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, also known as <mask>, is a Japanese musician, composer, sound designer, and executive who pioneered chiptune music. He is best known as one of Nintendo's in-house composers during the 8- and 16-bit era of video games. <mask> also had a role in designing and programming the Famicom and Game Boy audio hardware, along with the NES Zapper, Game Boy Camera, and Game Boy Printer. <mask>'s soundtrack credits include Metroid (1986), Kid Icarus (1986), Super Mario Land (1989), Tetris (1989), Mother (1989), Dr. Mario (1990), and EarthBound (1994). As the president of Creatures, he continues to be involved with Nintendo, more specifically the Pokémon franchise. Biography

Early life
Born to a schoolteacher mother who had <mask> undergo piano lessons, <mask> recounted that he first began paying serious attention to music while in elementary school, and attempted to form a band during that time. His first band was formed when he was in middle school, a Beatles and Elton John cover group, which sometimes performed concerts at his school.He has held a longstanding obsession with reggae music. In his teens, he was also in a reggae band, which was known variously by the names the Shampoos or Roots Rockers. For the music event "Reggae Sunsplash" held in Osaka, the Shampoos were an opening act for Sly and Robbie on more than one occasion. <mask> did meet the duo during those times. On The Shampoos, <mask> described it as an obscure local band which did gigs in Tokyo about once or twice a year, and that it was "never a formal thing". Employment at Nintendo
In 1980, after graduating from university with a degree in electronic engineering, <mask> successfully applied for a job at Nintendo as a sound designer. He did not initially want to be an engineer, but Nintendo were accordingly scouting for "different sounds or toys or something at the time.I thought toys would be relatively stress-free, so I applied." The first game <mask> worked on was Space Firebird (1980), where <mask> was composer and constructed a new sound chip for particular sound effects. Following this, <mask> worked on Donkey Kong (1981), providing the sound effects for Mario's footsteps and jumps. Usually, the same sound effect was repeated across many different actions, but <mask>'s approach differed where he invented subtle variations. He attempted to insert voice synthesis for the game's damsel-in-distress, but the idea was vetoed by then-Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi's daughter, who did not feel that the sample sounded like the exclamation "help me!". <mask> noted that he learned "a lot" from series creator Shigeru Miyamoto due to his perfectionism and "level of commitment". Donkey Kong 3 (1983) was the first game where <mask> acted both as composer and sound effects designer.His approach to game composition carried on from his dub obsession: "For instance, if you listen to the music [in Wrecking Crew (1985)], you could recognize that some parts are drum and bass only. So that turned out to be an idea for working around the limitations of the game software. I figured that, to get the most out of the game music, a dub-based structure would be a really great solution. I'd play the melody in some parts, then cut it off and insert a part with just drums and bass, and vice versa. No one else was doing it, but it was what I wanted to do." <mask> described what he remembered as a "typical day" at Nintendo in the brief period following the release of the Famicom home game console:

While working full-time at Nintendo on two or three games a year, and sometimes two simultaneously, <mask> continued playing gigs in Osaka and Tokyo with the Shampoos. Sometime in the late 1980s, they recorded the 45 rpm "Thunder Dub" which prominently sampled the opening drumbeat from the Beatles' "Sgt.Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" (1967). <mask> did not personally see a difference between the music he composed for video games and the music he composed in his off time. For Metroid (1986), <mask> acknowledged that games were becoming more complex, and his scores were becoming more like a film's, desiring in Metroid not to "repeat the same game-melody cliches," although he recalls that the game's soundtrack was not well-received within Nintendo because of its dark atmosphere. He was inspired by the film Birdy (1984) to create a game score that was dark until the very end, where the player would finally receive music with a strong melody. Despite disapproval from his Nintendo colleagues, <mask> was allowed full creative freedom on projects, and even had a fluctuating role in influencing some games' content and play style. He remembers Nintendo's strict, repeated criticisms over the amount of "fun" a game would have, but that there was no financial pressure in creating games, nor were there sales quotas to meet. At the time of Dr. Mario (1990), <mask> began observing an increasing number of "serious" game composers who had graduated from music schools.Dr. Mario was thus the first time <mask> had asserted his musical personality in a game. <mask> was one of "about five or six" Nintendo-based developers who designed the Game Boy hardware. He was inspired to develop the Game Boy Camera from a product called ViewCam that was popular at the time — <mask> also ran experiments on the possibility of watching television via the Game Boy. Creatures Inc.
At the advice of EarthBound (1994) co-worker Tsunekazu Ishihara, <mask> would join Creatures as a guest composer, where he would end up composing multiple songs for the first Japanese Pokémon anime. Despite the fact that his themes were not used in the West, they inspired best-selling singles and albums in Japan due to their popularity there. <mask> was eventually forbidden by Nintendo to continue to write more songs for the anime due to their policy of not allowing employees to work for other companies, so he resigned at Nintendo and joined Creatures full-time in 1999. <mask> succeeded Ishihara to become the president of Creatures in 2001.Starting in the late 2000s, <mask> began to perform at Japanese dance clubs under the name "<mask>". The moniker was suggested by a foreign acquaintance, as <mask> thought "<mask>" was too attached to his time at Nintendo. Influences
<mask> has said that his tastes in his youth were typical of the time, listening to artists such as the Beatles and the Carpenters. His first exposure to dub music was through the 1978 album Negrea Love Dub by Linval Thompson while eating pasta at a restaurant with live music in Kyoto. It was the record's use of exaggerated tape delay which astounded <mask>, who stopped eating every time he heard it occur: "I thought 'Is this music sick?' But the more I listened to it, that groove with the bass line and the mixer... I think the mixer takes full control of it, directly and instinctively.When I felt it, I thought 'This is amazing.' I was totally hooked." <mask> explained his fascination with reggae music and his application for it in his game scores: "It wasn't proactive on my part. I was a music lover that happened to be working at Nintendo. ... The reason I like reggae, especially dub, is because there actually is vocal and guitar on it, let's say, but in the essence, it's strictly driven by drums and bass. That's what I love about it the most.... I think I like how there's this raw aspect to it. The gritty, raw quality of the sound, let's say. That really caught my ears. And that deep bass sound, the "buuu..." That was something I never heard before in rock music. It drove me like no other genre in music." Among specific musical influences, <mask> has cited Brian Wilson, Randy Newman, Stackridge, Yabby U, the Flying Lizards, Prince, Lalo Rodriguez, My Bloody Valentine, Frank Zappa, Keiichi Suzuki, Hal Willner's various artists compilations, Sly Dunbar, Jah Wobble, and the Slits.The "hip" in "<mask>" came from hip hop, with his favorite artist of the genre being A Tribe Called Quest. Works

Other works

Anime

Video games

References

External links

1957 births
Chiptune musicians
Dub musicians
Japanese chief executives
Japanese composers
Japanese male composers
Japanese reggae musicians
Japanese video game producers
Living people
Metroid
Nintendo people
Musicians from Kyoto
Video game composers

masks:
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<mask> (Puhihwitsikwasʉ) (born c. late 1780s or early 1790sdied 1858) was a Native American War Chief and Chief of the Comanche Indians. <mask> was a Comanche chieftain and medicine man whom the Comanche believed had the power to blow bullets aside with his breath. His name probably resulted from his habit of wearing a Spanish coat of mail into battle, which protected him from most light weapons fire. On May 12, 1858, the jacket (probably inherited from his ancestors) failed to protect him, and he was killed on the bank of the South Canadian River in the Battle of Little Robe Creek where his band of Quahadi Comanches fought a combined force of Texas Rangers and Brazos Reservation Indians led by John S. Ford, Sul Ross, and Placido, the Tonkawa chief. Early life
Not much is known about <mask>i chief Waakakwasi ("Trotter", called by Mexicans “Cota-de-Maya” or “Cota-de-Malla”, i.e. "Iron Shirt" or "Iron Jacket").He became a chief among the Kwahadi, or Antelope-eaters, Band of the Comanche. He appears to have been both a hereditary chief and a War Chief. Little else is known about <mask>, except that he led dozens of terrifying raids on settlers from the 1820s to the 1850s in Texas and Mexico. In 1835, consequently to the Camp Holmes Council, he likely signed (his name was reported as Pohowetowshah, "Brass Man") the treaty with gen. M. Arbuckle and sen. Monfort Stokes, along with chiefs such Tawaquenah ("Sun Eagle") of the Kotsoteka and Amorous Man of the Penateka Comanche. In 1840 he likely was one of the leaders dealing, on the Comanche and Kiowa side, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho in the negotiations for the peace and alliance agreement promoted by the Yamparika chief Ten Bears). It is believed today that he was a hereditary chief of the Comanche, and for decades the US and Mexican victims of his raids considered him a supernatural being because of his seeming invulnerability to any harm. Members of the Rangers, posses and the military on various occasions insisted that they shot the chief dead center without harming him.Evidently, this was because of the coat of old Spanish mail the chief wore, which appears to have protected him from light weapons fire. In any event, he was a feared and dangerous figure along the Texas and Mexican border, and in the Comancheria in the decades leading up to the American Civil War. Antelope Hills Expedition

