texts:
 <mask> therefore did not step ashore until about 06:00. There, he met Colonel Ewen Sinclair-Maclagan, the commander of the 3rd Infantry Brigade, who asked him to deploy the 2nd Infantry Brigade on the right, on the 400 Plateau, instead of the left as planned. <mask>Cay's Hill. The 2nd Infantry Brigade was soon involved in "the most costly struggle of the day".At 16:45 <mask> telephoned Bridges at 1st Division headquarters to ask for reinforcements. The Australian line was forced back on to the reverse slope, but did not break. The commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, General Sir Ian Hamilton, now decided to make his main effort at Cape Helles. The Australian and New Zealand Army Corps commander, Lieutenant General Sir William Birdwood, was ordered to send a brigade from each of his two divisions to Helles to reinforce the British and French troops there. <mask>'s brigade and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade were chosen. They embarked for Helles on 6 May. On the evening of 8 May, during the Second Battle of Krithia, <mask> was given 35 minutes notice to conduct an advance across open ground in broad daylight.<mask> protested that there was insufficient time to organise this but was overruled by Hamilton. The brigade suffered heavily. <mask> led his men from the front, driving them on despite the futility of the attack. All of his staff were killed or wounded, and <mask>'s leg was broken by a bullet. The advance was also pointless, for it could have been conducted after dark without loss. As a result, his men regarded him as responsible for their fate. <mask> was evacuated to hospital in Alexandria.He rejoined his brigade at Anzac on 8 June but the wound had not fully healed and he was lame, walking with the aid of a stick. In the meantime, General Bridges had been mortally wounded on 18 May and the Australian government sent the Chief of the General Staff, Major General <mask> Legge, to replace him as commander of the 1st Division. <mask>, Monash and Colonel Harry Chauvel were all disappointed at being passed over for the command, and protested to Birdwood and the Australian government, but to no avail. However, Legge chose <mask> to command the 2nd Division, then forming in Egypt. Unfortunately, on 11 July, the day before he was due to leave for Egypt, <mask>'s leg snapped where the bone had been broken at Krithia. He was evacuated again, this time to Malta, and then to the United Kingdom, where he was visited by Sir George Reid, now the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. <mask>'s wife Julia died while he was in hospital.Several weeks later his father died as well. <mask> was therefore sent back to Australia on compassionate leave. He arrived back in Melbourne on RMS Malwa on 11 November 1915, accompanied by his two teenage daughters and his brother Hugh, who had joined the ship in Adelaide, to a hero's welcome. For his service at Gallipoli, <mask> was mentioned in despatches for his "great promptitude in supporting the threatened flank of the covering force" during the landing and his "conspicuous gallantry" at Krithia. He was also appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, and bestowed the Croix de Commander de la Légion d'honneur by the President of France. Western Front

The Minister for Defence, Senator George Pearce, appointed <mask> to the newly created post of Inspector General of the AIF on 29 November 1915, with the local rank of major general. <mask> was involved in recruiting campaigns, and inspected AIF units and reported on their training and equipment.He proposed a new training regime, with a national syllabus that increased the number of hours per week of training and the duration of training to twelve weeks. This led to strikes at the camps at Casula and Liverpool. Rioting soldiers clashed with police at Circular Quay and at Central Station striking soldiers were shot and one killed by soldiers sent to return them to Liverpool. As a result, new liquor laws were introduced, including six o'clock closing. Meanwhile, the Gallipoli Campaign had ended and the AIF in Egypt was in the process of doubling in size from two divisions to four. Birdwood wished to appoint two British generals to command the new divisions, but Senator Pearce opposed this, ordering that one be given to <mask>. On 22 March 1916, <mask> arrived back in Egypt to assume command of the 5th Division.He found that General Headquarters, Egyptian Expeditionary Force had ordered II Anzac Corps, of which the 5th Division was a part, to replace I Anzac Corps in the defence of the Suez Canal. Owing to a shortage of rolling stock, the 4th and 5th Divisions were ordered to undertake a three-day route march across the desert under service conditions, carrying their packs and weapons. This proved to be a greater test of staff and troops than anticipated, and many men dropped from thirst or exhaustion. Many of his men blamed <mask> for subjecting them to such a humiliating and severe trial. In June 1916, the 5th Division moved to the Western Front. Although the last to arrive in France, it would be the first to see serious action, a part of an ill-conceived plan by
Lieutenant General Sir Richard Haking, whose British XI Corps would attack a strong part of the line with inexperienced 5th Division and British 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. The resulting Battle of Fromelles was an unmitigated disaster.In one night, the 5th Division sustained 5,533 casualties, while the 61st Division lost 1,547. Haking was principally responsible but <mask> bore some of the blame. He made tactical errors; his order to vacate the first trench after it was cleared "undoubtedly contributed to the causes of failure". His refusal to permit a truce to recover wounded further damaged his popularity. For his part, <mask> was mentioned in despatches a second time. The 5th Division was out of action for some months. It finally moved with the rest of the I Anzac Corps to the Somme sector in October.After months of fighting and recent rain, the front line area was a devastated muddy morass. <mask> was ordered to undertake an attack with the 2nd Division's 7th Infantry Brigade at Flers, which cost 819 casualties and gained no ground. Once again, <mask>'s handling of his division showed poor planning and tactics. Moreover, at Flers he showed that he had not learned from the lessons of Fromelles. His relief was now only a matter of time. Nonetheless, <mask> remained in command of the 5th Division until 18 December 1916 when he was granted medical leave in the United Kingdom for treatment on his leg, which the doctors diagnosed as neuralgia. Birdwood took the opportunity of removing <mask>, ostensibly on medical grounds.<mask> was mentioned in despatches a third time. United Kingdom

