African-American voters. She opened up a significant lead in pledged delegates over Sanders. She maintained this delegate lead across subsequent contests during the primary season, with a consistent pattern throughout. Sanders did better among younger, whiter, more rural and more liberal voters and states that held caucuses or where eligibility was open to independents. <mask> did better among older, black and Hispanic voter populations, and in states that held primaries or where eligibility was restricted to registered Democrats.By June 5, 2016, she had earned enough pledged delegates and supportive superdelegates for the media to consider her the presumptive nominee. On June 7, after winning most of the states in the final major round of primaries, <mask> held a victory rally in Brooklyn becoming the first woman to claim the status of presumptive nominee for a major American political party. By campaign's end, <mask> had won 2,219 pledged delegates to Sanders' 1,832; with an estimated 594 superdelegates compared to Sanders' 47. She received almost 17 million votes during the nominating process, as opposed to Sanders' 13 million. <mask> was formally nominated at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 26, 2016, becoming the first woman to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party. Her choice of vice presidential running mate, Senator Tim Kaine, was nominated by the convention the following day. Her opponents in the general election included Republican Donald Trump, Libertarian Gary Johnson and Jill Stein of the Green Party.Around the time of the convention, WikiLeaks released emails that suggested the DNC and the <mask> campaign tilted the primary in <mask>'s favor. <mask> held a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Trump and <mask> were tied in major polls following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her emails. FBI Director James Comey concluded <mask> had been "extremely careless" in her handling of classified government material. In late July, Trump gained his first lead over <mask> in major polls following a three to four percentage point convention bounce at the Republican National Convention. This was in line with the average bounce in conventions since 2004, although it was toward the low side by historical standards. Following <mask>'s seven percentage point convention bounce at the Democratic National Convention, she regained a significant lead in national polls at the start of August.In fall 2016, <mask> and Tim Kaine published Stronger Together, which outlined their vision for the United States. <mask> was defeated by Donald Trump in the November 8, 2016, presidential election. By the early morning hours of November 9, Trump had received 279 projected electoral college votes, with 270 needed to win; media sources proclaimed him the winner. <mask> then phoned Trump to concede and to congratulate him on his victory, whereupon Trump gave his victory speech. The next morning <mask> made a public concession speech in which she acknowledged the pain of her loss, but called on her supporters to accept Trump as their next president, saying: "We owe him an open mind and a chance to lead." Though <mask> lost the election by capturing only 232 electoral votes to Trump's 306, she won the popular vote by more than 2.8 million votes, or 2.1% of the voter base. She is the fifth presidential candidate in U.S. history to win the popular vote but lose the election.She won the most votes of any candidate who did not take office and the third-most votes of any candidate in history, though she did not have the greatest percentage win of a losing candidate. (Andrew Jackson won the popular vote by 10.4% but lost to John Quincy Adams). On December 19, 2016, when electors formally voted, <mask> lost five of her initial 232 votes due to faithless electors, with three of her Washington votes being cast instead for Colin Powell, one being cast for Faith Spotted Eagle, and one in Hawaii being cast for Bernie Sanders. Post-2016 election activities

In their respective roles as a former president and a former first lady, Bill and <mask> attended the inauguration of Donald Trump with their daughter, Chelsea. The morning of the inauguration <mask> wrote on her Twitter account, "I'm here today to honor our democracy & its enduring values, I will never stop believing in our country & its future." In October 2017, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate from Swansea University, whose College of Law was renamed the Hillary Rodham <mask> School of Law in her honor. In October 2018, <mask> and <mask> announced plans for a 13-city speaking tour in various cities in the United States and Canada between November 2018 and May 2019.<mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in law (LLD) at Queen's University Belfast on October 10, 2018, after giving a speech on Northern Ireland and the impacts of Brexit at Whitla Hall, Belfast. In June 2018, Trinity College Dublin awarded her with an honorary doctorate (LLD). In September 2021 she was awarded an honorary doctorate of civil law by the University of Oxford. A package that contained a pipe bomb was sent to <mask>'s home in Washington, D.C., on October 24, 2018. It was intercepted by the Secret Service. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders and to CNN. Political actions
<mask> delivered a St. Patrick's Day speech in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on March 17, 2017.In it, alluding to reports that she had being seen taking walks in the woods around Chappaqua following her loss in the presidential election, <mask> indicated her readiness to emerge from "the woods" and become politically active again. However, the following month she confirmed she would not seek public office again. She reiterated her comments in March 2019 and stated she would not run for president in 2020. In May 2017, <mask> announced the formation of Onward

