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<mask>, Jr. (born 1935, Chicago, Illinois) is an American trial and appellate lawyer and published historian. In his five-decade career as a litigator and partner at the international law firm Kirkland & Ellis, he has handled major U.S. civil and criminal trials and highly publicized international proceedings, such as those arising out of the Amoco Cadiz and Exxon Valdez oil spills. His legal work has been recognized by the Chambers & Partners and The Best Lawyers In America lawyer-rating directories, The New York Times and Chicago Tribune, and several books. In 1969–70, he served as a delegate to the Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, which drafted the state's most recent constitution. <mask> has written two history books, Relative Strangers: Italian Protestants in the Catholic World (2011) and Creating the Land of Lincoln: The History and Constitutions of Illinois 1778-1870 (2018). The latter work won the Illinois State Historical Society's Russell P. Strange Book of the Year Award in 2019, in recognition of its contribution to the study of Illinois history. Early life and education
<mask>, Jr. was born in Chicago in 1935 to Italian-American parents, <mask>, Sr. and Mary (née Balma) <mask>.His two sets of grandparents emigrated from Italy, independently settling in a near-northwest side Italian neighborhood in Chicago less than two blocks from one another in 1904. Giacomo and Margherita Balma were Waldensians (an Italian Protestant movement) from the Italian northwest region of Piedmont; <mask> was a Catholic from Montemaggiore, Sicily who emigrated to Buffalo in 1893, where he met and married Antonina Panepinto, also a Catholic, from Valledolmo, Sicily. The two families remained unknown to one another for nearly thirty years, until <mask>'s parents, <mask>, Sr. and Mary, met while working at the nearby LaMantia Brothers produce house. They courted and privately wed in early 1935 over the opposition of their families, due to religious and cultural (northern/southern Italy) differences. <mask>, Jr. and his siblings, James and Nancy, were raised in his mother's Protestant faith; his family's unique history served as the springboard and subject of his first book. After his family moved to suburban Western Springs, <mask>, Jr. became the first in his family to go to high school or college, attending Lyons Township High School in La Grange and Amherst College in Massachusetts (1953–4), before transferring to Wheaton College in Illinois, where he earned a Bachelor's Degree in Political Science (1957). After marrying Jan (née Pickett) <mask> in 1959, <mask> enrolled at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, where he earned a Master in Public Affairs degree in 1962.That fall, they returned to Chicago and <mask> attended the University of Chicago Law School (J.D., 1965), where he was chosen for the Board of Editors of the Law Review and selected for the Order of the Coif. In 1965, he was hired by the Chicago-founded international law firm, Kirkland & Ellis (then named Kirkland, Ellis, Hodson, Chaffetz, & Masters). Legal career
<mask> has been a member of Kirkland & Ellis for more than five decades as a litigator, partner (since 1970), and senior partner. He has handled major civil and criminal trials in U.S. federal and state courts as well as international arbitrations and litigations. He represented Skidmore Owings & Merrill before the Iranian-American Claims Tribunal in The Hague (1981–2) and corporations such as Abbott Laboratories, Ameritech, Amoco, BP, General Motors, Nissan and Price Waterhouse, in cases that range from antitrust and trade regulation to environmental issues to trademark claims. <mask>'s work has been recognized in several editions of the lawyer-rating directories The Best Lawyers In America, and Chambers & Partners America's Leading Business Lawyers, as well as in the books, Superwreck (1987), which details the Amoco Cadiz oil spill, and The Man Who Beat Clout City (1977), about a landmark police discrimination suit. Chambers & Partners identified <mask> as "the elder statesman" at K&E, highlighting his litigation and defense experience, strategic advice, and oversight of major cases.The Chicago Tribune described him as "one of the top corporate trial lawyers in Chicago;" in an interview, Senior U.S. District Judge Prentice H. Marshall named him among "the great lawyers" that appeared before him. After Richard M. Daley's election as mayor in 1989, <mask> was widely mentioned as a candidate to succeed him as interim Cook County State's Attorney. In 2009, <mask> was among the nation's lawyers honored by Best Lawyers at its 25th anniversary event. Notable cases
In 1975, <mask> became the chief litigator representing the Chicago Afro-American Patrolmen's League (AAPL) and Renault Robinson in a civil suit (United States v. City of Chicago, 395 F. Supp. 329) against the Chicago Police Department regarding racial discrimination in hiring, promotion, assignment and discipline. Author and Chicago Defender editor Robert McClory described <mask> in the courtroom as quick on his feet and "extraordinarily authoritative yet non-threatening," a "perfect foil" to the city's often overbearing defense attorney. In Judge Prentice Marshall's 1976 ruling—which impacted police integration cases across the country—Cicero won damages and injunctions regulating future hiring, promotion and conduct.From 1978–1992, <mask> represented Amoco in U.S. and European proceedings brought by various French parties over damages resulting from the oil spill of the supertanker Amoco Cadiz off the coast of Brittany in 1978. Authors Yvon Rochard and Alphonse Arzel, a senator and leader in the proceedings for the French, described <mask> as thorough, highly informed, forceful and "ruthless." According to author Rudolph Chelminski, <mask> Espanoles, and that the spill's effects were worsened by the incompetence of French authorities in preparedness and response. In the initial 1984 court decision, Amoco was found liable, however <mask>os also found responsible, and in limiting damages based on incompetent clean-up efforts. After several appeals, Amoco agreed to pay $200 million in 1992, a figure much lower than the French claim, which amounted to $1.6 billion. Cicero also represented BP in proceedings resulting from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. BP was sued for damages as the principal owner of Alyeska, which participated in response efforts and operated the crude oil pipeline from North Slope of Alaska to the station where the tanker was loaded.Legal writing and lecturing
<mask> has written journal articles and book chapters on a variety of legal matters, and lectured before state and federal bar associations, the University of Chicago Law School, the National Institute of Trial Advocacy, Harvard Law School Trial Practice Institute, and others. His article, "Personal Jurisdiction and Service," serves as a chapter in the book Business and Commercial Litigation in Federal Courts (1998), and his articles on final argument and verdict strategy are published in The Litigation Manual: Trial (1999). History books
<mask>'s first book, Relative Strangers (2011), explores his family's Italian and religious roots through the immigrant journeys of his Waldensian Protestant and Catholic grandparents from Italy to Chicago, where their paths crossed with the meeting of his parents. It also traces the history of the Waldensians, who were a proto-Protestant reform sect founded in 12th-century Lyon, France and now centered in Piedmont, Italy; they were declared heretics in 1215 by the Catholic Church and persecuted in the centuries that followed by the Medieval Inquisition and in massacres such as the Piedmontese Easter of 1655. Theologian Richard Peace calls the book "a rich read" that points to ways to overcome religious division. Author Scott Turow describes it as "part personal memoir, part history of religion and always compelling reading. It illustrates yet again the diversity of the human family and the unpredictable paths taken by the quest for faith."<mask>'s second book, Creating the Land of Lincoln (2018), details neglected aspects of Illinois's political history by studying its 19th-century constitutional conventions and constitutions, which recast the state from one destined as an extension of the American South into a northern stronghold. Professor and reviewer Todd E. Pettys describes it as "carefully researched and engagingly written" and relevant to "those interested in nineteenth-century politics of race in the Midwest, the forces that placed Douglas and Lincoln on the nation's political stage." <mask> isolates key debates and actions and their effects, such as a boundary change written into the initial 1818 constitution that extended Illinois north to include the future Chicago and waterways access, or a controversial provision allowing so-called "voluntary" indenture contracts, which in essence maintained a form of slavery in the state. Together, these events attracted and emboldened North-oriented European and New England commercial settlers who later enabled the rise of Lincoln's Republican Party and passage of the state's progressive 1870 constitution, which remained in effect for 100 years. Public service
<mask> served as an elected delegate to the Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, which drafted the state's current, 1970 constitution. The document included key bans on discrimination by race, color, creed, national ancestry and sex, protective measures for women and the disabled, and provisions for home rule. <mask> also served as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention.In 1990, he established the <mask>, Jr. Faculty Fund at the University of Chicago Law School, which supports faculty research. <mask> is a trustee of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center and Newberry Library in Chicago, and previously served as a trustee for the Nature Conservancy of Colorado and the American Waldensian Society. Personal life
<mask> has been married to <mask> since 1959. They have two daughters, <mask> and <mask>, born in 1965 and 1970. In 1974, Jan opened Jan Cicero Gallery, initially operating out of their newly purchased Evanston home. She relocated the gallery to Chicago's downtown area in 1977, eventually settling in the River North gallery district.In 1987, they built a home in the mountains outside of Telluride, Colorado and Jan opened a second gallery there. She ceased all gallery operations in 2003. The <mask>s continue to live in Evanston, Illinois. References

Lawyers from Chicago
American legal scholars
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
Corporate lawyers
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
1935 births
Living people

masks:
Frank Cicero
Cicero
Frank Cicero
Frank
Cicero
Giuseppe Cicero
Cicero
Frank
Cicero
Frank
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicerotilleros
Cicerotiller
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Frank Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Jan Cicero
Erica Cicero
Caroline Cicero
Cicero


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<mask> (; born 8 June 1961) is a Colombian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder, and current manager of Categoría Primera A club América de Cali. <mask> began his playing career with Deportivo Pereira in 1982, and went on to play for Brazilian club Internacional in 1984 before returning to his native Colombia a year later, ultimately retiring in 1987 at the age of 26 due to injury. Nicknamed El Recreacionista (The Recreationist in Spanish) due to his unorthodox training methods, <mask> held various assistant coaching jobs before beginning his managerial career in 2006 with Millonarios, moving abroad the following year to manage Major League Soccer teams Chicago Fire and New York Red Bulls, leading the latter to their first conference title in 2008. He managed Once Caldas in 2010 and led them to a league title, as well as managing Atlético Nacional in 2012 and winning numerous championships. In October 2015 he was named as manager of the Mexico national team, a post he held until July 2018. Early life
After playing for Deportivo Pereira and Internacional, <mask> moved to the USA and represented University of New Haven's New Haven Chargers from 1985 to 1986. He graduated from Southern Connecticut State University in 1990 with a B.A.in Exercise Science. <mask> also holds a diploma in Science and Football from Liverpool John Moores University, a UEFA "A" coaching license from the English FA, and a coaching certificate from the Royal Netherlands Football Association. Managerial career

