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<mask><mask> (born c. 1939) is Professor Emeritus of Biology at San Francisco State University, a young Earth creationist, and one of the instigators of the intelligent design movement. He is the author of Biochemical Predestination. He became a creationist around 1976, and gave testimony defending creation science at the McLean v. Arkansas and Edwards v. Aguillard court cases. During the latter case, he co-authored the creation science supplementary textbook Of Pandas and People. The case decision went against teaching creation science in public schools, and the authors then altered all references to creationism to refer to intelligent design before the book was published in 1989. He subsequently became a Fellow of the Discovery Institute, and continued to endorse young Earth creationism. Biography

Career
<mask> received a BSc in physics from the University of Chicago in 1961 and a Ph.D. in biophysics from Stanford University in 1965.In 1965–1966 he was a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow in Chemical Biodynamics at the University of California, Berkeley, a Research Associate at Ames Research Center. In 1966, he started as an Assistant Professor of Biology at San Francisco State University and became Emeritus in 2001. In 1969, <mask> co-authored Biochemical Predestination with Gary Steinman. Chemist Stephen Berry explained <mask> and Steinman's theory as "describing the following causal chain: the properties of the chemical elements dictate the types of monomers that can be formed in prebiotic syntheses, which then dictate the properties of the occurring polymers, which finally dictate the properties of the first eobionts and all succeeding cells." <mask>'s work was about virus production. During the 1969–1970 academic year he was "on a fellowship at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, where he reviewed the contemporary literature on the relationship of science and religion." Then in 1974, he was a Visiting Scholar to Trinity College, Oxford.<mask> states that his views changed around 1976 after exposure to the work of young earth creationists:

Then in 1976, a student gave me a book by A.E. Wilder-Smith, The Creation of Life: A Cybernetic Approach to Evolution. Many pages of that book deal with arguments against Biochemical Predestination, and I found myself hard-pressed to come up with a counter-rebuttal. Eventually, several other books and articles by neo-creationists came to my attention. I read some of <mask>' books, in particular, The Genesis Flood. I'm not a geologist, and I don't agree with everything in that book, but what stood out was that here was a scientific statement giving a very different view of earth history. Though the book doesn't deal with the subject of the origin of life per se, it had the effect of suggesting that it is possible to have a rational alternative explanation of the past.In 1980, the San Francisco State University Department of Biology had a dispute over <mask>'s presentation of creationism, then called "scientific creationism" in Biology module 337 Evolution. At that time, <mask> challenged anyone on the faculty to a debate on the merits of evolutionary theory versus "scientific creationism." According to SFSU biology professor <mask>, "There was much discussion in faculty meetings as well. Eventually the faculty voted (none opposed, seven abstentions) not to alter the description of Biology 337 to include creationism. The precedent set, in the context of the 1980 discussions, was that the Department did not support teaching creationism." Court cases
<mask> was recruited as an expert in two notable cases about "creation science" during the 1980s. McLean v. Arkansas
In 1981, <mask> was recruited to be an expert witness for the creationist side in the McLean v. Arkansas case that tested the constitutionality of Arkansas' Equal Time Legislation that mandated equal time for "creation science" and "evolution science".<mask> flew to Arkansas to be deposed and testify during the trial. However, apparently under the influence of creationist attorney Wendell Bird (who was displeased with the defense of the creationist position by the Arkansas attorney general Steve Clark), <mask> left town just before he was to testify:

The attorney general presented six science witnesses, two more than had testified for the ACLU, presumably on the grounds that quantity made up for evident lack of quality. There would have been more had not a serious case of disappearing witnesses set in as the second week wore on. <mask>, a biologist from San Francisco State University, fled town after watching the demolition of four of the state's witnesses on day 1 of the second week. And <mask>, a computer scientist from California, was rapidly withdrawn at the last minute when, in pretrial deposition, he too began to expound on things satanic and demonical. The Arkansas attorney general apparently threatened to sue Bird after this interference:

There were other witnesses for the defense who did not show up. Several scientists who had been listed as potential witnesses for the state, backed out because of what Clark termed "peer pressure."Another state witness, Dr. <mask>, a biophysicist at San Francisco State University, mysteriously disappeared on the eve of his day in court. He had flown into Little Rock on a Sunday evening, but when one of Clark's assistants went to take his deposition he could not find him. <mask> had checked out of the hotel and flown back home. Bird had encouraged <mask> not to testify, although <mask> taught evolution theory for 16 years until three years ago when he became a creationist. Bird, who is general counsel to ICR, said he attempted to get other defense witnesses not to testify after he perceived the trial as botched by Clark. Bird said he was not trying to sabotage Clark's effort. He said he merely had told several witnesses for the state that "I don't think you should jeopardize your reputation with the way [the trial] is being handled."Clark stated he was considering legal action against Bird, whose actions, he said, were "tantamount to tampering with justice." Edwards v. Aguillard
Following the McLean ruling, which declared the teaching of "creation science" in public schools to be an unconstitutional establishment of religion, Louisiana's version of the "Equal Time" legislation was put to the test. This time, Wendell Bird was deputized by the state and ran the state's defense of the law. <mask> was advertised as the creationists' lead expert witness, however the case (which eventually became Edwards v. Aguillard when it reached the Supreme Court) was decided by summary judgment, and so never went to a full trial. Nevertheless, in written briefs and in his oral arguments, Bird relied heavily on an expert witness affidavit written by <mask>. This affidavit is online at the TalkOrigins website. It was entered into evidence in the Kitzmiller case as evidence that <mask> was explicitly defending "creation science"—and advocating that it be given equal time in public schools and textbooks as the "only" alternative to evolution—while at the same time working on a public school textbook, which eventually became the first "intelligent design" book, Of Pandas and People.In 1987, in Edwards v. Aguillard the Supreme Court heard a case concerning a Louisiana Law that required "creation science" be taught on an equal basis with evolution in public schools. Anti-creationists argued that this was illegal on the basis that it violated the Establishment Clause of the US Constitution. <mask> issued an affidavit in that case, stating his support for creationism, and defining it thus:

Creation-science means origin through abrupt appearance in complex form, and includes biological creation, biochemical creation (or chemical creation), and cosmic creation. (...) Creation-science does not include as essential parts the concepts of catastrophism, a world-wide flood, a recent inception of the earth or life, from nothingness (ex nihilo), the concept of kinds, or any concepts from Genesis or other religious texts. Recent work
During the Edwards v. Aguillard case, <mask> was co-authoring with Percival Davis, a creationist school textbook entitled Of Pandas and People, which was published in 1989. After the Edwards decision, all references to "creationism" were replaced with "intelligent design", with a reference to "creationists" being replaced by "design proponents". In the history of creationism, this is the origin of the term intelligent design and the link between creationism and intelligent design.In October 1992, <mask> was told by the chair of the SFSU Biology Department to stop teaching creationism in introductory biology courses. He had been teaching creationism and intelligent design "for more than ten years," which received complaints from students and some faculty. Following the Chair's request, the faculty came out in support of <mask>'s academic freedom and ability to teach what he wanted without administration controlling topics. After a hearing, <mask> "won the right to teach his iconoclastic view of the evolution of life." <mask> claimed objections to his teaching rested on a positivist view of what constitutes legitimate science. Following the controversy, <mask> entered talks with what became the Discovery Institute, including Stephen C. Meyer, Phillip E. Johnson, William Dembski and Michael Behe. He then became  a Fellow of the Discovery Institute, which he remains today.The Institute is the driving force behind the intelligent design movement. In Winter 1996, <mask>'s co-authored paper, "The RNA World: A Critique," appeared in Origins and Design, a now defunct creationist journal where he was on the Editorial Advisory Board. He continued publicly arguing in favor of creationism, notably at the 1998 International Conference on Creationism. Currently, <mask> is a speaker, writer, and board member for the Kolbe Center, a Catholic YEC group. In 2008, <mask> endorsed a young Earth creationist book promoted by the Center. Works by <mask>
 <mask> DH, Steinman G. Biochemical Predestination. McGraw Hill Text (1969) .Davis PW, <mask> DH. Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins. Foundation for Thought & Ethics; 2nd edition (1993) . Steinman G, <mask> DH, Calvin M. The mechanism and protobiochemical relevance of dicyanamide-medicated peptide synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966 Aug 24;124(2):339–50. Smith AE, <mask> DH.Is life originating de novo? Perspect Biol Med. 1972 Summer;15(4):529–42. Smith AE, <mask> DH. The origin of viruses from cellular genetic material. Enzymologia. 1972 Jul 31;43(1):13–18.Smith AE, <mask> DH. A unifying concept of carcinogenesis and its therapeutic implications. Oncology. 1973;27(5):459–79. Smith AE, <mask> DH. Acupuncture and A.T.P. : how they may be related.Am J Chin Med (Garden City). 1973 Jan;1(1):91–17. <mask> DH. On terminology in origin of life studies. Orig Life. 1975 Jul;6(3):447–49. Nissenbaum A, <mask> DH, Oro J.On the possible role of organic melanoidin polymers as matrices for prebiotic activity. J Mol Evol. 1975 Dec 29;6(4):253–70. <mask> DH, Nissenbaum A. Melanoidin and aldocyanoin microspheres: implications for chemical evolution and early precambrian micropaleontology. J Mol Evol. 1976 Apr 9;7(3):245–51. References