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 Together, a new political action committee that she wrote is "dedicated to advancing the progressive vision that earned nearly 66 million votes in the last election". During 2017, she spoke out on a number of occasions against Republican plans to repeal the Affordable Care Act and replace it with the American Health Care Act, which she called "a disastrous bill" and a "shameful failure of policy & morality by GOP". In response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, <mask> said the U.S. should take out Bashar al-Assad's airfields and thereby "prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them". On April 28, 2020, <mask> endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, for president in the 2020 election and she addressed the 2020 Democratic National Convention in August.On October 28, 2020, <mask> announced that she was on the 2020 Democratic slate of electors for the state of New York. After Biden and Kamala Harris won New York State, thereby electing the Democratic elector slate, <mask> and her husband served as members of the 2020 United States Electoral College and cast the first of the state's electoral votes for Biden and Harris. Comments on President Trump
On May 2, 2017, <mask> said Trump's use of Twitter "doesn't work" when pursuing important negotiations. "Kim Jong Un ... [is] always interested in trying to get Americans to come to negotiate to elevate their status and their position". Negotiations with North Korea should not take place without "a broader strategic framework to try to get China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, to put the kind of pressure on the regime that will finally bring them to the negotiating table with some kind of realistic prospect for change." While delivering the commencement speech at her alma mater Wellesley College on May 26, <mask> asserted President Trump's 2018 budget proposal was "a con" for underfunding domestic programs. On June 1, when President Trump announced the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement, <mask> tweeted that it was a "historic mistake".On September 29, 2019, in an interview with CBS News Sunday Morning, <mask> described Trump as a "threat" to the country's standing in the world; an "illegitimate president", despite having won the election; and a "corrupt human tornado". Comments on politics during the Biden administration

In March 2021, <mask> voiced her support for the United States Senate to abolish the Senate filibuster if it proves necessary to do so in order to pass voting rights legislation. <mask> called the Senate filibuster "another Jim Crow relic". Writing career