Assistant
<mask> <mask> began his coaching career during the 1998–1999 season joining the Staten Island Vipers as their assistant/conditioning coach. He would then join the MetroStars staff during the 2000 season under Octavio Zambrano. He would go on to join English club Manchester City as conditioning coach in June 2001. Millonarios
In 2006, <mask> started his career as a manager when he was hired by Millonarios in his native Colombia. He led the Bogotá-based club to an 11-6-7 record during the 2007 Finalizacion (closing) season and a fourth-place finish out of 18 teams in the Mustang Cup.In 2007, he was the recipient of the DIMAYOR (División Mayor del Fútbol Colombiano) Excellence in Football Coaching award becoming the first coach to win that award in his first year of coaching. Chicago Fire
In July 2007 he was appointed manager of Major League Soccer side Chicago Fire. He took over a last-place team and led them to a playoff spot. He also helped Chicago orchestrate a first-round series victory against D.C. United, which entered the playoffs with the best record in MLS. On 10 December, the Chicago Fire announced that <mask> had resigned due to "family reasons". In his short time with the Fire, <mask> went 6-3-6 in the league, 7-5-7 across all competitions and led the team to the Conference Final for the sixth time in nine seasons. New York Red Bulls

Eight days after resigning from the Chicago Fire, <mask> was hired by the New York Red Bulls.The decision came after Red Bulls and Fire reached an agreement on compensation for <mask>. The Red Bulls had an up and down season in <mask>'s first season in charge of the club. After a promising start, the club qualified for the playoffs on the final day of the season and was seeded as a wild card into the Western Conference bracket. In the 2008 MLS Cup Playoffs, <mask> lead the club to their first ever MLS Cup final, defeating defending champion Houston Dynamo (4–1 on aggregate) and Real Salt Lake 1–0. In the MLS Cup final, the Red Bulls lost 3–1 to Columbus Crew. In his second season with the club, <mask> guided them to one of the worst records in league history, finishing with a 2-16-4 record. In his two seasons at the club <mask> went 12-27-13, the worst mark in the league during that period of time.The club also suffered an embarrassing set-back when they were eliminated by W Connection in the preliminary round of the CONCACAF Champions League. Due to mounting pressure, <mask> resigned from his post as coach of the New York Red Bulls on 21 August 2009. Once Caldas
After leaving New York, on 18 November 2009 <mask> was hired by Once Caldas. After taking charge of a team that was in danger of relegation <mask> helped Once Caldas to a league title in 2010. In 44 matches in charge, he recorded a record of 23 victories, 8 draws, and 13 losses. In January 2011 it was reported that <mask> would be leaving Once Caldas to take charge of the Honduras national team. On 2 February 2011, <mask> was officially named as the new coach of the Honduras national team and to lead them during the qualifying rounds of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.However, Once Caldas announced <mask> contractually could not be released until June to assume his role with Honduras. Due to this, Honduras' football federation announced they could not wait until June, subsequently ending the negotiations. Puebla
On 15 November, the president of Mexican club Puebla Roberto Henaine announced via Twitter that <mask> <mask> would be manager, following Sergio Bueno departure. He resigned on 22 March 2012 due to poor performances, leaving the club with a 2-2-3 record. São Paulo
On 26 May 2015, <mask> was confirmed as the new manager of São Paulo FC, signing a two-year contract. He was presented on 1 June and made his debut five days later, in a 2–0 victory against Grêmio at Estádio do Morumbi. Mexico

On 14 October 2015, after heavy media speculation, <mask> was confirmed as head coach of the Mexico national football team, signing a three-year contract.He was the twelfth coach appointed in nine years, and the first Colombian. Though information of his salary went undisclosed, Spanish newspaper El País reported that <mask> would receive an annual salary of USD$1.2 million, 60 percent less than what former manager Miguel Herrera earned during his time in charge. On 13 November, <mask> won his first game in charge of Mexico, defeating El Salvador 3–0 at Estadio Azteca in their opening match of the 2018 World Cup fourth-round qualifiers. Mexico finished at the top of Group A with 16 points, advancing to the hexagonal round. <mask> led Mexico to the Copa América Centenario on a 16-match unbeaten streak that began in June 2015. Mexico placed first in their group with 7 points, defeating Uruguay, Jamaica, and drawing with Venezuela. In the quarterfinal match against Chile, the team suffered a 7–0 defeat, ending the unbeaten streak at 22 games.After the match, <mask> apologized to Mexico's fans for what he described as an "embarrassment" and "an accident of soccer". Following Mexico's participation at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, where the team finished in fourth place, <mask> was suspended by FIFA for six games after using insulting words and displaying aggressive and confrontational behavior towards officials during the third place play-off match against Portugal. On 2 September, following their 1–0 victory over Panama, Mexico secured their qualification to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 6 October, Mexico defeated Trinidad and Tobago 3–1, taking their points tally to 21, thus assuring Mexico will finish at the top of the qualification table for the first time since 1997. In March 2018, it was reported that <mask> had rejected an offer from the Mexican Football Federation to extend his contract with the Mexico national team. Later, in July 2018, <mask> resigned from his position as Mexico head coach. Paraguay
On 3 September 2018, the Paraguayan Football Association appointed <mask> as manager of the Paraguay national football team to face the 2019 Copa América and the CONMEBOL qualifiers for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.A mutual termination of the contract occurred on 13 February 2019. Atlético Nacional
On 10 June 2019, <mask> <mask> was confirmed as manager of Atlético Nacional. <mask>'s second spell with the club ended on 1 November 2020 after 20 wins, 18 draws and 12 losses, as he was sacked following a 3–0 defeat to Nacional's rivals Millonarios. América de Cali
On 16 June 2021, <mask> was announced as the new manager of América de Cali. Managerial statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 28 February 2022

Honours

Manager
New York Red Bulls
MLS Western Conference: 2008
Once Caldas
Categoría Primera A: 2010-II
Atlético Nacional
Categoría Primera A: 2013-I, 2013-II, 2014-I
Copa Colombia: 2012, 2013
Superliga Colombiana: 2012

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Santa Rosa de Cabal
Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University
Colombian footballers
Deportivo Pereira footballers
Sport Club Internacional players
Once Caldas footballers
Colombian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Brazil
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Association football midfielders

Colombian football managers

Manchester City F.C. non-playing staff
Millonarios F.C. managers
Chicago Fire FC coaches
New York Red Bulls coaches
Once Caldas managers
Club Puebla managers
Atlético Nacional managers
São Paulo FC managers
Mexico national football team managers
Paraguay national football team managers
América de Cali managers

Categoría Primera A managers
Major League Soccer coaches
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Copa América Centenario managers
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup managers
2018 FIFA World Cup managers

Colombian expatriate sportspeople in England
Colombian expatriate football managers
Expatriate soccer managers in the United States
Expatriate football managers in Brazil
Expatriate football managers in Mexico
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Expatriate football managers in Paraguay
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Paraguay

masks:
Juan Carlos Osorio Arbeláez
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Juan Carlos
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Juan Carlos
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio
Juan Carlos
Osorio
Osorio
Osorio


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<mask> (English pronunciation: Fih-ZAY; November 7, 1922 – February 27, 2001) was a Canadian-American microbiologist and virologist. His research helped to develop one of the first successful Q fever vaccines, noted by The New York Times. <mask> was born in Quebec, Canada, and attended Laval University, where he earned a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1949. He subsequently attended Cambridge University, where he received a PhD degree in 1956. As a professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, he also researched other bacterial diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, in addition to Q fever. Early life and education
Born in Quebec, <mask> attended high school at the Collège François-de-Laval (formerly called the Petit Séminaire de Québec) in Quebec City. He earned his bachelor's degree in humanities and general sciences from Laval University in 1944 and his Doctor of Medicine degree there in 1949.<mask>'s residency was at  in Quebec. He also did additional postgraduate work at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, and the National Institute for Medical Research in London. <mask> later earned a PhD in virology at Cambridge University between 1953 and 1956. Career
After earning his Ph.D., <mask> began teaching in the U.S. at the Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry in New York. In 1964, he joined the faculty at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore as an associate professor, becoming a U.S. citizen the following year. <mask> became a full professor there in 1975. <mask> served the Commission on Rickettsial Diseases of the U.S. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board from 1965 to 1976.He was a consultant to the Surgeon General of the United States, for which he received the Outstanding Civilian Service Award in 1972. Between 1987 and 1989, <mask> was chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Research

In 1951, <mask> and others wrote in the Canadian Medical Association Journal of their research into three cases of bronchopulmonary candidosis. While working on his doctorate in virology at Clare College, Cambridge University between 1953 and 1956, <mask> worked to decode the structure of Coxiella burnetii, the bacteria causing Q fever, with Michael Stoker. The infection typically presents symptoms such as high fever, headaches, and severe muscle aches and pains which can last for several weeks. His subsequent research as a professor at the Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and University of Maryland School of Medicine led to development of the Q fever vaccine with Australian microbiologist Barry Marmion. Theodore Woodward, writing for the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, said that an  "important and better understanding of Q fever resulted from  the work of Dr. <mask>, who showed that Q fever Rickettsiae could wear several faces, called Phase I and Phase II, a change that was important for vaccine development and accurate diagnosis".The vaccine resulted in a protection rate of 95 percent. In addition to writing extensively about his research into Coxiella burnetii, <mask> also researched typhus and  Rocky Mountain spotted fever at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. In 1978, he collaborated in the research of a Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever case resulting from a blood transfusion. As reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the peer-reviewed study said the recipient's diagnosis was confirmed "by positive serologic reactions and isolation of Rickettsia rickettsii from blood after inoculation in animals and tissue culture". Following a 1979 outbreak of Q fever in California, <mask> conducted a two-year serological testing program at the National Institutes of Health Animal Center. Personal life
In the 1960s to 1980s, <mask> made his home in Hampton, Maryland, with his wife, Marie Lorraine <mask> ( Gosselin), whom he married in 1953 while both were studying microbiology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France. They had a son, Peter, and two daughters, Lauren and Clare.<mask> was an active volunteer with the Boy Scouts of America in the early 1970s, serving as chairman of his son's Scout troop. The couple moved to nearby May's Chapel in 1982. <mask> died of heart failure in Baltimore at age 78 on February 27, 2001. He is interred at Dulaney Valley Memorial Gardens in Timonium, Maryland. Honors and recognition