On the recommendation of Brigadier General Robert Anderson, the Commandant,
Administrative Headquarters, AIF, and against the opposition of Birdwood, Senator Pearce appointed <mask> as commander of the AIF Depots in the United Kingdom. These depots received and trained reinforcements arriving from Australia, and rehabilitated and retrained convalescents who were released from hospital. <mask> established his headquarters at Tidworth, in the heart of the Salisbury Plain where most of the Australian camps were located. He occupied this post for the remainder of the war, failing in bids to return to an active command at the head of the 5th Division, the Australian Corps, or the 3rd Division when Monash was promoted to corps commander. A bid to replace Birdwood as administrative commander of the AIF also came to naught. For his services in the United Kingdom, <mask> was mentioned in despatches a fourth time, made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1918, and a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1919.On 10 March 1919, <mask> handed over command of the AIF Depots in the United Kingdom to Major General Charles Rosenthal. After a farewell dinner hosted by Monash, he embarked for Australia, where his AIF appointment was terminated. In 1919, along with George Swinburne and Generals White and Legge, he produced a report on the organisation of the post-war Army. In 1920, he joined Generals Chauvel, White, Monash, Legge, and Hobbs to produce a second report on the subject. <mask> retired from the Army in 1926 with the honorary rank of lieutenant general. Later life
<mask> resumed his old job as Deputy Chairman of the State Savings Bank of Victoria on 10 June 1919, a few days after he returned to Melbourne. He also resumed his relationship with Ella Gavan Duffy.On 30 December 1919, the Premier of Victoria, Harry Lawson, <mask>'s successor in Legislative Assembly seat of Castlemaine and a former student at Castlemaine Grammar and Scotch College, appointed <mask> as chairman of the Fair Profits Commission, a consumer protection body set up to monitor prices and profits. After his term ended in 1921, he was appointed to the advisory board of the War Service Homes Scheme of the Repatriation Commission. He was also Chairman of its Disposals Board from 1921 to 1922. In 1922, the State Savings Bank of Victoria took over the construction of war service homes in Victoria. During the 1923 Victorian Police strike, Monash appointed <mask> to create, and later command the Special Constabulary Force that was established to carry out police duties during the strike. <mask> ran this organisation from the Melbourne Town Hall, and later the Repatriation Department offices, which were made available rent free by the Commonwealth Government. The Special Constabulary Force was wound up in May 1924.<mask>'s daughter Mardi matriculated from Sacré Cœur School in 1914 and earned Master of Arts and Diploma of Education degrees from the University of Melbourne. In 1922, she entered the Society of the Sacred Heart. She taught at Convent of the Sacred Heart, Rose Bay in Sydney (now Kincoppal-Rose Bay) until 1956 when she returned to Sacré Cœur as Mistress of Studies. Bixie also attended Sacré Cœur and the University of Melbourne, at Janet Clarke Hall, where she became only the third woman in Victoria to earn a Master of Laws degree, and was enrolled as a barrister on 10 June 1925. Like Joan Rosanove, she could not obtain room in the Selborne Chambers, as women were not allowed to do so, so she put up her plate in the building next door. <mask> followed his daughter and became a barrister, enrolling on 8 October 1925. In 1930, she married George Reid, a young barrister who later became Attorney-General of Victoria.<mask> became ill in 1930 with cancer. In his last months he destroyed all his papers. He died on 12 October 1930. He was survived by his daughters, now Reverend <mask> and Mrs George Reid, and six brothers and two sisters. He was given, at his request, a non-military funeral at Cairns Memorial Presbyterian Church in East Melbourne, and was buried at Box Hill Cemetery. For pallbearers he had Generals John Monash, Harold Edward Elliott, Cecil Henry Foott, R. E. Williams, and J. Stanley, along with Sir William McBeath, the chairman of the State Savings Bank; William Thwaites, his law partner; and businessman A. S. Baillieu. Among the other mourners was Generals Brudenell White and John Patrick McGlinn, who had been his deputy commander of AIF Depots in the United Kingdom; John Latham, the Leader of the Opposition; Dr W. S. Littlejohn, the headmaster of Scotch College and Sir John MacFarland, the Chancellor of the University of Melbourne.<mask> is a controversial figure in Australian history. Disagreement about his significance and reputation began before his death and continues to the present. General Sir Brudenell White considered <mask> to be "one of the greatest soldiers that ever served Australia, greater even than Monash." <mask>'s achievements included the creation of the Military Board and the Australian Army Intelligence Corps, and the development of the Staff Corps, "laying the foundations on which the Australian Army was built." In writing Volume III of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, which covered 1916, official historian Charles Bean exonerated <mask> of blame for Fromelles. This led to a public debate in the pages of The Bulletin in 1929 between critics of <mask> and his defenders, led by Elliott. A revival of interest in Australian military history and the rediscovery of graves at Fromelles in the 21st Century led to a number of books being written about the battle, which tended to be critical of <mask>.Notes

References

Further reading

1864 births
1930 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Irish emigrants to Australia
Irish soldiers in the Australian Army
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian politicians awarded knighthoods
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Melbourne Law School alumni
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Corinella
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
People from County Antrim
Protectionist Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Ulster Scots people
Free Trade Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Burials at Box Hill Cemetery
Defence ministers of Australia
20th-century Australian