The years leading up to the Civil War were particularly bloody on the Texas Frontier, as <mask>, his son Peta Nocona, and other Comanche and Kiowa Chiefs fought back against the encroaching white settlers in the Comancheria. In response to these raids, on January 27, 1858, Governor Runnels appointed John Salmon "Rip" Ford, a veteran Ranger of the Mexican–American War and frontier Indian fighter, as captain and commander of the Texas Ranger, Militia, and Allied Indian Forces, and ordered him to carry the battle to the Comanches in the heart of their homeland on the Comancheria. Ford, who earned his name due to his habit of signing  casualty reports with the initials "RIP" for "Rest In Peace," was known as a ferocious and no-nonsense Indian fighter. Commonly missing from the history books was his proclivity for ordering the wholesale slaughter of any Indian, man or woman, he could find. Ford's reason for this was simple: Comanche raids were brutal in their treatment of settlers.Thus, Ford determined to meet brutality with brutality. Governor Runnels issued very explicit orders to Ford, "I impress upon you the necessity of action and energy. Follow any trail and all trails of hostile or suspected hostile Indians you may discover and if possible, overtake and chastise them if unfriendly". On March 19, 1858, Ford went to the Brazos Reservation, near what today is the city of Fort Worth, Texas, and recruited the Tonkawa into his forces. Tonkawa Indians, the latter commanded by their "celebrated" chief, Placido, hailed as the "faithful and implicitly trusted friend of the whites" (with limited mention of their cannibalism) undertook a campaign with approximately an equal number of Texas Rangers against the Comanches. Ford and Placido were determined to follow the Comanche and Kiowa up to their strongholds amid the hills of the Canadian River, and into the Wichita Mountains, and if possible, "kill their warriors, decimate their food supply, strike at their homes and families and generally destroy their ability to make war". In April 1858, Ford established Camp Runnells near what used to be the town of Belknap.Ford, still operating under Governor Runnell's explicits orders to "follow any and all trails of hostile and suspected hostile Indians, inflict the most severe and summary punishment", and to "allow no interference from any source". That source was interpreted to mean the United States, whose Army and Indian Agents might try to enforce federal treaties and federal statutory law against trespassing on the Indian territories in Oklahoma. On April 15, Ford's Rangers, accompanied by Tonkawa warriors, and Anadarko and Shawnee scouts from the Brazos Indian Reservation in Texas, crossed the Red River into Indian Territory. The force then advanced into the portion of the Comancheria in the Indian Territories in Oklahoma. Ford led his men across the Red River, into the Indian Territory, violating federal laws and numerous treaties, but stating later that his job was to "find and fight Indians, not to learn geography". Battle of Little Robe Creek and death of Pohebits-quasho ("Iron Jacket")

At sunrise on May 12, 1858, Ford and his joint force of Rangers and Tonkawa began an all-day battle with a dawn attack on a sleeping Comanche village. The so-called Battle of Little Robe Creek was actually three distinct separate incidents which happened over the course of a single day.The first was the attack on the sleeping village. The second was a follow-up attack on the village of Iron Jacket, somewhat further up the Canadian River. Pohebits-quasho "Iron Jacket", so named for the coat of iron mail he wore in battle, was killed in this exchange, and the remainder of his village was saved by the timely intervention of Peta Nocona with a third force of Comanche who arrived to engage Ford while all the villages along the Canadian made a swift withdrawal. Pohebits-quasho ("<mask> Jacket")'s death came when he repeatedly rode down the line of firing Rangers and Tonkawa, taunting them. Many historians believe the mail that protected him from light weapons fire simply was not able to protect him from the buffalo gun used by Tonkawa Jim Pockmark which killed him or, as Ford records, "six rifle shots rang on the air". In any event, the death of their legendary chief discouraged his warriors, and only the timely intervention of his son, Peta Nocona, and his warriors saved Pohebits-quasho's village. As it was, his body could not be recovered and was scalped, and partially eaten by the cannibalistic Tonkawas.The Rangers broke up his coat of mail and kept the shingles for souvenirs. His other accoutrements, such as his lance and shield, were sent to the Governor in Austin for display. Personal life
Iron Jacket's son was the famous Comanche War Chief Peta Nocona and his grandson was the last Comanche Chief Quanah Parker. In Popular Culture
The 1980 film The Mountain Men featured a fictionalized version of <mask> named "Chief <mask>y", portrayed by Victor Jory. Sources
 Webb, Walter Prescott The Texas Rangers: a Century of Frontier Defense, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1983
 Wallace, Ernest & Hoebel, E. Adamson The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952
 Schilz, Jodye Lynn Dickson and Schilz, Thomas F. Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches, Texas Western Press, El Paso, 1989
 Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983
 Newcomb, William W. Jr. The Indians of Texas: from Prehistorics to Modern Times, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1972
 Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967
 Haley, James L. The Buffalo War: the History of the Red River Indians Uprising of 1874, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976
 Hagan, William T. Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976
 Fowler, Arlen L. The Black Infantry in the West, 1869-1891, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996
 Chalafant, William J.Without Quarter: the Wichita Expedition and the fight on Crooked Creek, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991
 Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1970

Notes

External links
 Native American Nations - Iron Shirt
 Cynthia Ann Parker - Comanche (By Adoption)
 Ride the Wind, a novel of Cynthia Ann Parker by Lucia St. Clair Robson

1858 in the United States
Native American leaders
Native American people of the Indian Wars
Comanche people
Comanche tribe
People from Texas
18th-century births
1858 deaths

masks:
Iron Jacket
Iron Jacket
Iron Jackethad
Iron Jacket
Iron Jacket
Iron
Iron Jacket
Iron Bell


texts:
<mask> (November 23, 1803 – February 3, 1895) was one of the architects of the American abolitionist movement during its formative years from 1830 to 1844, playing a role as writer, editor, speaker, and organizer. He is best known for his co-authorship of the authoritative compendium American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, published in 1839. Harriet Beecher Stowe partly based Uncle Tom’s Cabin on <mask>'s text; the latter is regarded as second only to the former in its influence on the antislavery movement. <mask> remained dedicated to the abolitionist movement until slavery was ended by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865. According to Lyman Beecher, the father of Harriet Beecher Stowe, <mask> was "as eloquent as an angel, and as powerful as thunder." His words were "logic on fire". Weld "is totally unknown to most Americans".Early life
Born in Hampton, Connecticut, the son and grandson of Congregational ministers, at age 14 <mask> took over his father's  farm near Hartford, Connecticut, to earn money to study at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, attending from 1820 to 1822, when failing eyesight caused him to leave. After a doctor urged him to travel, he started an itinerant lecture series on mnemonics, traveling for three years throughout the United States, including the South, where he saw slavery first-hand. In 1825 <mask> moved with his family to Pompey, in upstate New York. College education
<mask> then studied at Hamilton College in Clinton, Oneida County, New York. The famous evangelist Charles Finney was based in Oneida County, and while a student <mask> must have attended some of Finney's many revivals, for he became Finney's disciple. In Utica, intellectual capital of western New York, center of abolitionism, and county seat of Oneida County, he met and became a good friend of Charles Stuart, an early abolitionist, who at that time (1822–1829) was head of the Utica Academy. They spent several years as members of Finney's "holy band" before he decided to become a preacher and in 1827 entered the Oneida Institute of Science and Industry in Whitesboro, New York, after first staying at the farmhouse of founder George Washington Gale in Western, New York, working in exchange for instruction.While at the Oneida Institute, he would spend two weeks at a time traveling about lecturing on the virtues of manual labor, temperance, and moral reform. "Weld...had both the stamina and charisma to hold listeners spellbound for three hours." As a result, by 1831 he had become a "well known citizen" of Oneida County, according to a letter of Joseph Swan published in the Utica Elucidator. <mask> was described thus by James Fairchild, who knew him from when they were students together at Oberlin (of which Fairchild would later be President):

In an editorial comment in The Liberator, presumably by its editor Garrison, "Weld is destined to be one of the great men not of America merely, but of the world. His mind is full of strength, proportion, beauty, and majesty. ...[In his writing] there is indubitable evidence of intellectual grandeur and moral power." In his reminiscences of that period Dr. Beecher observed:

In a completely different forum, William Garrison said that in a convention of antislavery "agents", who travelled from town to town giving abolitionist lectures and setting up new local anti-slavery societies, "Weld was the central luminary around which they all revolved".His future wife Angelina Grimké said in 1836, when she first laid eyes on him and heard him speak for two hours on "What is slavery? ", that "I never heard so grand & beautiful an exposition of the dignity & nobility of man in my life". Manual labor and education agent
His reputation as a speaker had reached New York, and in 1831, at the age of 28, <mask> was called there by the philanthropists Lewis and Arthur Tappan. He declined their offer of a ministerial position, saying he felt himself unprepared. Since he was "a living, breathing, and eloquently-speaking exhibit of the results of manual-labor-with-study," the brothers then created, so as to employ <mask>, the Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions [non-religious schools], which promptly hired him as its "general agent" and sent him on a factfinding and speaking tour. (The Society never carried out any activities except hiring <mask>, hosting some of his lectures, and publishing his report.) <mask> carried out this commission during the calendar year 1832.His 100-page report on his activities, accompanied by 20 pages of letters received, is dated January 10, 1833. It received a review of 21 pages in the Quarterly Christian Spectator, and an abridgement was soon published. In it he states that "In prosecuting the business of my agency, I have traveled during the year four thousand five hundred and seventy-five miles [7,364 km]; in public conveyances [boat and stagecoach], 2,630 [4,230 km]; on horseback, 1,800 [2,900 km]; on foot, 145 [233 km]. I have made two hundred and thirty-six public addresses." He was nearly killed when a high river swept away the coach he was in. During his year as a manual labor agent, Weld scouted land, found the location for, and recruited the faculty for the Lane Theological Seminary, in Cincinnati. He enrolled there as a student in 1833, although he was informally the head, to the point of telling the trustees whom to hire.He had this power because on his recommendation the Tappans' subventions would continue, or go elsewhere (as they soon did, to Oberlin). Abolitionist