 1972, Outstanding Civilian Service Award, U.S. Army
 1989, Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland School of Medicine

Published works
<mask> wrote extensively of his research findings. His most cited article is:
Stoker MG, Fiset P. "Phase variation of the Nine Mile and other strains of Rickettsia burneti". Canadian Journal of Microbiology.(May 1956) vol.2, number 3, pp. 310-21. According to Google Scholar, it has been cited 210 times as of May 2021. Among his other published writings are:
 "Phase variation of Rickettsia (Coxiella) burneti: Study of the antibody response in guinea pigs and rabbits" (1957)
 "Serological diagnosis, strain identification and antigenic variation: Symposium on Q fever", Walter Reed Army Inst. (1959)
 "Serum Inhibitors of Asian Strains of Influenza Virus", Nature (1959)
 "Purification of Psittacosis Agent with Anion Exchange Cellulose–‘Ecteola’", Nature (1963)
 "Interaction of Rickettsiae and Phagocytic Host Cells", The Journal of Immunology (October 1, 1967)
 "Vaccination against Q fever", 1st International Conference on Vaccines against Viral and Rickettsial Diseases of Man (1967)
 "The antibody response to antigens to Coxiella burnetii" (1968)
 "Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases" (1968)
 "A microagglutination technique for detection and measurement of rickettsial antibodies" (1969)
 "An antigenic comparison of strains of Coxiella burnetii" (1971)
 "Immunologic evidence of human fetal infection with Coxiella burnetii" (1975)

References

1922 births
2001 deaths
Scientists from Quebec
Université Laval alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
American medical researchers
University of Maryland School of Medicine faculty
Burials at Dulaney Valley Memorial Gardens
Scientists from Baltimore
University of Rochester faculty
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom

masks:
Paul Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Paul Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset
Fiset


texts:
<mask> (born April 6, 1937) is the former CEO of the Alaska oilfield services company VECO Corporation. VECO was an Alaska-based oil pipeline service and construction company founded by Wayne Veltri (VECO is short for Veltri Co). <mask> was born in New Mexico and at the age of 16 left for the oil fields of Alaska to become a welder to help support his family. VECO began as a one truck welding and repair operation that grew to become a major player in the Alaskan and worldwide oil industries' support services business. He built a for-profit prison in Barbados as well. VECO also was a worldwide player in the oil industry, having divisions in many major oil markets, including the Sudan, Russia, Mexico, Venezuela and Syria. VECO had a major impact on the economy of Alaska and employed over 5,000 people worldwide.Exxon Valdez oil spill
On March 24, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef, spilling eleven million gallons of crude oil into the waters of Prince William Sound. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the second largest in United States history, after the BP Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Under <mask>'s guidance, VECO (along with its unionized subsidiary, NORCON) was responsible for large parts of the spill's cleanup, hiring 2,500 workers to clean up the environmental disaster. VECO's quick actions are credited with limiting the devastating environmental impact of the Exxon spill. Following the spill and cleanup, Allen purchased the Anchorage Times from editor/publisher Robert Atwood. <mask> operated the newspaper until shutting it down and selling many of its assets to its rival, the Anchorage Daily News, in 1992. Through an agreement described as "unique," <mask> paid for space in the editorial section of the ADN for many years afterward to provide a half-page feature known as The Voice of the Times.Alaska political investigation
On May 7, 2007, <mask>, along with VECO's Vice President for Community & Government Affairs Rick Smith, pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court in Anchorage in the Alaska political corruption probe to charges of extortion, bribery, and conspiracy to impede the Internal Revenue Service. The charges involved bribing Alaska lawmakers to vote in favor of an oil tax law favored by the VECO that was the subject of vigorous debate during the regular and two special sessions of the Alaska Legislature in 2006  <mask>'s testimony, at the trial of his former friend, Alaska Senator Ted Stevens, helped secure Stevens' conviction, in U.S. District Court on charges of felonious corruption. <mask> pleaded guilty and could have faced 9–10 years. Instead, he was sentenced to 3 years in prison and fined $750,000.00. He was released from a halfway house in New Mexico on November 22, 2011. Later, it emerged that <mask> might have perjured himself at trial. During a review of the case triggered by allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, investigators for the United States Department of Justice discovered a previously undocumented interview between <mask> and prosecutors.In this interview, <mask> stated that the fair market value of the repairs to Stevens' house was around $80,000, far less than the $250,000 he testified to at trial. Moreover, <mask> said in the interview that he didn't recall talking to Bob Persons, a friend of Stevens, regarding the repair bill for Stevens' house. This directly contradicted <mask>'s testimony at trial, where he claimed Stevens had asked him to give Persons a note Stevens had sent asking for a bill for the repair work. At trial, <mask> said Persons had told him the note shouldn't be taken seriously because "Ted's just covering his ass". The notes of this interview were never given to the defense, as required by U.S. criminal law. The discovery of this interview was cited by U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder in his decision to move to dismiss Stevens' indictment before sentencing—effectively vacating his conviction. "I have determined that it is in the interest of justice to dismiss the indictment and not proceed with a new trial," said Holder.<mask>'s resignation from VECO
On May 11, 2007 the VECO Corporation announced that CEO <mask> and Vice President for Community & Government Affairs Rick Smith had resigned from the corporation. <mask> was succeeded as chairman of the board by his daughter, Tammy Kerrigan. A new CEO had not been chosen. It was not clear if the position of Vice President for Community & Government Affairs would be refilled. Sale of VECO Corporation
In September 2007 VECO Corporation was sold to Colorado-based CH2M HILL corporation. Due to the cloud hanging over its head from the political investigation, it is estimated that VECO was forced to sell for far less than its market value. Though he had no legal obligation to do so, <mask> negotiated that 5% of the proceeds from the sale of VECO be given to the employees for the years of service they had given the company.Tens of millions of assets including the Norcon division yard in Anchorage and other Alaskan and foreign properties, were retained by the family. Personal
<mask> had three children, who received $30 million each from the sale of VECO: Kerrigan, <mask>, and Shannon West. He owned racehorses, including a partnership in the stud horse So Long Birdie, which included his son Mark, Stevens and seven others, and which was managed by Persons. New Mexico veterinarian Leonard Blach and Mark co-owned Mine that Bird, ridden by Calvin Borel, which won the 2009 Kentucky Derby. Going off at 50-1 odds, it was the longest ever odds on a winner of that race. Mark then entered the horse in the second leg of the Triple Crown, the Preakness Stakes. The new owners of Rachel Alexandra a filly that won the Kentucky Oaks, with Borel aboard, intended to enter her in the Preakness as well, with Borel again committed to ride her.Mark attempted to collude with another owner to enter two additional horses, in order to exclude Rachel Alexandra from running by filling the field, and to allow him to have Borel ride Mine that Bird again. After the scheme was exposed, Mark declined to enter his second horse. He issued a press release, stating "Additionally, my decision to enter Indy Express in the Preakness was strictly business but after consulting with my Dad (sic) and Doc Blach, I have decided to withdraw Indy Express to prevent any further miss (sic) understandings. They're (sic) advice to me was just to do what's right, because arrogance and greed isn't right." Rachel Alexandra, with Borel riding her, won the 2009 Preakness Stakes with Mine that Bird ridden by Mike Smith, finishing second, a length behind. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American chief executives of energy companies
American newspaper publishers (people)
Businesspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
American people convicted of bribery
American extortionists
American businesspeople convicted of crimes

masks:
Bill Allen
Bill Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Bill Allen
Bill Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Bill Allen
Allen
Allen
Bill Allen
Mark Allen


texts:
<mask> (19 June 1834 – 31 January 1892) was an English Particular Baptist preacher. Spurgeon remains highly influential among Christians of various denominations, among whom he is known as the "Prince of Preachers". He was a strong figure in the Reformed Baptist tradition, defending the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, and opposing the liberal and pragmatic theological tendencies in the Church of his day. <mask>'s College, which was named after him posthumously.Spurgeon authored sermons, an autobiography, commentaries, books on prayer, devotionals, magazines, poetry, and hymns. Many sermons were transcribed as he spoke and were translated into many languages during his lifetime. He is said to have produced powerful sermons of penetrating thought and precise exposition. His oratory skills are said to have held his listeners spellbound in the Metropolitan Tabernacle and many Christians hold his writings in exceptionally high regard among devotional literature. Biography

Early life

Born in Kelvedon, Essex, he moved to Colchester at 10 months old. Spurgeon's conversion from nominal Congregationalism came on 6 January 1850, at age 15. On his way to a scheduled appointment, a snowstorm forced him to cut short his intended journey and to turn into a Primitive Methodist chapel in Artillery Street, Newtown, Colchester where God opened his heart to the salvation message.The text that moved him was Isaiah 45:22 – "Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth, for I am God, and there is none else." Later that year on 4 April 1850, he was admitted to the church at Newmarket. His baptism followed on 3 May in the river Lark, at Isleham. Later that same year he moved to Cambridge, where he later became a Sunday school teacher. <mask> preached his first sermon in the winter of 1850–51 in a cottage at Teversham while filling in for a friend. From the beginning of <mask>'s ministry, his style and ability were considered to be far above average. In the same year, he was installed as pastor of the small Baptist church at Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire, where he published his first literary work, a Gospel tract written in 1853.New Park Street Chapel