<mask>'s third memoir, What Happened, an account of her loss in the 2016 election, was released on September 12, 2017. A book tour and a series of interviews and personal appearances were arranged for the launch. What Happened sold 300,000 copies in its first week, less than her 2003 memoir, Living History, but triple the first-week sales of her previous memoir, 2014's Hard Choices. Simon & Schuster announced that What Happened had sold more e-books in its first-week than any nonfiction e-book since 2010.As of December 10, 2017, the book had sold 448,947 hardcover copies. An announcement was made in February 2017 that efforts were under way to render her 1996 book It Takes a Village as a picture book. Marla Frazee, a two-time winner of the Caldecott Medal, was announced as the illustrator. <mask> had worked on it with Frazee during her 2016 presidential election campaign. The result was published on the same day of publication as What Happened. The book is aimed at preschool-aged children, although a few messages are more likely better understood by adults. In October 2019, The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience, a book <mask> co-wrote with her daughter Chelsea, was published.In February 2021, <mask> announced that she was co-writing her first fiction book with Louise Penny. The book, a political mystery thriller, is titled State of Terror and was released in October 2021. <mask> has also written occasional op-eds in the years since her 2016 election defeat. In September 2018, The Atlantic published an article written by <mask> titled "American Democracy Is In Crisis". In April 2019, The Washington Post published an op-ed by <mask> calling for congress to be, "deliberate, fair, and fearless" in responding to the Mueller Report. In their November/December 2020 issue, Foreign Affairs published a piece by <mask> titled "A National Security Reckoning". On January 11, 2021, following the January 6 storming of the United States Capitol, an op-ed by <mask> titled "Trump should be impeached.But that alone won’t remove white supremacy from America." was published in The Washington Post. In July 2021, Democracy Docket published an op-ed by <mask> on Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election. Media ventures
<mask> collaborated with director Nanette Burstein on the documentary film <mask>, which was released on Hulu in March 2020. On September 29, 2020, <mask> launched an interview podcast in collaboration with iHeartRadio titled You and Me Both. <mask> is slated to be an executive producer of a drama series about the fight for women's suffrage in the United States titled The Woman's Hour. The series, based upon Elaine Weiss' book of the same name, will air on The CW.Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast
On January 2, 2020, it was announced that <mask> would take up the position of Chancellor at Queen's University Belfast. <mask> became the 11th and first female chancellor of the university, filling the position that had been vacant since 2018 after the death of her predecessor, Thomas J. Moran. Commenting on taking up the position, she said that "the university is making waves internationally for its research and impact and I am proud to be an ambassador and help grow its reputation for excellence". Queen's Pro-Chancellor Stephen Prenter said that <mask> on her appointment "will be an incredible advocate for Queen's" who can act as an "inspirational role model". However, her inauguration was protested by some students. Political positions

Using her Senate votes, several organizations have attempted to measure <mask>'s place on the political spectrum scientifically. National Journals 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned <mask> a rating of 30 on the political spectrum, relative to the Senate at the time, with a rating of1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.National Journals subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007. A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D<mask> of Princeton University and Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her likely to be the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal senator. The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social and Foreign. Averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Total average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative. According to FiveThirtyEights measure of political ideology, "<mask> was one of the most liberal members during her time in the Senate." Organizations have also attempted to provide more recent assessments of <mask> after she reentered elective politics in 2015.Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, On the Issues places her in the "Left Liberal" region on their two-dimensional grid of social and economic ideologies, with a social score of 80 on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances, with an economic score of ten on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances. Crowdpac, which does a data aggregation of campaign contributions, votes and speeches, gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative). In March 2016, <mask> laid out a detailed economic plan, which The New York Times called "optimistic" and "wide-ranging". Basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, <mask> proposed a "clawback" that would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; providing incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America to pay a lower tax rate overseas. <mask> currently opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), though previously described it as "the gold standard" of trade deals. She supports the U.S. Export-Import Bank and holds that "any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security". As senator (2001–2009), her record on trade was mixed; she voted in favor of some trade agreements but not others.Given the climate of unlimited campaign contributions following the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision, <mask> called for a constitutional amendment to limit "unaccountable money" in politics. In July 2016, she "committed" to introducing a U.S. constitutional amendment that would result in overturning the 2010 Citizens United decision. On December 7, 2015, <mask> presented her detailed plans for regulating Wall Street financial activities in the New York Times. Accepting the scientific consensus on climate change, <mask> supports cap-and-trade, and opposed the Keystone XL pipeline. She supported "equal pay for equal work", to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do. <mask> has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool. These programs would be funded by proposing tax increases on the wealthy, including a "fair share surcharge".<mask> supported the Affordable Care Act and would have added a "public option" that competed with private insurers and enabled people "50 or 55 and up" to buy into Medicare. On LGBT rights, she supports the right to same-sex marriage, a position that has changed throughout her political career. In 2000, she was against such marriages altogether. In 2006, she said only that she would support a state's decision to permit same-sex marriages, but opposed federally amending the Constitution to permit same-sex marriage. While running for president in 2007, she again reiterated her opposition to same-sex marriage, although expressed her support of civil unions. 2013 marked the first time that <mask> expressed support for a national right to same-sex marriage. In 2000, she was the first spouse of a US president to march in an LGBT pride parade.In 2016, she was the first major-party presidential candidate ever to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper (Philadelphia Gay News). <mask> held that allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship "s at its heart a family issue", and expressed support for Obama's Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States. However, in 2014, <mask> stated that unaccompanied children crossing the border "should be sent back." She opposed and criticized Trump's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States. Expressing support for Common Core she said, "The really unfortunate argument that's been going on around Common Core, it's very painful because the Common Core started off as a bipartisan effort. It was actually nonpartisan. It wasn't politicized ... Iowa has had a testing system based on a core curriculum for a really long time.And  you see the value of it, you understand why that helps you organize your whole education system. And a lot of states unfortunately haven't had that and so don't understand the value of a core, in this sense a Common Core." On foreign affairs, <mask> voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq in October 2002, a vote she later "regretted". She favored arming Syria's rebel fighters in 2012 and has called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. She supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the NATO-led military intervention in Libya to oust former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. <mask> is in favor of maintaining American influence in the Middle East. She has told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, "America can't ever be neutral when it comes to Israel's security and survival."<mask> expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2006 Lebanon War and 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. In a 2017 interview, after a poison gas attack in Syria, <mask> said that she had favored more aggressive action against Bashar al-Assad: "I think we should have been more willing to confront Assad. I really believe we should have and still should take out his air fields and prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them." In 2000, <mask> advocated for the elimination of the electoral college. She promised to co-sponsor legislation that would abolish it, resulting in the direct election of the president. She reiterated her position against the Electoral College as she cast her vote as an elector in the electoral college for Joe Biden in 2020. Religious views
<mask> has been a lifelong Methodist, and has been part of United Methodist Church congregations throughout her life.She has publicly discussed her Christian faith on several occasions, although seldom while campaigning. Professor Paul Kengor, author of God and <mask>: A Spiritual Life, has suggested that <mask>'s political positions are rooted in her faith. She often expresses a maxim often attributed to John Wesley: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can." Cultural and political image

