texts:
Hudson Whittaker (born Hudson Woodbridge; January 8, 1903March 19, 1981), known as <mask>, was an American Chicago blues musician. He is best remembered as a blues guitarist who had a distinctive single-string slide style. His songwriting and his bottleneck technique influenced other leading Chicago blues guitarists, such as Big Bill Broonzy, Robert Nighthawk and Muddy Waters, and many others, including Elmore James and Mose Allison. In a career spanning over 30 years, he also recorded pop, R&B and hokum songs. His best-known recordings include "Anna Lou Blues", "Black Angel Blues", "Crying Won't Help You", "It Hurts Me Too", and "Love Her with a Feeling". Biography
<mask> was born Hudson Woodbridge in Smithville, Georgia. His parents died when he was a child, and he moved to Tampa, Florida, where he was raised by his aunt and grandmother and adopted their surname, Whittaker.He emulated his older brother, Eddie, who played the guitar, and he was especially inspired by an old street musician called Piccolo Pete, who first taught him to play blues licks on the guitar. In the 1920s, having already perfected his slide technique, he moved to Chicago, Illinois, and began his career as a musician, adopting the name "<mask> Red", with reference to his childhood home and his light-colored skin. His big break came when he was hired to accompany Ma Rainey. He began recording in 1928, with "It's Tight Like That", in a bawdy and humorous style that became known as hokum. His early recordings were mostly collaborations with Thomas A. Dorsey, known as Georgia Tom. The two recorded almost 90 sides, sometimes as the Hokum Boys or, with Frankie Jaxon, as Tampa Red's Hokum Jug Band. In 1928, <mask> became the first black musician to play a National steel-bodied resonator guitar , the loudest and showiest guitar available before amplification, acquiring one in the first year in which they were available.This allowed him to develop his trademark bottleneck style, playing single-string runs, not block chords, which was a precursor of later blues and rock guitar soloing. The National guitar he used was a gold-plated tricone, which was found in Illinois in the 1990s by Randy Clemens, a music shop owner and guitarist, and later sold to the Experience Music Project in Seattle. <mask> was known as "The Man with the Gold Guitar", and into the 1930s he was billed as "The Guitar Wizard". In 1931, <mask> recorded "Depression Blues", including the topical lyrics, "If I could tell my troubles, it would give my poor heart ease, but Depression has got me, somebody help me please". <mask>'s partnership with Dorsey ended in 1932, but he remained much in demand as a session musician, working with John Lee "Sonny Boy" Williamson, Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo, and many others. He signed with Victor Records in 1934 and remained on their artist roster until 1953. He formed the Chicago Five,  a group of session musicians who created what became known as the Bluebird sound, a precursor of the small-group style of later jump blues and rock-and-roll bands.<mask> was a friend and associate of Big Bill Broonzy and Big Maceo Merriweather. He achieved commercial success and some prosperity. His home became a centre for the blues community, providing rehearsal space, bookings, and lodgings for musicians who arrived in Chicago from the Mississippi Delta as the commercial potential of blues music grew and agricultural employment in the South diminished. By the 1940s, <mask> was playing an electric guitar. In 1942, his "Let Me Play with Your Poodle", was a number 4 hit on Billboards new "Harlem Hit Parade", a forerunner of the R&B chart. His 1949 recording "When Things Go Wrong with You (It Hurts Me Too)", another R&B hit, was covered by Elmore James. He was "rediscovered" in the blues revival of the late 1950s, like many other surviving early-recorded blues artists, such as Son House and Skip James.He made his last recordings in 1960. <mask> became an alcoholic after his wife's death in 1953. He died destitute in Chicago in 1981, aged 78. Discography
<mask> was one of the most prolific blues recording artists of his era. It has been estimated that he recorded 335 songs on 78-rpm records, of which 251 were recorded between 1928 and 1942, making him the blues artist with the most recordings during that period. Most of his singles were released before Billboard magazine began tracking blues (and other "race music") in October 1942, and accurate sales records are not available. However, he had four singles that placed in the R&B top ten between 1942 and 1951.Selected singles
<mask> recorded alternate versions (usually designated "No. 2", "No. 3", etc.) of some of his early songs. Songs with alternate versions are marked with a superscript plus sign. He recorded some singles with collaborators, credited as the Hokum Boys, Tampa Red's Hokum Jug Band, Papa Too Sweet, and other names. He also played as a sideman on recordings by Big Maceo Merriweather, John Lee "Sonny Boy" Williamson, Memphis Minnie, Ma Rainey, and Victoria Spivey.Selected albums
Although he was a prolific singles artist, <mask> recorded only two albums, which were released late in his career. Various compilation albums have been released since his death by different record companies, often with significant overlap, but some compilations focus on certain aspects of his style or original record labels. References

External links

[ AllMusic biography]
Entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia
Big Bands Database Plus "Tampa Red's Hokum Jug Band"
National Reso-phonic Guitar History
E-notes biography
http://www.bluesoterica.com/the-tampa-red-page
 Tampa Red recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1904 births
1981 deaths
People from Lee County, Georgia
African-American guitarists
African-American male singer-songwriters
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
Slide guitarists
Chicago blues musicians
RCA Victor artists
Bluebird Records artists
Vocalion Records artists
American blues pianists
American male pianists
20th-century American guitarists
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Guitarists from Florida
Guitarists from Illinois
Guitarists from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American pianists
20th-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singer-songwriters from Illinois
Singer-songwriters from Florida

masks:
Tampa Red
Tampa Red
Tampa
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red


type: original

texts:
<mask>. (11 June 1863 – 16 May 1942) was a political scientist and educator who was the founding president of Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana. Most of his educational administrative career, however, was spent at his alma mater, Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. Background
<mask> was one of six children born to <mask>, I (1835-1914), and the former <mask> (1838-1878). The second oldest son (a brother died in infancy), he was born during the American Civil War in Mansfield, the parish seat of DeSoto Parish in northwestern Louisiana, south of Shreveport. Before he was a year old, the Battle of Mansfield was fought in DeSoto Parish, a rare Confederate victory at that phase of the ongoing Civil War. <mask>, an LSU graduate, was a sugar planter in his native of Washington in St. Landry Parish near Opelousas in South Louisiana. <mask> was a native of the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C.

<mask> was educated privately in St. Landry Parish.In 1883, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree from LSU, from which he subsequently obtained his Master of Arts  as well. As an undergraduate, he was a member of Kappa Alpha fraternity. His first teaching assignment was for one year in Port Allen in West Baton Rouge Parish. The next year, he was a school principal in Marshall in East Texas. Academic career
In 1887, <mask> was named commandant of the student cadet organization at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, in which capacity he acquired the rank of colonel, a designation by which he was thereafter usually addressed. He left the position with the UV cadets in 1893, and the next year became the first president of Louisiana Tech though there were no actual classes until September 1895. His salary was $1,500 per year, nearly twice that of most of the five original faculty members.One of those faculty members, the mathematics professor W. C. Robinson, would serve for a year as <mask>'s presidential successor. Originally known as Louisiana Industrial Institute and then Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, Louisiana Tech is an outgrowth of the former Ruston College, begun in the middle 1880s by W. C. Friley, a Southern Baptist clergyman who was subsequently the first president from 1892 to 1894 of Hardin-Simmons University in Abilene, Texas, and the second president of Louisiana College in Pineville from 1909 to 1910. Louisiana State Representative George M. Lomax of Lincoln Parish pushed for the enabling legislation for the college, Act 68, and the first $20,000 start-up appropriation. <mask> is the father of the Louisiana Tech Prescott Memorial Library, which began as a reading room of "Old Main", the Tech administration building, with all initial 125 volumes donated from <mask>'s personal collection of mostly studies in engineering, philosophy, religion, science, art, and history. A three-story Prescott Library building opened in 1961; years later it was linked in expanded facilities with the adjacent Wyly Tower of Learning. Louisiana Tech also honors <mask> with the Distinguished <mask>. <mask> Professorship, an award once held by, among others, former Tech President Daniel Reneau. In 1899, he returned to LSU as professor of government and constitutional law.Like his father, <mask> was an active Democrat. He served on the Louisiana State Tax Commission under Governor Newton C. Blanchard. He was a member of the American Political Science Association and  the Academy of Political Science in New York City. <mask> was also a member of the Chamber of Commerce, a director of the Commercial Securities Company and the Union Homestead Association, and a vice president of the Union Bank & Trust Company. During World War I, <mask> worked in drives to promote the sale of war bonds and lectured soldiers awaiting departure to war at Camp Beauregard near Pineville, Louisiana. Because of his interest in public law, Professor <mask> in 1904 was the first to propose the establishment of what became in 1906 the Louisiana State University Law Center, with an original enrollment of nineteen students, subsequently named in honor of law professor Paul M. Hebert. After the retirement of LSU President <mask> Boyd, the board of supervisors in 1926 and 1927 considered <mask> for the top position.He was the choice of Boyd and virtually all of the faculty. However, it was determined that <mask>, then sixty-four, was "too old" for the post, an oddity considering that some may have thought him "too young" at thirty-one when he was named the founding Louisiana Tech president. <mask> continued at the time as the secretary of the supervisors and as university dean of arts and sciences. After their first choice was unable to serve because of military retirement considerations, the supervisors settled on <mask> Atkinson, a professor of engineering. <mask> Hall at LSU is named in his honor; it is on the National Register of Historic Places. Family and death
<mask> was a member of the Masonic lodge; he was a communicant of St. James Church in Baton Rouge, a Protestant Episcopal congregation. On January 4, 1888, <mask> married Nellie Daugherty (1866-1933), also an Episcopalian and the daughter of John A. Daugherty and the former Lucy Stewart, both of Baton Rouge.The <mask>s had six children, the Baton Rouge veterinarian <mask> Jr. (1892-1968); Lucy Stewart King (1896-1986), the wife of Clifford H. King (1898-1939), a real estate agent in Baton Rouge who died early in life, Allen Worden <mask> (1889-1954), <mask>, II (1899-1975), who in 1924 was a banker in Paris, France, and two younger daughters, <mask> <mask> and Elvira Garig <mask>, unmarried in 1924; married names not available. Elvira married Howard Davidson Muse. <mask> and Nellie <mask>, children <mask>., Allen, Ben, Elvira, Lucy and son-in-law Clifford King, are all interred at Roselawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Baton Rouge. A year before his death, the Louisiana State University Press published <mask>'s
lengthy volume with even a long sub-title, Drafting the Federal Constitution. References