In April 1854, after preaching three months on probation and just four years after his conversion, <mask>, then only 19 years old, was called to the pastorate of London's famed New Park Street Chapel, Southwark (formerly pastored by the Particular Baptists Benjamin Keach, theologian John Gill and John Rippon). This was the largest Baptist congregation in London at the time, although it had dwindled in numbers for several years. Spurgeon found friends in London among his fellow pastors, such as William Garrett Lewis of Westbourne Grove Church, an older man who along with Spurgeon went on to found the London Baptist Association. Within a few months of <mask>'s arrival at Park Street, his ability as a preacher made him famous. The following year the first of his sermons in the "New Park Street Pulpit" was published. Spurgeon's sermons were published in printed form every week and had a high circulation. By the time of his death in 1892, he had preached nearly 3,600 sermons and published 49 volumes of commentaries, sayings, anecdotes, illustrations and devotions.Immediately following his fame was criticism. The first attack in the press appeared in the Earthen Vessel in January 1855. His preaching, although not revolutionary in substance, was a plain-spoken and direct appeal to the people, using the Bible to provoke them to consider the teachings of Jesus Christ. Critical attacks from the media persisted throughout his life. The congregation quickly outgrew their building, and moved to Exeter Hall, then to Surrey Music Hall. At 22, <mask> was the most popular preacher of the day. On 8 January 1856, <mask> married Susannah, daughter of Robert Thompson of Falcon Square, London, by whom he had twin sons, <mask> and Thomas born on 20 September 1856.At the end of that year, tragedy struck on 19 October 1856, as <mask> was preaching at the Surrey Gardens Music Hall for the first time. Someone in the crowd yelled, "Fire!" The ensuing panic and stampede left several dead. Spurgeon was emotionally devastated by the event and it had a sobering influence on his life. For many years he spoke of being moved to tears for no reason known to himself. Walter Thornbury later wrote in "Old and New London" (1897) describing a subsequent meeting at Surrey:

<mask>'s work went on. A Pastors' College was founded in 1856 by Spurgeon and was renamed Spurgeon's College in 1923, when it moved to its present building in South Norwood Hill, London.At the Fast Day, 7 October 1857, he preached to the largest crowd ever – 23,654 people – at The Crystal Palace in London. Spurgeon noted:

Metropolitan Tabernacle

On 18 March 1861, the congregation moved permanently to the newly constructed purpose-built Metropolitan Tabernacle at Elephant and Castle, Southwark, seating 5,000 people with standing room for another 1,000. The Metropolitan Tabernacle was the largest church edifice of its day. <mask> continued to preach there several times per week until his death 31 years later. He never gave altar calls at the conclusion of his sermons, but he always extended the invitation that if anyone was moved to seek an interest in Christ by his preaching on a Sunday, they could meet with him at his vestry on Monday morning. Without fail, there was always someone at his door the next day. He wrote his sermons out fully before he preached, but what he carried up to the pulpit was a note card with an outline sketch.Stenographers would take down the sermon as it was delivered and <mask> would then have opportunity to make revisions to the transcripts the following day for immediate publication. His weekly sermons, which sold for a penny each, were widely circulated and still remain one of the all-time best selling series of writings published in history. Besides sermons, Spurgeon also wrote several hymns and published a new collection of worship songs in 1866 called "Our Own Hymn Book". It was mostly a compilation of Isaac Watts's Psalms and Hymns that had been originally selected by John Rippon, a Baptist predecessor to <mask>. Singing in the congregation was exclusively a cappella under his pastorate. Thousands heard the preaching and were led in the singing without any amplification of sound that exists today. Hymns were a subject that he took seriously.While <mask> was still preaching at New Park Street, he entered the Rivulet controversy over a hymn book. He found its theology largely deistic. At the end of his review, he warned:

We shall soon have to handle truth, not with kid gloves, but with gauntlets, – the gauntlets of holy courage and integrity. Go on, ye warriors of the cross, for the King is at the head of you. On 5 June 1862, Spurgeon challenged the Church of England when he preached against baptismal regeneration. However, Spurgeon taught across denominational lines as well: for example, in 1877 he was the preacher at the opening of a new Free Church of Scotland church building in Dingwall. It was during this period at the new Tabernacle that Spurgeon found a friend in James Hudson Taylor, the founder of the inter-denominational China Inland Mission.Spurgeon supported the work of the mission financially and directed many missionary candidates to apply for service with Taylor. He also aided in the work of cross-cultural evangelism by promoting "The Wordless Book", a teaching tool that he described in a message given on 11 January 1866, regarding Psalm 51:7: "Wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow." The book has been and is still used to teach people without reading skills and people of other cultures and languages –  young and old – around the globe about the Gospel message. On the death of missionary David Livingstone in 1873, a discolored and much-used copy of one of Spurgeon's printed sermons, "Accidents, Not Punishments," was found among his few possessions much later, along with the handwritten comment at the top of the first page: "Very good, D.L." He had carried it with him throughout his travels in Africa. It was sent to Spurgeon and treasured by him. Metropolitan Tabernacle Societies and Institutions
In 1876, 22 years after becoming pastor, Spurgeon published "The Metropolitan Tabernacle: Its History and Work".His intention stated in the preface is to give a 'printed history of the Tabernacle'.The book has 15 chapters and of these 5 are given over to what he called 'Societies and Institutions'. The Five Chapters are:

xi. The Almshouses. Explaining how the New Park Street Chapel site was sold to allow the Tabernacle to build an Almshouse and school. xiii. The Stockwell Orphanage. This opened for 240 boys in 1867 (and later for girls in 1879).These orphanages continued in London until they were bombed in the Second World War. The inspiration for starting an orphanage came from a visit with George Muller. The orphanage changed its name to Spurgeon's Child Care in 1937, and again in 2005 to Spurgeons. Spurgeon was linked more with the Stockwell orphanage than any other Metropolitan Tabernacle endeavour. There are probably four reasons for this:

xiiv. The Colportage Association. Colporters were employed to take Bibles, good books and periodicals for sale, from  house to house.They also were involved in visiting the sick and holding meetings. xv. Other Institutions Connected with the Tabernacle. Here Spurgeon describes 21 other 'Institutions'. Two examples are: The Ordinance Poor Fund which distributed money amongst poor members of the church of about £800 annually, and the Ladies' Benevolent Society. This group made clothing for the poor and 'relieved' them, with an income of £105. Eight years later at <mask>'s fiftieth birthday celebration an updated list of 'Societies and Institutions' was read out.With Spurgeon's strong encouragement and support the 24 groups listed in 'The Metropolitan Tabernacle: Its History and Work', had become 69. Before they are read out Spurgeon says:  "I think everybody should know what the church has been moved to do, and I beg to say that there are other societies besides those which will be mentioned, but you will be tired before you get to the end of them." and finishes after the list by saying: "We have need to praise God that he enables the church to carry on all these institutions." <mask>'s encouragement for members of the Tabernacle to be involved in these ministries was very strong. <mask>'s own regular contributions to them meant that he left his wife only 2,000 pounds, when he died, despite having earned millions from his published sermons and books. He encouraged others to give with comments like these:

On the Green Walk Mission: "Here a good hall must be built. If some generous friend would build a place for this mission, the money would be well laid out",

On colporters: "Mr <mask>’s two Bible classes have generously agreed to support a brother with a Bible Carriage in the streets of London.Would not some other communities of young people do well to have their own man at work in the regions where they dwell? THINK OF IT",

On the almshouses: "WE GREATLY NEED AT LEAST £5000 TO ENDOW THE ALMHOUSES, AND PLACE THE INSTITUTION UPON A PROPER FOOTING. Already C. H<mask>, Thomas Olney, and Thomas Greenwood have contributed £200 each towards the fund, and we earnestly trust that either by donations or legacies the rest of the £5000 will be forthcoming." Spurgeon had one Infirmary built, at the Stockwell Orphanage. However, he also recognised that the poor had limited access to health care and so was also an enthusiastic supporter of the Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund. He left us this quote:

Downgrade controversy

A controversy among the Baptists flared in 1887 with Spurgeon's first "Down-grade" article, published in The Sword & the Trowel. In the ensuing "Downgrade Controversy," the Metropolitan Tabernacle disaffiliated from the Baptist Union, effectuating Spurgeon's congregation as the world's largest self-standing church.Spurgeon framed the controversy in this way:

The Controversy took its name from <mask>'s use of the term "Downgrade" to describe certain other Baptists' outlook toward the Bible (i.e., they had "downgraded" the Bible and the principle of sola scriptura). Spurgeon alleged that an incremental creeping of the Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis, <mask>'s theory of evolution, and other concepts were weakening the Baptist Union. Spurgeon emphatically decried the doctrine that resulted:

The standoff caused division amongst the Baptists and other non-conformists, and is regarded by many as an important paradigm. Opposition to slavery

Spurgeon strongly opposed the owning of slaves. He lost support from the Southern Baptists, sales of his sermons dropped, and he received scores of threatening and insulting letters as a consequence. In a letter to the Christian Watchman and Reflector (Boston), Spurgeon declared:

Restorationism
Like other Baptists of his time, despite opposing Dispensationalism, Spurgeon anticipated the restoration of the Jews to inhabit the Promised Land. Final years and death

Spurgeon's wife was often too ill to leave home to hear him preach.Spurgeon had a long history of poor health. He was already being reported as having gout when he was 33:

By 1871, when he was 37 he was already being advised by his doctors to leave town for his health. His favourite place to go to rest was Menton in the South of France. He was often there in the winter months. He was there often enough to have visitors, with George Müller visiting in 1879  and members of the Baptist Union in 1887, attempting to get him to rejoin the Union. When he was on the improve in Menton he would preach in the local church, or write, such as in 1890 when he wrote a commentary on Matthew while ‘resting’. He became increasingly unwell and in May 1891 he was forced 'to rest'.In 1891 he went to rest in Menton, and remained there three months.During this period he wrote 180 pages of commentary. However, he did not recover and died aged 57, while still in Menton, from gout and congestion of the kidneys. From May 1891 until his death in February 1892 he received 10,000 letters of 'condolence, resolutions of sympathy, telegrams of enquiry'. After returning the body to England it lay in state in the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Two days prior to the funeral, four memorial services where held at the Metropolitan Tabernacle. The first service at 11am was for those with current communion cards, the second at 3pm was for ministers and student pastors, the third at 7pm was for Christians who hadn't gotten in yet and the final service at 11pm included the Stockwell Orphans. Police controlled the crowds waiting to get in during the day, and to help with order, at the end of services people left through a back door.On the day of the funeral eight hundred extra police were on duty along the route the cortége took, from the Metropolitan Tabernacle, past the Stockwell Orphanage and to the Norwood Cemetery. Accounts vary about the number of carriages in the cortege. One account puts it as:

Extra trains were put on to cater for the crowd, along with extra omnibuses and cabs. Except for a few tobacco shops and taverns, the businesses along the funeral route were shut, with some houses displaying black and white material. An estimated total of 100,000 people either passed by <mask> as he lay in state or attended the funeral services. An unknown number lined the streets for the cortége. As the cortége passed the Stockwell Orphanage it stopped briefly while the children sang a verse of one of his favourite hymns “For ever with the Lord,” with the refrain “Nearer home.”.Along the route some flags were at half staff. Spurgeon was survived by his wife and sons. His remains were buried at West Norwood Cemetery in London, where the tomb is still visited by admirers. His son Tom became the pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle after his father died. Library
William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri purchased Spurgeon's 5,103-volume library collection for £500 ($2500) in 1906. The collection was purchased by Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri in 2006 for $400,000 and can be seen on display at the Spurgeon Center on the campus of Midwestern Seminary. A special collection of Spurgeon's handwritten sermon notes and galley proofs from 1879 to 1891 resides at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.Spurgeon's College in London also has a small number of notes and proofs. <mask>'s personal Bible, with his handwritten notes is on display in the library of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, KY

Works

 Cheer For Daily Life: One of the rarest works, printed in 1898 with only three copies printed, and barely referenced in history. He also wrote many volumes of commentaries and other types of literature. Notes

References

Further reading

Source of info from <mask><mask>
 .
 .

Others

 Brackney, William H. A Genetic History of Baptist Thought: With Special Reference to Baptists in Britain and North America. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2004.

 , 700 pp. External links

 Through the Eyes of Spurgeon - Official Documentary on the Life and Ministry of Charles Spurgeon

 Metropolitan Tabernacle – The present Metropolitan Tabernacle seeks to honour the principles honoured by <mask>.

masks:
Charles Haddon Spurgeon
Spurgeonpurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Charles
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Charlesworth
. Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Charles Darwin
Spurgeon
Spurgeon
Charles H
. Spurgeon
Charles Spurgeon


texts:
<mask> (May 6, 1878 – November 18, 1954) was a Russian-born American actor whose career began in the silent era. He appeared in more than 130 films between 1913 and 1955. He was also a playwright, theatre director and  songwriter. Among his songs was the original 1899 barbershop quartet song Heart of My Heart. He was born in Russia and died in Hollywood, California from a heart attack. (1945) – Organist (uncredited)
 The Falcon's Alibi (1946) – Coroner (uncredited)
 O.S.S. (1946) – French Waiter (uncredited)
 Nocturne (1946) – Apartment House Clerk (uncredited)
 It's a Wonderful Life (1946) – Building & Loan Board Member (uncredited)
 The Fabulous Dorseys (1947) – Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
 Love and Learn (1947) - Justice of the Peace (uncredited)
 Welcome Stranger (1947) – Andy Weaver (uncredited)
 I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now (1947) – Dad - Stage Doorman (uncredited)
 Heaven Only Knows (1947) – Storekeeper Townsman (uncredited)
 Nightmare Alley (1947) – J.E.References

External links

<mask> on BroadwayWorld.com

1878 births
1954 deaths
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
American dramatists and playwrights
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
20th-century American male actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)

masks:
Edward Clark
Edward Clark


texts:
<mask>u-man (; born 19 August 1972) is a Hong Kong singer and actress. She is Hong Kong’s Pop diva, with album sales of over million copies throughout Asia. Most notably in the 1990s, she was dubbed by the media as the "Cantopop Queen" (). Having success in entertainment industry for over three decades, <mask> is also best known for her roles in Hong Kong rom-com films in the early 2000s that were box office hits. <mask> holds the record of having the most best sales albums and The Best Sales Local Female Vocalist awards in the Hong Kong Cantopop industry since her debut. From 1993 to 2010, <mask> won a total of 12 Top Female Vocalist awards, 14 The Best Sales Local Female Vocalist Awards and has 7 albums that are The Best Sales Cantonese Release of year. She had also previously won the Most Popular Hong Kong Female Artist Award in annual Top Ten Jade Solid Gold Awards Presentation for three times, and in a year winning also the Gold Song Gold Award, the highest-ranked award which is the last to be presented at the ceremony.She also received Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award for Female Singer in 2011 Metro Radio Hits Awards. She had also won many top honors in various Chinese music awards held in Asia. She has produced over 80 studio albums, 10 live concert albums, over 130 singles (songs) with also over 30 cover songs and had received numerous awards from acting to singing. She also starred in over 35 films and 7 television dramas(in early years) and had held approximately 200 concerts up to date with over 12 concert tours. She is one of the female artists with most concert shows in Hong Kong Coliseum, at 102. Early life
<mask> <mask> was previously named Twinnie <mask>. Contrary to popular belief, "Twiny" is not her birth name.The name came about when Sammi was still in school and her English Language teacher wanted everyone in class to have an English name. When Sammi turned to her sister for help, her sister came up with the name "Twiny". The name was later changed to "Sammi" as "Sammi" sounds a little like "Sau Man". <mask> received her education at SKH St. Peter's Primary School and Tang Shiu Kin Victoria Government Secondary School. She has three sisters and one brother. Two of her sisters are twins. Career

Music
<mask> <mask> entered the entertainment industry at the age of 16 through the New Talent Singing Awards in 1988.Although she came in third in the competition, the sponsoring record company Capital Artists saw her potential and offered her a recording contract. <mask> at the time was still in school, and had to balance her studies with her rising singing career. Sammi released 3 full-length studio albums prior to leaving school: "Sammi", "Holiday" and "Never Too Late". One of her first major award was the 1990 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, where she was recognized as a best new prospect. She capitalized on the attention received from her duet with artist Andy Hui, "Do you really have me in your heart?" (其實你心裡有沒有我), winning the 1993 Jade Solid Gold Top 10 Awards with that song. <mask> then went through a transformation, dying her hair orange, changing her style.Her 4th studio album "Sammi's Happy Maze" (鄭秀文的快樂迷宮) was also released, which include the hit single "Chotto Matte" (Chotto 等等), meaning 'wait a moment' in Japanese. Her new image fitted well with the new single, which was a remake of a Japanese song by Maki Ohguro. The success helped Sammi and boosted her singing career. In 1994 she continued to capitalize on her wild, new image. Her first album of that year was "Big Revenge" (大報復). The album included the hit "Ding Dong" (叮噹), which became one of Sammi's signature songs. But with her new fame also came a lot of backlash from the media.Critics argued that <mask> purposely westernized her Cantonese. Instead of saying "Ding Dong", <mask> pronounced it as "Deen Dong". Despite the criticism, the song was one of the most popular dance songs of that year. In 1994 the racy and controversial cut of "Ten Commandments" (十誡) was banned from the radio for a few days after its initial airplay of the track including tiny bits of what can be recognized as pornography soundtrack. In 1995 <mask> disappeared from the public eye for nearly half a year. Later that year, it was revealed that Warner Music Group had signed her. She let her hair color return to black and temporarily abandoned the wild image she used to have.In 1995 she released her first album "Missing you" (捨不得你). In 1996, the company decided it was time for Sammi to expand her market and fan base beyond Hong Kong. They released her first Mandarin album, "Worth It" (值得). The album was number one on the Taiwan IFPI chart for six consecutive weeks. She won a number of awards, most notably she was voted back-to-back as the most popular female artist by TVB from 1996 to 1997. She went on to win the top female award again in 2001. She would finish that year with her first concert titled "Sammi's X-Dimension Concert" (鄭秀文X空間演唱會).In 1998 she was also a featured star in a Heineken sponsored Music Horizons concert along with international singers such as Boyz II Men and Julian Lennon. By the time <mask> was 24 years old, she had already released four greatest hits albums. In the 1990s, another female star, Faye Wong was one of her main rivals. When they were on stage together, they would be cold to one another. The rivalry was confirmed in the 1999 TVB music award night. Both Wong and <mask> were arranged to sit next to each other backstage. <mask> avoided Wong by repeatedly going off stage to fix her make-up.In addition, her fans were angry and hissed at Faye Wong when she went on stage to receive an award. Wong herself has insisted that the rivalry wasn't true, and that she was friendly toward <mask>. In July 2004, she held 7 nights of "Sammi Vs Sammi" concerts in Hong Kong. She also broke the record as being the youngest female singer to hold more than 50 accumulated concert nights in the city. From December 2014 to January 2015, she held 12 nights of 'Touch Mi' concerts in Hong Kong Coliseum. She also invited heavyweight stars to be the guests of her concerts, including Andy Lau, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Ekin <mask>, Louis Koo, Nick Cheung and Eason Chan. Her 'Touch Mi' concert extends to World Tour in 2015 and 2016 with 4 shows at Genting (Malaysia), 3 shows at Macau (China), 3 shows at Singapore, 2 shows at Guangzhou (China), 1 show at Foshan (China), 1 show at Melbourne (Australia), 2 shows at Sydney (Australia), 1 show at Shenzhen (China), 1 show at London (United Kingdom).Her 'Touch Mi' World Tour concluded in Hong Kong with another 8 shows in September 2016, hence bringing her total number of shows for this world tour to 38. Some of her new guest stars in Touch Mi 2 Hong Kong shows are Dayo Wong, Dicky Cheung, Francis Ng and Alex To. In 2017, she held a series of mini-concert tours entitled Naked. Sammi in Taiwan and China. Also, she held a private mini-concert in Macau, entitled Sammi <mask> VIP Music Private Enjoy Show. She held a single-show Sidetrack Birthday Gig concert at Macau on 19 August 2018 in conjunction of her 46th birthday as a treat to her fans. In conjunction with her 30th anniversary in the entertainment industry, her 10th concert world tour is organized, which began with 13 shows at Hong Kong's Coliseum in July 2019.This brought her total shows in Hong Kong's Coliseum exceeding 100-mark, at 102. In conjunction with her 49th birthday in 2021, she held a single-show 'Listen to Mi Birthday Gig' concert at Hong Kong on 18 August 2021. <mask>'s acting career began with the TVB series A Life of His Own (浪族闊少爺) in 1991. A year later she began her film career with the movie Best of the Best (飛虎精英之人間有情) in 1992 with fellow cantopop star Jacky Cheung. She would follow with another comedy film Feel 100% (百分百感覺) with Ekin <mask> and Gigi Leung. In the late 1990s during the slump of the HK film industry she starred in the film Needing You... by director Johnnie To, co-starring Andy Lau and the movie Summer Holiday in 2000. The films were hits at the box office hit in all South East Asia regions, and Hong Kong has cumulated nearly HK$60 million at the box office.The Needing You... VCD received a sold out record of more than 200,000 copies. From this film, she was also a nominee for "Best Actress" as well as taking part in singing the "Best original film song" in the 2001 Hong Kong Film Award. Following the success of those movies she starred in a few more including Wu Yen, Love on a Diet, Marry a Rich Man, My Left Eye Sees Ghosts and many more. At the 62nd Venice International Film Festival <mask> was one of the front runner for the "Best actress" award for the film Everlasting Regret in 2005. Other contenders for the award included Monica Bellucci, Gwyneth Paltrow, Lee Young-ae and Isabelle Huppert. Sammi had been nominated nine times in Hong Kong Film Awards for best actress, from her performance in 'Needing You' (2001), triple nominations in 2002 for 'Fighting for Love', 'Wu Yen' and 'Love on a Diet', in 2006 for 'Everlasting Regret', in 2012 for 'Romancing in Thin Air', in 2013 for 'Blind Detective' and double nominations in 2019 for 'Fagara' and 'Fatal Visit' but failed to win any so far. This made her to be the actress with most nominations as best actress in Hong Kong Film Awards' history but without any win.She had also received 3 past nominations (for films 'Needing You', 'My Left Eye Sees Ghost', and 'Blind Detective') in best actress at the Taiwan's Golden Horse Awards, the most prestigious awards on Chinese language film. She had won Best Actress from Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards in 2002 for her titular role in 'Wu Yen'. Due to her contribution in Hong Kong film industry and having starred in over 30 films, she is awarded 'Excellence in Asian Cinema' award in 11th Asian Film Awards on 2017. Advertisements
<mask> changes her look and image for every album, which enables her to gain extensive attention and appreciation from the music professional and the public. Sammi is a trendsetter of hair-coloring and has been chosen to be one of the Top Ten fashionable celebrities in Hong Kong. She has been signed and endorsed by many companies. These endorsements include SK-II skin care and Mona Lisa bridal service.Her first album with Warner Music Group, "Can't Give You Up" (捨不得你) released 3 hit singles, "Gentlemen, you are so fine today" (男仕今天你很好), "Can't Give You Up" (捨不得你) and "The Mourning Song for Love" (愛的輓歌). She was selected as the prominent celebrity for the endorsement of Panasonic using "Can't Give You Up" (捨不得你) as the theme song. In the many years of her active presence in entertainment industry, she had been involved in multiple advertisements for various brands ranging from sports shoes, watches, clothings, massager, skin-care products, magazine covers, etc. Post-break career