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<mask> or Catari (died January 15, 1781) was an Aymara peasant and cacique of northern Potosí who led a popular uprising in Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia) in the late 18th century. Conditions Before Rebellion
During the 1770s, the economic and political stability of the Macha community in Upper Peru was continuously disrupted. In 1772, the alcabala (sales tax) was increased from 2 percent to 4 percent. Then in 1774, aduanas (customhouses) were established and the acabala was applied to grain. The acabala was again increased in 1776 to 6 percent, the same year Upper Peru became part of the new Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. Provincial officials began appointing outsider wealthy and/or mestizo caciques to indigenous townships, violating traditional practices of hereditary local cacique governance beneath Spanish rule. By the end of the decade, relations between the Indian communities and appointees of Spanish colonial officials saw increasing strain.Joaquín Alós purchased the position of regional corregidor and began his tenure in early 1778 by seizing the legal documentation and order of dismissal Macha commoners possessed against the wealthy appointed mestizo cacique, Blas Bernal. Alós proceeded to arrest <mask> <mask>, an illiterate Macha commoner who had sought Bernal's removal in the court of Charcas. He instructed Bernal to whip <mask> in the public square, warning that further legal appeals to the regional courts would merit severe punishment. Journey to Buenos Aires
In 1778, <mask> <mask>, alongside fellow peasant <mask> Acho, traveled from Macha by foot over 1000 miles to Buenos Aires, center of the new viceroyal administrative court. The magistrate, headed by reformist Viceroy Juan José de Vértiz, heard <mask>'s case upon his arrival in 1779 against both Bernal and Alós. The Viceroyalty sent <mask> back with a ruling that named him to the function of collecting tribute from Macha until a Charcas-designated judge could investigate the manner further, whereupon Bernal and Alós would be removed from power and <mask> named the official cacique of Macha. <mask> as petitioner was protected by the court's ruling against further harms incited by local officials.Arrests & Subsequent Unrest
Upon return to the Chayanta province in 1779, <mask> was swiftly arrested by Alós. After 8 months in prison in Potosí, not long after being freed, <mask> marched with a group of supporters to Chuquisaca to denounce Alós once more. On June 10, 1780, <mask> was arrested outside the courthouse, where he had resolved to stay until the audiencia addressed his case. While imprisoned, members of the Macha community showed up on various occasions in Chuquisaca calling for <mask>'s liberation whilst coordinating a relative take-over of the Chayanta province. Prosecuting all officials that were involved in Katari's repression, Macha peoples executed cacique Bernal, elected local leaders to replace the old and complicit, and established territorial checkpoints at the edge of the province. During this time, Alós was ambushed by local Indians, whereupon he pledged to release <mask> imminently and decrease the forced sale of goods. When, on August 26, Alós did not return with <mask> and instead with a large militia to Pocoata, locals overwhelmed the militia and captured Alós, only freeing him on the condition that the Charcas court release <mask> and remove Alós from the province.The Katari Uprising & Death
On September 1, 1780, <mask> returned to Macha with the official judicial act from the audiencia that named him cacique, and that removed Alós from office. Before his release and expulsion on September 3, Alós was forced to write a letter demanding the official promulgation of the reduced forced sale of goods. Macha became the center of uprising as provincial communities, viewing them as not representative of their class, deposed of caciques, hereditary and appointed alike, and brought them to Katari to determine their proper course of justice. Preparations were made to store supplies of food and weapons as rebellion spread across and outside Chayanta to Paria and beyond. Katari continued to deliver regional tribute obligations to the royal government. Katari was captured in November 1780 by a Hispanic militia headed by Manuel Álvarez Villarroel and imprisoned in Aullagas. By January, the new corregidor, Juan Antonio de Acuña, deemed it necessary to move Katari to Chuquisaca.<mask> was killed when, as an indigenous crowd confronted the militia on its journey, Acuña pushed him off a cliff. Acuña was subsequently stoned, his eyes pierced, and his body left unburied. <mask>'s body was brought to vigil, whereupon chicha and ritual honored him before his Christian burial in Quilaquila. Influence & Legacy
After <mask> <mask>'s death, his cousins Nicolás and Dámaso <mask> then took over leadership, expanding the rebellion to other communities in Upper Peru, and expressing desire to link with Tupac Amaru II’s uprising. The rebels targeted Spanish and creoles, regardless of individual affiliations. Damaso and Nicolas were gruesomely executed in La Plata and the cause was then taken up by Julián Apasa, under the name of Túpac <mask>. It has been argued that the violence that followed <mask>'s imprisonment and death demonstrates some of the limitations of <mask>'s power.That <mask> purported an ideology of non-violence, however, is unsubstantiated. It is clear that <mask> <mask>, as a peasant, staged a significant political and administrative challenge to Spanish rule and facilitated a regional movement that temporarily brought new indigenous peasant authorities to power. It has been argued that due to his initial more institutional methods of resistance, <mask>'s image has not been used as that of Tupac Amaru by Indian or Latin American nationalist movements. See also

 Túpac Amaru II
Túpac Katari
Bourbon Reforms
 History of Bolivia

References

1781 deaths
History of Bolivia
Year of birth unknown
18th-century Bolivian people
Bolivian people of Aymara descent
Bolivian rebels

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<mask> (born September 13, 1964, in Albany, New York) is a Cuban-American eco-artist, public artist and former lawyer. As a National Science Foundation Antarctic Artists and Writers Program fellow and a New York Foundation for the Arts Sponsored Artist, <mask> created works at the North Pole and South Pole to generate awareness about global climate change. He has worked with groups globally to produce collaborative art projects, including peace murals in Cyprus and Northern Ireland, child welfare murals in Bolivia and Panama, AIDS murals in Switzerland and South Africa, juvenile justice murals and projects in Miami and Philadelphia, and eco-art projects in Taiwan, Hawaii, and the Netherlands. <mask> has also been commissioned to create art for CERN, the White House, the World Bank, Florida Botanical Gardens, Miami City Hall, Miami-Dade County Hall, the Florida Turnpike, the Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science, Museum of Florida History, Port Everglades, the Patricia and Phillip Frost Art Museum, and at ten Miami-Dade Housing Authority sites. Early life
<mask> was born in Albany, New York and was raised in Miami from the age of three, his parents both Cuban immigrants. The Latino artist holds three degrees from the University of Miami: Bachelor of Arts, College of Arts and Sciences (1986), Master of Public Administration, Miami Herbert Business School (1991), and Juris Doctor, School of Law (1991). At the University of Miami, he was inducted into the Iron Arrow Honor Society, the highest honor bestowed by the university.Cortada was fascinated with mangroves early in his childhood upon taking family trips to Bear Cut Key in Key Biscayne, Florida. The plant functions as a central theme to many of his socially engaged artworks and public art projects. Early career
As an emerging artist, <mask> received support from Miami-Dade Cultural Affairs Council's Community Grants to implement art projects with organizations like Miami-Dade Art in Public Places, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami School of Law, Centro Campesino, Miami Lighthouse for the Blind, Citizens for a Better South Florida, Hands-on Miami, and Office of the Public Defender from 1997 to 2007. With the Miami-Dade Cultural Affairs Council/Art Center South Florida's New Forms Artists Grant awarded in 1999, he was able to implement the “WebStudio Project,” an Internet-based collaborative art project using two webcams and a live chat room. The State of Florida Division of Cultural Affairs’ Artist Residency grant helped him implement the Reach for the Future Miami-Dade Art in Public Places residency at Palm Springs Middle School in Hialeah, Florida in 1998. The State of Florida Division of Cultural Affairs, Miami-Dade Art in Public Places, Met-Life Foundation, Dade Community Foundation also provided support for his growing practice: <mask> served as artistic director of various efforts sponsored by Miami-Dade Art in Public Places, including Master Peace (a school-based art project in Miami-Dade County Public Schools) and PATH (Public Art Transforming Housing in Miami-Dade Housing Agency). During that time, <mask> also volunteered with US embassies across four continents and implemented numerous international mural projects  through grant awards and artist residencies.He did so with the support of various entities, including the U.S. State Department and USAID. In February 2000, invited by the Holy See, <mask> traveled to the Vatican to participate in the Jubilee Day for Artists and meet Pope John Paul II. That summer, he was invited to Washington to create a mural for the White House Conference on Minority Homeownership—the president was one of the participants of his collaborative mural. Biography
<mask>'s science art practice is oriented toward social engagement and the environment. He has created art installations in the Earth's poles to generate awareness about global climate change: In 2007, as a National Science Foundation Antarctic Artist and Writer's Program Fellow, the artist used the moving ice sheet beneath the South Pole as an instrument to mark time; the art piece will be completed in 150,000 years. In 2008, he planted a green flag at the North Pole to reclaim it for nature and launch an eco-art reforestation effort. <mask> often collaborates with scientists in his art-making:

 At CERN, Cortada worked with a physicist to develop a site-specific art installation capturing the five search strategies which the CMS experiment has used to discover a new Higgs-like particle.The five giant banners hang at the location (100m below the ground) where the particle was discovered. He has also worked with a population geneticist on a project exploring our ancestral journeys out of Africa 60,000 years ago, with a molecular biologist to synthesize an actual DNA strand made from a sequence randomly generated by participants visiting his museum exhibit, and with botanists in participatory eco-art projects to reforest mangroves, native trees and wildflowers. <mask> is currently working with scientists at Hubbard Brook LTER on a water cycle visualization project driven by real-time data collected at a watershed in New Hampshire's White Mountains. At Florida International University, <mask> collaborated with Florida Coastal Everglades LTER scientists in using the diatoms they study to address sea level rise and environmental degradation. From 2011 to 2018, <mask> based his engaged art-science practice at Florida International University where he served as Artist-in-Residence at FIU School of Environment, Arts and Society, the FIU College of Arts, Sciences & Education, and the FIU College of Communication, Architecture + The Arts. The Miami artist has worked with groups globally to produce numerous collaborative art projects, including peace murals in Cyprus and Northern Ireland, child welfare murals in Bolivia and Panama, AIDS murals in Switzerland and South Africa, juvenile justice murals and projects in Miami and Philadelphia, and eco-art projects in Taiwan, Hawaii, the Netherlands and Latvia. <mask> has also been commissioned to create art for CERN, the White House, the World Bank, the Florida Supreme Court, the Florida Governor's Mansion, Florida Botanical Gardens, Miami City Hall, Miami-Dade County Hall, the Florida Turnpike, Miami-Dade Housing Authority, the Frost Science Museum, Museum of Florida History, and the Frost Art Museum.His work is in the permanent collections of the Perez Art Museum Miami (PAMM), the NSU Museum of Art in Ft. Lauderdale, the Whatcom Museum, the Patricia and Philip Frost Art Museum and the MDC Museum of Art + Design. Corporations such as General Mills, Nike, Heineken, and Hershey's have commissioned his art. Publishers like McDougal and Random House have featured it in school textbooks and publications. His work has also been featured in National Geographic TV and the Discovery Channel. <mask>'s studio is located at Pinecrest Gardens where he serves as artist-in-residence, implements his participatory art projects and runs the Hibiscus Gallery. The artist also serves on boards of various national, regional and local groups, including University of Miami Alumni Association, South Arts and the Miami-Dade Cultural Affairs Council. Notable Works
<mask> has created art in the North and South poles and across six continents and also leads a robust community-engaged art practice.Some of his socially engaged works include:
Letters to the Future (2019)
Plan(T) (2019)
Underwater HOA (2018)
Florida is... Nature (2015)
In Search of Higgs boson (2013)
Flor500 (2013)
Wind Words (2012)
Sequentia (2010)
Ancestral Journeys (2010)
Ancestral Dinner Party (2010)
Endangered World: Life Wall (2009)
Native Flags (2008)
Arctic Ice Paintings (2008)
Longitudinal Installation (2007)
Antarctic Ice Paintings (2007)
Reclamation Project (2006)

References

Global Warnings, by Suzaan Boettger, Art in America, Issue No. 6, pp. 154–161, 206–207, June/July 2008
Bold as Ice, By Carlos Suarez de Jesus, Miami New Times, March 29, 2007
Interactive Art About Climate Change in a City Where It Will Wreak Havoc. Hyperallergic. 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2018-07-10

External links
Official website

1964 births
Living people
Cuban painters
Former Roman Catholics
Gay artists
LGBT Christians
Modern painters
University of Miami Business School alumni
University of Miami School of Law alumni
Climate change artists

masks:
Xavier Ignacio Cortada
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<mask>, the Elder (; 16 February 1470 – 30 July 1540) was Duke of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1495 and the first reigning prince of Calenberg-Göttingen. Life and works

Ancestry
<mask> was born on 16 February 1470 in Neustadt am Rübenberge at the castle of Rovenburg. He was the founder of the Calenberg line of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. His father, William II, died in 1503, but had already divided his lands in 1495, between his sons, Henry and <mask>. <mask> was given the Principalities of Calenberg and Göttingen, whilst Henry received the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Even as a boy, <mask> had travelled as a pilgrim to Jerusalem and toured Italy before he entered the service of Emperor Maximilian I. In the service of the emperor

Even in his early years <mask> had proved himself as a brave fighter at the side of the emperors and took part in 1497 in the campaign against the Turks.Later he fought in wars against Venice, the Swiss confederation and France. In the Bavarian-Landhut war in 1504 he saved the emperor's life at the Battle of Regensburg the Leben, whereupon he was knighted. <mask> was the second son of Duke William II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d 1503) and received in 1491, before his father died, his inheritance of the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen. His elder brother, Duke Henry the Elder (1463–1514) was given rule over Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. In 1505 the 35-year-old Duke <mask> of Calenberg made Neustadt am Rübenberge his second seat of power. When the first marriage of the duke to the widow of Archduke Sigismund of Austria, Katharina of Saxony, proved childless, he married after her death on 7 July 1525 the 15-year-old Elisabeth of Brandenburg. From this marriage resulted his long-awaited successor <mask> (1528–1584).When, in 1528, Elisabeth fell ill in bed when she was pregnant, she held the witchcraft of her husband's mistress, Anna Rumschottel, responsible. She persuaded her husband to hold a trial. In the process, several women were burned to death, but the duke allowed his mistress to escape. She was however burnt to death in Hamelin. During the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud (1519–1523) he captured Hunnesrück Castle in 1521, together with Henry the Younger of Wolfenbüttel. It lay on a hill near the present town district of Hunnesrück in Dassel. He bombarded the castle with heavy cannon from the hill of Hatop.He gave the castle up after a short period however. Between 1527 and 1530, he had the castle of Erichsburg built in a marshy depression about 3 km further east which was protected by a wide moat and high ramparts. It was named after his heir, born in 1528, later Duke <mask>. <mask> used it from time to time as his seat of office. Whilst it was being built he lived in the old castle at Hunnesrück. After the feud, the Amt of Kolding and Poppenburg were transferred to Duke <mask> I in accordance with the requirements of the Quedlinburg Recess. In 1523 abbey parish of St. Andrew in Derneburg placed itself under the protection of <mask> of Calenberg, because it had been repeatedly plundered by the knights of Duke Henry II of Brunswick-Lüneburg.In 1529 <mask> allowed the town of Hanover to hold an annual Schützenfest ("shooting festival"), which today has become the Hanover Schützenfest, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1530 he took Aerzen back into the possession of the Welfs (his coat of arms is over the door in the north wing of the castle). In 1539 <mask> united the former Ämter of Hunnesrück, Lüthorst and Lauenberg into the new Amt of Erichsburg which remained in that form until 1643. In 1540, just under 23 years after the Martin Luther's posting of his theses, Duke <mask> of Calenberg-Göttingen died. His son, <mask>, was still a child, which is why his mother, the Duchess Elisabeth, took over the reign for five years. Two years earlier she had publicly allowed communion to be taken in both kinds in a church service. From then on she and her husband followed separate confessions: the duke remained Roman Catholic, the duchess became Lutheran.Duke <mask> died on 30 July 1540 at the Reichstag in Haguenau, Alsace. He left behind large debts, estimated at 900,000 thalers, as well as two important buildings: the Erichsburg near Dassel and the rebuilt Calenberg Castle. His funeral took place in 1541 in Hann. Münden's St. Blasius Church, after his body was released in Haguenau one year after his death on payment of his debts. This required every subject in his duchy to pay 16 pfennigs. Offspring
Duke <mask> had a son and three daughters by his second wife, Elisabeth of Brandenburg:

 Elisabeth (b 8 April 1526; d 19 August 1566) m (1543) Count George Ernest of Henneberg (1511–1583)
 <mask>, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg (b 10 August 1528; d 17 November 1584)
m (1545–1573) Sidonie of Saxony (b 8 March 1518; d 4 January 1575), daughter of Henry of Saxony and Catherine of Mecklenburg
m (1576) Dorothea of Lorraine (b 24. August 1545; d 2 June 1621), daughter of Francis I of Lorraine and Christina of Denmark
 Anna Maria (b 23 April 1532; d 20 March 1568) m (1550) Albert the Elder, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568)
 Katharina (b 1534; d 10 May 1559) m (1557) William of Rosenberg, Senior Burgrave (Oberburggraf) of Bohemia (1535–1592)

Ancestors

References

Sources

 Wolfgang Kunze: Herzog <mask>. von Braunschweig-Lüneburg.In: Wolfgang Kunze (Hg. ): Leben und Bauten Herzog Erichs II. von Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Catalogue of the historic exhibition at Landestrost Castle, Neustadt am Rübenberge. Hanover 1993, p. 31–45. Joachim Lehrmann: Hexenverfolgung in Hannover-Calenberg und Calenberg-Göttingen, Lehrte, 2005. External links
 Picture and short description of the life of Duke <mask> with his second wife, Elisabeth on the official pages of the house of Welf.Coins from his reign
 Historic picture of the Ericsburg

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Princes of Calenberg
Princes of Göttingen
Princes of Wolfenbüttel
1470 births
1540 deaths
Middle House of Brunswick

masks:
Eric I
Eric I
Eric
Eric
Eric
Eric
Eric I
Eric I
Eric II
Eric II
Eric I
Eric
Eric I
Eric
Eric I
Eric I
Eric II
Eric I
Eric
Eric II
Erich I
Eric


texts:
<mask> (born June 30, 1958) is an American politician who served as Michigan's 41st Secretary of State. In 2012, <mask> was elected to the Republican National Committee. She was the Republican nominee for the 2014 United States Senate race in Michigan, losing in the general election to Democrat Gary Peters. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She grew up in Grandville, Michigan, graduating from Grandville High School, and attended Hope College in Holland, Michigan, where she received a Bachelor of Arts in political science. In 2009, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Davenport University. Politics

Early political career
In 1980, <mask> joined the Grandville Planning Commission.At age 23, <mask> ran for the Michigan House of Representatives, unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Democrat Jelt Sietsema. From 1992 to 2000, she was the elected Clerk of Kent County, Michigan's fourth-largest county. In 2000, with Governor John Engler's encouragement, <mask> ran unsuccessfully for the Michigan State Board of Education. Michigan Secretary of State

In 2002, <mask> became Michigan's 41st Secretary of State, defeating Detroit-based attorney Melvin Hollowell 55%-43%, and took office on January 1, 2003. She and her husband contributed more than $1.9 million of their own money to her 2002 and 2006 Secretary of State campaigns. The Grand Rapids Press editorial board praised <mask> for her technological transformation of state services, including updates to computer systems; expansion of Web services; consolidation of branch offices and "expanded hours in new, larger locations"; and changes that for the first time allowed Michigan customers to pay fees with credit cards and renew license plate registrations through self-service stations. The Press editorial board wrote that, over the opposition of some Republicans, <mask> "advocated measures that would expand participation at the polls, including early voting, no-reason absentee voting and early registration for young voters."In 2005, Land's office announced an effort to use the Help America Vote Act to reduce potential voter fraud by removing names of voters who had died, moved out of Michigan, or changed their names. A New York Times investigation found that 33,000 people were removed from the rolls, while Land's office said 11,000 voters were removed. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) took Michigan to court over the removal of voter names. The Times pointed out that similar problems were seen in other states, as "Republican and Democratic election officials ... struggled to interpret new federal laws, such as the Help America Vote Act." In October 2008, a federal judge ruled that the national Voting Rights Act had been violated and six states, including Michigan, were ordered to stop removing names from voter rolls. A spokesperson for Land's office told the Detroit Free Press, "If you're eligible to vote, you will be able to cast a vote on Election Day". In 2006, <mask> was reelected, defeating Macomb County Clerk Carmella Sabaugh, 56%-42%.After serving two terms, the maximum allowed in the state, she was succeeded by Republican Ruth Johnson. 2010 gubernatorial race

After exploring a bid for Michigan governor in 2010, <mask> decided not to run in June 2009, instead endorsing Mike Bouchard. She ran for lieutenant governor on a ticket with Bouchard the following year, but lost in the Republican primary. 2014 U.S. Senate election

On June 3, 2013 <mask> announced her candidacy for the United States Senate in 2014. She ran unopposed in the primary and faced Democratic congressman Gary Peters in the general election. According to an early analysis by the Washington Post, the U.S. Senate election in Michigan was considered one of the top 10 Senate races of 2014. <mask> outraised Peters throughout the campaign.Her largest independent backer was Americans for Prosperity, which spent $3.6 million in support of her candidacy. In 2014, <mask> gave $3 million to her own campaign, saying, "You can't ask other people to invest in you if you don't invest in yourself." In her federal financial disclosure form, she had not listed any bank accounts or other assets in her control worth that much. Her campaign said that it had mistakenly failed to disclose a joint account she had with her husband. A Detroit Free Press review of financial disclosure forms showed <mask> and her husband had assets worth $35 million in 2014, with $1.5 million belonging to <mask>, and that "candidates may typically tap liberally into joint accounts with their spouses." In May 2014, <mask> gave a speech at the Mackinac Policy Conference, a three-day event that many of the state's top business and civic leaders attend, which she read from notes. Following her speech, <mask> was swarmed by reporters and, unable to articulate a response to a question, pushed their microphones away, saying, "I can't do this."<mask> was endorsed by the entire Michigan Republican delegation, as well as former congressman Pete Hoekstra, and the Family Research Council. Her campaign was weighed down by various missteps and her reluctance to make public campaign appearances, particularly after her meltdown in May. Peters opened up a consistent lead in the polls beginning in September. The Republican establishment effectively gave up on <mask>'s campaign the following month. In the November 4 general election, <mask> received 41.3% of the vote to Peters's 54.6%. Voting rights lawsuit
In September 2020, Land filed a lawsuit against Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson for allowing votes postmarked before Election Day to be counted after Election Day. 2020 Wayne State University Board of Governors election