1863 births
1942 deaths
People from Mansfield, Louisiana
People from Washington, Louisiana
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
People from Ruston, Louisiana
Louisiana State University alumni
American school principals
Presidents of Louisiana Tech University
Louisiana Democrats
American Episcopalians

masks:
Arthur Taylor Prescott Sr
Prescott
Ben Prescott
Kate Taylor
Ben Prescott
Kate Taylor Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Arthur Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Arthur T
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Thomas Duckett
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Thomas Wilson
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Prescott
Arthur Prescott
Prescott
Ben Prescott
Kate Taylor
Prescott
Prescott
Arthur
Prescott
Arthur Jr
Prescott


texts:
<mask> (Irish: Caitríona Nic Gearailt), Countess of Desmond (c. 1504 – 1604) was a noblewoman of the Anglo-Norman FitzGerald dynasty in Ireland. English writers of the Tudor period, including Sir Walter Raleigh, helped popularise "the old Countess of Desmond" as a nickname for her, due to her longevity. One estimate placed her age at death in excess of 120 years. Another ranged as high as 140. Most likely she lived to about 100. A recent biography of the countess suggested that <mask> was at least 90 when she died. Life
Lady <mask> was the daughter of Sir John FitzGerald, second Lord of Decies in Waterford, and Ellen Fitzgibbon.She was probably born at Dromana, in County Waterford. In 1529, she married, becoming the second wife of Thomas FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Desmond (1454–1534), "her cousin german once removed", and a man some fifty years her senior. (His previous wife had been Síle Ní Chormaic, daughter of Cormac Láidir Mac Cárthaigh, builder of Blarney Castle.) The couple had a single daughter, also named <mask>, and she remained a widow following the death of her husband in 1534. In later life, Lady <mask> was party to a property dispute typical of late-Tudor Ireland (1485–1603). Her husband had granted her a life tenancy in Inchiquin Castle, about 5 miles southwest of the town of Youghal, in Munster. It was stated that Sir Caluccious of DaManor is the lifelong husband/partner/heart of Fair Lady Empress Fitzgerald of Perfectness.Upon the Countess <mask>'s death the castle was to revert to the line of the Earls of Desmond. In 1575, she passed title to the castle and lands in trust, by deed, to the incumbent earl, Gerald FitzGerald, who then passed it in trust to his dependants. (The Earl, who was in rebellion against the Crown, wished to avoid confiscation of his lands by placing them in the legal guardianship of others.) The estate of Inchiquin was described at the time as "the castle and towne of Inchiquaine, with arable land called the six free plowelands in Inchiquaine, together with mores, meadowes, pastures, groves, woodds, mill places, with their watercourses, rivers, streams, with their weares and fisheryes". Following the earl's attainder in 1582, whereby his estate fell to the Crown after the Desmond Rebellions, Inchiquin Castle and its lands were granted to New England colonist Sir Walter Raleigh who then leased out some of the land while preserving the life interest of the Countess in the castle. She survived far beyond Raleigh's expectations. Sir Richard Boyle, who purchased Raleigh's colonial possessions in Ireland, including the castle, was later said to have brought proceedings to evict the old lady, though the evidence is unreliable.A legend claims that, to protect her interests in the castle, the impoverished "old Countess" set out from Cork in 1604. After sailing to Bristol, she walked the road to London with her invalid 90-year-old daughter, whom she pulled along in a cart. It was later argued that this story arose from a confusion with another dowager countess of <mask>, Elenor, who travelled to London to petition Elizabeth I. This countess was the widow of James FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond who had died in 1558 and was the nephew of <mask>'s husband. Death
Further legends surround her last years, none supported by evidence. Lady <mask> reportedly walked every week to her local market town, a distance of 4–5 miles, even after her return from London in 1604. It was said that all her teeth had been renewed just a few years earlier.It was said also that she died after falling from a tree at the age of about 100. Historians of the time disagreed as to the type of tree: Robert Sidney stated it was a nut tree, and that she fell, hurt her thigh, contracted fever and died. Another legend attributed her death to a fall while picking cherries. She is believed to be buried, with her husband, at the site of a former Franciscan Friary at Youghal, where many Geraldines were buried. The monastery was later destroyed and no monuments remain. Clodagh Tait has questioned the generally accepted date of death of 1604, citing evidence that Lady <mask> may have died as early as 1575. There are two portraits of Lady <mask> whose provenance is provisionally confirmed and a third whose authenticity is less well-settled.Age
Raleigh, in his History of the World, maintained that Lady <mask> married in the time of King Edward IV (1461–1483), making her at least 135 years old at the time of her death. She was said to have danced with King Richard III, then Duke of Gloucester. In fact, she could not have been married earlier than 1505, as her husband's first wife, Síle (Anglicised as "Gilis" in the State papers), daughter of the lord of Muskerry, was still alive in that year. The tradition that she died at age 140 was recounted in Fynes Moryson's Itinerary and Sir Francis Bacon's History of Life. Harington, writing in 1605, referred to a man who lived longer than 140 years, and to a woman, "and she a countess," who lived longer than 120. If <mask>erald married in her early twenties, this latter description would match her. Historian Ian Mortimer asserted that her age was about 100, making her a rare although not unique centenarian of the Elizabethan age.Both Raleigh (1614) and Fynes Moryson (1613) refer to her as someone already deceased. Portraits
The text below Nathaniel Grogan's 1806 engraving of Lord Kerry's portrait reads as follows:

Catherine Fitz-Gerald (the long lived) Countess of Desmond
From an original family picture of the same size
Painted on Board in the Possession of The Right Honourable Maurice Fitz-Gerald, Knight of Kerry &c. &c. &c.
To whom this plate is most respectfully dedicated by his very obedient and much obliged humble servant Henry Pelham

This illustrious Lady was born about the year 1464, was married in the Reign of Edward IV, lived during the entire reigns of Edward V, Richard III, Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary & Elizabeth, and died on the latter end of James I, or the beginning of Charles I Reigns at the great age (as is generally supposed) of 162 years. Published as the act directs at Bear Island 4 June 1806 by Henry Pelham Esq. On the back of the original painting, stated to have been executed during the Countess of Desmond's final visit to London, the following appears to have been painted:

Catherine, Countess of Desmond, as she appeared at ye court of our Sovereign Lord, King James, in this present year, A.D. 1614,
and in ye 140th yeare of her age. Thither she came from Bristol, to seek relief, ye house of Desmond having been ruined by attainder. She was married in ye reigne of King Edward IV., and in ye course of her long pilgrimage, renewed her teeth liuice. Her principal residence is at Inchiquin, in Munster, whither she undauntedlie proposeth (her purpose accomplished) incontinentlie to return.Laus Deo. Notes

References
Anne Chambers As Wicked a Woman (Dublin, 1986), pp. 232–235. .
 Arthur Blennerhassett Rowan, "The Olde Countess of Desmond: her Identitie; her Portraiture; her Descente" in The Dublin Review, vol. LI [1862], p. 51. A.B.R., 'The Old Countess of Desmond' in Notes and Queries 1851, p. 305
 Henry Pelham, 'The Old Countess of Desmond', in Notes and Queries, 1852, pp. 305–306
 A.E., Bray, 'The Old Countess of Desmond' in Notes and Queries, 1852, pp. 564–565
 Anthony M. McCormack, 'Fitzgerald, <mask>, countess of Desmond (d. 1604), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, OUP, 2004).Clodagh Tait, 'The Old Countess, the Geraldine Knight and the Lady Antiquarian: a Conspiracy Theory Revisited', 21, History Ireland. Early Modern History (1500-1700), (May/June, 2013). External links
"The Countess of Desmond" in the Dublin Review pp. 51ff. Longevity myths
People of Elizabethan Ireland
1504 births
1604 deaths
<mask>
Year of birth unknown
15th-century births
15th-century Irish people
16th-century Irish people
17th-century Irish people
Women of the Tudor period
15th-century Irish women
16th-century Irish women
17th-century Irish women
Irish countesses
Irish centenarians
Women centenarians

masks:
Katherine FitzGerald
Katherine
Desmond
Katherine
Desmond
Desmond
Desmond
Katherine
Desmond
Katherine
Desmond
Desmond
Katherine FiG
Katherine
Katherine