External links
 <mask><mask> from Discovery Institute.<mask>'s affidavit for Edwards v. Aguillard

Intelligent design advocates
Young Earth creationism
University of Chicago alumni
Stanford University alumni
American Roman Catholics
San Francisco State University faculty
Discovery Institute fellows and advisors
Living people
20th-century American writers
1939 births

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Henry Morris
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John Hafernik
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<mask><mask> (born January 23, 1976) is an American politician who served as the 56th mayor of Dayton, Ohio. She was first elected mayor in November 2013, after she served on the city commission for two terms. She is a Democratic candidate in the 2022 Ohio gubernatorial election. Whaley is president of the United States Conference of Mayors. Early life and education
Whaley grew up in Indiana, but she has lived in Ohio since attending the University of Dayton from 1994 to 1998, where she earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry. In college, Whaley was the Ohio chair of the College Democrats of America. Whaley is also a four-time delegate to the Democratic National Convention, worked for John Kerry's presidential campaign, and served as a presidential elector.Whaley later earned a Master of Public Administration from Wright State University. <mask> was first elected to the Dayton City Commission in 2005, <mask> was one of the youngest women ever chosen for a commission seat. Whaley served on the Montgomery County Board of Elections and as a deputy to Montgomery County Auditor Karl Keith. Whaley was elected mayor of Dayton in 2013, winning 56 percent of the vote. In 2017, she was unopposed for reelection, making it the first uncontested mayoral race in the city's history since voters have elected the office separately. Before her election as Mayor she served on Greater Ohio's Community Revitalization Committee, the Learn to Earn Executive Committee for Education, the Montgomery County Planning Commission and the Dayton Access Television Board of Trustees. Mayor of Dayton

Economic development
Early in her time in office, Whaley founded the Dayton Region Manufacturing Task Force, which is "a regional effort committed to advocating for manufacturing and promoting a strong manufacturing workforce."Initiatives like this and a surge of high tech and research jobs have spurred $600,000,000 in investment in the region. Since <mask> was sworn into office on January 4, 2014, the unemployment rate in the City of Dayton has declined from 9.3% to 5.7%. In 2015, Site Selection magazine named Dayton, which has strong economic ties to the nearby Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, the overall second-best mid-sized city for new business expansion projects in the nation. Opioids
In response to a statewide surge in opioid-related drug overdoses, Whaley declared a citywide state of emergency and developed a needle exchange program. Dayton also began to ensure that first-responders had access to the overdose-reversal drug naloxone. Whaley has been consistently critical of the Government of Ohio for failing to adequately fund opioid treatment and recovery programs. In 2017, Dayton was the fourth city in the country to sue the pharmaceutical companies, opioid drug distributors and physicians they say are responsible for Ohio's opioid addiction and overdose crisis.City of Learners and the Preschool Promise
The City of Learners initiative was launched by Mayor <mask>y in early 2014 as a citywide effort to support Dayton's schools and students. A committee of community leaders and volunteers identified five areas of community focus: ensure all children attend a high quality school, ensure high quality preschool is offered to all children, increase business partnerships with schools, provide mentors to more children, and expand sites for afterschool and summer learning. In 2016, the City of Dayton voters passed a 0.25% income tax increase to support critical city services and to offer 1 year of affordable, quality Preschool to all Dayton families with a 4-year-old. This move institutionalized Preschool Promise in Dayton and provides sustained funding. Downtown revitalization
Whaley has placed significant emphasis on reviving the economy and culture of the Downtown Dayton area. She has done so through drawing in over $200,000,000 in downtown investments and in a refocus of the region into new ventures; she has focused especially on the Arcade Building. As a result of some new renewal efforts, new businesses have begun to move into the downtown area, including a number of small businesses and startups.Accessibility
As a previous board member of the Bike Walk Dayton Committee, Whaley has taken significant steps towards making Dayton a bicycle friendly community. For instance, her administration oversaw the implementation of Dayton's first Bike Share program. She is also a strong advocate for a county-wide landbank system to address the region's housing crisis with a more regional approach and serves on the Montgomery County Landbank Board. 2019 mass shooting

After a mass shooting occurred on August 4, 2019, she and Ohio Senator Sherrod Brown accompanied President Donald Trump on a visit with survivors at the local hospital. Ten people were killed, including the perpetrator; and twenty-seven were injured. She joined over 200 mayors in encouraging Congress to act on gun control legislation that is already before them. The group included Dee Margo, the mayor of El Paso, Texas,  where a shooting occurred the day before.Other campaigns
Ahead of the 2018 election cycle, Whaley considered a run for Congress before declaring her candidacy for governor of Ohio. On May 8, 2017, Whaley announced that she was running for governor in the 2018 election on a platform of job creation. She dropped out of the race on January 12, 2018, and endorsed Richard Cordray. On April 19, 2021, she announced that she would be running again in the 2022 election. Personal life
She is a member of Corpus Christi Catholic Church and a graduate of Leadership Miami Valley. In 1998, she settled in the Five Oaks neighborhood where she and her husband Sam reside today. References

External links
Official site
Twitter account
Facebook account

1976 births
Living people
Ohio Democrats
Mayors of Dayton, Ohio
University of Dayton alumni
Wright State University alumni
People from Mooresville, Indiana
Women mayors of places in Ohio
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Presidents of the United States Conference of Mayors

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Garabed Sarkis "<mask>" <mask> (June 2, 1944 – May 15, 2015) was a Cypriot-Armenian American football placekicker who played in the National Football League for 15 seasons, primarily with the Miami Dolphins. During his nine seasons in Miami, <mask> was named to two Pro Bowls, twice received first-team All-Pro honors, and helped the Dolphins win two Super Bowl titles. <mask>'s first championship victory in Super Bowl VII occurred as a member of the 1972 Dolphins, the only undefeated team of the Super Bowl era. He also played for the Detroit Lions, New Orleans Saints, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers before retiring in 1981. Early years
<mask> was born in Larnaca, Cyprus, to Armenian parents. <mask> and his brother, Krikor, who attended Indiana University on a soccer scholarship, immigrated to the United States. <mask>, who had earlier played in an organized soccer league in London, was not eligible to play NCAA football.After watching some of a football game on television, he decided to pursue an NFL career. With Krikor acting as his agent, he earned a contract with the Detroit Lions. Professional career
<mask> signed with the Detroit Lions on October 13, 1966. In his rookie year, he broke an American football record by kicking six field goals in a single game against the Minnesota Vikings on November 13. His talent aside, Yepremian was, nonetheless, at a loss regarding football vernacular and custom. In his first game his coach told him that their team had lost the coin toss, at which point Yepremian ran to midfield and dropped to his knees looking for the coin. Yepremian was an immediate target to NFL players who considered American football the exclusive realm of Americans.Players were looking to take Yepremian's head off, and before his first kickoff his coach told him to run to the bench as soon as he kicked before his opponents could lay into him. Yepremian kicked off, then in a harried state ran to the wrong bench, finding himself sitting with the opposing team. Yepremian had never worn a helmet and at first decided not to use one with a face mask, but that changed during Week 4 of the 1966 season, when he was knocked to the ground and badly injured by Green Bay Packers linebacker Ray Nitschke. Afterwards, he started using a single-bar mask. He was the last player in the NFL to not wear a facemask on his helmet. During one of his early games with the Lions, they were losing but scored a touchdown in the last 10 seconds of the game. Yepremian was sent in to kick the extra point, and he was so excited after converting the point that he went running off the field with his arms raised in celebration.Teammate Alex Karras asked Yepremian, "What the hell are you celebrating?" Yepremian replied with a phrase made famous on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson: "I keek (kick) a touchdown". After the 1967 season, <mask> left football to enlist in the U.S. Army. When he returned to the Detroit area in 1968, however, the Lions chose not to re-sign him, so Yepremian signed a contract to be a kicker/punter for the Michigan Arrows of the Continental Football League. The Arrows, however, were a disaster on the field (1-11) and at the gate (drawing barely 4,000 fans a game in Detroit) and folded at season's end. After sitting out the 1969 season, Yepremian earned a spot on the Dolphins roster in 1970. He led the NFL with 117 points in 1971, and in Super Bowl VI, he scored the only 3 Dolphin points vs the Cowboys.The next year, he was a key member of the 1972 Miami Dolphins "Perfect Season" team - he was the leading scorer and converted on many clutch field goals to help the Dolphins stay unbeaten. <mask> appeared in three Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII). <mask> went to the New Orleans Saints for the 1979 season, signed after their 1979 first round draft choice, Russell Erxleben (who was handling all kicking chores), suffered a season-ending injury prior to the Saints' week two game with the Green Bay Packers. In 14 games, he made 12 of 16 attempts, with his longest being from 44 yards. He spent his final two years with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He made 16 of 23 for 1980, his lowest field goal rate since making only 45% in 1977. For 1981, he went 2 for 4 to end his career as he was replaced by Bill Capece.Over his career, <mask> was successful on 210 of 313 field goals and 444 of 464 extra points for a total of 1,074 points. He led the league in field-goal accuracy three times. <mask> and kick returner Rick Upchurch are the only first-team members of the 1970s NFL All-Decade team to not be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Highlights
<mask> is best known for two feats — one famous and one infamous. In a divisional playoff game against the Kansas City Chiefs on Christmas 1971, he kicked a 37-yard field goal 7 minutes and 40 seconds into double overtime, ending the longest game in NFL history and sending the Dolphins to the AFC Championship game against the Baltimore Colts (which the Dolphins won to go on to Super Bowl VI). Despite all of Yepremian's success, many people remember him for a play in Super Bowl VII in 1973. With his team leading the Washington Redskins 14–0, Yepremian was sent on to the field to kick a field goal with slightly more than two minutes left, which would have put the game out of reach.The field goal attempt was blocked by Bill Brundige, and Yepremian managed to get to the ball before any other player did. Instead of just falling on the ball to preserve the Dolphins' 14–0 lead, he picked it up and frantically attempted to throw a pass. The ball slipped from his hands and went straight up in the air. Yepremian then attempted to bat the ball out of bounds but instead batted it back up in the air, and it went right into the arms of his former Lions teammate, Redskins cornerback Mike Bass, who returned it for a touchdown. The Dolphins managed to hold on to win, 14–7, thus completing the Dolphins' undefeated 1972 season. Yepremian later joked to reporters after the game, "This is the first time the goat of the game is in the winners' locker room." In the 1973 Pro Bowl, Yepremian kicked five field goals to lead the AFC to a win, and was voted Most Valuable Player in that game.He was elected to another Pro Bowl in 1978, and he kicked 20 consecutive field goals without a miss in 1979. Accolades
 Voted "Kicker of the Decade" (1970s) by the Pro Football Hall of Fame Committee
 Named to Sports Illustrateds “Dr. Z's All Decade 1970s Team"
 Two Pro Bowl appearances
 Two First-Team All-Pro honors
 Led NFL in total scoring in the 1970s decade with 905 points
 Elected to the Florida Sports Hall of Fame in 1982
 Nominated for the Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Leading scorer of the Miami Dolphins Undefeated 1972 17-0 Super Bowl VII team and 1973 Super Bowl VIII team
 Ended the longest game in pro football history- 1971 Miami Dolphins vs Kansas City Chiefs AFC Divisional Playoff Game
 Named one of the Miami Dolphins all-time 40 greatest players as part of the Dolphins' 40th Anniversary, 2005
 Longest NFL career (14 seasons) for any player who did not play football in college
 Inducted into the American Football Association's Semi Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1988
 Named one of the Miami Dolphins all-time 50 greatest players as part of the Dolphins' 50th Anniversary, 2015