Some of his travel was in slave states. What he saw there, together with what he read in Garrison's newspaper The Liberator (1831) and book Thoughts on African Colonization (1832), turned him into a committed abolitionist. He first worked, in 1833, at convincing the other students at Lane that immediatism, ending slavery completely and immediately, was the only solution and what God wanted. Successful, he next, with the Tappans' connivance, sought to bring immediatism to a larger audience. He announced that the public was invited to a series of public debates, over 18 evenings in February 1834, on abolition versus colonization. In fact, the debates were not debates at all, as no one spoke in favor of colonization.They were instead presentations of the horrors of American slavery, together with an exposé of the inadequacy of the American Colonization Society's project of helping free blacks migrate to Africa and its intent to preserve, rather than eliminate, slavery. At the end, the audience's views were highly supportive of immediate abolition. The debates were then local events. However, during the Seminary's summer vacation of 1834, some of the students started teaching classes for and in other ways working to help the 1500 free African Americans of Cincinnati, with whom the students mixed freely. Given the pro-slavery sentiment in Cincinnati, many found his behavior unacceptable. After rumored threats of violence against the Seminary, the trustees passed rules abolishing the seminary's colonization and abolition societies and forbidding any further discussion of slavery, even at mealtimes. <mask> was threatened with expulsion.A professor was fired. What happened was the mass resignation of almost all of Lane's student body, along with a sympathetic trustee, Asa Mahan. Later known as the Lane Rebels, they enrolled at the new Oberlin Collegiate Institute, insisting as conditions of their enrollment that they be free to discuss any topic (academic freedom), that Oberlin admit blacks on the same basis as whites, and that the trustees not be able to fire faculty for any or no reason. The fired professor was hired by Oberlin, and Mahan became its first president. <mask> declined an appointment at Oberlin as professor of theology, directing Shipperd to Charles Finney. Instead, he took a position as agent of the American Anti-Slavery Society for Ohio. "He has, with characteristic disinterestedness, accepted this agency at one half the salary he was offered by another institution."Anti-slavery activity
Starting in 1834, <mask> was an agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society, recruiting and training people to work for the cause, making converts of James G. Birney, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Henry Ward Beecher. <mask> became one of the leaders of the antislavery movement, working with the Tappan brothers, New York philanthropists James G. Birney and Gamaliel Bailey, and the Grimké sisters. In 1836, <mask> discontinued lecturing when he lost his voice, and was appointed editor of its books and pamphlets by the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1836–1840 <mask> worked as the editor of The Emancipator. In 1838, <mask> married Angelina Grimké; see The abolitionist <mask>–Grimké wedding. He was a strong abolitionist and women's rights advocate; at the marriage there were two ministers, one white and one black. He renounced any power or legal authority over his wife, other than that produced by love.Two former slaves of the Grimkés' father were among the guests. He then retired to a farm in Belleville, New Jersey, where he, his wife, and her sister co-wrote the very influential 1839 book American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. Angelina's unmarried older sister Sarah resided with them for many years. In June 1840 the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London denied seats to Lucretia Mott and other women, mobilizing them to fight for women's rights. This led to a split in  the U.S. abolitionist movement between the nonviolent (but wanting it immediately) "moral suasion" of William Lloyd Garrison and his American Anti-Slavery Society, which linked abolition with women's rights, and <mask>, the Tappan brothers and other "pragmatic" (gradualist) abolitionists, who formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (AFASS) and entered politics through the anti-slavery Liberty Party (ancestor of the Free-Soil Party and Republican Party), founded by James Birney, their U.S. presidential candidate in 1840 and 1844, who also founded the National Anti-Slavery Society. In 1841–1843, <mask> relocated to Washington, D.C., to direct the national campaign for sending antislavery petitions to Congress. He assisted John Quincy Adams when Congress tried him for reading petitions in violation of the gag rule, which stated that slavery could not be discussed in Congress.Having demonstrated the value of an antislavery lobby in Washington, <mask> returned to private life, where he and his wife spent the remainder of their lives directing schools and teaching in New Jersey and Massachusetts. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia:

Many historians regard <mask> as the most important figure in the abolitionist movement, surpassing even Garrison, but his passion for anonymity long made him an unknown figure in American history. Schools
In 1854, <mask> established a school of the Raritan Bay Union at Eagleswood in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. The school accepted students of all races and sexes. In 1864 he moved to Hyde Park, Massachusetts, where he helped open another school, this one in Lexington, Massachusetts, dedicated to the same principles. Here, <mask> had "charge of Conversation, Composition, and English Literature." Family

<mask> was the son of Ludovicus <mask> and Elizabeth Clark <mask>.His brother Ezra Greenleaf <mask>, a famous daguerreotype photographer, was also involved with the abolitionist movement. A member of the <mask> Family of New England, <mask> shares a common ancestry with <mask>, <mask>, and others. This branch of the family never achieved the wealth of their Boston-based kin. <mask> died at his home in Hyde Park, Massachusetts on February 3, 1895. Writings

  <mask> received a published reply. American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses (with the Grimké sisters; 1839)
  An excerpt, "Slavery a System of Inherent Cruelty", appeared on pp. 127–140 of the Boston, 1850, edition of the  [https://archive.org/details/narrativeofsojou1850gilb/page/126 Narrative of Sojourner Truth : a northern slave, emancipated from bodily servitude by the state of New York, in 1828 : with a portrait.]Archival material
Papers of <mask> and the Grimké sisters are at the Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Additional letters were published in the two volume set "Letters of <mask> <mask>, Angelina Grimké <mask> and Sarah Grimke 1822-1844" published by The American Historial Association/Albert J. Beveridge Memorial Fund and held in the Hampton Room special collections at the Northampton Forbes Library, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. The original letters were held at the time of publication by Dr. L.D.H<mask>, Smith Collection at Syracuse University, Garrison colelction at the Boston Public Ligrary, Oberlin College, the Archaeological and Historical Society of Ohio, and in the James Gillespie Birney and Weld collections at the Library of Congress

Legacy
Another Lane Rebel, Huntington Lyman, named his son <mask> Lyman (born 1840) for Weld. See also
 Fugitive Slave Convention

References
Notes

Further reading
 Letters of <mask> <mask>, Angelina Grimké and Sarah Grimké, 1822–1844: Vols. 1 & 2. .
 Robert H. Abzug, Passionate Liberator: <mask> <mask> & the Dilemma of Reform. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. .
 Gilbert Hobbs Barnes.The Anti-Slavery Impulse, 1830–1844''. With an Introduction by William G. McLoughlin. New York: Harcourt, 1964. External links

 Columbia 2003 Encyclopedia Article
 <mask>ld: Crusader for Freedom (without footnotes)

1803 births
1895 deaths
People from Hampton, Connecticut
American abolitionists
Phillips Academy alumni
Lane Theological Seminary alumni
Oberlin College alumni
Writers from Cincinnati
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Activists from Ohio
Oneida Institute alumni
American manual labor schools
Grimké family
Lane Rebels
People from Hyde Park, Boston
American Anti-Slavery Society
American temperance activists
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey

masks:
Theodore Dwight Weld
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William Weld
Tuesday Weld
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Theodore Dwight
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. Weld
Theodore Weld
Theodore Dwight
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Theodore Dwight
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Theodore We


texts:
Anthony George "<mask>" <mask> (March 11, 1900 – December 10, 1962) was an American musician and bandleader. <mask> was born in Brooklyn, NY. His father Anthony and mother Lucia were both Italian immigrants. Sannella was a multi-instrumentalist; according to jazz historian John Chilton he played violin, piano, organ, clarinet, alto saxophone, guitar (preferably steel guitar), banjo and vibraphone. Occasionally he also appeared as a singer. Early career with Ray Miller and other bandleaders
Sannella began his musical studies on guitar and violin at the age of ten. When he was fourteen, his father died; several years later, <mask> decided to leave school and join the military.He was turned down at first because he was underage, but was finally able to join the Navy. After serving in the US Navy during World War I, Sannella spent the years 1920–1922 in Panama City working on violin and alto saxophone with various orchestras. He then settled in New York City where he played with the bands of Dan Gregory, Mike Markel and – not least – Ray Miller. With the latter orchestra Sannella seems to have made his first recordings during the years 1923–1925. On these recordings (which also feature jazz notables such as Frank Trumbauer and Miff Mole) Sannella is mainly featured on clarinet and alto saxophone, but is also heard soloing on bass clarinet on I Can't Get The One I Want (Brunswick 2643). As a studio musician