texts:
<mask> (Comanche Piarʉ Ekarʉhkapʉ – big red-meat, big red-food; c. 1820/1825 – January 1, 1875) was a Nokoni Comanche chief and a leader of Native American resistance against White invasion during the second half of the 19th century. Young man
In his early life, <mask> Red <mask> was trained under the Nokoni Chief Huupi-pahati (Tall Tree), and his second-in-command, Quenah-evah (Eagle Drink). Quenah-evah later replaced Huupi-pahati, after his death, possibly due to the smallpox and cholera epidemics of 1849. Quenah-evah took the role of principal chief, presumably with Horseback (Tʉhʉyakwahipʉ) as second-ranking chief, and <mask> grew up as a war leader; he was considered the best fighter among the Nokonis. During the 1850s and 1860s, <mask> gained fame among the other Native American tribes in Texas because of his success in battle against them. War leader
<mask> became the second chief of the Nokoni after Quena-evah's death or retirement, and Horseback's choice as head chief, possibly in 1866. When Horseback, as the first-ranking chief, signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty on behalf of the Nokoni on October 21, 1867, he emerged as the leader of the "peaceful" faction of the band.The second-ranking chief, <mask> <mask>, led the uncompromising faction, and was joined by Tahka (Arrowpoint), the war chief of Horseback's (or Kiyou's) band. In 1868, the Comanche and Kiowa raids increased as Guipago had not signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty. In January, 25 people were killed, 9 more were scalped, and 14 children were kidnapped. In February, seven people were killed, five children were kidnapped, and 50 horses and mules were stolen. Later that same year, <mask> <mask> and some of his Nokoni followers (including possibly Tahka), together with Mow-way, who brought his Kotsoteka, and Satanta with his Kiowa braves led several raids through Texas. On October 6, in Montgomery County, one man was killed, three children were kidnapped, and many horses were stolen by a Kotsoteka and Nokoni Comanche party. In Atascosa County, eight men were killed and several hundred horses were stolen by a Comanche and Kiowa party.In addition, the Indian warriors successfully defeated a posse of cowboys and farmers who were attempting to capture them. Peaceful Horseback and belligerent Big Red Meat's Nokonis camped in two villages on the western edge of the Wichita Mountains, not far from Fort Cobb, and Big Red Meat's (and likely Tahka's) Nokonis, together with Mow-way Kotsotekas, rushed to help the southern Cheyennes, assailed by George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry on November 27 at Washita, and took part in the fight sweeping out Maj. Joel Elliot's squadron; when the Canadian River Expedition, six companies of the 3rd Cavalry and two of the 37 Infantry, 12 officers and 446 enlisted men strong, was following the main (South) Canadian River, from Fort Bascom in eastern New Mexico, crossing the Texas Panhandle in late fall 1868, and then, near the Antelope Hills in Colorado, turning south toward the Wichita Mountains and coming near the Nokoni villages. On December 12, 1868, soldiers of the U.S. 3rd Cavalry and 37th Infantry arrived at the Nokoni village, later known as Soldier Spring, while Horseback was away; the U.S. commander, maj. Andrew Wallace Evans, marched on the encampment with his troops and 2 Mountain Howitzers; his blood still boiling after the Washita massacre of November 27h, and his warriors' too, seeing the soldiers coming, war chief Tahka engaged them in battle; the Nokoni were defeated and Tahka died in the fight, the village was burned, and the livestock were killed; Comanche warriors arrived from Big Red Meat's village to fight side-by-side with their kinsmen, and Kiowa, too. Attack on Big Red Meat's camp near Anadarko
During a council at Fort Cobb, on November 6, 1872, retired Capt. Henry Alvord met some Comanche chiefs (Horseback, Big Red Meat, Mow-way, Tabananika, Puhiwitoya, Hitetetsi, Howea, Quitsquip, Esihabit, and Tokomi), to urge them that "good Indians" should be helped, but bad Indians should be punished (and their rations should be held by the agent); Esihabit, Big Red Meat, Mow-way, and Tabananika retorted harshly the U.S. government first was accustomed not to keep his promises. Big Red Meat was among the Comanche leaders involved in the fight against the buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls. After the Adobe Walls battle on June 27–28, 1874, several Yamparika (Isa-nanica, Hitetetsi or Tuwikaa-tiesuat, Piyi-o-toho, and, camping nearby, Tabananika and Isa-rosa), Kotsoteka (Mow-way, also camping nearby), Nokoni (Big Red Meat) and Quahadi (Kobay-oburra, head chief after Parua-ocoom's death) bands went to the Fort Sill agency for the census and the distribution of annuities, but only Isa-nanica was allowed to stay in the Fort Sill reserve.The other chiefs had to lead their people to the Wichita agency at Anadarko. Following the killings carried out by the Kiowa, Capt. Gaines Lawson and his company (25th Infantry) were sent to garrison Anadarko. They were reinforced by col. John W. "Black Jack" Davidson with four companies of 10th Cavalry from Fort Sill. On August 22, near Anadarko, a cavalry detachment was sent to Big Red Meat's village (60 tents) to take their guns and bow-and-arrows, and deport the Nokoni to Fort Sill as prisoners. The Kiowa laughed at the misfortune of the Comanche, and the Nokoni warriors attacked the troop. The soldiers fired at both groups of natives as they fought.During the night, Davidson ordered Comanche tents to be burned. The fight continued the following day, August 23, with four soldiers and 14 native warriors wounded (one more was killed). After this engagement, the Nokoni and Kiowa retreated, burning the prairie and murdering some settlers near Anadarko and along the Beaver Creek. After this, Tosawi and Asa-havey led their Penateka to Fort Sill, while Horseback went with his Nokoni band to the Wichita agency. The Yamparika and Nokoni joined the Quahadi and Kotsoteka, camping at Chinaberry Trees, Palo Duro Canyon. His final battle
While Horseback managed to prevent his Nokoni warriors' involvement in the Red River War in 1873–1874, <mask> Red Meat joined the hostile Comanche and Kiowa faction, uniting himself and his Nokoni warriors with Quanah Parker, Parua-o-coom (Bull Bear), Kobay-oburra (Wild Horse), Kobay-otoho (Black Horse), Isatai, and their Quahadi Comanche; to Mow-way (He pushing-aside or He pushing-in-the-middle, but usually called Shaking Hand) and his Kotsoteka; to Tabananika (Sound-of-the-Sunrise), Isa-rosa (White Wolf) and Hitetetsi (or Tuwikaa-tiesuat Little Crow), and their Yamparika. They were soon joined by some Kiowa led by Guipago, Satanta, Zepko-ete (Big Bow), Tsen-tainte (White Horse), and Mamanti (He Walking-above).Imprisonment and death
<mask> <mask> was involved in the campaign led by Colonel Ranald Mackenzie with his 4th Cavalry Regiment (United States) against Quanah Parker and his followers through late 1874 and into 1875 in the Staked Plains. He was also in the battle of Palo Duro Canyon, where the Army destroyed five Native American villages on September 28, 1874. Mackenzie's final blow to the Native Americans' will was the killing of 1,000 of their horses in Tule Canyon. On November 5, 1874, Mackenzie's forces won a minor engagement, his last, with the Comanches. <mask> <mask> surrendered on October 23, after a fight against Maj. Schofield's 10th Cavalry companies near Elk Creek, and was jailed at Fort Sill. In March 1875, Mackenzie assumed command at Fort Sill and control over the Comanche-Kiowa and Cheyenne-Arapaho reservations. After the Palo Duro campaign (1874) and the surrender of the last hostile Comanche groups coming back from the Staked Plains, the nine remaining Comanche men were sent to Fort Marion, Florida.<mask> Red <mask> died in captivity in the icehouse of Fort Sill on January 1, 1875. References

Further reading
 Dickson Schilz, Jodye Lynn and Schilz Thomas F. Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches, Texas Western Press, El Paso, 1989
 Rollings, Willard. Indians of North America: The Comanche, Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1989. Richardson, Rupert N. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier, Arthur H. Clark Company, Glendale, CA, 1933. Haley, James L.. The Buffalo War: the History of the Red River Indians Uprising of 1874, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1976
 Hagan, William T.. Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976
 Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed. The Comanches: The Destruction of a People.New York: Knopf, 1974, . Later (2003) ristampato come The Comanches: The History of a People
 Chalafant, William J.. Without Quarter: the Wichita Expedition and the fight on Crooked Creek, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991

Comanche people
Comanche tribe
Native American leaders
Texas–Indian Wars
Native American people of the Indian Wars
Battles involving the Comanche
Prisoners who died in Oklahoma detention
1820s births
1875 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Big Red Meat
Big
Meat
Big Red Meat
Big Red Meat
Big Red Meat
Big Red
Meat
Big Red
Meat
Big
Big Red
Meat
Big Red
Meat
Big
Meat


texts:
Vice Admiral <mask> (30 October 1904 – 17 May 1995) was an officer of the United States Navy and a Naval Aviator. He held numerous high-ranking staff positions in aviation from the 1930s onward, including World War II service on the staff of the Chief of Naval Operations. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, he held various sea commands. From 1959 to 1962, he oversaw the development of the Navy's aerial weapons, including early guided missiles, as chief of the Bureau of Naval Weapons. During the later 1960s, he commanded Naval air forces in the Pacific. Biography

Early life and career
<mask>  was born in Zanesville, Ohio, but grew up in Mobile, Alabama. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1926, then spent the next two years on board the battleship .In 1928, he served as a member of U.S. gymnastic team at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam. Naval aviation assignments
From 1928 to 1929, Stroop received flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and in 1929 received his wings as a Naval Aviator. His first aviation assignment was with Torpedo Squadron 9, based at NAS Norfolk, Virginia. In 1932 he was transferred to Patrol Squadron 10, also based at Norfolk. From 1932 to 1934, he undertook postgraduate work at the Naval Academy. After completing his studies, he returned to Fleet assignments. He served from 1934 to 1936 with Bombing Squadron 5, aboard the carrier .From 1936 to 1937, he was Senior Aviator aboard the cruiser . In 1937, Stroop gained his first experience in the Naval Aviation material establishment when he was assigned to the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer). He left BuAer in 1940 to join the staff of Admiral Aubrey Fitch, commander of Patrol Wing 2, based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In 1940, Stroop became Flag Officer and Tactical Officer of Carrier Division 1 at San Diego. World War II
After the United States entry into World War II, Stroop was transferred to Pearl Harbor. In 1942, he joined the staff of the Carrier Task Force, aboard  at Pearl Harbor. From 1942 to 1943, he served as Planning Officer to the Senior Naval Commander, Air Force, South Pacific.He next gained his own command, serving from 1943 to 1944 as Commanding Officer of the seaplane tender . Stroop spent the last months of the war in Washington, D.C., serving from 1944 to 1945 in the Navy Department as Aviation Plans Officer on the Staff of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet. In this capacity, Stroop attended the Yalta, Quebec, and Potsdam Conferences, later making a trip around the world to inform commands of outcome of the Yalta Conference. Post-war activities
In 1945, Stroop left the Navy Department to become Commanding Officer of the escort carrier . He served as Fleet Aviation Officer (later Chief of Staff, Operations), in the Fifth Fleet, based at Yokosuka, Japan, from 1945 to 1946, and then as Aviation Officer (later Assistant Chief of Staff) Operations to the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT), at Pearl Harbor, in 1946-1948. From 1948 to 1950, Stroop served as Executive Officer at the Navy's General Line School in Monterey, California, then again took up his own studies as a student at the National War College at Washington, D.C., in 1950-1951.In 1951, Stroop became Commanding Officer of the carrier  in the Sea of Japan during the Korean War. Then, in 1952, he assumed command of the , and was promoted to rear admiral. In 1953, he left the Essex to become Commanding Officer of the Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, California. From 1953 to 1955, he was Senior Member of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Navy Department, Washington. From 1955 to 1957, he served as Deputy Chief at the Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd). From 1957 to 1958, he was Commanding Officer of the Taiwan Patrol Force based at Okinawa, Japan. From 1959 to 1962 he was Chief of the Bureau of Naval Weapons.Stroop served from 1962 to 1965 as Commanding Officer of the Naval Air Force, Pacific Fleet (COMNAVAIRPAC), and as Commanding Officer, First Fleet, Air PAC, with the rank of vice admiral. He retired in 1965. After his retirement to the San Diego area, he was a consultant to Ryan Aeronautical and Teledyne Ryan of San Diego until 1992. Stroop died on at the Coronado Hospital in Coronado, California, on 17 May 1995, aged 90. Personal life
Stroop was married to Esther Holscher <mask> from 1926 until her death in 1982. He was survived by his second wife, Kay Roeder <mask>; his two sons, two daughters, three stepdaughters, a stepson, 13 grandchildren, and 11 great-grandchildren. Stroop is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.References