Break (2005–2007)
In 2005, <mask> had only one feature film release and no music projects. She became a representative for Veeko and Titus, a fashion and watch brand in Hong Kong, respectively. She also began writing Saturday columns for Mingpao magazine. In 2006, she released another greatest hits album, but there were no new tracks.The break was taken to recoup her energy from the entertainment industry. During a break lasting more than a 1,000 days, she reflected upon her life, and became a born-again Christian. Show Mi Tour
After taking a break for about 2 years, she re-invented herself again, and held her 6th concert in HK from 18 to 25 May 2007 titled "Show Mi" (Mi being the nickname of SamMI given by her fans). Due to the huge demand for tickets, the four performances was expanded to eight. She returned to entertain at the age of 34, and invited fellow star Andy Lau and Denise Ho to perform with her. At the end of the first show, audience members continued to shout 'encore' for 15 minutes until <mask> came back out and sang "Our Theme Song" (我們的主題曲). The concert was expanded to the Show Mi Tour.She then continues actively in Hong Kong entertainment industry after about two years of rest, marking a strong comeback with many more concerts held at Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada, United States, Australia, etc. She also continued to work in films and had starred in various commercial advertisements. Community work
In 2003 <mask> performed at the 1:99 Concert to raise funds for SARS affected families. She had participated in the 2008 Chinese winter storm support effort where many artists including Andy Lau, Alan Tam, Kelly Chen, etc. recorded a song called "Warmth in the Snow" in support of those effected by the storm. She was also a participant of the Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign. In April 2008, she participated in the activities of World Vision.She traveled to Laos with fellow singer Gigi Leung, also a World Vision volunteer, to experience for themselves the struggles of the local people and children. They also visited the local children there to find out more on their situation where food and supplies are lacking. When <mask> returned to Hong Kong, she and Leung were invited to a radio program 903 to talk about the experience; she responded by announcing she had "adopted" 24 children. Filmography

Film

Television series
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
!

masks:
Sammi Cheng Sa
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Sammi
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Sammi
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Sammi
Sammi
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Acting Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Cheng
Sammi
Cheng
Sammi


texts:
<mask> (6 July 1937 – 14 January 2008) was a British/Swiss German harpsichordist, clavichordist, organist and musicologist, whose worldwide reputation was based on his performances of music of all periods, though best known for his pioneering recordings of early keyboard music accompanied by his meticulously informative liner notes. He was born in the Chahar province of China in 1937, the son of a British father, <mask> (c.1909–1955), and a Swiss-German mother, Wilhelmina ("Mina", 1908–1993), who were licensed preachers and missionaries to Mongolia. During World War II he and his family were imprisoned in a Japanese internment camp in Shanghai. The family subsequently moved to England and then to Switzerland, where <mask> received his primary musical education. where, while studying at the Collège de Vevey, <mask> exhibited an aptitude for languages and an interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and started receiving musical education. <mask>'s family moved again, this time to Connecticut, where his father became the pastor of Faith Assembly of God in Hartford. However, Rev.<mask>'s health had been compromised by the tortures of the internment camp, from which he never fully recovered. He served the Hartford church from 1951 till a fatal heart attack on 12 November 1955, at age 46. (His death was a blow to the church, which under his leadership doubled in size.) Meanwhile, his son <mask>  studied at Trinity College and Hartt College of Music; his teachers included Raymond Hanson, Noretta Conci, Clarence Watters, Josef Marx, Luigi Silva and Fernando Valenti; he was the last, youngest pupil of Wanda Landowska. While at Hartt, he met cellist Phoebe Joyce, who became his wife in 1966. The young couple settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts. <mask> served for many years as lecturer at Boston University and He lectured at Northeastern University and at the Boston Architectural Center.He toured extensively throughout North America and then in Europe, where his first appearances were under the aegis of the BBC. For many years he was organist and music director for Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Boston; under his direction, WGBH offered the first live broadcast in North America of a Christmastime Festival of Lessons and Carols. His most personal and signal honour was the invitation to play at the reinaugration of the restored Wenzelkirche organ at Naumburg, the only large organ designed by Bach. Though his performance debut featured contemporary music, and though he gave the first performances of works by Norman Dello Joio, Elliott Carter, Charles Wuorinen, Arnold Franchetti and other prominent contemporaries and was the accompanist of Joan Sutherland on her first American tour, he was most widely known as a harpsichord recitalist who specialised in the work of Baroque composers, some of them little known. (Notable performances included a 1973 appearance in the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston.) He started a recording career with the Haydn Society and from the 1960s onwards he made over a hundred solo recordings, recording for Vox, Turnabout, Decca and Musical Heritage labels: in 1964 his was the first recording of selections from the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book a contemporaneous anthology of Elizabethan works for keyboard. His Spaced-out Bach (RCA Victor Red Seal) explored the quadraphonic technology and enjoyed a cross-over success.A 1995 music review in The Boston Globe began "Organist <mask> has probably recorded more music than most people have heard." Across Europe he sought to record on historically appropriate organs, applying his impeccable attention to stylistic detail. His concertising extended to radio– notably his PBS series The Bach Connection for the Bach tercentenary– and television, for which he composed and performed music for PBS' Classic Theater, Nova and Revolutionary Women. In the early 1980s <mask> accepted an invitation from the Episcopal Parish of All Saints, Ashmont, Massachusetts, and the family moved to Dorchester. For nine years <mask> worked as organist and directed the church's choirs, including the Choir of Men and Boys. There he made a mark as a musical evangelist among the young, and the Men and Boys at All Saints performed in many venues, including radio and television; and was featured in national magazines. After several years, <mask> left the Ashmont church and concentrated on his recording career.In early 2000s this was cut short by a stroke, which left <mask> unable to play to his own exacting standard. He turned his attention to photography, and in late 2006 the family moved to Mount Vernon, Maine. On 14 January 2008 <mask> died of a heart attack. He was survived by wife and his son <mask>, photographer. <mask>'s discography contains nearly 100 items, most being recordings of early keyboard music. This includes the complete organ works of Johann Pachelbel, the complete keyboard works of John Blow, recordings of music by numerous neglected composers including John Bull, Gottlieb Muffat and Johan Helmich Roman. In addition to the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book he also recorded extensive selections from other important early music manuscripts, such as the Buxheimer Orgelbuch, the Andreas Bach Buch, the Dublin Virginal Manuscript, and the chorales in the Neumeister Collection, of which he made the world-premiere recording, J.S.Bach Choral Preludes (Harmonia Mundi} recorded and released prior to the recording by Werner Jacob). Record labels with which <mask> worked included Bis, Naxos, Harmonia Mundi, Hänssler Classics and others. <mask> worked for radio, producing several syndicated series such as The Bach Connection. His son, Christopher, is a photographer working from New York City. Partial discography
 Albero: Harpsichord Sonatas (Bis)
 Bach: Chorale Preludes (Neumeister Chorales) (Harmonia Mundi)
 Bach: French Suites (Bis)
 Bach: Goldberg Variations (Bis)
 Bach: Klavierbüchlein for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (Hanssler Classics)
 Bull: Pavans and Galliards (Bis)
 Couperin (François): Pièces de Clavecin (Bis)
 Dieupart: Six Suitees de Clavesin (Centaur)
 Duphly: Pièces de Clavecin (Centaur)
 Muffat (Gottlieb): Componimenti Musicali per il cembalo (Centaur)
 Pachelbel: The Complete Organ Works (Centaur)
 Pachelbel: Keyboard Suites (Bis)
 Roman: 12 Suites for Harpsichord (Bis)
 Scarlatti: Essercizi per gravicembalo (Bis)
 Stanford: Organ Sonatas, Opp. 151–153 (Marco Polo)
 Telemann: Fantasies (Centaur)
 VA: Andreas Bach manuscript (Koch Discover Int'l)
 VA: Dublin Virginal Manuscript (Koch Discover Int'l)
 VA: Early English Organ Music (Naxos, 2 volumes)
 VA: Early French Organ Music (Naxos, 2 volumes)
 VA: German Organ Music (Naxos, 2 volumes)
 VA: Das Buxheimer Orgelbuch (Naxos, 3 volumes)
 VA: The Fitzwilliam Virginal Book (Vox (Classical))
 VA: The Queenes Command, music by English virginalists
 VA: Vox Organalis: Gothic Keyboard Music (Koch Discover Int'l)