From the late 1920s onwards Sannella seems to have focused more and more on working as a studio musician rather than appearing with regular working bands. He was very much in demand and was hired by many conductors leading "house bands" for various record companies, including Nat Shilkret and Leonard Joy (both Victor Records), Ben Selvin (Columbia Records), Adrian Schubert (Banner Records and associated labels) and Bert Hirsch (Hit of the Week Records).Sannella also appears on several recordings directed by Sam Lanin, but it is not clear whether he also appeared with this orchestra on stage. In addition to working with larger orchestras Sannella also appeared with many smaller studio groups accompanying popular singers of the time such as Art Gillham, Cliff Edwards, Frank Crumit, Seger Ellis and Johnny Marvin. In many of the orchestras listed above Sannella was working with the same basic core of fellow musicians, among these not least trumpet player Mike Mosiello, from whom Sannella seems to have been virtually inseparable during these years, and of whom he still spoke very highly in an interview shortly before his death. Amongst many other things Mosiello and Sannella (together with accordionist Charles Magnante) formed the nucleus of the prolific house band of the Grey Gull Company of Boston during the years 1926–1930. In addition to performing the popular tunes of the day Mosiello and Sannella were allowed to wax several instrumental numbers of their own, often appearing as B-sides on the company's "pop" records. On these records Sannella is mainly featured playing alto saxophone, clarinet and steel guitar, often switching between all these instruments during the same number and thus giving them a very special noticeable sound. An article in the Milwaukee Journal from 1929 also lists: the accordion, violin, and ukulele among the twelve instruments he played.Journal Songs credited to Sannella himself issued by Grey Gull include Needin' You and Sleeping Birds. Recordings in his own name

The Grey Gull records were almost always issued anonymously or under pseudonym. However, for other labels Sannella was allowed to record with bands under his own name (ranging from trios to full dance orchestras) given proper credit. Labels for which Sannella recorded under his own name included Harmony, Columbia, Okeh, Victor and Hit of the Week. For Brunswick Sannella also recorded as a steel guitar soloist, his coupling of Sliding on the Frets and Blues of the Guitar from 1929 (Brunswick 4484) becoming a minor hit and being issued in Europe as well (Slidin' On The Frets has also been reissued on CD). Apparently these recordings made Sannella's name familiar enough to make The Selmer Company, a well known manufacturer of musical instruments, use Sannella's picture in their advertising. Sannella composed Valse Selmer to promote the company's saxophones.Later career: radio, theatre and television work
Beginning with 1932 Sannella's appearances on records became increasingly rarer. Instead he was heard frequently on radio where, among other things, he directed four NBC radio programs and performed on shows including the Sylvester Hour, the General Motors Hour, the Stromberg-Carlson Hour, the Halsey-Stuart Hour, with the Armstrong Quakers, and in the Lucky Strike Dance Orchestra. From the late 1940s he also appeared regularly on TV shows for CBS. By this date Sannella was mainly performing as a pianist and organ player. He also directed a couple of shows on Broadway. Now and then Sannella also returned to the recording studios well into the 1950s. Among his last records is an LP called The Girl Friends (Everest SDBR-1005, issued in 1958) where he plays standards and jazz numbers that have titles consisting of girls' names.Personal information
<mask> was a licensed amateur radio operator. He first learned Morse code when in the Navy, and later became interested in the ham radio hobby. His call letters were W2AD. He was also an experienced pilot, who used his own private plane to fly to concerts. He married his first wife, Aileen, in 1928. She was from Monoquet, Indiana, and they had a summer home there. <mask>a died of a seizure on a street in New York.References

Sources
 John Chilton: Who's Who of Jazz (5th edition, London 1989)
 Ate Van Delden: liner notes for the CD Ray Miller and his Brunswick Orchestra 1924–1929 (Timeless Historical CBC 1-066)
 Brian Rust: The American Dance Band Discography 1917–1942 (New Rochelle, New York 1975)
 Brian Rust: Jazz Records 1897–1942 (5th edition, Chigwell, Essex 1983)
 John Wilby & Laurens Hertzdahl: liner notes for the CD Grey Gull Rarities (Jazz Oracle BDW 8038)

External links
 <mask>a recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1900 births
1962 deaths
Musicians from New York (state)
American jazz clarinetists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Steel guitarists
American bandleaders
United States Navy personnel of World War I
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century saxophonists
Guitarists from New York (state)
American male guitarists
Amateur radio people
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians

masks:
Andy
Sannella
Andy Sannella
Andy
Andy Sannella
Andy Sannell
Andy Sannell


texts:
<mask> (15 July 1631 (or 1632) – 9 October 1718) was an English philosopher, and Bishop of Peterborough from 1691. In 1672, he published his major work, De legibus naturae (On natural laws), propounding utilitarianism and opposing the egoistic ethics of Thomas Hobbes. <mask> was a member of the Latitudinarian movement, along with his friend Hezekiah Burton of Magdalene College, Cambridge and closely allied with the Cambridge Platonists, a group of ecclesiastical philosophers centred on Cambridge University in the mid 17th century. Early life
He was born in the parish of St Ann, near Aldersgate, where his father was a tailor. He was educated in St Paul's School, where Samuel Pepys was a friend, and from 1649 at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. He took the degree of BA in 1653; and, having proceeded to the MA in 1656, was incorporated the following year into the same degree in the University of Oxford. For some time he studied medicine; and although he did not adhere to this profession, he retained his knowledge of anatomy and medicine.He took the degree of BD in 1663 and that of DD in 1680. Among his contemporaries and intimate friends were Hezekiah Burton, Sir Samuel Morland, who was distinguished as a mathematician, and Orlando Bridgeman, who became Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. Cumberland's first preferment, bestowed upon him in 1658 by Sir John Norwich of the Rump Parliament, was the rectory of Brampton Ash in Northamptonshire. In 1661 he was appointed one of the twelve preachers of the university. The Lord Keeper, who obtained his office in 1667, invited him to London, and in 1670 secured for him the rectory of All Saints at Stamford. In this year Cumberland married Anne Quinsey. He acquired credit by the fidelity with which he discharged his duties.In addition to his ordinary work he undertook the weekly lecture. De legibus naturae
In 1672, at the age of forty, he published his earliest work, entitled De legibus naturae. It is dedicated to Sir Orlando Bridgeman, and is prefaced by an "Alloquium ad Lectorem," contributed by Hezekiah Burton. It appeared during the same year as Pufendorf's De jure naturae et gentium, and was highly commended in a subsequent publication by Pufendorf. Stephen Darwall writes that

the Treatise was regarded as one of the three great works of the modern natural law tradition,

the others being Grotius's On the Law of War and Peace, and Pufendorf's De jure naturae. It has been described as a

restatement of the doctrine of the law of nature as furnishing the ground of the obligation of all the moral virtues. The work is heavy in style, and its philosophical analysis lacks thoroughness; but its insistence on the social nature of man, and its doctrine of the common good as the supreme law of morality, anticipate the direction taken by much of the ethical thought of the following century.(From The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21).) English translations of the treatise were published in 1692, by James Tyrrell, and 1727, by John Maxwell. Other works
<mask> next wrote An Essay towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures and Weights (1686). This work, dedicated to Pepys, obtained a copious notice from Jean Leclerc, and was translated into French. About this period he was apprehensive about the rise of Catholic influence. Sanchoniatho's Phoenician History, on the author usually now known as Sanchuniathon, was translated from the first book of Eusebius. According to Parkin, <mask>'s work was in an anti-Catholic vein, accounting for its posthumous appearance.His domestic chaplain and son-in-law, Squier Payne, edited it for publication soon after the bishop's death. The preface contains an account by Payne of the life, character and writings of the author, published also in a separate form. A German translation by Johan Philip Cassel appeared under the title of Cumberlands phonizische Historie des Sanchoniathons (Magdeburg, 1755). The sequel to the work was likewise published by Payne: Origines gentium antiquissimae (1724). Later life