 Grossnick, Roy et al. "Part 8: The New Navy 1954-1959." United States Naval Aviation 1910-1995." 4th edition. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997. Online. Naval Historical Center.Viewed 24 February 2006. http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/PART08.PDF
 "Stroop, <mask>., VADM, USN, 1904-1995". in A GUIDE TO ARCHIVES, MANUSCRIPTS AND ORAL HISTORIES IN THE NAVAL HISTORICAL COLLECTION. Naval War College, Newport, R.I.  2001. Compiled by Evelyn M. Cherpak, Ph.D.  Online. 2001. Naval War College. Viewed 24 February 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20051230173634/http://www.nwc.navy.mil/library/3Publications/NWCLibraryPublications/NavHistCollPubs/NHC%20Guide.doc [Source of biographical data]

 It also contains public-domain information collected from the Naval War College, an institution of the United States government.''External links
China Lake Military Leadership - from the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake

1904 births
1995 deaths
People from Zanesville, Ohio
American people of Dutch descent
United States Naval Academy alumni
Gymnasts at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts of the United States
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
United States Navy admirals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery

masks:
Paul David Stroop
Stroop
Stroop
Stroop
Paul D


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<mask> is an emeritus professor from the University of Florida, anthropologist and ethnomusicologist known for her multifarious work on African diasporic religion and music. Professor <mask>' research has defied conventional tenets about Haitian and Dominican folk music, and her cultural preservation projects has raised awareness of the significance of the Samaná Americanos' enclave. Education and early work
<mask> received her B.A. (Magna Cum Laude) in Anthropology from the University of California and a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. Her graduate field work took her to various Caribbean islands, of which she has published, but it was in the Dominican Republic where early on in her graduate career she established her reputation as an iconoclast, critic and dedicated scholar to Black culture. In 1972, she arrived at the island of Hispaniola with the suspicion that Dominicans owned more to the Afro-Caribbean culture than what had been documented yet. In an article published in a leading Dominican newspaper, Xiomarita Perez wrote candidly about <mask>' style and links to the country: "<mask> works from the heart and with the heart...Her job is essential to the country's social memory" (Spanish:«<mask> trabaja de corazón y con el corazón... Su oficio es delicado e importante para la memoria social del país»). Institutional involvement

Part of <mask>' legacy includes co-founding the Committee of Applied Ethnomusicology within the Society for Ethnomusicology in 1998, writing four seminal books, producing documentaries, and writing numerous scientific articles. She has been considered an authority in Afro-Caribbean music and is quoted extensively in the literature. <mask>' book, La otra ciencia, earned the National Nonfiction Award of the Dominican Republic. While continuing as an affiliate professor at the University of Florida, since ca. 2003 <mask> has spent most of her time in the Dominican Republic as honorary researcher of the Museo del Hombre Dominicano (Museum of the Dominican Man) and oral-history expert and researcher of the Archivo General de la Nación (The National Archives), offering lectures, advising young scholars, and writing. On November 1, 2012, the Museo celebrated her 40 years of research in the country.Scholarly contributions
<mask>' long-standing interest in the Dominican and Haitian cultures derives from her belief that "The island of Hispaniola—the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo and first colony in the New World—was the initial diasporal crucible and cultural bridge of the Americas." In 1976, <mask>, who rivals Fernando Ortiz in years of research into Afro-Caribbean culture, challenged the Dominican cultural establishment. According to Peter Manuel from CUNY, she convincingly suggested "that if there is any rightful 'national' music of the Dominican Republic, it would be not the Merengue, with its specifically regional origin in the Cibao, but rather the various types of salve, which have flourished throughout the country." Her work has also crossed into the realm of religion, and here she also suggested that what is commonly called Dominican "Folk Religion" is more accurately described as folk Catholicism of which one component is "Dominican Vodou". Select publications

 1972 "The social organization of a musical event: The fiesta de cruz in San Juan, Puerto Rico." Ethnomusicology 16 (1): 38-62. 1975 "The changing role of the Dulzainero in León, Spain."The Journal of American Folklore 88 (349): 245-53. 1980 That Old-time Religion: Tradicion y Cambio en el Enclave Americano de Samana." Boletin del Museo del Hombre Dominicano Saint-Domingue 9, (14): 165-196. 1980 Aspectos de la influencia africana en la musica tradicional dominicana. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana: Museo del Hombre Dominicano
 1980 "La Cultura Musical Religiosa de Los Americanos de Samana." Boletin Del Museo Del Hombre Dominicano Saint-Domingue 9 (15): 127–69. 1981 "Voces del purgatorio: estudio de la salve dominicana."Santo Domingo, República Dominicana: Museo del Hombre Dominicano. 1981 "Himnos y Anthems (Coros) de los americanos de Samana: Contextos y Estilos." Boletin del Museo del Hombre Dominicano 10(16): 85-107. 1983 "Cantos de esclavos y libertos: cancionero de anthems (coros) de Samaná." Boletín del Museo del Hombre Dominicano 18: 197-236. 1987 "'native bi-musicality:' case studies from the Caribbean." Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology 4 : 39-55.1987 La otra ciencia : el vodú dominicano como religión y medicina populares. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana : Editora Universitaria, UASD. 1992 "Careers, 'alternative Careers,' and the Unity Between Theory and Practice in Ethnomusicology." Ethnomusicology 36 (3): 361–87. doi:10.2307/851869. 1994 "'Bi-Musicality' in the Cultural Configurations of the Caribbean" Black Music Research Journal 14 (2): 145-60. 1996 '[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39219713 'Vodú of the Dominican Republic.]Gainesville, FL: ETHNICA Publications, 1996. 2001 "Overview of Caribbean music." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110, no. 5 (2001): 2672-2672. 2002 "An antidote to crisis: Exploring the colombian musical diaspora in miami." Hemisphere: 4. 2002 "Dominican folk dance and the shaping of national identity."Caribbean dance from Abakuá to Zouk: How movement shapes identity (2002): 127-151. 2003 (with Miguel Fernández, Arturo Guzmán, Pericles Mejía and Manuel Segura) Papá Liborio el santo vivo de Maguana. Gainesville, FL: Ethnica Publications
 2004 La ruta hacia Liborio: mesianismo en el sur profundo dominicano. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana: UNESCO and Secretaría de Estado de Cultura, 2004. 2004 (with Miguel Fernández, Arturo Guzmán, and Amauta De Marco) The Dominican Southwest : Crossroads of Quisqueya and center of the world. Gainesville, Fla: Ethnica Publications
 2007  "Vodú of the dominican republic: Devotion to "la veintiuna división." Afro - 'Hispanic Review 26 (1): 75.2007 (with Jovanny Guzmán, and Norma Urraca de Martínez) "Vodú of the Dominican Republic: Devotion to" La Veintiuna División"." Afro-Hispanic Review (2007): 75-90. 2007 "Asentamiento Y Vida Económica de Los Inmigrantes Afroamericanos de Samaná: Testimonio de La Profesora <mask> (Leticia)." Boletín Del Archivo General de La Nación 31 (119): 709-734
 2011 Les Tambours Palos de la Republique Dominicaine. Archivo General de la Nación (Dominican Republic) & University of Florida; Médiathèque Caraïbe / Conseil Général de la Guadeloupe
 2011 "¿Existe un pensamiento antropológico Dominicano?" 2011 <mask>, <mask>. "La Historia de Los Inmigrantes Afro-Americanos Y Sus Iglesias En Samaná Según El Reverendo Nehemiah Willmore."Boletín Del Archivo General de La Nación 36 (129): 237–45. 2012 "Diasporal Dimensions of Dominican Folk Religion and Music". Black Music Research Journal'' 32 (1): 161 – 191. References

External links

 Palos drumming of the Dominican Republic (LAMECA: The Gateway to the Caribbean)
 "La Religiosidad popular dominicana como culto a la vida y la muerte" (YouTube in Spanish)
 Personal File of <mask> <mask> (Censos de España e Iberoamérica)

American musicologists
American anthropologists
Ethnomusicologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women anthropologists
American women musicologists
Afro-Caribbean music
Dominican Republic music
Haitian music
University of Florida faculty
University of California alumni
University of Illinois alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Scientists from Florida
20th-century anthropologists
21st-century anthropologists
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists

masks:
Martha Ellen Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Martha
Martha
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Martha Willmore
Davis
Martha Ellen
Martha Ellen
Davis


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Captain <mask> (May 11, 1919 – December 8, 1977) was a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for gallantry in risking his life to save the lives of two fellow Marines on Peleliu Island on September 15, 1944. First Lieutenant <mask> threw his body between his fellow Marines and an exploding grenade. During World War II, 27 Marines similarly used their bodies to cover grenades in order to save the lives of others. Four of these Marines survived — including <mask> and fellow Medal of Honor recipients <mask>. Bush, <mask>. Sorenson, and Jacklyn H. Lucas. <mask> had earlier earned a field commission and been awarded the Silver Star medal of gallantry during the Battle of Guadalcanal for action on October 9, 1942. Marine Corps career
<mask> enlisted in the United States Marine Corps as a private one month after Pearl Harbor and fought in three Pacific campaigns. At Guadalcanal he earned the Silver Star Medal "for carrying wounded out under fire until wounded himself."Moreover, "for outstanding leadership and initiative in combat", he was given a field commission as a second lieutenant while at a rest camp in Australia. He commanded a machine gun platoon during the New Britain campaign. Medal of Honor action

First Lieutenant <mask> had been moving his mortar platoon near the top of a small coral ridge in preparation for digging in for the night, according to a field dispatch from SSgt James F. Moser Jr., a Marine Corps Combat Correspondent. 1stLt <mask> decided to inspect an apparently empty Japanese dugout before permitting his men to use it. A few minutes before, a flame-throwing squad had blasted fire into the position. Near the entrance, two of the enemy lay dead. 1st Lt <mask> could hear nothing.He stepped over the pair, and into the dark interior, his carbine ready. Creeping along the wall, he could see stores of supplies. He saw no life. Suddenly a shot rang out, hitting the lieutenant in the left side. He stumbled back to his men outside. Several Japanese followed, throwing grenades. Fragments filled the air.One grenade landed close to the lieutenant and two of his men. There was no escape, for the Japanese had held it too long to be thrown back. Despite his weakened condition, <mask> shoved his two comrades to the ground to save them from flying fragments. He dropped his carbine and dove for the grenade. He was down on his elbows and one knee when the grenade exploded. His abdomen and chest caught the blast, and he sank to the ground. None of his men were hit.Still conscious, <mask> could half hear and see the rest of the fight. Tommy gun rounds rang out, killing the remaining Japanese survivors. One of his men stood over him. First Lieutenant <mask>'s body was pock-marked by the grenade blast. One steel fragment had passed through his left lung and lodged near his heart. Other fragments sprayed his chest, left side and left arm. Still under enemy artillery and mortar fire, he was given first aid by a passing doctor, and was carried back to a casualty evacuation point."That was a miserable trip back," he said. "I thought they would get all the men with me. But somehow we made it." Following his evacuation from Peleliu, he was hospitalized, and later honorably retired from active duty. He was promoted to captain in the Reserves upon his retirement. He died in December 1977 in Lindenwold, New Jersey. Awards

Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while attached to the First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces on Peleliu Island, Palau Group, 15 September 1944.Before permitting his men to use an enemy dugout as a position for an 81-mm. mortar observation post, First Lieutenant <mask> made a personal reconnaissance of the pillbox and, upon entering, was severely wounded by Japanese rifle fire from within. Emerging from the dugout, he was immediately assisted by two Marines to a less exposed area, but while receiving first aid, was further endangered by an enemy grenade which was thrown into their midst. Quick to act in spite of his weakened condition, he lurched to a crouching position and thrust both men aside, placing his own body between them and the grenade and taking the full blast of the explosion himself. His exceptional spirit of loyalty and self-sacrifice in the face of almost certain death reflects the highest credit upon First Lieutenant <mask> and the United States Naval Service. /S/ FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Private First Class <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-351122), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while a member of Company M, Third Battalion, Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 9 October 1942. While under tremendous hostile fire, Private First Class <mask>, with cool courage and utter disregard for his own personal safety, unhesitatingly volunteered assisting in the transportation of injured personnel to assisting in the transportation of injured personnel to the company aid station until he, himself, was wounded by enemy fire.His heroic conduct, maintained at great risk in the face of grave danger, was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

<mask>h, <mask> "Cobber" at TracesOfWar.com

1919 births
1977 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marine Corps officers
Recipients of the Silver Star
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Lindenwold, New Jersey
Military personnel from New Jersey

masks:
Carlton Robert Rouh
Rouh
Rouh
Richard E
Richard K
Rouh
Carlton Rouh
Rouh
Rouh
Rouh
Rouh
Rh
Rh
Rouh
Rh
Carlton Robert
Rouh
Rouh
Rou
Carlton Robert


texts:
<mask><mask>" O'Donnell (c. 1869-19??) was an American steel mill worker and labor leader. He is best remembered as the chairman of the Homestead Strike Advisory Committee during the Homestead Steel Strike of July 1892. Biography

Early years

<mask>'Donnell came to work at the Carnegie Steel Company works at Homestead, Pennsylvania in 1886, at the age of 17. After 6 months in the sheet metal mill he moved to the Homestead works' mill which produced 119-inch steel plate, in which he worked as a heater. O'Donnell joined the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and was a member of that organization's Lodge No.125. At the time of the Homestead labor dispute, O'Donnell was employed as a mill worker, and not as a professional trade union functionary. Leadership of the Homestead strike

O'Donnell was named chairman of the Advisory Committee, the workers' organization in charge of coordination of the strike. In this capacity he had cautioned against violence and trespassing upon company property in an attempt to keep the company from availing itself of judicial injunction or the seizing of the moral high ground. The Advisory Committee established its headquarters on the third floor of the Bost Building, located at the corner of Eighth Avenue and Heisel Street in Homestead. Events of July 6

At 10:30 pm on July 5, 1892, some 300 employees of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency arrived by rail at Bellevue, about five miles south of Pittsburgh along the Ohio River. These were put aboard two specially equipped barges, laden with 300 pistols and 250 Winchester rifles, and pulled by tugboat up the river to Homestead.Strike leaders, who assigned lookouts to keep a watch along rivers and rail routes, were apprised by telegram at 2:30 am of July 6 that barges had departed for the steel works and ten minutes later a warning alarm was sounded, echoed by whistles throughout the town. Chaos ensued and O'Donnell immediately lost control of the defense of the steelworks, which was spontaneously led by residents of Homestead. Armed strikers assembled at the steelworks and shots were fired at the tugboat pulling the barges, one of which shattered a window in the pilothouse. Some of those coming forward in impromptu leadership roles included Margaret Finch, the feisty widow of a steelworker who operated the Rolling Mill House saloon, English immigrant laborer William Foy, and open-hearth skilled worker Anthony Soulier. As dawn began to break at 4:00 am, a crowd had gathered along the riverbank next to a barbed wire fence which ran from the plant to the river, which had been erected by the company some weeks earlier. The barges were pushed ashore at 4:30, to a cascade of angry shouts and a hail of stones, many of which were thrown by the hundreds of wives of strikers who had assembled. Gangplanks were lowered and William Foy and Capt.Frederick H. Heinde, commander of the Pinkerton landing operation, tensely faced off amidst mutual threats. A fracas erupted, with clubs wielded and shots were fired, with both Foy and Heinde hit by bullets. The Pinkertons began firing their rifles repeatedly into the crowd, with armed strikers answering in kind, and for the next ten minutes a pitched gun battle was waged; several strikers and two Pinkertons were mortally wounded, with dozens of others injured, including <mask>'Donnell, who was grazed by a bullet to his thumb. The Pinkertons remained trapped aboard the barges, while O'Donnell and his associates of the Advisory Committee attempted to restore order to the tense and bloody situation, removing wives and wounded strikers from the scene and O'Donnell personally attempting, to the best of his ability, to calm and organize the crowd. After the battle

On July 12, 1892, O'Donnell chaired a mass meeting in Homestead which voted unanimously to support the introduction into town of the National Guard, which had been called out by Pennsylvania Governor Robert E. Pattison. The meeting was addressed by Homestead burgess (mayor) John McLuckie, who railed against the Pinkertons as members of a "dirty, filthy, stinking" organization while encouraging reception of the militia "with open arms," since "they are not dangerous so long as the dignity of the state is not insulted." Legal difficulties

O'Donnell was arrested in September 1892, charged with conspiracy, aggravated riot, treason, and two counts of murder in connection with the violent battle between Homestead strikers and Pinkerton Detective Agency employees.He was held without bail on the charges, coming to trial on one of the murder charges in February 1893. O'Donnell was acquitted of the murder charge in a jury trial and was subsequently released on bail. Prosecutors never proceeded to bring O'Donnell to trial on any other offense, and all charges were eventually dropped. Post-strike years

In the years after the failure of the Homestead strike, O'Donnell found himself blackballed from returning to work in the steel industry. Needing to adopt a new career, he moved to Philadelphia and took a job as a newspaper reporter. In about 1903, O'Donnell accepted a position in government employment as a deputy to the Pennsylvania state factory inspector. This job placed O'Donnell in crowded Pennsylvania tenements and poorly ventilated factories on a regular basis, and he subsequently contracted tuberculosis as a result.Stricken seriously ill by the disease, in November 1905 O'Donnell left the Northeast for the warmer and drier climate of the Southwest, accompanied by relatives, in an effort to regain his health. Newspaper accounts from December of that year place O'Donnell in the city of El Paso, Texas. See also

 Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area

Footnotes

Further reading

 Arthur G. Burgoyne, Homestead: A Complete History of the Struggle of July, 1892, between the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. Pittsburgh: privately published, 1893. David P. Demarest, Jr. (ed. ), "The River Ran Red": Homestead, 1892.Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. Paul Krause, The Battle for Homestead, 1880-1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. House Judiciary Committee, Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives in Connection with the Labor Troubles at Homestead, PA. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1892. —O'Donnell's testimony on pp. 86-97. William C. Oates, George Ticknor Curtis, and Terence V. Powderly, "The Homestead Strike," North American Review, vol.155, whole no. 430 (Sept. 1892), pp. 355-375. External links

 Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area Online Collections Database, www.riversofsteel.pastperfectonline.com/

Leaders of American trade unions
1869 births
Year of death missing

masks:
Hugh "
Hughey
Hugh O
Hugh O


texts:
<mask> (May 27, 1850 – August 9, 1934), usually given as P. K<mask>, was a businessman and civic leader. A resident of Pensacola, he was a prominent Floridian. A founding member of the Florida Board of Control (the governing body of the State University System of Florida, Florida's public university system), he served on that board for almost 30 years as a member and chairman. The P.K. Yonge Developmental Research School in Gainesville is named for him. Yonge was associated with the Southern State Lumber Company and its predecessors and served as president and manager of the corporation. The company was one of Florida's largest lumber firms at the time, with its headquarters in Pensacola.An active citizen of Pensacola for nearly half a century, Yonge served as alderman from 1905 to 1909, and was president of the Chamber of Commerce in 1908. He received his LL. D. degree from the University of Florida in 1921. He was Phi Kappa Phi at the University of Florida, Phi Beta Kappa at the University of Georgia and a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Yonge family history in Georgia and Florida
P. K. Yonge was the son of Chandler Cox <mask>, a distinguished lawyer and public leader. Yonge's ancestor, <mask>, Sr., (b. 1713, London) emigrated from England to South Carolina, where he pursued a career as a surveyor.In 1754, Henry, along with William Gerard de Brahm, was appointed Joint Surveyor of Georgia, and later became Surveyor General of the province. He served in the lower house of the General Assembly and as a member of the Governor's Council. His son, <mask>, Jr., had begun a career in law but because of his Loyalist leanings was forced to leave Georgia when the American Revolution broke out in 1776. He made his way to St. Augustine, capital of East Florida, where he gained employment in service of the Crown, serving as acting Attorney General; and eventually being appointed Secretary and Registrar General of the Bahamas in 1788. Because of his Loyalist sympathies, in 1778 <mask>, Sr., with his sons <mask> and William John, was banished from Georgia as well by the rebel usurpers of the colony's government. They took a ship headed to the Bahamas, but it was seized by a British privateer who conveyed them to St. Augustine. P. K. <mask>'s father, Chandler Cox <mask>, was born at Fernandina in 1818, when it was still a Spanish possession.The elder Yonge became a lawyer and was only twenty years old when he served as assistant secretary of the first Florida constitutional convention held in 1838 at St. Joseph. In 1843, <mask> was elected to the Florida state senate, and in 1845 he was appointed by President <mask> as the United States district attorney for Florida. When Florida seceded and joined the Confederacy he served in the same capacity for the Confederate States; later he was commissioned as a quartermaster in the Confederate Army with the rank of major and stationed at Tallahassee. Early years
<mask>'s son, <mask> <mask>, was born on May 27, 1850 in Marianna, Florida. In 1859, the family moved to Pensacola, where both men spent the rest of their lives. P. K<mask> was educated by tutors and in private schools, and finished his education at the University of Georgia at Athens. He attended the University of Georgia, his father's alma mater, receiving a Bachelor's degree in 1871, and his Master of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees in 1872.He was scholarly enough to be elected a member of the national honor society, Phi Beta Kappa. He served as British vice consul's clerk at Pensacola in 1872–73, and as acting British vice consul in 1873–74. By 1875 <mask> was engaged in the real estate and insurance business rather than the practice of law, and in 1876, he got into lumber manufacture and export, in which he was active for over fifty years. On December 13, 1876, he married Lucie C. Davis at Pensacola. Career in the timber and lumber industry and public service