Personal life
Yepremian was a motivational speaker and was the Founder/CEO of the Garo Yepremian Foundation for Brain Tumor Research. Reebok featured Yepremian and his teammates from the 1972 Dolphins team in a commercial which aired during Super Bowl XLII. He guest starred in an episode of The Odd Couple in 1974 called "The Rain in Spain Falls Mainly In Vain". <mask> appeared in the movie Paper Lion as himself. Death

Yepremian died on the morning of May 15, 2015, from high grade neuroendocrine cancer at the age of 70.He is interred at the Oaklands Cemetery in West Chester, Pennsylvania. References

Other sources
Carroll, Bob, et al. (1999). Total Football II. New York: HarperCollins. External links

 Official Garo Yepremian Facebook Page

1944 births
2015 deaths
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football placekickers
American sportspeople of Armenian descent
Burials at Oaklands Cemetery
Butler University alumni
Continental Football League players
Cypriot emigrants to the United States
Cypriot people of Armenian descent
Cypriot players of American football
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
Detroit Lions players
Ethnic Armenian sportspeople
Miami Dolphins players
New Orleans Saints players
Neurological disease deaths in Pennsylvania
People from Larnaca
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
United States Army soldiers

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<mask><mask> (April 3, 1903 – September 2, 1998) was chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago board of directors, vice-president of finance of the University of Michigan, and executive vice-president of Consumer Power Company of Jackson, Michigan. A graduate of the University of Michigan, <mask> served as a professor in the University's School of Business Administration, first as an administrator, and eventually as a member of the Board of Regents. <mask> spent 17 years as an executive vice-president at the Consumer Power Company, where he led various committees and organizations within the state of Michigan. Some of these organizations included: the Michigan United Fund, the Michigan State Chamber of Commerce, the Michigan Traffic Safety Commission, and the Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. Dividend magazine, a publication by the University of Michigan's then School of Business Administration, described <mask>' career as having, "embraced both academic and business worlds, and his activities have covered an almost endless range of community and business affairs." Early life
<mask> was born on April 3, 1903, in Monroe, Michigan, to parents <mask> and <mask>. His father was a superintendent of the Monroe, Michigan schools.Starting in 1908, <mask> attended Lansing Public Schools, and proceeded to work for the Lansing State Journal from 1911 to 1917 as a mail carrier. After graduating from Lansing public schools, <mask> enrolled as a student at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, where he also worked a number of jobs in order to pay food, housing, and tuition fees. He elected to attend the University of Michigan as opposed to the nearby Michigan State University because his eventual wife, Maxine Eloise Corliss, was attending Michigan State and thus he thought it would be a good idea if they attended different schools. <mask> struggled in his first semester at the University of Michigan, and was not allowed to return for the winter semester in 1921. He was allowed to re-enroll later in the University on academic probation. He has described his academic struggles during his first year as being, "a good learning experience,"  and would eventually work his way up to A's by graduation, enabling to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Michigan's college of Literature, Science, and the Arts in 1925. Continuing education and teaching
After graduating from the University of Michigan, <mask> moved to Kansas to be a professor of business administration at Kansas Wesleyan University from 1925-1927.He was an acting dean at the university from 1926 to 1927. In 1927, <mask> was offered a position teaching economics at the University of Michigan's College of Literature, Science, and the Arts while also studying in the School of Business Administration, where he eventually graduated from with a Masters of Business Administration in 1928. From 1927 to 1935, <mask> was an instructor of economics at the University of Michigan's College of the Literature, Science, and the Arts. In 1933, <mask> became a certified public accountant in Michigan. In 1935, <mask> returned to the University of Michigan as an assistant professor of economics and accounting, which he taught until 1940 before being promoted to associate professor of economics and accounting at the School of Business Administration, a position he held until 1945. Intermittently, from 1934 to 1938, he was also the fraternity financial advisor within the university. During World War II, <mask> was on leave from the University of Michigan as assistant to the president of Standard Steel Spring Company, which made essential war material.Vice president of the University of Michigan
In 1945, <mask> was named vice-president of business and finance at the University of Michigan, which put him in charge of purchasing, finance, collections, and investments. At the same time, the university was facing a significant problem: increasing enrollment because of soldiers returning from World War II who were interested in higher education. <mask> was tasked with expanding the facilities of the university in order to handle the increase in enrollment. He played an important role in securing married student housing at the nearby Willow Run Airport. University administrators did not believe that the university was prepared for the amount of food that would be brought in for the dorms, so <mask> worked to raise funds for the eventual food service building. <mask> was also critical in financing the building of key University of Michigan facilities such as Alice Lloyd Hall, South Quadrangle, the School of Business Administration, and the Administration Building, as well as acquiring land that would become the University of Michigan's North Campus. He reviewed different available land options the university could purchase, and settled on the site of what is now North Campus.Many within the university thought present-day North Campus was too far to be a part of the University, however <mask> argued that it was the best location because it would allow for the most expansion, and with this expansion came the realization that the physical and architectural face of the university was changing. <mask> said, "Each architect wants to leave his monument. And each one has got his own ideas. And which do you do? Do you let them have some fun and give the benefit of their best judgement, or do you straight lace them and tell them to do it your way. And we didn't do it that way." Vice president of Consumer Power Company
In 1951, <mask> resigned from his position as vice-president of business and finance at the University of Michigan in order to become the financial vice-president of nearby Consumer Power Company in Jackson, Michigan.Before he left Michigan, <mask> was thought to be a possible replacement for the retiring University of Michigan President Ruthven as he had a very successful tenure as an educator and administrator at the University of Michigan. Upon <mask>' resignation, the Ann Arbor News wrote, "When he leaves to go to his new post, he leaves the University as a bigger and better place for his foresight and provision in fields once foreign to learning." <mask> became financial vice-president of Consumer Power Company in 1951. In 1952, <mask> was made executive vice-president and a member of the company's board of directors. At the Consumer Power Company, <mask> was tasked with running the company's financing, insurance, pensions, and other corporate activities. He retired on May 1, 1968, because of a company policy of retiring at the age of 65. However, he would stay on the board of directors until 1968.Other professional positions
In 1959, <mask> became founding president of Michigan State Chamber of Commerce. The Michigan Chamber of Commerce promotes conditions that are favorable to business growth within the State of Michigan. While president, <mask> argued in the Detroit Free Press that, "Reduced taxes on business will improve our competitive position and stimulate the flow of risk capital back into Michigan." On October 1, 1956, <mask> was added to the board of directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. <mask> would be a member of the board of directors until he was nominated as a candidate for election to the Michigan State Board of Education in 1958. <mask> would go on to lose the election for the state board of education. Board of regents of the University of Michigan
In 1964, University of Michigan Regent William McInally died, giving Michigan Governor George Romney the rare opportunity to nominate a regent.Governor Romney selected <mask> to fill the seat on the University of Michigan's Board of Regents. Romney said, "<mask> is exceptionally well qualified for this important post and I am sure that by virtue of his long and faithful association with The University of Michigan, he will contribute significantly to the future growth of this fine institution." <mask> very much wanted to join the board of regents, saying later in an interview, "I definitely wanted (seat on Board of Regents) ... It was a great responsibility, because you were setting the framework with a pattern that was going to be followed. And the issues that came to the Board of Regents were pretty fundamental." In 1968, while a member of the board of regents for the University, <mask> was also chairman of a committee that selected the replacement for retiring President Hatcher. The committee would select then University of Wisconsin provost Robben Wright Fleming to be the next President of the University of Michigan, a position he would hold until 1979.<mask> was criticized by some in the media when he refused to announce President Fleming's salary when Fleming was hired, saying, "Salaries at the U. of M. have never been a matter of public record." <mask> was a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan during a time when there was much political unrest in the university community, especially amongst the students. He would later say, "Our first reaction, of course, was we don't want that around here. But it wasn't were long before you realized that this was something that was with us, and we had to find a way to work with the students and gradually it was recognized as something you had to face up to." In 1968, Governor Romney asked <mask> to leave the University of Michigan Board of Regents in order to become the Commissioner of Michigan Financial Institutions, a role he honored until 1973, when he became a consultant for the Bureau of Department of Commerce for the state. President of University of Michigan Alumni Association
<mask> was recruited by the alumni of the University of Michigan to become president of the Alumni Association in 1979. His long history with the school and expansion of the school while vice president were the main factors in his recruitment.The alumni association was in need of a new building on campus, and they wanted <mask> to spearhead the project given his prior experience in expanding the school. Awards
<mask> received numerous awards and honors throughout his life. In 1962, he was awarded the Wolverine Frontiersman Award by the State of Michigan, "in recognition of his contributions to the advancement of Michigan." In 1992, <mask> was awarded the Alumni Achievement Award from the University of Michigan's School of Business Administration's Alumni Society Board of Governors. They said, "Through a long and successful life, (<mask>) has always used his talents to guide himself and others toward the highest standards of citizenship and service and achievement in both the public and private realms of his life." In 1969, <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctor Of Law from the board of regents of the University of Michigan. Vision for education
<mask>' strong vision for public education in America and for the University of Michigan prompted him to say, "But part of it is other things in the minds of the public becoming a lot more important than higher education.And to my mind, higher education is the most important responsibility that the University has" in reference to the importance of higher education. <mask> also accurately predicted that with the decrease of the size of the auto industry within the State of Michigan, the university would see a cut in the size of its state funding and thus would have to rely more heavily on private funds. Personal life and death
<mask> married Maxine Eloise Corliss December 22, 1925, in Lansing, Michigan. Together they had two children: Ruth and <mask>. <mask> died on September 2, 1998, at the age of 95, at his home in Elk Lake, Michigan. References