One day in 1691 he went, according to his custom on a post-day, to read the newspaper at a coffee-house in Stamford, and there, to his surprise, he read that the king had nominated him to the bishopric of Peterborough. The bishop elect was scarcely known at court, and he had resorted to none of the usual methods of advancing his temporal interest. "Being then sixty years old," says his great-grandson, "he was with difficulty persuaded to accept the offer, when it came to him from authority.The persuasion of his friends, particularly Sir Orlando Bridgeman, at length overcame his repugnance; and to that see, though very moderately endowed, he for ever after devoted himself, and resisted every offer of translation, though repeatedly made and earnestly recommended. To such of his friends as pressed an exchange upon him he was accustomed to reply, that Peterborough was his first espoused, and should be his only one." He discharged his new duties with energy and kept up his episcopal visitations till his eightieth year. His charges to the clergy are described as plain and unambitious, the earnest breathings of a pious mind. When David Wilkins published the New Testament in Coptic (Novum Testamentum Aegyptium, vulgo Copticum, 1716) he presented a copy to the bishop, who began to study the language at the age of eighty-three. "At this age," says his chaplain, "he mastered the language, and went through great part of this version, and would often give me excellent hints and remarks, as he proceeded in reading of it." He died on 8 October 1718, in the eighty-seventh year of his age; he was found sitting in his library, in the attitude of one asleep, and with a book in his hand.He was buried in Peterborough Cathedral the following day. The grave lies at the east end in a group of floor stones dedicated to the bishops. His grandson was Denison <mask>, who married Johanna (daughter of <mask>), and his great-grandson was <mask>, the dramatist. Bishop <mask> was distinguished by his gentleness and humility. He could not be roused to anger, and spent his days in unbroken serenity. His favourite motto was that a man had better "wear out than rust out." Philosophical views
The philosophy of <mask> is expounded in De legibus naturae.Its main design is to combat the principles which Hobbes had promulgated as to the constitution of man, the nature of morality, and the origin of society, and to prove that self-advantage is not the chief end of man, that force is not the source of personal obligation to moral conduct nor the foundation of social rights, and that the state of nature is not a state of war. The views of Hobbes seem to <mask> utterly subversive of religion, morality and civil society. He endeavours, as a rule, to establish directly antagonistic propositions. He refrains, however, from denunciation, and is a fair opponent up to the measure of his insight. The basis of his ethical theory is benevolence. According to Parkin (p. 141)

The De legibus naturae is a book about how individuals can discover the precepts of natural law and the divine obligation which lies behind it. [...] Could, or should, natural philosophy claim to be able to reveal substantial information about the nature of God's will, and also divine obligation?For writers who accepted a voluntarist and nominalist understanding of the relationship between God and man (both <mask> and Hobbes), this was not an easy question to answer. Darwall (p. 106) writes that <mask>

follows Hobbes in attempting to provide a fully naturalistic account of the normative force of obligation and of the idea of a rational dictate, although he rejects Hobbes's theory that these derive entirely from instrumental rationality. Laws of nature/natural laws
Laws of nature are defined by him as

<blockquote> immutably true propositions regulative of voluntary actions as to the choice of good and the avoidance of evil, and which carry with them an obligation to outward acts of obedience, even apart from civil laws and from any considerations of compacts constituting government.</blockquote>

This definition, he says, will be admitted by all parties. Some deny that such laws exist, but they will grant that this is what ought to be understood by them. There is thus common ground for the two opposing schools of moralists to join issue. The question between them is, Do such laws exist or do they not? In reasoning thus <mask> obviously forgot what the position maintained by his principal antagonist really was.Hobbes did not deny that there were laws of nature, laws antecedent to government, laws even in a sense eternal and immutable. The virtues as means to happiness seemed to him to be such laws. They precede civil constitution, which merely perfects the obligation to practise them. He expressly denied, however, that "they carry with them an obligation to outward acts of obedience, even apart from civil laws and from any consideration of compacts constituting governments." Many besides Hobbes must have felt dissatisfied with the definition. It is ambiguous and obscure. In what sense is a law of nature a "proposition"?Is it as the expression of a constant relation among facts, or is it as the expression of a divine commandment? A proposition is never in itself an ultimate fact although it may be the statement of such a fact. And in what sense is a law of nature an "immutably true" proposition? Is it so because men always and everywhere accept and act on it, or merely because they always and everywhere ought to accept and act on it? The definition, in fact, explains nothing. The existence of such laws may, according to <mask>, be established in two ways. The inquirer may start either from effects or from causes.The former method had been taken by Hugo Grotius, Robert Sharrock and John Selden. They had sought to prove that there were universal truths, entitled to be called laws of nature, from the concurrence of the testimonies of many men, peoples and ages, and through generalizing the operations of certain active principles. <mask> admits this method to be valid, but he prefers the other, that from causes to effects, as showing more convincingly that the laws of nature carry with them a divine obligation. It shows not only that these laws are universal, but that they were intended as such; that man has been constituted as he is in order that they might be. In the prosecution of this method he expressly declines to have recourse to what he calls "the short and easy expedient of the Platonists," the assumption of innate ideas of the laws of nature. He thinks it ill-advised to build the doctrines of natural religion and morality on a hypothesis which many philosophers had rejected, and which could not be proved against Epicureans, the principal impugners of the existence of laws of nature. He cannot assume, he says, that such ideas existed from eternity in the divine mind, but must start from the data of sense and experience, and thence by search into the nature of things to discover their laws.It is only through nature that we can rise to nature's God. His attributes are not to be known by direct intuition. He, therefore, held that the ground taken up by the Cambridge Platonists could not be maintained against Hobbes. His sympathies, however, were all on their side, and he would do nothing to diminish their chances of success. He would not even oppose the doctrine of innate ideas, because it looked with a friendly eye upon piety and morality. He granted that it might, perhaps, be the case that ideas were both born with us and afterwards impressed upon us from without. Ethical theory
<mask>'s ethical theory is summed up in his principle of universal benevolence, the source of moral good."No action can be morally good which does not in its own nature contribute somewhat to the happiness of men." <mask>'s Benevolence is, deliberately, the precise antithesis to the egoism of Hobbes. <mask> maintained that the whole-hearted pursuit of the good of all contributes to the good of each and brings personal happiness; that the opposite process involves misery to individuals including the self. <mask> never appealed to the evidence of history, although he believed that the law of universal benevolence had been accepted by all nations and generations; and he abstains from arguments founded on revelation, feeling that it was indispensable to establish the principles of moral right on nature as a basis. His method was the deduction of the propriety of certain actions from the consideration of the character and position of rational agents in the universe. He argues that all that we see in nature is framed so as to avoid and reject what is dangerous to the integrity of its constitution; that the human race would be an anomaly in the world had it not for end its conservation in its best estate; that benevolence of all to all is what in a rational view of the creation is alone accordant with its general plan; that various peculiarities of man's body indicate that he has been made to co-operate with his fellow men and to maintain society; and that certain faculties of his mind show the common good to be more essentially connected with his perfection than any pursuit of private advantage. The whole course of his reasoning proceeds on, and is pervaded by, the principle of final causes.Utilitarianism
He may be regarded as the founder of English utilitarianism. His utilitarianism is distinct from the individualism of some later utilitarians; it goes to the contrary extreme, by almost absorbing individual in universal good. To the question, "What is the foundation of rectitude?," he replies, the greatest good of the universe of rational beings. This is a version of utilitarianism. Nor does it look merely to the lower pleasures, the pleasures of sense, for the constituents of good, but rises above them to include especially what tends to perfect, strengthen and expand our true nature. Existence and the extension of our powers of body and mind are held to be good for their own sakes without respect to enjoyment. <mask>'s views on this point were long abandoned by utilitarians as destroying the homogeneity and self-consistency of their theory; but John Stuart Mill and some other writers have reproduced them as necessary to its defence against charges not less serious than even inconsistency.The answer which <mask> gives to the question, "Whence comes our obligation to observe the laws of nature?," is that happiness flows from obedience, and misery from disobedience to them, not as the mere results of a blind necessity, but as the expressions of the divine will. Reward and punishment
Reward and punishment, supplemented by future retribution, are, in his view, the sanctions of the laws of nature, the sources of our obligation to obey them. To the other great ethical question, How are moral distinctions apprehended?, he replies that it is by means of right reason. But by right reason he means merely the power of rising to general laws of nature from particular facts of experience. It is no peculiar faculty or distinctive function of mind; it involves no original element of cognition; it begins with sense and experience; it is gradually generated and wholly derivative. This doctrine lies only in germ in Cumberland, but will be found in full flower in Hartley, Mackintosh and later associationists. Works (full titles)

Authorities
John Maxwell (translator)  A Treatise of the Laws of Nature (London, 1727), and John Towers (Dublin, 1750); French translation by Jean Barbeyrac (Amsterdam, 1744)
James Tyrrell (1642-1718), grandson of Archbishop Ussher, published an abridgment of Cumberland's views in A Brief Disquisition of the Laws of Nature according to the Principles laid down in the Rev.Dr <mask>'s Latin Treatise (London, 1692; ed. 1701)
For biographical details see:
Squier Payne, Account of the Life and Writings of R<mask> (London, 1720); Cumberland's Memoirs (1807), i. 3-6
Pepys's DiaryFor his philosophy, see:
F. E. Spaulding, R<mask> als Begründer der englischen Ethik (Leipzig, 1894)
Ernest Albee, Philosophical Review, iv: 3 (1895), pp. 264 and 371

Stephen Darwall, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought' (1995), Chapter 4
Jon Parkin, Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England: <mask>'s De Legibus Naturae'' (1999)

References

Bartleby - Columbia - Cumberland
Bartleby - Cambridge History of English and American Literature - Hobbes and Contemporary Philosophy
Bartleby - Cambridge History of English and American Literature - Platonists and Latitudinarians

External links

EpistemeLinks
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Cumberland

1631 births
1718 deaths
17th-century Latin-language writers
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Anglican philosophers
Bishops of Peterborough
Doctors of Divinity
17th-century English philosophers
Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge
People educated at St Paul's School, London
People from the City of London
18th-century Church of England bishops
17th-century Church of England bishops

masks:
Richard Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Richard Bentley
Richard Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
Cumberland
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Cumberland
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. Cumberland
. Cumberland
Richard Cumberland