Over a hundred books and scholarly works have been written about <mask>. A 2006 survey by the New York Observer found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-<mask> literature" put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints. Some titles include Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, <mask>'s Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House and Can She Be Stopped? : <mask> Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless ... Books praising <mask> did not sell nearly as well (other than her memoirs and those of her husband).When she ran for Senate in 2000, several fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham <mask> sprang up to oppose her. Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich. <mask> has also been featured in the media and popular culture in a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, writer Todd S. Purdum of The New York Times characterized <mask> as a Rorschach test, an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of <mask> is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society." She has been the subject of many satirical impressions on Saturday Night Live, beginning with her time as the first lady. She has made guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in 2015, to face-off with her doppelgängers. Jonathan Mann wrote songs about her including "The Hillary Shimmy Song", which went viral.She has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure, though some argue otherwise. In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her". Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: <mask>". Following <mask>'s "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse. Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed up the relationship between <mask> and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though <mask> <mask> has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics". Once she became secretary of state, <mask>'s image seemed to improve dramatically among the American public and become one of a respected world figure. Her favorability ratings dropped, however, after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics once more.By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever. In March 2016, she acknowledged that: "I'm not a natural politician, in case you haven't noticed." Electoral history

2000 Senate election

2006 Senate election

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2016 presidential election

Books and recordings

 It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us (1996).<mask> received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording. Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998)
 An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000)
 Living History (Simon & Schuster, 2003). The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work, went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication, and was translated into twelve foreign languages. Hard Choices (2014). The book has sold about 280,000 copies.With Tim Kaine, Stronger Together (2016)
 What Happened (Simon & Schuster, 2017, in print, e-book, and audio read by the author)
 With <mask>, The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience (Simon & Schuster, 2019, in print, e-book, and audio)
 With Louise Penny, State of Terror is set to release on October 12, 2021, and be published by Simon & Schuster & St.