1903 births
1998 deaths
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
University of Michigan faculty
People from Monroe, Michigan
Regents of the University of Michigan

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<mask> (November 13, 1900 – January 8, 1975) was an American firearms designer and convicted murderer who invented the floating chamber and the short-stroke piston. Both designs used the high-pressure gas generated in or near the breech of the firearm to operate the action of semi-automatic firearms like the M1 Carbine. Early life
<mask> was born in Cumberland County, North Carolina, the son of <mask> by his second wife, Laura Susan Kornegay. He was the eldest of seven children and the younger half brother of the five surviving children from the first marriage of <mask> to Eula Lee Breece. <mask> was a wealthy and influential landowner of hundreds of acres in and around Godwin, North Carolina. As a young boy, he worked on his family's farm. He was expelled from school during the eighth grade by Godwin School Principal H.B.Gaston and began work in a blacksmith shop. At the age of 15 he enlisted in the Navy by claiming he was 17 years old. His Navy enlistment was short-lived when the Navy became aware of his true age. In 1917, he enrolled in Blackstone Military Academy. He failed to complete the first semester due to his expulsion for theft of government property in possession of the school. Several rifles and 10,000 rounds of ammunition were found in his trunk by Col. E.S. Ligon, owner of the academy, who found <mask> had shipped the stocks from the rifles home and refused to return them.On August 11, 1918, in Cumberland County, he married Margaret Cooke and they later had one child, <mask> Jr.

After his marriage, he obtained employment as a manual laborer with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. Several weeks later, while working with a railway team, he pulled a handgun and shot at a bird flying by, missing the bird but succeeding in having his employment terminated by his supervisor, Captain McNeill, section master. Murder of Deputy Alfred Jackson Pate
<mask> began operating an illegal distillery near Godwin, North Carolina. On July 22, 1921, the Cumberland County Sheriff and five deputies seized the still and product after the workers fled. While transporting the evidence away from the scene, the deputies came under gunfire from the woods. Riding away from the scene on the police car sideboard, Deputy Sheriff Alfred Jackson Pate was struck by two bullets and died at the scene. <mask> was arrested for the murder the following day.Coroner's Inquest testimony on August 1, 1921, followed by the arraignment on August 2, 1921, revealed a total of five shots had been fired at the deputies from a single location. One of the deputies present at the shooting identified <mask> as the person who fired the rifle at Deputy Pate. <mask> was held to answer for first degree murder with the possibility of a death sentence. Attorneys representing <mask> then notified the court <mask> could not be tried for the charges against him owing to insanity. <mask> and five black workers he hired to run the still were charged with operating the still. On October 11, 1921, a 12-man jury was impaneled to hear the testimony and decide the issue of <mask>'s sanity. Testimony started on October 12 and continued for four days.<mask> was again identified by the deputy sheriff as the person who shot at Deputy Pate. The gunshots had come from the direction in which <mask> had run, and all five workers employed by <mask> testified that they ran in a different direction. The hearing ended in a hung jury (11-1 for sanity). On November 22, 1921, his attorneys withdrew the insanity plea and <mask> entered a plea of guilty to murder in the second degree. Immediately afterwards, <mask> and his five workers pleaded guilty to the charge of making liquor. On November 25, 1921, <mask> received a sentence of a “term of Thirty Years at hard labor, to wear felon stripes” for the murder of Deputy Pate. On the same day, one of the black workers employed by <mask>, Ham Dawson, was indicted and tried in Cumberland County Superior Court on the charge of secret assault on Deputy Pate.<mask> testified during the trial that he had fired the first shot but didn't intend to kill the deputy. Dawson fired the remaining shots with the intent to kill the deputy. The same day, the all-white 12-man jury voted 12-0 for acquittal and Dawson was released. Prison years