External links
Artist page at Naxos site
Obituary in Boston Globe

References

1941 births
2008 deaths
British harpsichordists
British performers of early music
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century British musicians
People from Mount Vernon, Maine
Harmonia Mundi artists
Centaur Records artists
Naxos Records artists

masks:
Joseph Payne
Joseph
Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Joseph
Payne
Joseph Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne
Christopher Payne
Payne
Payne
Payne


texts:
<mask> (born August 15, 1950) is an American photographer and artist. His work, often considered transgressive art, includes photos of corpses and uses feces and bodily fluids. His Piss Christ (1987) is a red-tinged photograph of a crucifix submerged in a glass container of what was purported to be the artist's own urine. He also created the artwork for the heavy metal band Metallica's Load and Reload albums. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City on August 15, 1950. He is from a half Honduran, half Afro-Cuban background, and was raised a strict Roman Catholic. He studied from 1967 to 1969 at the Brooklyn Museum Art School, yet is considered to be a self-taught photographer.In December 1980, he married artist Julie Ault. In a 2012 interview, Serrano references Ault as his "first wife" and Irina Movmyga as his current wife. Serrano has said that he is a Christian. Career

He worked as an assistant art director at an advertising firm, before creating his first works in 1983. Photographer Alex Harsley put <mask>'s work in his first New York City show at his Fourth Street Photo Gallery. His work has been exhibited in diverse locations around the world including the Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, World without end (2001), and a retrospective at the Barbican Arts Centre in London, Body and soul (2001). His exhibitions have often inspired angry reactions.On October 5, 2007, his group of photographs called The History of Sex were on display and several were vandalized at an art gallery in Lund, Sweden by people who were believed to be part of a neo-Nazi group. On April 16, 2011, after two weeks of protests and a campaign of hate mail and abusive phone calls to an art gallery displaying his work, orchestrated by groups of French Catholic fundamentalists, approximately a thousand people marched through the streets of Avignon, to protest outside the gallery. On April 17, 2011, two of his works, Piss Christ and The Church, were vandalized. The gallery director plans to reopen the museum with the damaged works on show "so people can see what barbarians can do". Serrano usually makes large prints of about . He has shot an array of subject matter including portraits of Klansmen, morgue photos, and pictures of burn victims. He went into the New York City Subway with lights and photographic background paper to portray the bedraggled homeless, as well as producing some rather tender but sometimes decidedly kinky portraits of couples.One of these last shows what Adrian Searle of The Guardian described as "a young couple, she with a strap-on dildo, he with a mildly expectant expression." Many of Serrano's pictures involve bodily fluids in some way—depicting, for example, blood (sometimes menstrual blood), semen (for example, Blood and Semen II (1990)) or human breast milk. Within this series are a number of works in which objects are submerged in bodily fluids. Among these is Piss Christ (1987), a photograph of a plastic crucifix submerged in a glass of the artist's own urine, which caused great controversy when first exhibited. The work was sold for $277,000 in 1999, which was far beyond the estimated $20,000 – $30,000. Serrano, alongside other artists such as Robert Mapplethorpe, Barbara Degenevieve, and Merry Alpern, became a figure whom Senator Jesse Helms, and Senator Alphonse D'Amato, as well as other cultural conservatives, attacked for producing offensive art while others, including The New York Times, defended him in the name of artistic freedom. (See the American "culture wars" of the 1990s).<mask>'s series Objects of Desire, from the early 1990s, features close-ups of firearms, photographed at the Slidell, Louisiana home of artist Blake Nelson Boyd. Included is a shot, against a glowing orange background, down the barrel of a loaded .45 revolver (belonging to Boyd's grandfather) that was used by Jonas Mekas for the cover of the April–May–June 2007 Anthology Film Archives catalog. Critical reception of <mask>'s work has been mixed. In a 1989 New York Times review, critic Michael Brenson responded to <mask>'s series of Cibachrome photographs of iconic objects submerged in bodily fluids: "You cannot consider the content of Mr. Serrano's work without considering his attitude toward photography. It is the photograph that breaks through convention, that makes the search possible and that enables the artist to sort out what he likes and does not like in religion and art. It is the photograph that becomes the vessel of transformation and revelation. The photograph then becomes an icon that, for Mr. Serrano, replaces the false icons in his work.The photograph is clean and purified, the reliquary or shrine in which he clearly believes that the word about the body can be stored and spread." Reviewing later work in 2001, Guardian art critic Adrian Searle was not impressed: he found that Serrano's photos were "far more about being lurid than anything else... In the end, the show is all surface, and looking for hidden depths does no good." Continuing his use of biological matter, more recent work of Serrano's uses feces as a medium. <mask>'s work Blood and Semen III is used as the cover of heavy metal band Metallica's album Load, while "Piss and Blood" is used on Reload. <mask> also directed a video for industrial metal group Godflesh, "Crush My Soul". In 2008, <mask>'s piece The Interpretation of Dreams (White Nigger) was selected to participate in The Renaissance Society's group exhibit, "Black Is, Black Ain't".Serrano adopted the alter ego "Brutus Faust" to create the full-length album Vengeance Is Mine in July 2010. The album contains covers of classic songs from the 1960s, and original compositions including four songs written by Serrano's wife Irina Movmyga as well as one song co-written by Serrano, Thad DeBrock, and album producer Steve Messina of New York City–based band Blow Up Hollywood. Coinciding with the release of the album are the videos Goo Goo Gaga, Love Letters, and Bad Moon Rising. Goo Goo Gaga consists mostly of black-and-white footage from the 1940s, which makes parallels between the Depression and the present day, with the images of "Brutus" shot by Francesco Carrozzini. Love Letters is footage taken from cult director Joe Sarno's Flesh and Lace. Bad Moon Rising consists entirely of footage Serrano compiled from several short films by John Santerineross. All of these short films were edited by Vincent V.

In 2013, Serrano made a work of art called Sign of the Times by collecting 200 signs from homeless people in New York City, usually paying $20 for each sign.He described the work as "a testimony to the homeless men and women who roam the streets in search of food and shelter. It's also a chronicle of the times we live in." Over the course of several months, Serrano engaged with over 85 homeless individuals in Manhattan and photographed them for a series called Residents of New York, a site-specific public art exhibition on display from May 19 to June 15, 2014, at the West Fourth Street – Washington Square subway station, on LaGuardia Place (between West 3rd and Bleecker Streets), at Judson Memorial Church, and in phone booths and posters around the city. The installation was produced and developed by More Art, a nonprofit organization based in New York that is dedicated to the development of socially engaged public art projects. Serrano initially photographed homeless individuals in the city in 1990 for a series of studio-style portraits titled Nomads. In Residents of New York, he removed his signature studio elements, focusing instead on personal connectivity and interaction directly on the streets of New York City, where the homeless live. See also
Banksy
Blood Cross
Cinema of Transgression
New French Extremity
Nick Zedd
Shock art
Transgressive art