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<mask> (), born 4 August 1952, Bohodukhiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is a Russian philosopher, educator and expert in the field of organization and management science. Biography
Chernyshev was born into a military family and attended school in Akhtubinsk. After graduating from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in (1976), he worked as a management scientist at research centers and think tanks under the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology and the State Committee for Construction. From 1980 to 1987, he was an aide and academic advisor to the Chairman of the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR. Between 1983 and 1987,  Chernyshev co-authored a series of classified papers for the then Soviet leadership, in an attempt to develop a reformist ideology and a strategy of change to address the challenges facing the country. These papers were considered at over 100 meetings with leading figures in the Party and  the Government. In 1989, they were published (after being declassified) as a book, «After Communism» under the pseudonym «S.Platonov».Between 1985 and 1991, <mask> was a founding member of “Project Space Shield”, which aimed to draw up a political and economic framework for a space-based anti-ballistic missile system to be developed, built and deployed jointly by the US and USSR. The project was initiated from meetings with  executives of the «Heritage Foundation», a think tank closely associated with the Ronald Reagan administration. In 1987, Chernyshev co-founded the «Cultural Initiative Foundation», a body jointly established by the Soviet Cultural Foundation, the Peace Foundation, and the Soros Foundation, NY. For its first three years, Chernyshev led the organization as Executive Secretary of the Board. The foundation operated as an impact investing fund, supporting socially beneficial projects selected by competition. In the same year, the Council of Ministers of the USSR established a  new research center, under the umbrella of the Scientific Research Institute for External Economic Relations, with the aim of further advancing the reformist ideas put forward in After Communism. In 1988 and 1989 this center, in collaboration with the Cultural Initiative Foundation, initiated and coordinated a major international program known as “The Open Sector in the Soviet Economy”.An international committee comprising experts from 16 countries was set up under the patronage of Council of Ministers chairman Nikolai Ryzhkov. Six different task forces brought together over 60 top officials from government ministries and agencies, as well as leading economists, lawyers and sociologists. The objective was to create and establish a system of inter-currency exchanges, locked into special economic zones built around economic growth poles, to facilitate modernization of the Soviet economic system and its evolutionary integration into the global economy. From 1989 to 1993, Chernyshev was President of Humanus, a think tank. In 1990, Chernyshev's work New Milestones (Новые Вехи) was published under his own name for the first time, in issue #1 for that year of the journal “Znamya”. Since 1991, he has been on the Board of the Foreign Policy Association, whose President is Soviet diplomat and former Foreign Minister <mask>kh. From 1993 to 1994, he was on the Academic Board of Intercenter, a British-Russian interdisciplinary center for the social sciences.In 1993, Chernyshev published the book Meaning: A Periodic System of its Elements. Between 1992 and 1995, Chernyshev conceived, compiled and edited a four-volume collection of essays, The Other "(‘Tertium Datur’). Readings on the  New Russian Public Identity". 1996-2006:  Professor and Head of the Institute for Corporate Entrepreneurship at  State University – Higher School of Economics. In 1996, together with Yaroslav Kuzminov and Gleb Pavlovsky, Chernyshev founded the Russian Institute. He has been CEO of the Institute since its inception. In 1997, the Russian Institute launched the Russian Journal, a daily online bulletin about culture, politics and society - the first of its kind in Russia.The Institute went on to deliver a number of other online and offline projects. The Russian Journal team subsequently launched a series of popular online resources including lenta.ru, gazeta.ru and strana.ru. 1997-1998:  Advisor to First Deputy Chairman, MDM Bank; participated in the Financial Institutions Development Project (FIDP) of the World Bank and the EBRD. 1997-2000: Founding member of the non-governmental Millennium Committee, which later evolved into the Russian National Millennium Committee. 1999-2006: Conceived and co-founded the Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship, a non-profit partnership, serving as its CEO. In the summer of 2001 Chernyshev was an initiator, and an organizing committee and working group member, of the Civic Forum of Russia. From 2005 to 2011, Chernyshev became co-founder and chairman of the Advisory Board of Management Consulting Company No.1. From 2006 to 2008, <mask> was a partner in the ROEL Group management consultancy. In 2008, he directed a research project to analyze the efficiency of government property management in the industrial and energy sectors, commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation. From 2008 to 2010, he was an independent director of the IPF-AGRO management company. From 2009 to 2014, Chernyshev was on the Board of the Russian Association for International Co-operation (RAMS). From 2010 to 2014, he accepted a position on the Public Council of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation. From 2012 to 2015, he became Director of the Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT).Since 2012, he has been Head of Research at the Laboratory of Institutional Project Engineering. Since 2013, he has been coordinator of the Working Group on Impact Investing. Since 2016, he has been on the Government Expert Council (Russia). Since 2016, he is part of the team of international blockchain platform EGaaS. He is the author of eight books (three of them co-authored) and over 170 articles