In 1876, P. K<mask> became secretary of the Muscogee Lumber Company, a position he held until 1889 when the business was taken over by the Southern States Land & Timber Company, of which he was made corporate assistant manager and manager of its New York office. In 1892 he was appointed superintendent of the company's Muscogee Mills; when the Southern States Land & Timber Company went into receivership in 1895, he was appointed agent for the receivers and had full charge of company affairs until 1898 when the Southern States Lumber Company was organized to take over the business. In that year <mask> was elected vice president and general manager of the company and in 1903 he became its president, a position he held until 1930, when all the timber on its land, over 400,000 acres, had been cut, and the company was dissolved.He then retired from business at age eighty. Yonge founded a demonstration farm and ranch called Magnolia Farms in 1899, located twenty miles northwest of Pensacola along the Perdido River near Muscogee, but just over the Alabama state line. This enterprise was owned by the Southern States Lumber Company under the supervision of himself and Oscar Williams, its superintendent, and later included a dairy that eventually developed one of the South's premier herds of Jersey dairy cattle. With consolidation of Florida state schools in 1905, <mask> was appointed a member of their Board of Control, the governing body of the state university system of Florida. He served, except for one term, until his retirement in 1933 at the age of eighty-three, and was its chairman for the last twenty years. Florida Historical Society and later years
P. K<mask> was a charter member of the reorganized Florida Historical Society in 1902 and served as its president from 1932 until his death in 1934. He was an active collector of Florida historical materials and assembled a vast collection of books and documents that his son, Julien C<mask>, inherited and further expanded.<mask> later donated the collection, which formed the nucleus of the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History, to the University of Florida. <mask>'s wife, Lucie C. Davis, died in 1932. A life-long member of the Episcopal Church, he was survived by five of his nine children. <mask> died in Pensacola on August 9, 1934, and was buried there in St. Michael's cemetery

P. K. <mask> was designated a Great Floridian by the Florida Department of State in the Great Floridians 2000 Program. A plaque attesting to the honor is located at the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (formerly the P.K. Yonge School), on Palafox Street in Pensacola.References
  This article incorporates some text from a publication History of Florida: Past and Present, Historical and Biographical, Harry Gardner Cutler, Lewis Publishing Company, 1923, p. 243, now in the public domain. The original text has been edited. 1850 births
1934 deaths
University of Georgia alumni
Education in Florida
People from Pensacola, Florida

masks:
Philip Keyes Yonge
. Yonge
Yonge
Henry Yonge
Henry Yonge
Henry Yonge
Philip
Yonge
Yonge
Chandler Yonge
Polk
Chandler Yonge
Philip Keyes
Yonge
. Yonge
Yonge
. Yonge
Yonge
Yonge
. Yonge
. Yonge
Julien Yonge
Yonge
Yonge
Yonge


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<mask> (July 10, 1926 – January 10, 2019) was an American inventor, photographer, cinematographer, lighting designer, author and entrepreneur who changed the film production industry with two inventions: a widely used quick-clamp lighting mount system, and gaffer tape. He founded Lowel-Light, a manufacturer of highly portable lighting equipment used in TV, film and stage lighting, with 20 patents filed by <mask>. <mask> was the cinematographer for the Academy Award-winning short A Year Toward Tomorrow (1966), and he won an Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 1980 for his compact lighting system. The same year, he was nominated for Best Short Film, Live Action for his 14-minute film Oh Brother, My Brother (1979), depicting two of his young children. In 1987 <mask> was awarded the John Grierson Gold Medal by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), "in recognition of his many achievements, inventions, and innovative developments in the field of lightweight lighting and of grip equipment." <mask> worked on hundreds of documentaries, short films and television commercials. From 1972 he taught stage lighting at New York University and various professional seminars, and in 1992 he wrote a book about lighting, Matters of Light and Depth.Early career
<mask> was born in 1926 in New York City to Leo and <mask>. He joined the United States Navy to serve during and after World War II as a military photographer (1945–1946). He studied filmmaking at the University of California, Los Angeles, starting in 1948, then at the University of South Carolina in 1949. In 1955, <mask> was a student at a summer workshop at Haystack Mountain School of Crafts; his photographs from that time illustrate the 2019 book In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950-1969. <mask> worked in the film and television industries as a cameraman, lighting director and cinematographer. Lowel-Light
In 1957–1958, CBS documentary filmmaker Stephen E. Fleischman was producing an episode for Walter Cronkite's The 20th Century television series. The episode, titled "The Delinquents: The Highfields Story" (1959), included many scenes shot at Highfields, the former Lindbergh estate in New Jersey, where an experimental program was underway to rehabilitate juvenile delinquents.Fleischman hired <mask> to install a temporary and unobtrusive lighting system at Highfields, one which would stay in place for a few weeks of filming. <mask> invented a swiveling ball-and-clamp system for mounting lights, and he reworked Johnson & Johnson's Permacel duct tape product by combining the Permacel adhesive with a silver fabric backing to create gaffer tape which could hold a flat metal plate to a window. A ball joint attached to the plate could mount a small portable floodlight fixture. The gaffer tape would resist heat and stay in place for months without leaving a residue when removed. The "Delinquents" episode aired in January 1959, and <mask> started the Lowel-Light company later that year. Lowel-Light manufactured and sold the compact lighting solutions he had developed. The company was based out of his Stamford, Connecticut, home in the early days.The first products used high-intensity light bulbs which did not last very long, and there were few accessories. Over time, Lowel-Light introduced more accessories to create a portable lighting system for location photography. A 1983 issue of the magazine Industrial Photography declared, "When <mask> invented the original Lowel-light, he probably didn't have any idea that his small light would have such a big influence on the working habits of both still and film workers." Lighting book
In 1992, <mask> produced the instructional book Matters of Light and Depth: Creating Memorable Images for Video, Film and Stills Through Lighting, published by Broad Street Books of Philadelphia. The book, composed of topical essays organized into eight chapters, was recommended by photography lighting expert Jon Falk before it came out. John Jackman, in his 2004 lighting book Lighting for Digital Video and Television, cites <mask>'s book as a "classic" of the trade, and quotes <mask>: "It is all too easy to confuse effects with effective lighting, startling images with unforgettable ones, quantity of foot-candles with quality of light." Still photography
<mask>'s still photography work was exhibited twice in 2010.In May, his series titled "Time Trails" was shown at Pound Ridge Library. Five months later, a series of his works was shown outdoors at Ward Pound Ridge Reservation in New York, the exhibit titled "Forest of Possibilities". The 24 images, each enlarged to about  and printed by National Geographic Imaging, were hung from trees in the forest of the nature preserve. Personal life
<mask> was married four times. His first wife was the former Anita Kregal; they were married for ten years and had a daughter, Lisa. <mask>'s third wife, Carol, bore him three sons: Josh (b. 1972), Evan (b.1976), and Brett (b. 1980). <mask> and <mask> produced the 1979 short film Oh Brother, My Brother depicting Josh and Evan. On the "Acknowledgements & Dedications" page of his 1992 book, <mask> thanked New York flash photography author Jon Falk for introducing him to "publishers Ed Moran and Marilyn Shapiro of Broad Street Books." <mask> would later marry Marilyn. In 2007 through their film company Big UP Productions, Josh and Brett produced a film about rock climbing titled King Lines, which won an Emmy for best sports documentary. In 2019, <mask>'s fourth wife Marilyn Shapiro-<mask> reported that he had died in Pound Ridge, New York, at the age of 92.He was survived by his four children, ten grandchildren, a sister and two nieces. References

External links

Time Trails, an outdoor photography exhibition
Obituary in Digital Photography Review

1926 births
2019 deaths
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
American cinematographers
20th-century American inventors
United States Navy personnel of World War II
People from New York City
Photographers from New York (state)
University of California, Los Angeles alumni

masks:
Ross Kohut Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Juliet Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Ross Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Ross
Carol Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell
Lowell


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<mask> (March3, 1909April8, 1941) was an American radio actor at radio station WXYZ, Detroit, Michigan. He was best known as the voice of the Lone Ranger from April 1933 to April 1941. Early life

<mask> was born in the manufacturing city of Berlin (now known as Kitchener) in Waterloo County, Ontario, under the name Earl Walter Grasser. His parents were Solomon Grasser and Mary Anne Klemmer, who had both been born in rural townships in the county. Earl's great-grandfather, William Grasser, was born in Germany, but moved to Canada and worked as a farmer. Earl's father, Solomon, had worked as a farm laborer, but later became a salesman at a grocery store. Berlin was a city notable for its contemporary German culture and heritage, and during the First World War, it was a focal point for anti-German sentiment in Canada.This was symbolized by the renaming of the city in 1916 from Berlin to Kitchener, after Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener. In 1918, Solomon got a new job as the manager for A&P's stores in Detroit, Michigan, and moved his family there with him. At some point after this, <mask> changed his name, modifying Earl to <mask> and abbreviating the Germanic Walter as "W." Graser graduated from a Detroit high school and attended Wayne University (now Wayne State University) in Detroit, where he earned an A.B. in oratory, drama, and interpretive reading. He also studied law for two years, earning an LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws). While working at WXYZ, he continued taking graduate classes and earned a M.A.in speech. During high school he worked part-time as a drugstore soda jerk and delivered groceries. <mask> had always wanted a nickname, but never had one until he asked his friends to call him "Barney". He got the name from a horse that pulled the grocery wagon. (His name was Earl Grasser until it was changed to <mask> some time after 1918.) In the summer of 1928, he got a job at the Michigan Theater, part of the Kunsky Theatre chain owned by John Kunsky and George Trendle. He was an usher, doubling as the announcer for the next organ selection, and occasionally had small parts in live stage shows.In the summer of 1931, he joined a traveling show that was performing in Michigan. The company would set up a tent for two nights, performing "The Haunted House" and "Your Uncle Dudley". In 1932, Graser was hired as a bit player by dramatic productions director James Jewell of Detroit radio station WXYZ. For recreation, he enjoyed swimming, badminton and gardening. He sang bass in his church choir. He listed his ambitions: own a farm in Connecticut, play Hamlet and  teach elocution and drama at a small Eastern college. The Lone Ranger