In September 2020, the Michigan Republican Party was required by law to withdraw its nomination of Diane Dunaskiss for the Wayne State University Board of Governors due to Dunaskiss's failure to pay a 2018 campaign fee.In an emergency state committee session, <mask> replaced Dunaskiss as the party's nominee. On November 3, 2020, <mask> was elected to an 8-year term on the Board of Governors. Personal life
<mask> married Dan Hibma in 1983. They live in Byron Center and have two children. According to financial disclosures, <mask> and her family have assets worth at least $34 million. Electoral history

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> for Senate

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1958 births
21st-century American women politicians
American people of Dutch descent
County officials in Michigan
Hope College alumni
Living people
Michigan Republicans
People from Byron Center, Michigan
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
People from Grandville, Michigan
Secretaries of State of Michigan
Women in Michigan politics
21st-century American politicians

masks:
Terri Lynn Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Land
Terri
Lynn Land


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<mask> (; born 4 August 1991) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Super League Greece club Aris and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team. <mask> started his professional career at Grasshoppers, before joining Galatasaray in 2014. Later that year, he switched to Werder Bremen, who loaned him to Eibar in 2015. Three years later, <mask> signed with Dinamo Zagreb. He moved to Aris in 2021. A former Swiss youth international, <mask> even made his senior international debut for Switzerland, only to switch his allegiance to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013, earning over 20 caps since. He represented the nation at their first major championship, the 2014 FIFA World Cup.Club career

Early career
<mask> started playing football at local clubs, FC Birr and FC Windisch, before joining Grasshoppers' youth academy in 2000. He made his professional debut against Luzern on 3 October 2009 at the age of 18. On 19 September 2010, he scored a brace, which were his first professional goals. He scored his first career hat-trick on 17 September 2011. Galatasaray

In January 2014, <mask> was transferred to Turkish outfit Galatasaray for a fee of €3.5 million. On 2 February, he made his official debut for the team against Bursaspor. He scored his first goal for Galatasaray on 5 February in a cup game against Tokatspor.On 26 February, <mask> debuted in UEFA Champions League against Chelsea. He won his first trophy with the club on 7 May, by beating Eskişehirspor in Turkish Cup final. After filing a complaint to FIFA that he received no payments from Galatasaray, he was given the right to move on free transfer elsewhere. Werder Bremen
In July, <mask> signed a four-year contract with German side Werder Bremen. He made his competitive debut for the club in DFB-Pokal game against FV Illertissen on 17 August and managed to score a goal. A week later, he made his league debut against Hertha BSC. On 26 April 2015, he scored his first league goal against Paderborn 07.In August, <mask> was sent on a season-long loan to Spanish outfit Eibar. Upon returning from loan spell, he secured first-team spot at Werder Bremen. In December 2016, he suffered a severe knee injury, which was diagnosed as anterior cruciate ligament tear and was ruled out for at least six months. He returned to the pitch on 16 September 2017, over nine months after the injury. Dinamo Zagreb
In January 2018, <mask> moved to Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb on a deal until June 2019. He debuted officially for the team on 10 February against Osijek. On 4 April, he scored his first goal for Dinamo Zagreb in Croatian Cup tie against Rijeka.He won his first title with the club on 13 May, when they were crowned league champions. <mask> scored a brace against Rudeš on 2 February 2019, his first league goals for Dinamo Zagreb. He signed a new two-year contract with the side in July. Aris
In June 2021, <mask> joined Greek outfit Aris on a three-year deal. He debuted competitively for the club in UEFA Europa Conference League qualifier against Astana on 22 July. Seven weeks later, he made his league debut against OFI. International career

After representing Switzerland at various youth levels, <mask> made his senior international debut in a friendly game against Tunisia on 14 November 2012.However, in June 2013, he decided that he would play for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the future. In August, his request to change sports citizenship from Swiss to Bosnian was approved by FIFA. Later that month, he received his first senior call-up, for 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Slovakia, home and away. He debuted in the home game on 6 September. On 10 September, in the away game, <mask> scored his first senior international goal, which secured a crucial victory for his team. In June 2014, <mask> was named in Bosnia and Herzegovina's squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup, country's first major competition. He made his tournament debut in the opening group match on 15 June, which ended in narrow loss to Argentina at the Maracanã Stadium.Personal life
<mask>'s younger brother Sead is also a professional footballer. They played together in Grasshoppers, before Sead joined Arsenal's youth academy in July 2009. He married his long-time girlfriend Lejla in May 2014. <mask> is a practicing Muslim; along with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić, Muhamed Bešić, Armin Hodžić, Sead Kolašinac, Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Bosnia and Herzegovina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hajrović goal. Honours
Grasshoppers
Swiss Cup: 2012–13

Galatasaray
Turkish Cup: 2013–14

Dinamo Zagreb
1. HNL: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21
Croatian Cup: 2017–18, 2020–21
Croatian Super Cup: 2019

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
People from Brugg
Swiss people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina through descent
Swiss footballers
Switzerland youth international footballers
Switzerland under-21 international footballers
Switzerland international footballers
Swiss expatriate footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina international footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate footballers
Dual internationalists (football)
Association football wingers
Grasshopper Club Zürich players
Galatasaray S.K.footballers
SV Werder Bremen players
SD Eibar footballers
GNK Dinamo Zagreb players
Aris Thessaloniki F.C. players
Swiss Super League players
Süper Lig players
Bundesliga players
La Liga players
Croatian First Football League players
Super League Greece players
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Croatia
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Swiss expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Greece
2014 FIFA World Cup players

masks:
Izet Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović
Hajrović


texts:
<mask> (born 25 October 1969) is an English pianist, composer and singer-songwriter. He is a recording artist and a frequent performer, initially in and around his birthplace in Birmingham, England, and more recently in Adelaide, Australia, presenting concerts featuring original solo piano music with a classical influence. <mask> is also a co-creator of creative network Project X Presents and Musituality, a platform for musicians of various faiths to perform together. Biography