While serving time at the Caledonia State Prison Farm in Halifax County, North Carolina, <mask> related that the superintendent, H.T. Peoples, noted his mechanical aptitude and allowed him access to the prison's machine shop, where he demonstrated a knack for fashioning his own tools the shop lacked. He began servicing the weapons used by the guards at the prison. His skills in the machine shop permitted him to stay ahead of his assignments and allowed him time to develop his ideas for self-loading firearms.He would save paper and pencils and stay up late at night drawing plans for various firearms. His mother sent him a drafting set and technical data on guns and eventually provided him with patent attorney contacts, who were unable to help him  as long as he was incarcerated. <mask> designed and built four semi-automatic rifles while in prison. All four used the high-pressure gas within the breech as a cartridge was fired to operate their semi-automatic actions. The means used to accomplish this was a floating chamber containing the cartridge that channeled the gas at the front of the chamber to force the floating chamber backwards into the bolt with sufficient energy to operate the action. Rearward movement of the chamber was limited to a short stroke to impact the bolt face, in effect making the floating chamber a short-stroke gas piston. All four rifles are part of the permanent <mask> <mask> display in the North Carolina Museum of History.Commutation and parole
His family started a campaign to commute his sentence, and they were joined by the sheriff to whom he had surrendered. The widow of the man he was convicted of killing was approached and agreed his sentence should be commuted if his work would help the country. The request for commutation was submitted to North Carolina Governor Angus McLean on November 22, 1927. On December 16, 1927, North Carolina Governor Angus McLean commuted the sentence from thirty years to “a minimum of ten and maximum of twenty years”. Records of the Office of Superintendent, NC State Prisons indicate <mask> was "regularly discharged from the State's Prison by Expiration of Sentence" on September 29, 1929. Firearms development
Back in Cumberland County, he set to work perfecting his inventions, filing his first patents on February 2, 1931. Amongst these was a patent application entitled “Automatic Firearm”  published August 24, 1937.This application detailed his concept for the use of the high-pressure gas in or near the breech to operate the action of a semi-automatic firearm. The application and subsequent patent detail several different designs to accomplish this, including the floating chambers he manufactured on the four rifles he built while imprisoned. Colt Manufacturing Company
In 1931, Colt Manufacturing Company introduced the Colt Ace pistol, a .22 long rifle caliber rimfire version of Colt's M1911A1 .45 ACP pistol for training purposes. This pistol was specific to the .22 rimfire cartridge, with a recoil equivalent to its cartridge. In 1933, <mask> was contracted by Colt to redesign the Colt Ace with his floating chamber. The end result was the Colt Service Ace (“Firearm”  published August 24, 1937), a .22 caliber rimfire pistol with a recoil stronger than that of the Colt Ace but less than that of its M1911A1 .45 ACP counterpart. In 1938, Colt introduced the Colt .22 - .45 Service Model Conversion Unit (Ace).Also designed by <mask>, the conversion unit could be used to convert the 1911A1 .45 ACP pistol to .22 long rifle caliber rimfire for training. The kit allowed for the pistol to be converted back to its original 1911A1 .45 ACP. The kit was also used to convert the earlier Colt Ace pistol for use as a Colt Service Ace with the floating chamber. U.S. Ordnance Department
After two years, he went to Washington, DC to show his work to the War Department. He received his first contract to modify the .30 caliber Browning machine gun using the floating chamber system to fire .22 caliber rimfire ammunition to facilitate inexpensive training. His conversions were permanent.Two patents were filed for this design on Mar 19, 1935, and published February 22, 1938: “Automatic Weapon Patent”  and "Belt Feeding Means for Guns" . The original Williams design was redesigned and improved upon by others into a .22 caliber conversion unit that allowed the M1919A1 to be converted back and forth between .30 caliber and .22 caliber rimfire (“Automatic Firearm”  published February 22, 1938). This conversion kit was designated the “Trainer, Machine Gun, Caliber .22 M3” (for the 1919A1). Subsequent versions were created for the 1919A4 (Caliber .22 M4) and AN-M2 (Caliber .22 M5 .30). Remington Arms
Around 1937, Remington Arms contracted <mask> to produce a .22 long rifle caliber rimfire semi-automatic rifle utilizing his floating chamber intended for the commercial market. The rifle designed and developed by <mask> can be seen in two patents: “Firearm”  and “Firearm” . The Williams design was not accepted by Remington.The rifle was redesigned by Remington employees K. Lowe and C.C. Loomis using the Williams floating chamber. The rifle was designated the Remington Model 550 and introduced in 1941. The patents for the rifle, “Firearm”  published July 18, 1944, and “Firearm”  published August 22, 1944, credited the earlier <mask> patent () of the Williams floating chamber for use with a .22 long rifle caliber rimfire rifle. This rifle was the first semi-automatic rimfire rifle capable of operating with either the .22 short, .22 long, or .22 long rifle cartridges. Winchester Repeating Arms and World War II
Management at Winchester Repeating Arms Company was already aware of the work of <mask> when in 1938 one of its patents () was contested by <mask> as it infringed on one of his earlier patents for a sear (). Winchester agreed with <mask> and negotiated a settlement.The Ordnance Department's General Julian Hatcher was impressed by <mask>'s work and in 1938 recommended Winchester hire him because he showed the greatest native ability of anyone Hatcher knew. Winchester entered into negotiations with <mask>, who was hired full time by Winchester on July 1, 1939. <mask> was assigned the task of redesigning a semi-automatic rifle invented by Jonathan Edmund Browning, half brother of John Browning and Matt Browning. The design had been purchased by Winchester, who had also hired Jonathan Browning to improve the design. Winchester hoped the Browning design might replace the M1 rifle invented by John Garand. One of the problems encountered was the gas system that operated the rifle's semi-automatic action. By May 1940, <mask> had fitted the rifle with a short-stroke gas piston outside the bore of the barrel that used the gas forward of the breech to cause the piston to strike the operating slide and cycle the action.Winchester designated this rifle the Model G30M. The rifle developed with this version of the short-stroke gas piston was used during U.S. Ordnance Department trials at Quantico, Virginia, and Aberdeen, Maryland, from March through April 1940, followed by trials with the Marines in San Diego, California, during the fall and winter of 1940. Based on the experience gained during these trials, Winchester directed <mask> to redesign the rifle to correct additional problems, chamber it for the standard military rifle cartridge .30 M2 (.30-'06), and make it as light as possible. <mask> completed the changes by May 1941, with the result weighing only . Winchester designated this rifle the G30R. By May 1941, the U.S.Ordnance Dept. had started trials of a number of submissions for a light rifle design that would eventually be chambered for the .30 caliber Carbine cartridge. Winchester initially decided against developing a submission because of other commitments that included the Browning prototype being worked on by <mask>. During the trials of the Model G30M at Quantico and San Diego, it had become apparent to Winchester they were not going to be able to replace the M1 by Garand. When <mask> produced the  Model G30R, it convinced Winchester they should be able to come up with a prototype for the light rifle trials. The challenge for Winchester was producing a working light rifle in time for preliminary tests pending a second set of light rifle trials. <mask> had already shown he worked at his own pace, so Winchester assigned two other employees to head up the project.When <mask> was not included, he was livid. <mask> refused to have

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 anything to do with the gun and did not want his name associated with it. Thirteen days after they had begun, Winchester employees completed the first prototype. The receiver, rotating bolt, slide, and short-stroke gas piston used on this first prototype were based on those used by <mask> to produce the Model G30R. Of these four parts, three were designed by <mask> from parts already in use on other rifles. The one part <mask> could take sole credit for was the short-stroke gas piston that accessed the high-pressure gas near the breech to operate the semi-automatic action. The preliminary tests of the first prototype by the Ordnance Department on August 9, 1941, proved the design had sufficient merit for Winchester to proceed with the development and submit a light rifle by the September 15, 1941, deadline for the final trials.For the second prototype, Winchester formed a second team consisting of the two prior employees and others with <mask> as the project director. Three days later, Winchester removed <mask> from the team after assessment of a dispute between <mask> and the others that had forced the project to a halt. The team continued the work on the second prototype without <mask>, whom Winchester allowed to design his own prototype concurrent with the others. On September 12, 1941, the second prototype light rifle designed by the team was complete and ready for submission but for two problems that had yet to be resolved. <mask> was asked to help the others sort out the problems, and collectively solutions were found that allowed the prototype to be transported and submitted to the Ordnance Department by the deadline. The Ordnance trials were completed and the Winchester light rifle was adopted as the Carbine, Caliber .30, M1 Carbine on September 30, 1941. <mask> had been unable to complete his own light rifle prototype in time for the trials.The prototype by <mask> was a downsized version of his G30R design. Photographs of this carbine are retained by the Springfield Armory Museum and the Cody Firearms Museum Buffalo Bill Historical Center. <mask> had previously entered into a license agreement with Winchester on September 9, 1940, for use of his patented short-stroke gas piston () in exchange for a royalty payable on the basis of the value of each gun manufactured containing the invention. From the end of 1941 and into 1942, Western Cartridge Co. (Winchester) negotiated with the Ordnance Department over the design of the M1 Carbine. In February 1942, the Ordnance Department proposed a one-time lump sum royalty payment of $886,000 in exchange for a royalty-free production license. On March 19, 1942, <mask> voluntarily entered into another agreement with Winchester, accepting 26.411 percent of this lump sum ($234,100.46 over and above his salary) in lieu of royalty payments. Winchester signed the agreement on March 20, 1942.The contract for the M1 Carbine cited 14 patents as part of its design. Four of these were held by <mask> as an assignor of Western Cartridge Company (Winchester). Two were related to the Model G30 (“Takedown Firearm”  published December 7, 1943, and “Gas Operated Self-Loading Firearm”  published April 18, 1944). The third was Winchester's patent for the M1 carbine itself (“Automatic Firearm Construction”  published January 12, 1943) with <mask> as the assignee. The fourth was the carbine's short-stroke gas piston (“Piston Means for Gas-Operated Firearms”  published February 8, 1944). Winchester felt the earlier <mask> patent for his floating chamber gas piston (“Automatic Firearm” ) was sufficiently different from the design used in the M1 carbine, and that they would have won an inevitable court battle with <mask>. But they saw no point in it, as Winchester retained the patent rights with <mask> as the company's assignee and the time taken by a court battle would be counterproductive to the overall goal of manufacturing the carbine for timely use by American forces already at war.<mask> continued working at Winchester on the Model G30, a light machine-gun version known as the Winchester Automatic Rifle (WAR) intended to replace the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), and a .50 caliber anti-tank rifle version. As the design of several of these firearms neared completion, the war's end in August 1945 and subsequent budget cutbacks ended these projects. <mask> assisted Winchester throughout the war on a number of smaller projects, including the design and development of the rear flip sight for the M1 carbines. Winchester Repeating Arms – Post World War II
Along with his .30 M2 Browning Military Rifle, Jonathan Edmund Browning had developed, patented, and sold to Winchester a design for a semi-automatic shotgun , , . After the war, Winchester assigned <mask> to the project of developing the shotgun for sporting use. As an assignee of Olin Industries (Winchester) <mask> obtained two patents related to his design: “Inertia Operated Bolt Lock”  published July 12, 1949, and “Firearm with Movable Chamber and Sealing Sleeve”  published August 19, 1958. Winchester introduced the shotgun in 1954 as its Model 50 Automatic Shotgun in 12 and 20 gauge.The shotgun featured an Inertia Operated Bolt Lock designed by <mask>. The bolt block and cartridge sat within a large floating chamber. When the gun was fired, the gas forward of the floating chamber forced the chamber to the rear approximately 1/10th of an inch in a short stroke that generated the energy necessary for the bolt block to disengage the rear of the floating chamber and operate the semi-automatic action. This was the first semi-automatic shotgun with a fixed nonrecoiling barrel. In 1960 Winchester introduced its Model 59 Automatic Shotgun, which also utilized the <mask> design from the Model 50. This model featured the Winlite 'glass' barrel; it was a thin tube wrapped with microfilament glass fibre. This model could be had with the first ever screw-in Versalite choke tubes.Movie fame
In 1952, MGM released the film Carbine Williams starring James Stewart as <mask> with Jean Hagen as his wife, Maggie. The movie details <mask>'s life from his discharge from the navy to his release from prison. The movie premiered April 24, 1952, at the Colony Theater in Fayetteville, North Carolina. After the premier, <mask> traveled the country, appearing where the film was shown and offering autographs and photographs. The story presented in the movie Carbine Williams was entertainment based on the story as told to MGM's producers by <mask> <mask>, verbally, in writing, and as a technical consultant during the production of the movie. The original movie script is archived within the MGM Collection by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, Special Collections, Margaret Herrick Library, Beverly Hills, California. A cover page indicates the script was prepared by a member of the MGM script department on March 15, 1951.The script consists of two documents: The Williams Story by <mask> <mask> (copyrighted by <mask> February 9, 1951 - Copyright AA0000174857) and Army Carbine: The Rifle that was Born in Prison by <mask> <mask> "as told to B. Fay Ridenour". The original story of the Army Carbine: The Rifle that was Born in Prison, as authored by <mask> and told by Ridenour, a newspaper reporter for The Charlotte Observer, was published prior to the creation of the movie script by The Charlotte Observer on February 25, 1951. The article includes an introduction by Ridenour declaring the article to be a correct accounting of events. Within the article, <mask> is quoted as stating: "In 1939, I went to work for Winchester and it was while working for them that I invented the U.S. Army Carbine that is in use today". Returning to Godwin, NC, after his travels for the movie, <mask> was thereafter known as "Carbine Williams" and personally adopted the moniker. During newspaper, magazine, and radio interviews stimulated by the movie, <mask> repeated his story as presented in Army Carbine: The Rifle that was Born in Prison. The fictional legend created by the publication of this story has continued to be the source for authors to this day.Final years