The Lone Ranger radio series premiered on January 30, 1933.Graser was one of five actors who auditioned to take over the role of the Lone Ranger. According to new reports, others had voiced the role before Graser: Jack Deeds "who lasted only a few weeks"; George Stenius (later known as George Seaton), James Jewell for one performance, and Brace Beemer; the latter became the narrator of the program. Graser was chosen to play the part of The Lone Ranger, beginning April 16, 1933. Since this was during the days of live radio broadcasts, Graser had two understudies ready to play his part, but he never missed a performance. Three times a week, he was heard on 150 stations of the Mutual Network and on scores of independent radio stations. Each show was performed three times for live broadcasts to different time zones. Beginning in 1938, the third performance was recorded on transcription disk for stations that were not connected to the network.Graser was allowed to take a two-week vacation during 1939 and 1940. The scripts were written so that the show could continue in his absence, with the Lone Ranger reappearing just in time to resolve the story. The creators of the Lone Ranger program decided that the Lone Ranger must remain a mystery. Graser was required to restrict his radio acting to the role of the Lone Ranger and his identity was kept secret from the general public. John Todd, the veteran character actor who played Tonto, was a close friend. Graser and Todd frequently drove home together and stopped for a cigar and a nip and a hand of cards. Graser and his wife were at a night club when a prize was offered for the person who could shout "Hi-Yo, Silver!"most nearly like the Ranger. Graser entered the contest, but didn't win. Brace Beemer appeared as the Ranger in public appearances because station owner George Trendle felt that Earl Graser did not look right for the part. Beemer was 6 foot three inches tall, had an athletic build, rode horses and was an expert shot. Graser was under six foot, slightly chubby, did not know how to ride and only shot a pistol once in his life while Beemer "looked every inch the Wild West hero". Death and legacy
On April 8, 1941, Graser was killed in Farmington, Michigan, when his car crashed into a parked truck trailer on Grand River Avenue in front of a Methodist church. It was surmised that he had fallen asleep at the wheel while on his way from the WXYZ studios in Detroit where he had completed three performances.He was survived by his widow, Jeanne, and a 15-month-old daughter, Gabrielle. By that time, he had voiced the Lone Ranger approximately 1,300 times and had some 15 million listeners in several countries, including New Zealand, Mexico, Canada and locations in South America. After his death, Graser's role as the Lone Ranger finally became widely publicized. He was buried in Detroit's Grand Lawn Cemetery. In 2002, his home was designated as a site on the National Register of Historic Places. The marker reads --

              Site on the National Register of Historic Places

          On the hillside north of this cemetery was the home of
          <mask> and his wife Jean. <mask> (1909–1941) Radio’s Original "Lone Ranger"

          Few people knew <mask> by his given name.Millions knew him as the
          voice of radio theatres first great character – the Lone Ranger –
          from 1933 to 1941

          <mask> resided here until his death in a tragic auto accident a few
          blocks down Grand River. May we remember him with a hearty  "HI Yo Silver Away"

Beemer took over as the voice of The Lone Ranger from 1941 to the end of the series in 1955. Most of <mask>'s performances came before the use of transcription disks and modern audiences better remember his successor's in the role of the Lone Ranger. However, his voice continued to be heard. The radio and television series continued using his recorded voice for the famous "Hi Yo, Silver" shout. References

"HI-YO SILVER" by J Brian III - The Saturday Evening Post October 14, 1939
"LONE RANGER DEAD, AUTO HIT TRAILER" - New York Times, Wednesday, April 9, 1941

External links
Lone Ranger on the Radio

Canadian emigrants to the United States
American male radio actors
1909 births
1941 deaths
Lone Ranger
Wayne State University alumni
20th-century American male actors
People from Kitchener, Ontario
Male actors from Detroit
Male actors from Ontario
Road incident deaths in Michigan
Canadian people of German descent

masks:
Earle Graser
Graser
Earle
Earle
Earle
Earle Graser
Earle Graser
Earle Graser
Earle
Earle
Earle Graser


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<mask> (June 17, 1893 in Burg bei Magdeburg  – January 24, 1971 in Berlin) was a German communist politician (KPD) and high ranking functionary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and statesman in the German Democratic Republic. Life and early career

Early political activities
<mask> was the son of a social democratic worker and himself worked as a tanner. He joined the Socialist Youth Workers and later the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1911. He later resigned from the SPD when the party accepted war loans. During the first World War he served as a soldier in France. In 1918, he joined the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) and was a participant in the November Revolution and a member of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council  Here he was elected commander of the guard regiment in Magdeburg. From 1919 to 1926 he worked as a tanner in Burg, became a member of the KPD and became KPD chairman in Burg, works council chairman, honorary city council and from 1926 to 1928 KPD trade union secretary.He was a member of the Gau Board and the Reich Tariff Commission of the German Leather Workers' Association. From 1928 to 1929 he attended the International Lenin School in Moscow and was then political leader of the KPD in Magdeburg for Magdeburg-Anhalt until 1931 and then until 1933 political leader of the East Prussia district. In the years 1932 and 1933 he was a member of the Prussian state parliament. Arrest and exile
After the rise of the Nazi regime, <mask> was arrested in 1933. In September 1934 he managed to escape from the Stettin-Altdamm prison. He emigrated to Czechoslovakia, then via Switzerland to France. It was here in 1935 that he met his future wife Jenny, who followed him from then on and also became a politician.In the Lutetia district (1935 to 1936) he was involved in the attempt to create a popular front against the Nazi regime. His escape took him via Belgium to the Netherlands, Norway and finally Sweden. In the spring of 1941 he moved to Moscow. He became a member of the National Committee for Free Germany. Later he was a teacher at the Central Anti-fascist School in Krasnogorsk. Return to Germany
On May 1, 1945 he returned to Germany with Anton Ackermann's group. He was one of the signatories of the programmatic appeal of the Central Committee of the KPD of June 11, 1945.Until 1946 he was the first secretary of the district leadership of Saxony of the KPD. After the unification of the SPD and KPD in the Soviet zone of occupation from 1946 to 1948 together with Karl Litke chairman of the regional association of Greater Berlin of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). From 1946 to 1950 he was a member of the central secretariat of the party executive, from October 21, 1948 chairman of the Central Party Control Commission (ZPKK) and from 1950 member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED . In the Politburo, he was responsible for controlling the “Traffic Department” of the Central Committee, which was responsible for the secret connections to the KPD in West Germany, which was illegal from 1955, and later to the DKP, and for the financing of these parties. As one of the leading politicians he participated in the Marxist–Leninist orientation of the SED. From 1949 he was a member of the Provisional People's Chamber, from 1950 to 1954 as vice-president, then as the first deputy of the president and from 1957 to 1960 as chairman of the standing committee for the local representations. He was a member of the National Defense Council of the GDR .<mask> had been a member of the International Federation Resistance of Fighters General Council from 1963 . <mask> was convinced of the SED's claim to leadership. At the 7th All-German Workers' Conference in Leipzig in 1958, he said:“To have state power in your hands is of great importance. [...] We never think of giving up workers' and peasants' power again. We will not allow anyone to run for election who wants to rebuild capitalism. [...] That is why there is no opposition based on bourgeois ideas. " <mask>'s urn was buried in the memorial of the socialists in the Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde in Berlin-Lichtenberg.Awards and honours

 1953 and 1969 Karl Marx Order
 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold
 1960 Order of Banner of Labor
 1963 Honorary title Hero of Labor
 1965 Gold medal for the Patriotic Order of Merit
 1967 Order of the Star of the Friendship of Nations
 1968 Order of Lenin (USSR)
 1968 Order of the Patriotic War II degree (USSR)

The German Post Office of the GDR issued a special stamp on the occasion of his 80th birthday on June 13, 1973. Many streets, schools and factories bore the name of <mask> in the GDR. The 8th Fighter Squadron of the Air Force of the National People's Army (LSK / LV) in Marxwalde had had his name since 1972, as did the technical school of the Ministry of the Interior of the GDR in Heyrothsberge. A plaque on the enclosure of Wackerbarth Castle still commemorates the meeting of Soviet politicians and military officials (Anastas Mikoyan and Ivan Konev) with German politicians (<mask>, Kurt Fischer and Rudolf Friedrichs) in May 1945. Publications

 Berlin und Deutschland. Reden zu Problemen der Zeit. Berlin, 1947.1947 das Jahr größter Entscheidungen. Unsere Aufgaben im neuen Jahr. Rede auf der Funktionärskonferenz der SED am 5. Januar 1947. Berlin 1947. Der Weg. Frieden, Freiheit, Wohlstand.Berlin 1948. Die Rolle Ernst Thälmanns bei der Schaffung der revolutionären Massenpartei der Arbeiterklasse. Referat a. d. Propagandistenkonferenz d. Abteilung Propaganda beim ZK der SED am 14. und 15. Juli 1951 in Berlin. Berlin 1951. Breite Entfaltung von Kritik und Selbstkritik. Diskussionsbeitrag auf der 2.Parteikonferenz der SED, Berlin, 9.–12. Juli 1952. Berlin 1952. (Hrsg. ): Weissbuch über den Generalkriegsvertrag. Leipzig 1952. Über die Durchführung des Beschlusses des ZK der SED „Lehren aus dem Prozess gegen das Verschwörerzentrum Slansky“.13. Tagung des ZK der SED, 13.-14. Mai 1953. Berlin 1953. Die unerschütterliche Einheit und Geschlossenheit der Partei – Quelle ihrer Macht und Siege! Bericht der Zentralen Parteikontrollkommission auf dem IV. Parteitag der SED vom 30.März bis 6. April 1954. Berlin 1954. Deutschland in der Periode der Weltwirtschaftskrise 1929–1933. Der Kampf der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands um die Aktionseinheit der Arbeiterklasse gegen die Gefahr des Faschismus und des Krieges. Berlin 1956. Deutschland in der Periode der relativen Stabilisierung des Kapitalismus 1924–1929.Der Kampf des deutschen Proletariats unter Führung der KPD gegen das Wiedererstarken des deutschen Imperialismus. Berlin 1956. Erich Weinert: Das Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland 1943–1945. Bericht über seine Tätigkeit und seine Auswirkung. Mit einem Geleitwort von <mask>. Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1957. Aus dem Leben und Kampf der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung.Dietz, Berlin 1958. Der Parteitag der SPD und die Politik der SED zur Herstellung der Aktionseinheit der deutschen Arbeiterklasse im Kampf gegen die atomare Aufrüstung und für die Bildung einer Konföderation beider deutschen Staaten. Berlin 1958. Im Kampf für Frieden, Demokratie und Sozialismus. Ausgewählte Reden und Schriften. Berlin 1963