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<mask> (  Lebanese pron. : , also spelled <mask>a'; born 25 October 1952) is a Lebanese politician and the Lebanese Forces executive chairman since 1986. Born in Ain al-Remaneh with origins from Bsharri, <mask> joined Kataeb Party in his early years. He led the Northern Front in the Lebanese Forces from 1979 to 1984. In March 1985, after the deterioration of the Christian political situation in the eastern regions after the assassination of the Lebanese Forces leader Bachir Gemayel, he led, jointly with Elie Hobeika and Karim Pakradouni, an uprising that led to control of the political situation without any bloodshed. On January 15, 1986, <mask> led a movement against the tripartite agreement sponsored by Syria to become the commander of the Lebanese Forces after the overthrow of Elie Hobeika, the head of the executive body at the time and one of the signatories of the tripartite agreement. Geagea initially supported the "War of Liberation" declared by disputed Prime Minister General Michel Aoun against the Syrian Army.On January 31, 1990, General Aoun declared war on the Lebanese Forces led by <mask> <mask> under the name "elimination war". Lead by <mask> <mask>, the Lebanese Forces agreed to the peace agreement (Taef Accord) that the ended civil war and ceded control of its territory and weapons to the army in 1991. In accordance with the agreement, he immediately dissolved the military and security arm of the Lebanese Forces and surrendered all its military assets to the Lebanese Army. But as Beirut was under Syrian Regime Troops domination, the party members were under a lot of pressure and the Syrian army was not going to withdraw as set out in the agreement. On January 24, 1990, <mask> was appointed a Minister of State in the first post-war cabinet, led by PM Omar Karami. <mask> rejected the position due to the flagrant control of the cabinet by the Syrian regime. On May 16, 1992, <mask> was again appointed as a minister in the Rashid ElSolh cabinet, only to refuse it again for the same reasons.In 1994, <mask> was arrested and put on trial for bombing a church and political killings in the war. He denied the accusations, as he was the target of a political prosecution and fabricated by the Syrian-Lebanese security apparatus. <mask> spent 11 years in solitary confinement, the only war leader to go to jail in Lebanon, while others benefited from an amnesty and took cabinet posts. Following the Cedar Revolution, and the subsequent withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon, a newly elected Lebanese Parliament voted to grant him amnesty on 18 July 2005. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Ain el-Remmeneh district in Beirut on 25 October 1952 to a modest Maronite family from the town of Bsharri in northern Lebanon. His father, Farid <mask> was an adjutant in the Lebanese Army. He attended "Ecole Bénilde" elementary and secondary school in Furn el-Chebek, which was a free private school.With the aid of a scholarship from the Khalil Gibran association, he studied medicine at the American University of Beirut and then at Saint Joseph University. After the outbreak of civil war in 1975, <mask> interrupted his four years studies at the American University of Beirut. He was an active member of the right-wing Phalangist Party, which became the main Christian fighting force upon the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975. He is married to MP Sethrida <mask>. War period (1975–1990)
Geagea steadily rose through the ranks and led several operations at the request of Bachir Gemayel, then commander of the Phalangist Kataeb Regulatory Forces militia. In June 1978, following the murder of a Phalangist party leader in the North Lebanon called Joud el Bayeh in a power struggle with former president Suleiman Frangieh, Bachir Gemayel ordered <mask> and Elie Hobeika to co-lead a unit to capture the suspects who were taking cover in Frangieh's mansion in Ehden. The incident is known as Ehden massacre.The attacking force (which somehow went past over dozens of Syrian army checkpoints) was met with resistance on the outskirts of Ehden where Geagea was hit. He was transported to Beirut and admitted to Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Achrafieh, Beirut where ironically he was doing his internship. His right hand was partially paralyzed and he never continued his education. Meanwhile, the military operation resulted in the murder of Tony Frangieh and his family. <mask> was later transported to a hospital in France. <mask> was appointed head of the Lebanese Forces' (LF) militia northern Front in the early 1980s, where he commanded around 1,500 battle-hardened soldiers, drawn mainly from his native town of Bsharri and other towns and villages in Northern Lebanon. <mask> led his men in fierce battles against the Syrian Army in El-Koura, Qnat.From 1982 to 1983, Geagea commanded the Lebanese Forces against Walid Jumblat's Progressive Socialist Party militia, the Palestinians, and the Syrians in a battle for control of the Chouf mountains in central Lebanon. Following the Israeli withdrawal from Sidon on 15th February 1985 Geagea launched an LF offensive from the Christian villages East and North of Sidon targeting Ain al-Hilwa refugee camp as well as the city itself. By 24 April his fighters were forced to retreat resulting in the exodus of some 60,000 Maronites from the villages of Iqlim al-Kharrub. Lebanese Forces

On 12 March 1985, <mask> and Elie Hobeika orchestrated an internal coup in order to end the leadership of Fouad Abou Nader in the Lebanese Forces. Abou Nader was considered to be too close to his uncle, president Amin Gemayel whose policies were not accepted by most LF leaders. On 15 January 1986, <mask> became head of the Lebanese Forces after overthrowing Hobeika, who was widely accused of treachery in the Lebanese Christian sector for agreeing to a Syrian-sponsored accord (the Tripartite Accord). During the following year, Geagea meticulously rebuilt the LF into an organized, well trained and equipped military force, one of the most advanced forces ever on Lebanese soil.He established social security and public services to fill the void that was created by the war-crippled state administration. He also extracted taxes from the Christian region, offered free open-heart operations and twinned Christians cities with foreign cities in Europe and America and tried to open an airport in the Halat region because the Beirut International Airport (located in the west suburb of Beirut) was under the control of the Syrian forces which made the access for Lebanese Christians almost impossible. The post-war period (1990)
In February 1990 General Michel Aoun launched an offensive attempting to dislodge Geagea’s Lebanese Forces from East Beirut. During the fighting the Christian areas of Beirut suffered greater destruction and more casualties than at any time during 15 years of civil war. On 13 October 1990, Syria ousted General Aoun from the presidential palace in Baabda. Aoun was heading an interim government which filled the void in the absence of a presidential election after the end of President Amin Gemayel's term in office. With Aoun out of the picture, Geagea was now the only leader in the Christian heartland.<mask> was subsequently offered ministerial portfolios in the new Lebanese government (formed on Christmas Eve). Relations with the Kataeb party
In addition to being the LF leader, <mask> retained his seat in the Kataeb Politburo. In 1992, he ran for the Kataeb presidential election but lost to Georges Saadeh with whom the conflict grew. Later that year, Saadeh dismissed <mask>a. Arrest and trial
There was increased pressure by Syria on Geagea to accept the Syrian presence or face charges. Prior to his arrest, he was contacted by several sympathetic politicians and warned about the forthcoming proceedings and offered safe passage out of Lebanon.Geagea refused to leave. The Syrians exploited the vulnerabilities of the amnesty law promulgated by then president Elias Hrawi for all the crimes and atrocities committed before 1990. This law also stated that any crime committed after that date will void the effect of the amnesty. On 26 January 1994, <mask> went to Qardaha, Syria to offer his condolences to President Hafez al-Assad, following the death of his son Bassel in a car accident. During his visit to Syria, president's brother-in-law, Mohammed Makhlouf, asked him to talk with Syrian officers, but Geagea said that he only came for the funeral, which was considered as a refusal to cooperate with the Syrians. On 27 February 1994, a bomb exploded in the Church of Sayyidet Al Najet (Our Lady of Deliverance) in the locality of Zouk Mikael killing 9 worshipers and injuring many. It is unknown who perpetrated the bombing and it was ultimately attributed to some shadowy groups, but <mask> <mask> was accused of the crime solely for the purpose of voiding the effect of the amnesty law of which he benefited, in the same way as all political and militia leaders from other communities and regions were benefiting despite their many unspeakable crimes throughout the Lebanese civil war.On 23 March 1994, the Lebanese government ordered the dissolution of the LF and Geagea's deputy Fouad Malek was taken into custody. <mask> himself was arrested on 21 April 1994 in his village Ghadras, on charges of ordering the church bombing, of attempting to undermine government authority by "maintaining a militia in the guise of a political party", of instigating acts of violence, and of committing assassinations during the Lebanese Civil War. He was accused of the assassinations of former prime minister Rashid Karami, National Liberal Party leader Dany Chamoun and his family, and former LF member Elias Al Zayek. He was also accused of attempting to kill Minister Michel Murr. He was acquitted in the church case but given four life sentences in the other cases. Amnesty International criticized <mask> <mask>'s trial and conviction, citing that it was politically motivated and unjust. Imprisonment
<mask> was incarcerated for 11 years in a small windowless solitary cell in the third basement level of the Lebanese Ministry of Defense in Yarze.His health status was jeopardized and he lost weight dramatically due to the unsanitary condition of the ill lit and poorly ventilated prison cell. He was deprived of access to media and the outside world and was only allowed to see his wife and close relatives. All of Geagea's conversations were monitored and he was barred from talking politics with anyone. For the duration of his incarceration, Geagea maintained that he meditated and reviewed his actions during the war to determine if what he did was right. He busied himself with reading literature, Hindu philosophy, the Qur'an, Christian theology and mysticism namely the works of Jesuit priest Teilhard de Chardin. Release
Leaders of the Cedar Revolution considered the Geagea trials and sentences to be unjust, politically motivated, and orchestrated by the vassal government that ruled Lebanon during the Syrian occupation to oust Geagea from the political scene and dismantle the Lebanese Forces. When supporters of the Cedar Revolution won the majority in the 2005 parliamentary elections, they lobbied for an amnesty law to free Geagea from his disputed sentences.The Lebanese Parliament passed an amnesty bill on 18 July 2005 to free Geagea. Given the sectarian balance of Lebanon, three dozen Islamist criminals were released with Geagea. The bill was subsequently signed by the then president Émile Lahoud. <mask> was released from prison on 26 July 2005 and left Lebanon for medical care. He returned to Lebanon on 25 October (his birthday), and lived in the Cedars region, his ancestral homeland, in northern Lebanon until 11 December 2006, after which he moved to a hotel in Bzoummar in Keserwan. On 30 June 2007, he moved to a new residence in Maarab, Keserwan. Current political activity
On the Lebanese political scene, Geagea and the LF are considered to be the main Christian component of the 14 March Alliance.In September 2008, Geagea pronounced in front of thousands of rallying supporters in Jounieh a historical apology. The apology read:

Internationally, Geagea tried to renew his relations with influential countries such as the United States and France. On 19 March 2007, he met then French president Jacques Chirac in the Élysée Palace. In March 2008, he held talks in the US with officials at the White House, including then Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, then NSA Stephen Hadley and then chairman of the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia Gary Ackerman. A 2015 leak of documents from Saudi Arabia's Foreign Affairs Ministry revealed that Geagea had asked for money to pay for bodyguards and boasted of his "preparedness to do whatever the kingdom asks of him." Assassination attempt (2012)
On 4 April 2012, at 11:30-11:33 am, gunshots were heard in Geagea's Ma'Arab Complex. Geagea's security forces scouted the area, and found shells belonging to a 12.7 caliber sniper rifle, a high-tech rifle produced only by the United States and/or Russia, not available in the Lebanese infantries, the Lebanese Armed Forces or the black market, suggesting that the gun could only be obtained by one powerful party.Speculators claim the perpetrators to be pro-Syrian forces, most likely Hezbollah. Account of the story, as described in the press conference immediately following the attempt, claim <mask> to have been walking outside in the garden surrounding his mansion. Geagea bent over to pick up a flower, while bent over, <mask> heard gunshots, and immediately lay low on the ground, while his security forces took care of the situation. At the location where the shot would have killed him, two bullets had pierced through the wall. They claim the shooters to have been at least a kilometer away, stationed west of the residence (but the body guards were unable to see them due to the thick trees), and the operation to have been planned for months to silence <mask>, the only strong vocal critic against the Syrian/Iranian forces and the incumbent government. The Lebanese security forces have uncovered that a nine-member assassination team divided into three groups was involved in the killing attempt; two of the three groups were in charge of firing on <mask>. Candidacy for presidency (2014)
In 2014, <mask> declared his candidacy for the Lebanese presidential elections to succeed President Michel Suleiman, whose 6-year term was to end on 25 May 2014.Geagea enjoyed the comprehensive political backing of the March 14 Alliance for the presidency. However, the country entered into a 2 years presidential deadlock, which ended in 2016, with <mask> backing up his longtime rival Michel Aoun for the presidency through the Maarab Accord. Aoun was elected president, ending more than two years of presidencial vacuum. References

External links
Jean-Marc Aractingi, La politique à mes trousses, Paris, Éditions l'Harmattan, 2006 ()

 Official Website about <mask> <mask>
 Hussain Abdul-Hussain: Lebanon's <mask> <mask>: A Maverick --Huffington Post--

Videos
  Part of a documentary (in Arabic) on <mask> <mask>'s life in prison. It shows how raising a political issue between <mask> and his wife during her visit to him can result in the interruption of the visit. <mask> <mask> Documentary (in Arabic with English subtitles) human rights violation and forged investigations under terrorism, void trials and suppression of liberties
  Appearance on Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation

1952 births
Living people
American University of Beirut alumni
Candidates for President of Lebanon
Lebanese assassins
Lebanese Forces politicians
Lebanese Maronites
Lebanese mass murderers
Lebanese murderers
Lebanese people convicted of murder
People from Bsharri
People of the Lebanese Civil War
Politicians convicted of murder
Saint Joseph University alumni

masks:
Samir Farid Geagea
Samir Ja j
Geagea
Geagea
Samir
Geagea
Samir
Geagea
Geagea
Geagea
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texts:
<mask>, O.S.B., ( 1320 – 1388) was a French monk of aristocratic origins who became a  cardinal of the Avignon Obedience during the Great Schism, as well as the Archbishop of Arles and the Chamberlain of the Apostolic Camera (Latin: Camerarius Apostolicus). Refusing from the day of his election to support Bartolomeo Prignano (Pope Urban VI, the former head of the rival Apostolic Chancellery) after the Papal Conclave of 1378, <mask> played a critical role in delivering a considerable portion of the Roman Curia to the rival claimant Robert of Geneva, who took the name Clement VII. Historian Daniel Williman calls <mask>'s actions a "counter-coup". Early life

<mask> was born in La Chaul in the ancient Province of Limousin. He was the son of <mask>, a nobleman of Auvergnat extraction, and of <mask>lar. He entered the Order of Saint Benedict in his youth, and after living in several French monasteries became Bishop of Saint-Papoul in July 1362. On 9 June 1370 he was transferred to the Metropolitan See of Bourges.<mask> was the brother of <mask> <mask> <mask>, who became the Bishop of Limoges, and both were cousins of Pope Gregory XI and thus favored by him in the administration of the Curia, after his election in 1370. Jean was named a cardinal-nephew and one of the first cardinals of Gregory XI upon his ascension to the papacy. <mask>, already the Bishop of Bourges and a staff member of the Camera, was named Papal Chamberlain that same year, succeeding the deceased Arnaud Aubert (d. 1371). In 1374, he was given the wealthy Archbishopric of Arles. Chamberlain of the Camera

Under Gregory XI
<mask> <mask> was the "most important and powerful courtier" of the pope, and their bedchambers were joined by a secret staircase. According to Williman, "it is no exaggeration to say that his powers and functions combined those of a minister of finance, a chief justice and a secretary of state, as well as major-domo of the papal household". He accompanied Gregory XI in the last year of his reign to Anagni from May 16 to November 7, 1377, where the pope relied on him for his "most important correspondence" rather than the Chancellery.<mask> grew suspicious of the intrigues of Bartolommeo Prignano, the acting-head of the Chancellery, hearing that he was attending the meetings of the bandaresi. Senator Gui <mask>, named as military governor of Rome by Gregory XI, was not a party to their intrigues, being loyal to the Pope. <mask> <mask> also controlled the Apostolic Camera (established 1361), the judicial wing of the Camera, which had "absolute and final" jurisdiction over any case affecting the interests of the Camera, even if already pending in front of other ecclesiastical courts, and even if they involved issues of theology. This court was not burdened by the ordo iudiciarius, the slow and formalistic rules of the papal courts, but rather gave expedited and summary rulings. It was in no small part due to the unwillingness of Murat to coerce the extreme taxation ordered by Gregory XI, that the pontiff found himself bankrupt by his wars against the Visconti and ultimately by the War of the Eight Saints, fought against a coalition of Italy city states led by the Republic of Florence, which instigated rebellion in the Papal States. While Gregory XI was forced to borrow from the Duke of Anjou, Murat excelled at diplomacy, convincing Bologna to relent in exchange for a lifting of the interdict. <mask> drafted and persuaded his cousin Gregory XI to adopt Futuris peculis on March 19, modifying the laws of the papal conclave.He also persuaded Gregory XI to make <mask>, the castellan of Castel Sant'Angelo to swear not to turn over the fortress to any papal claimant without the assent of the six cardinals remaining in the Comtat Venaissin. Fearing for his own life, he moved into the fortress and prepared it for a long siege. Rather than guarding the conclave personally (as he would later do at Fondi), <mask> <mask> deputized the Bishop of Valence and Die to perform the task. During the Western Schism