The November 6, 1960, edition of The Fayetteville Observer included an article entitled "Condition of <mask> Is Still Critical”: “<mask> (Carbine) <mask>, 66, of Godwin, Rte. 1, inventor of the Army carbine, was in critical condition Saturday at midnight in a Dunn Hospital. <mask>' physician, Dr. L.R. Doffermyre, said his examination late Saturday night indicated that <mask> was 'extremely critical'. The Cumberland County man was admitted to the hospital earlier last week for treatment of a liver ailment. He had been unconscious at least three days." The article indicates that his wife and son and three grandchildren were at his bedside.The November 14, 1960, Fayetteville Observer included a follow-up report indicating <mask> was recovering. During the 1960s, <mask> remained at home with his wife and family. <mask> eventually donated his personal collection and entire workshop to the North Carolina Museum of History. On June 22, 1971, the museum held an opening ceremony of the <mask> <mask> exhibit at the museum, where it remains on permanent display. The display includes the entire building of the <mask> workshop. All contents remain in the same location where <mask> left them. In 1972, <mask> <mask> was admitted to Dorothea Dix Hospital in Raleigh, North Carolina.His wife described his condition as being unable to recognize his own family. Dorothea Dix Hospital is a psychiatric hospital with short-term and long-term care for patients with a variety of mental disorders, both psychological and physical. <mask> remained at the hospital until his death on January 8, 1975. His death certificate lists the primary cause of his death as cardiorespiratory arrest with contributing factors of bronchial pneumonia and organic brain syndrome. Organic brain syndrome (OBS) is decreased mental function owing to a medical disease other than a psychiatric illness. Examples are stroke, Alzheimer's disease, liver failure, long-term alcohol abuse, and withdrawal from alcohol, amongst many others. <mask> is buried in the cemetery of the Old Bluff Presbyterian Church near Wade, North Carolina.Legacy
While the fictional legend of “Carbine Williams” has garnered <mask> more attention over the years, his design, redesign, and development of firearms that used the high-pressure gas in or near the breech to operate their semi-automatic action have remained a significant contribution used in the design and development of new firearms and as a starting point for other inventors to come up with new ideas. The U.S. patent for the highly successful Benelli Shotgun () references <mask>'s patent for his “Inertia Operated Bolt Lock” . The Weatherby Model SA-08 and SA-459 semi-automatic shotgun lines manufactured for Weatherby by Armsan in Istanbul, Turkey, use an external gas piston housing and short-stroke gas piston that impacts an operating rod to cycle the semi-automatic action. Armsan manufactures and markets in Europe its own line of semi-automatic shotguns using this design. See also

Carbine Williams (Jimmy Stewart film, 1952)

References

Further reading
 Lucian Cary, "Big Trouble and A Big Idea," True, March 1951. John Kobler, "The Story of 'Carbine' Williams," Colliers''', 3 March 1951. H.T.Peoples, "The Most Unforgettable Character I Ever Met", Reader's Digest, March 1951. William B. Edwards, “The Impossible Shotgun of Carbine Williams”, Guns Magazine, Oct 1956. Ross E. Beard, Jr. The Story of <mask> Williams. Lexington, SC: Sandlapper Store, 1977. H. G. Jones, "<mask> (Carbine) <mask>." Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, Vol.6; p. 205-206. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina Press, 1996. Pat Reese, four-part series on the life of <mask>, Fayetteville Observer-Times, Apr 20-23, 1997. Larry L. Ruth, “War Baby! The U.S. Caliber .30 Carbine”, Collector Grade Publications, 1992. Larry L. Ruth, “War Baby!Comes Home: The U.S. Caliber .30 Carbine, Volume II”, Collector Grade Publications, 1993. Bruce N. Canfield, "'Carbine' Williams: Myth & Reality." The American Rifleman'', February 2009. Larry L. Ruth, “War Baby! III; The U.S. Carbine into the 21st Century”, Collector Grade Publications, 2013. Bruce N. Canfield, “Backing Another Horse: The Winchester G30 Semiautomatic Rifle.” “The American Rifleman”, November 2013.External links
USCarbineCal30.com, “<mask> <mask>, Inventions of the Mind”
<mask> <mask> at Find a Grave
North Carolina Museum of History
Camden Archives & Museum
South Carolina Military Museum
Cody Firearms Museum

1900 births
1975 deaths
People from Cumberland County, North Carolina
Firearm designers
People convicted of murder by North Carolina
20th-century American

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<mask> (born 3 April 1972) is a former Dutch professional boxer. After his pro debut in 1994, Poeder was undefeated for 21 consecutive boxing matches. He gained the WBU cruiserweight title with a knock out over American Terry Ray in 1997, defending it once against Courtney Butler before falling to former world champion Robert Daniels in a bid for the IBO title. Early life
<mask> was born on the 3rd of April 1972 in Rotterdam. He grew up in Spangen neighbourhood in Rotterdam and later moved to Westkruiskade same city. At the age of 16 <mask> decides to embrace kickboxing and sought to join a kickboxing school in Rotterdam. Amateur career
Poeder joined the kickboxing school "Silent Dragon Holland" in 1988 having as a trainer Enric Gunning, the bronze medal winner at the first world kickboxing championship W.A.K.O.World Championships in 1978. During his time at "Silent Dragon Holland" he realized that kickboxing was too demanding for his weak knees. Poeder received later corrective surgery on his knee. Gunning sees the potential in Poeder and accepted to train him for boxing. His training here lasted until 1991. During this time Gunning organized 3 boxing matches for Poeder. Poeder fought in an amateur boxing competition in the heavyweight class.Poeder ended up in the Hoboken boxing school (renamed Leon's Boxing Gym) - school owned by former Dutch professional boxer Aad Jansen – triple Dutch champion at welterweight. During his years at the Hoboken boxing school Poeder had the chance to train directly with the experienced Aad Jansen - his first official boxing trainer and Wim van Klaveren (brother of Bep van Klaveren  - the only Dutch boxer to have won an Olympic gold medal ). Poeder remained for a period of 2 years at Hoboken boxing school with approximately 15 matches as amateur. While training at Hoboken, <mask> became the Dutch champion at amateur boxing, heavyweight category in 1992. One year later in 1993 <mask> repeated his performance and won for the second time the Dutch title as an amateur at heavyweight category. This time <mask> trained at the boxing school Boxing'82 Rotterdam under the guidance of the trainer Frans van den Heerik. <mask> made his international debut in 1993 at European Amateur Boxing Championships in Bursa, Turkey and his performance resulted in a silver medal for The Netherlands.In the fight for the silver medal at the heavyweight category he knocked out Danny Williams in the first round. In the same year <mask> participated at the 14th Copenhagen Cup - Copenhagen, Denmark - November 1993, heavyweight class. During this championship, on November 26, 1993, <mask> scored a first round knockout victory over Wladimir Klitschko in the semifinals (being the only boxer to stop him in amateurs, before Ross Puritty repeated <mask>'s successful performance over Klitschko in 1998, and the only boxer to ever stop him in the first round,) losing the finals to Juan Carlos Gómez. Highlights
 Copenhagen Cup, Copenhagen, Denmark, November 1993:
 1/2: Defeated Wladimir Klitschko (Ukraine) RSC 1
 Finals: Lost to Juan Carlos Gómez (Cuba) 4–15
 European Championships, Bursa, Turkey, September 1993:
 1/8: Defeated Ion Mihai (Romania) RSC 1
 1/4: Defeated Krzysztof Rojek (Poland) RSC 2
 1/2: Defeated Danny Williams (England) KO 1
 Finals: Lost to Georgi Kandelaki (Georgia) 2–11