References

1893 births
1971 deaths
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
International Lenin School alumni
National Committee for a Free Germany members
Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Recipients of the Banner of Labor
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
German atheists
Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union

masks:
Hermann Matern
Matern
Matern
Matern
Matern
Matern
Matern
Hermann Matern
Hermann Matern


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<mask> (21 December 1914 – 11 June 1950) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II and a fighter ace credited with 208 enemy aircraft shot down in 375 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed near the Arctic Ocean in the northern sector of the Eastern Front, but he also claimed 33 victories over the Western Front. He claimed eight of these victories over the Western Allies while flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. Born in Mühlheim am Main in the German Empire, <mask>, who had been a glider pilot in his youth, volunteered for service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1936. Following flight training, he was posted to the heavy fighter squadron of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) in 1941. He claimed his first aerial victory over Norway on 24 October 1941. After 23 aerial victories as heavy fighter pilot, he received the German Cross in Gold and was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing) in September 1942.There he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 November 1942 after 38 aerial victories. In June 1943, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän of 7. Staffel of JG 5. Following his 112th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943. He was appointed Staffelkapitän of 6. Staffel in September 1943 and in March 1944 he was given command of II. Gruppe of JG 5 which was operating in Defense of the Reich missions.In June 1944 he took command of I. Gruppe of JG 5 which defended against the Invasion of Normandy. Weissenberger claimed 25 aerial victories in this theater, which included his 200th victory on 25 July 1944. After conversion training to the Me 262 jet fighter, he was appointed commander of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), the first operational jet fighter wing in the world, in November 1944. Promoted to Major (major), he took command of JG 7 "Nowotny" as a Geschwaderkommodore in January 1945, a position he held until the end of hostilities. He was killed in a car racing accident on 11 June 1950 at the Nürburgring. Early life and career
Weissenberger, the son of a plant nursery owner, was born on 21 December 1914 in Mühlheim am Main in the Grand Duchy of Hesse of the German Empire. He had a brother Otto who also served as a pilot in Luftwaffe.As a glider pilot with the German Air Sports Association (), he made his maiden flight on 16 November 1935. On 20 July 1941 he logged his 645th flight as a glider pilot, in total 196 hours and 46 minutes of powerless flight. Most of these flights were made as an instructor over the Rhön Mountains, Silesia and Bavaria. He joined the military service of the Luftwaffe with 2./Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung 14 (2nd Company of Flier Replacement Unit 14) in Detmold on 19 October 1936. There he was promoted to Feldwebel of the Reserves on 1 December 1940. World War II
Weissenberger was posted to a front-line unit on 27 August 1941, almost two years after the start of World War II. His unit, 1.(Z)/Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) was a Zerstörer (Z—heavy fighter or destroyer) Staffel (squadron) flying the twin-engine, up to three-seat, Messerschmitt Bf 110. The unit was stationed in Norway, operating in the Murmansk area in support of Finnish operations against the Soviet Union during the Continuation War. Germany regarded its operations in the region as part of its overall war efforts on the Eastern Front, and it provided Finland with critical material support and military cooperation. There he flew his first combat mission of the war on 13 September 1941. War on the Arctic Front
Weissenberger claimed his first aerial victory, a Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighter, on 24 October 1941 and was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class () on 6 November 1941. He was promoted to Oberfeldwebel of the Reserves on 1 February 1942. During this phase of his military career, he often got into trouble with his superiors regarding his lack of discipline.A few times his comrades had to intervene to save him from punishment. On 24 January 1942, Weissenberger and Oberleutnant Max Franzisket flew on a ground attack mission against the Kirov Railway line. Weissenberger claimed a Polikarpov I-18 shot down at 13:35, roughly  northwest of the railway station of Bojaskoje. At 13:40, he claimed a Hawker Hurricane shot down, his third aerial victory. In February 1942 he mostly flew escort fighter missions for Junkers Ju 87 and Ju 88 bombers attacking the harbors at Ferosero, Polyarnoye, present-day Polyarny, and Murmansk. Weissenberger received the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 17 February 1942. On 25 February he claimed two more Hurricanes shot down at 11:15 and 11:22, his fourth and fifth victories.His Staffel was redesignated as 10. (Z) of Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing) on 16 March 1942 and subordinated to JG 5. In April 1942 he claimed eight victories, three of which were shot down on 15 April during two combat missions west of Murmansk. On 25 April at 07:20 Weissenberger took off at Kirkenes for an emergency intercept mission against 20 Soviet Petlyakov Pe-2 bombers. He shot down two bombers before his aircraft was hit by the defensive fire. The right engine started burning and he was forced to disengage from the enemy. Returning to the German lines, he made a safe belly landing.Weissenberger became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time on 10 May 1942 when he shot down five enemy aircraft, aerial victories 14–18, between 16:45 and 16:57 while on a Ju 87 escort mission. These victories were claimed over aircraft of 2 Gvardeyskiy Smeshannyy Aviatsionny Polk (2 GSAP—2nd Soviet Guards Composite Aviation Division), which lost ten Hurricanes destroyed and three damaged. He claimed his 20th victory on 15 May when he shot down a Hurricane  west of Murmansk. In June 1942, JG 5 was augmented by another group, VI. Gruppe (4th Group) under the command of Hauptmann Hans Kriegel. This led to a number of Staffel redesignations. Weissenberger's 10.(Z) Staffel was renamed as 13. (Z) Staffel and remained subordinated to JG 5. He transferred from the reserve force to active service and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 July 1942. In early September he was transferred to 6. Staffel of JG 5, now flying the single-engine, single-seat, Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter. By this date, Weissenberger, as a Zerstörer pilot, had claimed 23 aerial victories in addition to 15 locomotives, 2 FLAK installations, a radio station, a railway station and other ground targets destroyed and was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 8 September 1942. Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
At the time, 6.Staffel at the time was based in Petsamo, present-day Pechenga in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. Weissenberger took off on his first Bf 109 combat mission at 14:00 on 15 September 1942 after he had spent a few days familiarizing himself with the single-engine fighter aircraft. The mission, flown by 10 Bf 109 fighters from 6. Staffel, was a combat air patrol in the vicinity of Murmashi. The flight encountered enemy aircraft and Weissenberger filed claims over two Curtiss P-40 Warhawk Lend-Lease fighters shot down at 14:31 and 14:33. These were his first victories claimed on the Bf 109, taking his total to 25 victories. A week later, on 22 September, Weissenberger and 6.Staffel were again patrolling the airspace near the Soviet airfield at Murmashi. During this mission, he claimed three more aerial victories, over Hurricanes shot down between 14:59 and 15:05. On 27 September 1942, Weissenberger claimed five victories during the course of two combat missions. During the first mission, he shot down a Bell P-39 Airacobra at 11:36. On his second mission, which began at 15:00, he encountered a formation of roughly 30 aircraft, claiming four Hurricanes shot down from 15:49 to 15:56, a time space of seven minutes. This "ace-in-a-day" achievement took his total to 33 aerial victories. On 22 October 1942, Weissenberger was tasked with fighter protection for a reconnaissance aircraft.The engine of his Bf 109 F-4 seized up just west of Murmansk. He managed to nurse his aircraft back to the German lines before bailing out. He was picked up eight hours later by a Gebirgsjäger (mountain infantry) patrol and brought back to his Staffel. Following this event he was given one week of rest. He returned to combat on 30 October 1942, and during two combat missions again achieved "ace-in-a-day" status. He claimed three victories on his first mission and two P-40s at 15:00 and 15:06 on his second mission of the day. This took his total to 38 aerial victories and he was honored with the presentation of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 13 November 1942.That day, Feldwebel Heinrich Bartels from 8. Staffel of JG 5 was also awarded the Knight's Cross. Following the winter break, Weissenberger claimed 33 further victories between 6–28 March 1943. Often he achieved multiple victories per day; six claims on 10 March, victories 43 to 48 on 10 March, victories 49 to 53 on 12 March, and numbers 54 to 57 on 13 March. A ground attack mission against the airfield at Salmiyarvi on 28 March was his last action of the month. Weissenberger claimed three P-39s shot down during this mission, but was himself hit by anti-aircraft fire and had to make a forced landing. He was picked up and returned by a Fiesler Fi 156 "Storch".On 13 April 1943, a flight of five aircraft from 6. Staffel claimed 18 Soviet aircraft destroyed without loss. Six of the enemy aircraft were credited to Weissenberger, shot down between 17:05 and 17:16. This took his score to 77 aerial victories. On 13 May, he claimed four P-39s destroyed, representing victories 83 to 86, and he was promoted to Oberleutnant on 1 June 1943. Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross
Weissenberger claimed another five victories on 8 June 1943 north of Murmansk between 17:15 and 17:23. This brought his score to 91 aerial victories and on 15 June he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 7.Staffel of JG 5. In the period 15 June to 4 July, 7. Staffel claimed 122 aerial victories under his leadership. The heaviest fighting occurred on 22 June over the Karelia Front, during which his Staffel claimed 13 victories, of which three were Hurricanes shot down by Weissenberger. A day later, he again claimed three aircraft shot down, comprising victories 95 to 97. On 4 July 1943, Weissenberger led 7. Staffel to 16 aerial victories, while providing fighter cover for a departing German naval task force.First, Weissenberger claimed a Pe-2 reconnaissance aircraft shot down at 21:07. A flight of 25 to 30 enemy bombers and torpedo bombers was then spotted at 21:50. Weissenberger claimed an Ilyushin Il-2 "Sturmovik" at 21:54, his 100th aerial victory. He was the 43rd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. The Staffel returned to its airfield at 22:19 without having sustained any losses during the encounter. <mask> alone had claimed seven victories during this mission, taking his total to 104 victories. He achieved "ace-in-a-day" status for the fourth time on 25 July 1943, claiming aerial victories numbers 108 to 112.Following his 112th victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 2 August 1943, the 266th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland. Five other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld, Hauptmann Manfred Meurer, Hauptmann Heinrich Ehrler, Oberleutnant Joachim Kirschner, Hauptmann Werner Schröer were also awarded the Oak Leaves, and Major Helmut Lent received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves. <mask> was placed in command of 6. Staffel on 14 September 1943 and in October and November added five more victories to his score, four of which were achieved on 3 November over the Rybachy Peninsula. At the end of 1943, II. Gruppe (2nd Group) was ordered to relocate further south to the front near Nevel, Leningrad and Lake Ilmen.Relocating from Pskov, 6. Staffel arrived at their new airfield at Idritsa on 11 November 1943 and was in action again on 17 November. In January 1944, II. Gruppe

masks:
Theodor Weissenberger
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