<mask> did not accept the election of Prignano as Urban VI, and sheltered in Castel Sant'Angelo a group of like-minded cardinals, which included his brother. He met the bardaresi, carrying a battleaxe and followed by a heavily armed entourage, refusing to allow him to escort the cardinals back for a papal coronation ("That fool thinks he’s pope? I surely don’t consider him pope"). Later in the day <mask> <mask> and the other cardinals went to pay homage to Urban VI although he feigned illness to avoid the coronation.He carried on his duties as chamberlain as if Gregory XI were still in power and Urban VI did not exist, refusing to date his letters according to the latter's election. As Chamberlain of the Camera (Camerlengo),  <mask> held a curial office which was one of the few that did not expire during a sede vacante, as established by the bull Ubi periculum (1274). He persuaded the entire College of Cardinals to convene in Anagni, himself leaving Castel Sant'Angelo between June 25 and July 1. He issued a formal summons to Prignano to appear before a cameral tribunal in Anagni, and sometime before July 20 declared him excommunicated and deprived of his Archbishopric of Bari. Also under the judicial power of the Apostolic Camera, <mask> <mask> received the cardinals on August 2, and after hearing accounts of the conclave, declared it null and void and the church to continue in sede vacante. This meeting was neither a consistory or a conclave but a tribunal with <mask> <mask> presiding as an ordinary judge. <mask> worked to arrange a meeting of the College of Cardinals at Fondi on September 20, 1378 which elected Robert of Geneva as Clement VII.According to Williman, "<mask> used his huge discretionary powers to make himself virtually a regent or protector, a keeper of the papal power sede vacante". It was at this point that <mask> <mask> appointed a new procurator and registrar for the Camera, and assisted Clement VII in turning out copious amounts of official-looking documents. Cardinal
On 23 December 1383 Clement VII of the Avignon Obedience named him cardinal-priest of the Basilica of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. On the following day he resigned as Camerlengo, but retained the Archbishopric of Arles until January 1388. From that time he was known as Cardinalis Arelatensis, the "Cardinal of Arles". In April 1385 he was legate of Clement VII to Queen Maria of Naples in Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. He died at Avignon on 16 November 1388.Sources
<mask> recounted his version of the outbreak of the Schism in Avignon to the ambassadors of John I of Castile on May 30, 1380. His deposition was edited and published by J. M. H. Albanes in his Gallia christiana novissima (1669). Legacy
According to Williman, <mask> was instrumental in beginning the Western Schism, and creating a true split in the Western Church without precedent among the antipopes of preceding centuries, who had wielded little popular or international support:
"The Western Schism had its roots within the papal Curia. Even before there were two international obediences, or two popes, even before two legal opinions began to be argued about the validity of the April election, and before the ultramontane cardinals and Urban VI had gone to their separate summer refuges of Anagni and Tivoli, the nucleus of the Curia was split in interest and policy between two ministers, the heads of the Chancery and of the Camera, Bartolomeo Prignano and <mask> <mask>." References

Bibliography
Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, I, Münster 1913

External links

1320s births
1388 deaths
People from Corrèze
Papal family members
Economic history of the Holy See
Western Schism
14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France
French Benedictines
Benedictine bishops
Benedictine cardinals
Archbishops of Arles
Archbishops of Bourges
Apostolic Camera
14th-century French cardinals

masks:
Pierre de Murat de Cros
de Cros
Murat de Cros
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Aymar de Murat de Cros
Marie de Montc
Pierre
Jean de
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de Cros
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de Prohins
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Cros
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Pierre Rostaing
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de Cros
Pierre de
Cros


texts:
<mask> (born June 16, 1962) is an American former professional baseball player. He played for four major league teams during a 16-year career, most notably for the California Angels, for whom he was an All-Star. He was a member of the pennant-winning 1998 San Diego Padres. Early life and career
<mask> attended Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta. He attended college at Brigham Young University. In the 1983 MLB draft, the California Angels selected <mask> in the third round as a compensation pick from the New York Yankees for signing Don Baylor. Joyner credited a stint with the Mayagüez Indians of the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League as fundamental in his improvement as a slugger.Then-batting coach José Manuel Morales forced him to do power weight training and modify his posture at the batting cage, so as to develop upper body strength. He was consequently the top hitter on Puerto Rico's winter league on the 1985–86 season, winning the Triple Crown (.356, 14 HR, 48 RBI) in 54 games. California Angels
During his rookie season in MLB with the California Angels, Joyner became a fan favorite and briefly inspired a sensation in which Anaheim Stadium was dubbed "Wally World". The film National Lampoon's Vacation had featured a fictional theme park by that name, and the Angels' proximity to Disneyland may also have helped inspire the moniker. Additionally, ESPN announcer Chris Berman famously called him <mask> "Absorbine" <mask>, a nickname that stuck. <mask> was the starting first baseman in the 1986 All-Star Game, becoming the first rookie to be voted into the All-Star Game by the fans. Joyner tied Darryl Strawberry for first place in that year's Home Run Derby.When the Angels met the New York Yankees in a game in August 1986, a fan threw a knife at <mask>. <mask> was grazed on the left arm by the butt end of the weapon, escaping injury. <mask> broke up two no-hit bids in the ninth during the 1986 season. Against the Texas Rangers on June 16, he foiled Charlie Hough's bid with a single with one out in the ninth, scoring Jack Howell (who had reached on a three-base error) to tie the game at 1–1. <mask>, whose hit would be the Angels' only one of the game, eventually scored the winning run on Orlando Mercado's passed ball for a 2–1 Angels victory. Against the Detroit Tigers on August 20, <mask> broke up Walt Terrell's bid for a no-hitter by doubling with two out in the ninth; this would also be the Angels only hit in losing to the Tigers 3–0. <mask> and the Angels advanced to the 1986 American League Championship Series, where they came within one strike of reaching the franchise's first World Series.At the end of the 1986 season, <mask> was the runner-up in the voting for the Rookie of the Year Award, losing to José Canseco. On October 3, 1987, <mask> hit three solo home runs against the Indians in a 12-5 victory on the next to last day of the season. He finished the 1987 season with 34 home runs and 117 RBI, both career highs. Post-Angels
After six years with the Angels, <mask> signed with the Kansas City Royals as a free agent for the 1992 season. He played with the Royals for four years. After the 1995 season, <mask> was traded to the San Diego Padres for Bip Roberts. He played with the Padres for four years, and was the starting first baseman on the 1998 pennant-winning team.After the 1999 season, <mask> was traded to the Atlanta Braves in a deal that also sent Reggie Sanders to the Braves and Bret Boone and Ryan Klesko to the Padres. He played with the Braves for one year before ending his career where it had begun, with the Anaheim Angels. <mask> announced his retirement on June 16, 2001. In a taped message that was played on the Edison Field videoboard after the first inning that day, he thanked the Angels fans for their support and received a standing ovation. In a 16 year career, <mask> posted a .289 batting average with 204  home runs and 1,106 RBI in 2,033 games played. Defensively, he was an excellent first baseman, recording a career .994 fielding percentage. He led the American League in fielding percentage at first base in 1989 and 1995 and the National League in 1996 and 1997.In a November 2005 interview with ESPN The Magazine, <mask> revealed that he had briefly used steroids. At age 36, as his career was beginning to decline, he asked Padres teammate Ken Caminiti how to obtain them and did so. He took three pills before deciding not to continue and flushed them down the toilet. Joyner told Buster Olney that his reason for telling his story in public was to set the record straight for the sake of his daughters. Joyner was listed in the 2007 Mitchell Report. Coaching

On July 31, 2007, <mask> was hired by the San Diego Padres to be their hitting coach, replacing Merv Rettenmund. Previously, Joyner had served as a special assistant to Padres General Manager Kevin Towers.Between 2003 and 2007, he also acted as a roving minor league instructor and spring training instructor for the Padres. In September 2008, <mask> resigned as the hitting coach for the Padres due to a number of factors including the team's low rankings in batting categories and a difference in philosophy in regards to hitting with members of upper management (most notably, CEO Sandy Alderson). The resignation came as somewhat of a surprise due to <mask>'s relationship with the GM/VP Kevin Towers. Their friendship goes all the way back to the early 1980s as college teammates for the BYU Cougars. Towers even traded for <mask> in late 1995, one of the first few transactions he made as the new GM for the Padres. In spite of this, <mask> was likely to be let go at the end of the year like Bench Coach Craig Colbert was on September 29, 2008 due to the same factors in his resignation. On October 15, 2012, <mask> was hired by the Philadelphia Phillies as their assistant hitting coach to new hitting coach Steve Henderson.Following the firing of Charlie Manuel, <mask> became the first base coach under interim manager, Ryne Sandberg. On November 18, 2013, the Detroit Tigers announced the hiring of <mask> as their hitting coach. He was the team's hitting coach for the 2014, 2015, and 2016 seasons. He resigned after the 2016 season to pursue other opportunities. Personal life
<mask> now resides in Mapleton, Utah. Joyner has invested and appeared in films marketed to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , including playing "Brother Angel" (a reference to the California Angels) in The Singles Ward, and "Brother Jensen" in the 2003 movie, The R.M.. He is the nephew of former United States Senator Paula Hawkins.See also

 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report

References

External links

Joyner admits brief steroid use
Joyner and the fan

1962 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
Anaheim Angels players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball coaches from Georgia (U.S. state)
Baseball players from Atlanta
Brigham Young University alumni
BYU Cougars baseball players
California Angels players
Detroit Tigers coaches
Drugs in sport in the United States
Edmonton Trappers players
Indios de Mayagüez players
Kansas City Royals players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Latter Day Saints from Georgia (U.S. state)
Major League Baseball first basemen
People from Mapleton, Utah
Peoria Suns players
Philadelphia Phillies coaches
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
San Diego Padres coaches
San Diego Padres players
Waterbury Angels players

masks:
Wallace Keith Joyner
Joyner
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Wally
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