References

External links

1950 births
African-American Christians
African-American photographers
American photographers
People with albinism
Artists from New York City
Hispanic and Latino American artists
Living people
American people of Honduran descent
American people of Cuban descent
Censorship in the arts
Obscenity controversies in photography
Obscenity controversies in art
People of Afro–Cuban descent
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
Brooklyn Museum Art School alumni
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Andres Serrano
Serrano
Serrano
Serrano
Serrano
Serrano
Serrano
Serrano
Serrano


texts:
<mask> (January 24, 1832 – February 6, 1865) was a career soldier from Virginia who served as an officer in the United States Army and then as a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He became the first former U.S. Army officer to be captured in Confederate service in 1861 and was killed in action near the end of the war. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Petersburg, Virginia, the oldest son of third generation planter <mask> and <mask>. His grandfather and namesake, <mask>, had been a major general, commanding all Virginia forces during the War of 1812. His father, <mask>, was a prominent attorney, militia brigadier general, and bank president in Richmond. However, in October 1844, <mask> was killed in a steamboat accident on the Ohio River, leaving a widow, who had to open a girls' school to support her five children. One of <mask>'s younger brothers was the future Confederate artillerist <mask>.His great grandmother's half-brother was North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon. <mask> was appointed to the United States Military Academy in 1850. He graduated four years later, ranking tenth in his class, which also included future generals J.E.B. Stuart, Stephen D. Lee and Oliver O. Howard. <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to the dragoons. He served at a variety of garrisons and outposts in the West. In January 1857, he was appointed Assistant Instructor of Cavalry at West Point.<mask> was granted a leave of absence in 1858–59 to travel to Europe to observe the Austro-Sardinian War. Returning home, he was assigned in 1860 to duty on the frontier in the New Mexico Territory. Civil War
In May 1861, when news arrived that his native Virginia had seceded, <mask> resigned his lieutenant's commission and returned home. In early July 1861, he accepted a commission as a lieutenant colonel and was assigned command of the 20th Virginia Infantry. His regiment was part of the brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert S. Garnett and served in western Virginia fighting Union troops under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. On July 11, 1861, cut off from Garnett's main body during the Battle of Rich Mountain, <mask> controversially surrendered his entire regiment to the Federals.Thus <mask> became the first former U.S. Army officer to be captured while in Confederate service. His men were paroled, but <mask> was imprisoned for six months in Fort Warren in Boston harbor. In January 1862, <mask> was paroled in Baltimore, Maryland, and allowed to travel to Richmond while awaiting a formal exchange for a captive Union officer. There, he met prominent socialite Hetty Cary, who became his fianceé. When finally exchanged, <mask> was promoted to colonel and became the Chief Engineer of the army of General Pierre G. T. Beauregard and then to Braxton Bragg. Within a short time, he was assigned as Chief of Staff for Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith and served in the Kentucky Campaign. <mask> was promoted to brigadier general in November 1862 and given command of a cavalry brigade.His performance before the Battle of Stones River in December was criticized by his superiors for failing to provide proper intelligence on enemy movements. In March 1863, he led an ill-fated raid into Kentucky that was defeated at the Battle of Somerset and drew criticism from his subordinate officers, including <mask> Morgan. He remained in command, however, and was ordered to report to the Army of Northern Virginia in October after he requested reassignment back to the Eastern Theater. However, before leaving, <mask> and his division fought under Nathan Bedford Forrest at the Battle of Chickamauga. <mask> was given command of a veteran Virginia infantry brigade in the division of Jubal A. Early. In May, <mask> was wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness and went home to recuperate.Returning to field duty that fall, he served with distinction during Early's independent Valley Campaign as a division commander. Following the  disastrous Battle of Cedar Creek, Early's survivors, including <mask>, returned to the Army of Northern Virginia in the Petersburg trenches. On January 19, 1865, <mask> married Hetty Cary in a well-attended ceremony in St. Paul's Church in Richmond. Among the celebrants was Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his wife, Varina. Less than three weeks later, <mask> was killed in action during the Battle of Hatcher's Run. His funeral was held in the same church where he had recently been married, with many of the same attendees. His younger brother William would be killed in some of the war's last fighting at the Battle of Five Forks in April.<mask> was buried in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery. In fiction

In MacKinlay Kantor's 1961 alternate history book "If the South Had Won the Civil War", <mask> appears as one of several prominent people who would have campaigned for the Abolition of Slavery in an independent Confederacy and eventually achieved it by 1885. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, <mask>., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Evans, Clement A., ed. Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History. Vol. 3 of 12.Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company, 1899. .
 Laidig, Scott. Brigadier General <mask>, Lee's Paradoxical Cavalier. Essay, Ohio State University, 1998. Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links
OSU biography of Pegram
Rich Mountain battlefield website, with bio of Pegram

Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
People from Petersburg, Virginia
1832 births
1865 deaths
Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)

masks:
John Pegram
John Pegram
James West Pegram
Virginia Johnson Pegram
John Pegram
James Pegram
James Pegram
John Pegram
William Ransom Johnson Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
John Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
John Hunt
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
Pegram
John H
John Pegram


texts:
<mask>  (born 30 September 1956) is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Sheffield in the UK. Early life
<mask> was born in Sheffield in the United Kingdom. After attending Uppingham School in Rutland and then High Storrs School in his home town, he attended the University College of North Wales, Bangor as an undergraduate before registering for a PhD in Experimental Psychology at the same institution. Career
After being awarded his doctorate, he moved to the University of Liverpool to undertake professional training as a clinical psychologist. He later returned to his alma mater of Liverpool to work as a lecturer, after a brief stint working for the National Health Service as a forensic clinical psychologist. Later, he studied for an MA in Philosophy Applied to Healthcare from the University of Wales, Swansea. He was eventually promoted to Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Liverpool.In 1999, he accepted a position at the University of Manchester, collaborating with researchers based there who were working in understanding the treatment of psychotic experiences. After returning in 2007 to a professorial position at Bangor University, where he retains an honorary professorship, he returned to the University of Liverpool in 2011, before moving to the University of Sheffield in 2017. His research continues to focus on the psychological mechanisms of severe mental illness and social factors that affect these mechanisms, which has led to a recent interest in public mental health. In 1989, he received the British Psychological Society's Division of Clinical Psychology 'May Davidson Award', an annual award for outstanding contributions to the field of clinical psychology, in the first ten years after qualifying. In 2014 he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy, the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. Research
He has previously published research on differences between human and animal operant conditioning and on the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. However, he is best known for his work in psychosis, especially the psychological processes responsible for delusions and hallucinations and has published extensively in these areas.His research on persecutory (paranoid) delusions has explored the idea that these arise from dysfunctional attempts to regulate self-esteem, so that the paranoid patient attributes negative experiences to the deliberate actions of other people. His research on hallucinations has identified a failure of source monitoring (the process by which events are attributed to either the self or external sources) as responsible for hallucinating patients' inability to recognise that their inner speech (verbal thought) belongs to themselves. Along with many other British researchers, he has used these discoveries to inform the development of new psychological interventions for psychosis, based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This work has included randomised controlled trials of CBT for first episode patients and patients experiencing an at risk mental state for psychosis. In a 1992 thought experiment, Bentall proposed that happiness might be classified as a psychiatric disorder. The purpose of the paper was to demonstrate the impossibility of defining psychiatric disorder without reference to values. The paper was mentioned on the satirical television program Have I Got News for You and quoted by the novelist Philip Roth in his novel Sabbath's Theater.He has edited and written several books, most notably Madness Explained, which was winner of the British Psychological Society Book Award in 2004. In this book, he advocates a psychological approach to the psychoses, rejects the concept of schizophrenia and considers symptoms worthwhile investigating in contrast to the Kraepelinian syndromes. (Refuting Kraepelin's big idea that serious mental illness can be divided into discrete types is the starting chapter of the book.) A review by Paul Broks in The Sunday Times summarised its position as: "Like Szasz, Bentall is firmly opposed to the biomedical model, but he also takes issue with extreme social relativists who would deny the reality of madness." In the book, Bentall also argues that no clear distinction exists between those diagnosed with mental illnesses and the "well". While this notion is more widely accepted in psychiatry when it comes to anxiety and depression, Bentall insists that schizotypal experiences are also common. In 2009 he published Doctoring The Mind: Is Our Current Treatment Of Mental Illness Really Any Good?A review of this book by neuro-scientist Roy Sugarman argued that it allied itself with the anti-psychiatry movement in its critiques of biological psychiatry. The review in PsycCRITIQUES was more nuanced, pointing out that Bentall did not reject psycho-pharmacology, but that he was concerned over its overuse. In 2010, <mask> and John Read co-authored a literature review on "The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy" (ECT). It examined placebo-controlled studies and concluded ECT had minimal benefits for people with depression and schizophrenia. The authors said "given the strong evidence of persistent and, for some, permanent brain dysfunction, primarily evidenced in the form of retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and the evidence of a slight but significant increased risk of death, the cost-benefit analysis for ECT is so poor that its use cannot be scientifically justified". Psychiatrists, however, sharply criticized this paper in passing by calling it an "evidence-poor paper with an anti-ECT agenda". In 2012, <mask> and collaborators in Maastricht published a meta-analysis of the research literature on childhood trauma and psychosis, considering epidemiological, case-control, and prospective studies.This study found that the evidence that childhood trauma confers a risk of adult psychosis is highly consistent, with children who have experienced trauma (sexual abuse, physical abuse, loss of a parent or bullying) being approximately three times more likely to become psychotic than non-traumatised children; there was a dose-response effect (the most severely traumatised children were even more likely to become psychotic) suggesting that the effect is causal. This finding, and other findings suggesting that there are many social risk factors for severe mental illness, has led to Bentall's current interest in public mental health. Bibliography
 (The UK title is Doctoring the Mind: Why Psychiatric Treatments Fail)

Morrison, A. P. & Renton, & J & French P & Bentall, R. P. (2008) Think You're Crazy? Think Again: A Resource Book for Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis London: Routledge. Bentall, R. P. (2003) Madness Explained: Psychosis and Human Nature London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Bentall, <mask> (1999). Why There Will Never Be a Convincing Theory of Schizophrenia. In S. Rose (ed).From brains to consciousness? Essays on the new sciences of mind London: Penguin Books. <mask>, R. P. & Slade, P. D. (eds) (1992) Reconstructing Schizophrenia London: Routledge. <mask>, R. P. & Slade, P. D. (1988) Sensory Deception: A Scientific Analysis of Hallucination Johns Hopkins University Press. See also
Spectrum (psychiatry)

References

External links
<mask>l staff profile University of Bangor
Psychiatry's failed paradigm, guest blog entry in the Washington Post (4 January 2010)

1956 births
Living people
Anti-psychiatry
British psychologists
Schizophrenia researchers
Fellows of the British Academy
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Clinical psychologists
Alumni of Bangor University
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Alumni of Swansea University

masks:
Richard Bentall
Richard Bentall
Bentall
Bentall
Richard
Bentall
Bentall
Richard Bental