Professional career
After a successful 1993 and a titles-full amateurs period (double Dutch champion and silver medal at the European Championship) Poeder followed the advice of his friends (and professional boxers) Raymond Joval (“Halleluja”) and Regilio Benito Tuur (“Turbo”) and went to the United States to train for a two-month period. In the United States <mask> trained at the Gleason's gym  in New York a boxing gym with tradition located in Brooklyn. Some of the fighters who trained at the Gleason’s gym include Jake LaMotta, Roberto Durán, Benny "Kid" Paret, Paulie Malignaggi, Gerry Coone, Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson. Soon after his arrival in Rotterdam Poeder was followed by the famous boxing manager Stan Hoffman – known for training several world champions, among them: James Toney, Hasim Rahman, Michael Bentt, Lucia Rijker and, later, Poeder.Hoffman met <mask> in Dudok in Rotterdam in a very informal sphere and on a table napkin drew what became <mask>’s professional boxing career. <mask> accepted a move to the United States, with Hoffman as trainer and aiming for a career as a pro. His professional boxing debut takes place in 1994 at the Rotterdam Ahoy. The fight was in the cruiserweight class in the professional boxing league - the weightclass where Poeder fought as a professional for the rest of his boxing career. <mask> won the fight at the Ahoy by KO in the third round against Ken Woods. The match in Rotterdam was the first of 21 undefeated boxing matches for Poeder. From one winning to another between 1994 and 1997 Poeder climbed the stairs of success culminating in winning the World Boxing Union (Original 1995-2004) cruiserweight title on the 15th of June 1997.<mask> knocked Terry Ray out in the third round winning the fight through a technical knock-out (TKO). The TKO and the KO were <mask>’s characteristic way of winning a fight during his career as a pro. According to official records <mask> won during his professional boxing career an overwhelming 80% of his fights through TKO or KO. The distribution of these techniques in the won fights is 50% (TKO) -50% (KO). The city of Rotterdam acknowledged <mask>’s performance and handed him the title of Rotterdam’s Sportsman of the year 1997. <mask> successfully defended the World Boxing Union cruiserweight title confirming once again his world champion position. In 1998 <mask> faced a period of decline in his boxing career and lost his first professional fight while competing for the vacant International Boxing Organization World cruiserweight title.<mask> was not seen again in the boxing ring from 1999 and until 2004. He won 3 major fights in a row, culminating with the Dutch cruiserweight title on the 10th of September 2005. Although this was not the official end of DPoeder’s boxing career the fights that followed the Dutch cruiserweight title were title-less fights and with a local rather than international status (took place in The Netherlands or Belgium). His official retiring match took place in 2016. Professional record

Charity

In 2014 <mask> organized together with Nouchka Fontijn an open training session for boxing fans. The revenue of this training was donated to the 3FM Serious Request cause. In 2012 he trained in the Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam Frank – a fan of Poeder with a critical lung condition
In 2007 Poeder attended the Global edition of  Dancing with the stars dancing contest.References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Dutch male boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Boxers from Rotterdam
Dutch people of Surinamese descent

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Don Diego Rivelino Alfredo Poeder
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Sharif Talib Lacey, better known by his stage name <mask> the Lost Cauze, is an underground hip hop artist based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cauze became well known on the underground circuit towards the late 1990s and more so in the early 2000s, making his mark by winning many battle competitions within New York and interstate and displaying rare skills of what many called true MCing. Releasing The High Life album in 2001, Cauze moved on by teaming up with his past partners and friends and released The Invisible Empire in 2003 to much critical acclaim and thus establishing his name amongst many circles and true hip hop heads, as well as the underground. Feast or Famine was released in 2005 again to positive critical reception, as well as his side project, The Torture Papers, being part of the rap/hip-hop supergroup Army of the Pharaohs in 2006. <mask> is also part of hip hop underground groups; JuJu Mob & Army of the Pharaohs. Career

Beginnings (1998-2000)
Born Sharif Lacey in West Philadelphia, <mask> Lost Cauze came up in hip-hop as a lethal battle-rap MC. Having spent a great deal of his childhood acting in plays and performing, <mask> fell in love with Hip Hop at the age of eight and has been rhyming ever since.By the time he reached high school, he had earned a reputation as a deadly battle emcee, jumping in any and every cipher he came across. It was not until he was accepted into Philadelphias University of the Arts on a film scholarship that he began to visualize a serious career on the mic. He began to hone his songwriting skills, and worked on perfecting his stage shows. He defeated opponents in all types of venues, from school grounds to grimy back alleys to professional competitions. In 2000, despite obtaining a scholarship, <mask> dropped out of college where he was studying film school only at the age 19 to focus on his music realizing that he had found his true calling as a hip-hop artist. The High Life and Invisible Empire (2001-2004)
He linked up with Philadelphia producer Sleep E early in 2002 to begin recording his first solo project, The High Life which was released in 2002. The 10-track album opened doors for <mask>, and he began performing at area clubs, generating praise from fans and media alike.In February 2003, <mask> released his second studio album Invisible Empire, an 18-track album that he distributed himself by way of a national schedule of shows. He won the Mic Check Battle in Philadelphia in 2003, after which he travelled to Oakland, California to take 2nd place in the Blaze Freestyle Battle. Titles and accolades aside, <mask> describes the first year of his recording career as a time of growth, both professionally and personally. Life experience really came about in my writing, he says. I was comfortable with reaching beyond being simply an emcee and becoming a musician. <mask> went on to say; I really wanted to take chances and play around with rhythm and flow, I lost all fear. The High Life was very basic as far song concepts, whereas with Invisible Empire I was very aware of the importance of dope, full beats.The second album brought out my thoughts and observations, and it erased a lot of things I had pent up inside. Invisible Empire put his name on the map for Philadelphia's underground rap scene. Nonetheless, it was the regional and national battle-rap competitions that gave his career a real boost. He finally landed an album deal jointly with Eastern Conference and Good Hands, the former owned by New York underground MC/DJ pair the High & Mighty. Early in 2004, <mask> continued to freestyle, with a rousing performance at the Beat Society production competition in New York, and a win in the Riddle Records/Music & Strength Mic Control 3 battle taking home $10,000 in cash. He was also the End Of The Weak Challenge Champion at the Rock Steady Crew 27th Anniversary in July 2004, and went on to take the EOW Grand Championship title in 2005. Feast or Famine, JuJu Mob & Army of the Pharaohs (2005-2007)
<mask> announced that he was working on a new project and that he has put "a lot of life and business experiences into it".This project was soon found out to be his third studio album Feast Or Famine, and his range of expression will allow fans the opportunity to truly identify with him. This album is me at the top of my game, says <mask>. I know who I am as a person, but more importantly as an artist - I feel like a pro this time around. The beats are more sonic, and although the mood is a little darker than my first two projects, the songs have a universal appeal that everyone will be able to relate to. The less well-rounded effort Feast or Famine arrived in 2005, boasting the DJ Mighty Mi-produced "Fair One," which also featured Boot Camp Clik's top MC Sean Price, as the lead 12" single. In the years that followed his third album, a few local mixtapes were released, but the Philadelphia MC had success in doing several collaborations and features. He was invited into the Philadelphia crew JuJu Mob, who released their 2005 album Black Candles on Eastern Conference, as well as the underground super-collective Army of the Pharaohs, led by Jedi Mind Tricks frontman Vinnie Paz, in 2006.He was featured on both albums The Torture Papers and Ritual of Battle. A Vicious Cycle, The Stress Files & The Unholy Terror (2008-2010)

In 2008, <mask> released his fifth album, which contained production completely from Stress the White Boy; The Stress Files. He also made a return for Army of the Pharaohs third studio album; The Unholy Terror in 2010. Your Favourite MC, High Life (2011-2013)
On October 25, 2011 <mask> released Your Favorite MC alongside production team Snowgoons. It was released on Goon MuSick and iHipHop Distribution. The album is entirely produced by the Snowgoons. <mask> announced he was working on a remake on his debut album The High Life, titled High Life 2013.It is the fifth studio album from him and was released on December 17, 2013. It was confirmed that it is the re-release as well as the sequel of The High Life. Discography

Solo albums
The High Life (2001)
Invisible Empire (2003)
Feast or Famine (2005)
A Vicious Cycle (2008)
High Life 2013 (2013)
The Majestic (2018)