Higher School of Economics
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
1952 births
Living people

masks:
Sergei Chernyshev
Chernyshev
Alexander Bessmerny
Chernyshev


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<mask> (September 4, 1892 – January 12, 1979), known as <mask>, was an American producer
and narrator of "short subject" films. A native of New York City, <mask> began working as a publicist at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer during the 1920s. He later became involved with movie making. He is best known for his series of short movies, the <mask> Specialties, which were produced from the 1930s to the 1950s. <mask> produced and narrated more than 150 short movies which earned him two Best Live Action Short Film Academy Awards. In 1953, he was awarded an Academy Honorary Award for his short subjects. <mask>'s later years were spent in a Santa Monica convalescent home due to ill health.In January 1979, <mask> jumped to his death from the roof of the home. Early life and career
<mask> was born in New York City. He began his career as an aide for a vaudeville performers union. <mask> then worked as an editor and critic for a trade magazine before becoming a press agent. By 1915 he was doing movie publicity for Bosworth, Inc., followed by the Oliver Morosco Photoplay Co., Artcraft Pictures Corporation, and Famous Players-Lasky. He was one of the founding members of the Associated Motion Picture Advertisers. During 1925, <mask> was hired as the manager of publicity for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by Louis B. Mayer.He was later recruited to overdub the actions of trained dogs for the studio's Dogville Comedies. <mask> would later narrate the studio's sports newsreels; he would embellish the action by running certain scenes in reverse, or adding his own commentary. <mask> Specialties
Both MGM and the movie-going public learned of <mask>'s flair for comedy, and he was given his own series, <mask> Specialties; he produced and narrated 150 short movie subjects for MGM from the 1930s to 1955. His distinctive tenor voice and nasal tone were very recognizable and a trademark of the series. Most of <mask>'s movies were comedy documentaries, typically one reel (9 to 11 minutes long). Short-movie subjects in this era were part of the studios' exhibition packages, along with serials, animated cartoons, newsreels, travel documentaries, etc. Among the diverse topics <mask> featured by his short movies were Emily Post-style household hints, insect life seen through a microscope, military training and hardware (during World War II), and dancing lessons.There were even several "series-within-the-series", such as general-knowledge quizzes, professional-football news (in the days before widespread television), quirky features concerning different kinds of animals (for example, Donkey Baseball and Social Sea Lions), and "Goofy Movies" (playing antique silent dramas humorously). <mask> narrated a patriotic short movie for the U.S. Government, The Tree In a Test Tube (1943), filmed in color, featuring Laurel and Hardy in a demonstration of household wood products, with <mask> explaining the various exhibits for the viewer. During the 1940s, movie stuntman and actor Dave O'Brien became the primary actor of Pete Smith Specialties. The hapless O'Brien would personify everyday nuisances: dealing with pests at the movies, demonstrating pet peeves, tackling hazardous home-improvement projects, and other problems with which the audience could identify. O'Brien's scenes were silent, compelling O'Brien to express his satisfaction or frustration entirely in visual terms as narrator <mask> offered commentary. O'Brien knew the format so well that he also directed many of the short movies, using the name "David Barclay." He staged many of the sight gags himself, taking stupendous pratfalls for the camera.<mask> produced and narrated more than 150 short movies which earned him fourteen Academy Award nominations and two Best Live Action Short Film Academy Awards. At the 26th Academy Awards, <mask> was awarded an Academy Honorary Award "for his witty and pungent observations on the American scene in his series of Pete Smith Specialties." <mask> announced his retirement in 1954. The MGM unit that produced the Pete Smith Specialties was terminated the next year, a casualty of short movies' decreasing popularity at the time. Personal life
<mask>, under his birth name "<mask>. Schmid," married – on February 6, 1919, in Manhattan – Marjorie Ganss (1893–1958). They had one son, Douglas Mosely Schmid (1919–1984), who later became a technician for RKO. <mask> and Ganss remained married until her death in 1958.<mask>'s second marriage was to his secretary, Anne Dunston, whom he married in Las Vegas in October 1962. Later years and death