Early life
Born in Birmingham, <mask> lived from early childhood in and around the suburban Moseley area, known as a focal point for the city's musical and creative communities. Beginning his musical and vocal training as a choirboy in St Marys Church, he went on to sing in the National Youth Choir and the CBSO Chorus. Early career
In the 1990s, <mask> performed as singer and main songwriter in indie guitar-based bands including Maroon. Two of his dark, short stories were published in fiction magazines in the UK and America.For ten years, he booked and promoted comedy show The GAG Club, worked as a booking agent and artist agent as well as performing as a stand-up comic, and he was one of the original partners in setting up the Birmingham Comedy Festival. He wrote numerous preview articles about stand-up comedy and classical music for the Metro Newspaper and appeared as an actor in 'Perfect Scenario', a featurette produced as an extra for the BBC DVD release of Doctor Who serial 'Frontier in Space'. Solo career
In 2007, <mask> collaborated with krautrock/shoegaze band Einstellung, for a concert named 'Das Land Ohne Musik' in which <mask> both supported and accompanied the band, highlighting elements of post-rock shared by both artists. A live album recording of the concert was released in early 2018. In September 2009, <mask> released Valentine Court, a debut album of solo piano music on his own Mouflon Music label, drawing comparisons with minimalist composers Steve Reich and Philip Glass and impressionist Claude Debussy. A new recording of the album was released in 2018 entitled Valentine Court Recaught. In 2009, he made his major festival debut with an appearance at The Big Chill music festival performing in the Vida La Vida tent curated by ambient DJ Mixmaster Morris and was given an encore.Other festival appearances include Gigbeth, Drop Beats Not Bombs and ArtsFest - the latter on an outdoor stage in Birmingham's Centenary Square. In June 2011, he showcased Mindfulmess, an album of songs with a well received concert at mac (the Midlands Arts Centre). The album, released in 2012, features lyrics partly inspired by his Buddhist spiritual practice, with elaborate vocal harmonies owing a debt to a lifelong appreciation of pop artist Brian Wilson, all accompanied by his delicate trademark piano patterns. He performed his show Mindfulmess at both the Edinburgh and Melbourne Fringes in 2012 and the Adelaide Fringe in 2013 presenting a biographical performance which was praised by Fringe Review for its "harmonious and artful transitions from light to dark, despondent to hopeful". He performed at the Adelaide fringe again in 2014, with a show called "Classically Chilled Piano", which was rated as an 'Outstanding Show' by Fringe Review and again in 2015, with a show called "Piano Amoroso". His third album, In The Moment, a collection of ten solo piano improvisations was released in 2014. Also in 2014 <mask> was chosen via a competitive process to compose and perform a score to Australian silent feature film, Robbery Under Arms.A piano piece called "Saticity" has been included in the release of Erik Satie et les Nouveaux Jeunes Version 2, an album of tributes to the composer Erik Satie by French label Arbouse Recordings and another, "Mysterious Moment", on an album by Greek pianist Kosmas Lapatas. In early 2016, <mask> collaborated with projection artist Zero from Illuminart, to produce an audio visual project called "Piano Illuminato", which was presented in Adelaide Town Hall. <mask>'s own recordings of his solo piano music have been broadcast on Australia's national classical radio station ABC Classic FM. Since July 2018 a relationship with US digital label Sonder House has resulted in the release of several solo piano tracks, and also an EP recorded in collaboration with Australian sound artist, Jason Sweeney. <mask> plays a Roland FP4 digital piano. Collaborative projects

Project X Presents
<mask> co-created the creative network Project X Presents with Marc Reck, Anne-Marie Pope and Anthony Ramm, producing a series of five events dubbed "Omnimedia Experiences" beginning with Like Fxck in July 2006 in the Epic Skate Park in Birmingham. The events featured artists from a wide range of disciplines coming together to blend their work into a seamless, immersive event lasting up to seven hours, usually presented across three stages, with the audience in the middle The Birmingham Post described the event as "destabilising the established role of the 'spectator' in performance theatre and drawing you in to an impressively eclectic and complex mix of art forms".Musituality
The Musituality project grew out of a series of concerts called "Music by Candlelight" St Mary's Church, Moseley, organised by <mask> as part of the Moseley Festival. The concert held in July 2008 included a small choir called St Mary's Schola, which consists of a double quartet of singers drawn from St Mary's Church Choir, alongside performances of Qawwali and nasheed from Islamic vocal group A’ashiq Al Rasul. Inspired by the success of the event, in particular the coming together of Christian and Islamic elements in a Christian building, Mick Perrier of St Marys Schola and Amran Ellahi of A’ashiq Al Rasul joined with <mask> to create Musituality—a portmanteau combining the words music and spirituality. The project was launched to a full capacity audience at Birmingham Cathedral in 2009 in a concert well received by the local music community. A further concert in 2010 at the Birmingham Buddhist Centre saw the same collaboration. Personal life
<mask> stood as candidate for the Green Party in Acocks Green ward in the 2004 local government elections. In 2012 he emigrated to Adelaide, Australia, where he is training for ordination into the Triratna Buddhist Order.Discography

Bibliography
 (includes poems by <mask>)

References

External links
 Official website

1969 births
Living people
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
English composers
English contemporary pianists
English male singer-songwriters
English Buddhists
People from Adelaide
21st-century British pianists
21st-century British male singers

masks:
Richard William Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Batsford
Rich Batsford
Rich Batsford
Batsford
Batsford


texts:
<mask> (1285–1358 CE) was a Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate located in present-day Northern India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Firuz Shah's reign. He was best known for composing the Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (also called Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi), a work on medieval India, which covers the period from the reign of Ghiyas ud din Balban to the first six years of reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq and the Fatwa-i-Jahandari which promoted a hierarchy among Muslim communities in the Indian subcontinent, even if historian M. Athar Ali says that it's not on a racialist basis or even like the Hindu caste system, but taking as a model Sassanid Iran, which promoted an idea of aristocracy through birth and which was claimed by Persians to be "fully in accordance with the main thrust of Islamic thought as it had developed by that time", including in the works of his near-contemporary Ibn Khaldun. Life
<mask> was born to a Muslim family in 1285 in which his father, uncle, and grandfather all worked in high government posts under the Sultan of Delhi. His family were natives of Meerut and Bulandsahar. They were probably descendants of Barnwal residents from Bulandshahar who had converted to Islam two centuries earlier and adopted the title Barani, a fact documented by Turkish historians of those times. His maternal grandfather Husam-ud-Din, was an important officer of Ghiyas ud din Balban and his father Muwayyid-ul-Mulk held the post of naib of Arkali Khan, the son of Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji. His uncle Qazi Ala-ul-Mulk was the Kotwal (police chief) of Delhi during the reign of Ala-ud-Din Khalji.<mask> never held a post, but was a nadim (companion) of Muhammad bin Tughlaq for seventeen years. During this period he was very close to Amir Khusro. After Tughlaq was deposed, he fell out of favor. In "Exile" he wrote two pieces dealing with government, religion, and history, which he hoped would endear him to the new sultan, Firuz Shah Tughluq. He was not rewarded for his works and died poor in 1357. His gravestone lies in the courtyard of Nizamuddin Auliya's dargah in Delhi, at the entrance of the dalan of Mirdha Ikram, and near the tomb of Amir Khusrau. Works