References

External links
Reef the Lost Cauze performing live at the Philly Flava Fest 2007

1981 births
African-American male rappers
Army of the Pharaohs members
Living people
Rappers from Philadelphia
Underground rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

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<mask> (born 1595 in Coutances, France; died 1649 in Paris) was a French mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Du Chevreul grew up in an educated household and was the son of a magistrate. In 1616, he received a Master of Arts for studying humanities and philosophy at the University of Paris. Du Chevreul continued education at a higher level and received a Bachelor of Divinity for theology in 1619. He did not start teaching until 1620 where he remained associated with College Harcourt and University of Paris, up until two years before his death when he taught philosophy at the College Royal. Throughout his lifetime <mask>ul held various teaching and administrative positions including principal and rector. Little is known about his later life.Although he studied subjects such as philosophy, logic, ethics, metaphysics, and physics, he published his two popular books on mathematics. Arithmetica (1622) and Sphaera (1623, 1640, and 1649) were both published in Paris, France. Sphaera, <mask>ul's most popular book was about his view of the world and the universe. He used references from the Bible, Aristotle, and Plato to reject the Copernican model and instead created his own eccentric-epicycle geocentric model of the universe. Du Chevreul believed that the earth was the center of the universe, but that the major planets Venus and Mercury orbited around the sun. He theorized that there were wandering and fixed stars in the heavens and there were a total of thirteen planets in his model. The heavens were in the order of the Moon, the Sun (Mercury and Venus orbited around the Sun), Mars, Jupiter surrounded by four Medicean stars, Saturn with two satellites, and above all these levels resided God.<mask>'s cosmic scheme is a highly original attempt to resist Copernicanism and accommodate Galieleo's telescopic discoveries in an Aristotelian cosmos. Early life and career
<mask> Chevreul was born 1595 in Cotounces which is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. He was born a year earlier than René Descartes, and died a year before Descartes as well. Unlike Descartes, <mask>ul was always associated with a university, specifically the University of Paris and the College of Harcourt. He was the son of a magistrate, a civil officer or judge who administers the law. Descartes’ father was also a magistrate, adding to their similarities. <mask> Chevreul's father held a Master's of Law from Poitiers.Although his father studied law, <mask> decided to take his career in a different direction. He started his education in humanities and philosophy in which he received a master's degree (Master of Arts) from the University of Paris in 1616. After receiving his master's degree, unlike many of his peers, he decided to continue his education in the higher faculty of theology and received the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1619. <mask> held Aristotelian views on mathematics and began a teaching career in 1620 at Harcourt, which is another commune in the Normandy region of northern France. He taught primarily philosophy, but also some mathematics. The duration of the philosophy course was two years, and it consisted of a year of Logic and Ethics followed by another year of Metaphysics and Physics. From the 1620s to the 1640s, <mask> <mask> was a professor at the University of Paris.In the years 1623 through 1626 and 1633 through 1634, <mask>ul taught the Logic and Ethics curriculum. In the years 1628 through 1629 and 1634 through 1635, <mask>ul taught the Metaphysics and Physics curriculum. Two years prior to his death, <mask>ul also worked at the Collège Royal as a professor of philosophy. <mask> <mask> died in the year 1649 in Paris, France.Although he did not publish his philosophy lectures, he did publish two mathematical texts. The mathematical curriculum in the early 17th century was divided into the quadrivium, the four liberal arts of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy together with optics and other mathematically based disciplines. During his time at the University of Paris, <mask>ul published two mathematical works, Arithmetica in 1622 and Sphaera in 1623. The basis of astronomical teaching at the time was the textbook genre known as the Sphere.Sphaera
This publication consists of ten chapters in which six chapters commentate on the four-part mathematical textbook Sphere written by Sacrobosco. <mask> Chevreul diverged from the basic structure of work done by commentators originating in the Middle Ages by dividing his commentary into 10 chapters rather than the expected four parts. The four parts of the original Sphereare as follows:

Part I consists of a discussion of the sphere, such as defining its center and axis, as well as a discussion on the shape of the universe and the number of concentric spheres in it. Part II contains a list of some of the circles marked on the surface of the various spheres. Part III includes a list of astronomical signs with a discussion of their risings and settings and day inequalities. Part IV contains a discussion of the causes of motion and eclipses. Several of the chapters corresponded with the four parts:

Chapters 1 and 2 of <mask>ul's book, De definitionibus and De figura mundi, summarize Part 1 of Sacrobosco's Sphere.Chapter 3, De ordine partium, contains mostly new material and covers Copernicus and the Copernican topic of the arrangement of the spheres. Chapters 5 and 7, De circulis coelestibus and De eclipsibus, cover the same topics as Parts II and IV of Sacrobosco's Sphere. Chapter 9, De accidentibus sphaerae, includes sections of Part III, in particular astronomical signs and periods such as days and nights. Four other chapters discuss information beyond the original four-part Sphere. The four new chapters are chapters four, six, eight, and ten. The ten chapters of Sphaera are as follows:

Chapter 1 De definitionibus

In this chapter, <mask>ul explains why the shape of the world is spherical, providing four arguments. The first argument is that a sphere is the ideal shape as it has largest volume.A sphere is also suitable for circular motion and rotation along its axis. His second argument states that spheres are needed because they do not allow for vacuums to pierce through itself. Since vacuums are not on Earth, the shape must be something that does not allow vacuums to exist within it. <mask>'s third argument states that since heavy object fall toward the center and light object move away from the center, a sphere is created. His last argument of this chapter states that stars are fixed in place and each have a unique distance from Earth. Chapter 2 De figura mundi

In this chapter, <mask> applies his conclusions from the previous chapter to state that the Earth is spherical. Du Chevreul states some additional evidence such as the fixed stars rising and setting throughout the day.Du Chevreul also mentions how as one moves further north, stars move closer to the horizon. He also mentions that there is a circular shadow on the moon during an eclipse as arguments for a spherical Earth. Chapter 3 De ordine partium

This chapter discusses <mask>ul's comments on the Copernican system. Du Chevreul begins by describing the Copernican system and then states that this system is faulty. Du Chevreul references Plato, Aristotle, and scriptures from the Bible as examples against the Copernican system. He then states that the Copernican system also defies physics because the Earth is a single body but it requires to two motions, a diurnal and an annual motion. Du Chevreul also objects to Copernican idea that the Earth moves closer and further away from the fixed stars.According to this theory, these stars would change brightness depending on closeness of the Earth which is something that has not been seen. However, <mask>ul does not dispute Copernicus on his idea that the sun is the center of the universe instead of the Earth. <mask> states that Mercury and  orbiting the sun is not contradictory to physics or biblical scriptures. Du Chevreul completes this chapter discussing parallax, namely how there is a parallax for planets but not for fixed stars. Chapter 4 De stellis

Chapter four discusses <mask>ul's belief of what constitutes the heavens. Du Chevreul states that he does not know for certain what material the heavens are made from, but theorizes that stars are simply condensed sections of the heavens. In particular, he believes that stars are likely denser and rarer parts of the heavens.According to <mask>ul, the extent of the density of certain stars is related to the amount of light is released. This theory protects the idea that the heavens are unchangeable, or incorruptible, given that qualities such as hot, cold, dry, and moist can not be seen within the heavens. This theory was proposed in Aristotelian physics which is also upheld in the Bible. Chapter 5 De circulis coelestibus

Du Chevreul then separates stars into two categories, fixed and wandering. Wandering stars include the seven planets that are observed by Aristotle, Plato, and others up to present time. These planets or stars include Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Sun, and the moon. Additionally, there are the four planets, known as the Medician stars, that orbit Jupiter as well as two planets that orbit Saturn, known as Saturnines, that were discovered by Galileo.Including these 13 celestial bodies, there are 30 others that <mask>ul recognizes called the Bourbon stars, which circle the sun. These stars were also named by Jean Tarde. Chapter 6 De caelorum numero

Chapter 6 "The Number of Heaven" is about his personal thoughts on the number of heavens, which differed from many other astronomers before him. Prior astronomers, in particular Plato and Aristotle, believed the number of heavens to be at minimum eight due to their different motions. Another astronomer, Eustachius a Sancto Paulo, believed there were seven planetary heavens: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune. He also had firmament as the eighth sphere, the crystal heaven for a ninth and tenth, the primum mobile as an eleventh, and ending with the Empyrean heaven being located above it in his 1609 Summa philosophica quadripartita. Unlike the astronomers before him, <mask>ul only counts five planetary heavens.He only counts Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and the heavens of the moon and the sun. He doesn't include the heavens of the newest planets of the time, Venus and Mercury. He did not include Venus and Mercury because as seen in the optical tube, Mercury and Venus can be found above, below, and next to the Sun and thus circle around the Sun. <mask> believed that no other interpretation of this phenomenon would be possible in nature due to the requirement of a vacuum. <mask> notes that Venus and Mercury are placed above the Sun by notable astronomers Plato and Aristotle while astronomers Ptolemy, Regiomontanus, and Sacrobosco placed the planets below the Sun. <mask> <mask> believed that the correct placement of Venus and Mercury required an optical instrument, and thus only astronomers of his

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Jacques du Chevreul
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