<mask> spent his later years in poor health at a convalescent home in Santa Monica, California. On January 12, 1979, <mask> committed suicide by leaping off the building's roof. <mask> was survived by his second wife, Anne, and his son Douglas. For his contribution to the movie industry, <mask> received a star symbol on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1621 Vine Street. Selected filmography

Home media availability
<mask>’s short films are included as extras on DVDs of many classic Warner Home Video films of the era. These include:

 Menu - Morning Glory (1933)
 Goofy Movies, #1 - Midnight Mary (1933)
 Goofy Movies, #2 - Manhattan Melodrama (1934)
 Goofy Movies, #3 - Evelyn Prentice (1934)
 Goofy Movies, #4 - Sadie McKee (1934)
 Penny Wisdom - The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
 Romance of Radium - Madame Curie (1943)
 Quicker 'n a Wink - Go West (1940)
 Wedding Bills - Strike Up the Band (1940)
 Flicker Memories - The Big Store (1941)
 How to Hold Your Husband - Back - Babes on Broadway (1941)
 Marines in the Making - Random Harvest (1942)
 Studio Visit - Cabin in the Sky (1943)
 Hollywood Daredevils - Girl Crazy (1943)
 Fala - The President's Dog - Lassie Come Home (1943)
 Seeing Hands - DuBarry Was a Lady (1943)
 Movie Pests - Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)
 Football Thrills of 1944 - Blu-Ray release of Anchors Aweigh (1945)
 Hollywood Scout - The Clock (1945)
 Sure Cures - Easy to Wed (1946)
 I Love My Husband, But!- Without Reservations (1946)
 Now You See It - This Time for Keeps (1947)
 Fala at Hyde Park - Hills of Home (1948)
 You Can't Win! - The Pirate (1948)
 Let's Cogitate! - Battleground (1949)
 Those Good Old Days - Madame Bovary (1949)
 Water Trix - Neptune's Daughter (1949)
 Sports Oddities - That Midnight Kiss (1949)
 Pest Control - The Stratton Story (1949)
 Crashing the Movies - Two Weeks with Love (1950)
 Did'ja Know? - Summer Stock (1950)
 Wrong Way Butch - Nancy Goes to Rio (1950)
 Curious Contests - Pagan Love Song (1950)
 Musiquiz - The Belle of New York (1952)
 Reducing - Million Dollar Mermaid (1952)
 This is a Living? - Dangerous When Wet (1953)
 Things We Can Do Without - The Naked Spur (1953)
 Ain't It Aggravatin'? - The Long, Long Trailer (1954)
 Out for Fun - Executive Suite (1954)
 The Fall Guy - Hit the Deck'' (1955)

References

External links

1892 births
1979 suicides
20th-century American male actors
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Film producers from California
American public relations people
American male screenwriters
American male voice actors
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Santa Monica, California
Suicides by jumping in California
Writers from Santa Monica, California
Film directors from New York City
Film directors from California
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Film producers from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
1979 deaths

masks:
Peter Schmidt
Pete Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Peter J
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Pete Smith