Fatwa-i-Jahandari
The Fatwa-i-Jahandari is a work containing the political ideals to be pursued by a Muslim ruler in order to earn religious merit and the gratitude of his subjects.It is written as nasihat(advices) for the Muslim kings, is a classical work on statecraft which can be compared with Kautilya's Arthashastra and Machiavelli's Prince. His fatwa would condone segregation of the Muslim ashraf upper castes and ajlaf low castes, in addition to the azral under-castes or the converted Muslims who are regarded as "ritually polluted" by the ashraf. Muzaffar Alam argues that, contrarily to what many think, through this aristocratic view of power he doesn't follow secular models (Iranian or Indian), "rather, the  interests  of  the  Muslim  community  define the contours  of  his  ideas  on the heredity question", as he saw that during times of political troubles "frequent changes within ruling classes lead to the ruination of illustrious Muslim families", and thus preserving these upper class families, themselves at such place for diverse administrative or military qualities, would lead to the advent of more capable rulers and in the longer run help Muslim interests, Alam to conclude that this hierarchization "was a conscious choice exercized by Barani to serve the narrowly sectarian interests of the early Islamic regime in India

The work delves into aspects of religion and government and the meeting of those two, as well as political philosophy. He notes:

<mask>'s Fatwa-i-Jahandari provides an example of his extreme views on religion. He states that there is no difference between a Muslim king and a Hindu ruler, if the Muslim king is content in collecting jizya (poll-tax) and khiraj (tribute) from the Hindus. Instead, he recommends that a Muslim king should concentrate all his power on holy wars and completely uproot the "false creeds". According to him, a Muslim king could establish the supremacy of Islam in India only by slaughtering the Brahmins.He recommends that a Muslim king "should make a firm resolve to overpower, capture, enslave and degrade the infidels." Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi
The Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi or Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi (Firuz Shah's History) (1357) was an interpretation of the history of the Delhi Sultanate up to the then-present Firuz Shah Tughlaq. Then interpretation noted that the sultans who followed the rules of Barani had succeeded in their endeavors while those that did not, or those who had sinned, met the Nemesis. Barani is an unfair narrator and generally considered a very unreliable source. But, though Barani refers many times to the sources of information, he did not consult his contemporary works. This resulted in the sketchy description of Ala-ud-Din Khalji’s wars in Chittor, Ranthambhor and Malwa and the Deccan campaigns of Malik Kafur. The later medieval historians, Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad, Badaoni, Ferishta and Haji-ud-Dabir depended upon the Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi for their account of history of the period covered in this work.Abdul Haq Dehlvi in his Akhbar-ul-Akhyar depended upon the work for the biographical sketches of Nizam-ud-Din Auliya and the other Sufi saints. Zawabit

<mask> categorized the law into two kinds , the Shariat and the Zawabit. The Zawabit were the state laws formulated by the monarch  in consultation with the nobility in the changed circumstances to cater to the new requirements which the Shariat was unable to fulfill. The Zawabit, he said must be in the spirit of the Shariat and enumerated four conditions for its formulation as guidelines. They are-

 The Zawabit should not negate the Shariat. It must increase the loyalty and hope among the nobles and common people towards the Sultan
 Its sources and inspiration should be the Shariat and pious Caliphs
 If at all it had to negate the Shariat out of exigencies, it must follow charities and compensation in lieu of that negation

Other works
 Salvat-i-Kabir (The Great Prayer)
 Sana-i-Muhammadi (Praises of Prophet Mohammad)
 Hasratnama (Book of Regrets)
 Tarikh-i-Barmaki
 Inayat Nama-i-Ilahi (Book of Gods Gifts)
 Maasìr Saadat (Good Deeds of the Sayyids)
 Lubbatul Tarikh. Fatawa-i-Dindari

Work online

See also
Caste system among South Asian Muslims
List of Muslim historians

Notes

References

1285 births
1357 deaths
14th-century Indian historians
Chroniclers
Delhi Sultanate
Historians of India
Indian Muslim historians of Islam
Indian political philosophers

masks:
Ziauddin Barani
Barani
Barani
Barani
Barani


texts:
<mask>, in Russian: Евгений Петрович Бажанов (born 6 November 1946 in Lvov, USSR) is the President of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Russian political scientist, historian, lecturer, writer and diplomat. Career

1964-1970 – Student of Moscow State Institute of International relations (MGIMO), majoring in Asian studies and World economy. 1968-1970 – An exchange student at Nanyang University (Singapore) upgrading knowledge of Northern (Mandrin) and Shanghainese dialects of Chinese language. 1970-1973 – A diplomatic officer at the Foreign Ministry of the USSR (Southeast Asian and Chinese desks). 1973-1979 – Consul of the USSR Consulate General in San Francisco (USA). 1973 – Successfully defended PHD theses at the Institute of the Far East, USSR Academy of Sciences. The title: "Singapore in the Policies of China and Major Western Powers".1979-1981 – Mid-career training at the Diplomatic Academy, USSR Foreign Ministry. 1981-1985 – Counsellor of the USSR Embassy in Beijing, China. 1985-1991 – Senior staff member of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, Advisor to Michael Gorbachev on Asia-Pacific region. 1988 – Successfully defended State Doctoral dissertation at the Institute of Oriental studies, the USSR Academy of Sciences, awarded the degree of State Doctor. The title of the dissertation: "China's Foreign Policy, 1949-1987". 1991-2011 – Vice President of the Diplomatic Academy, the Russian Foreign Ministry. Since 2003 – Professor of International Relations at the Russian Friendship University.April–October 2011 – Acting President of the Diplomatic Academy, RFM. 10 October 2011 – The General Meeting of the personnel of the Diplomatic Academy elected <mask> Bazhanov President of the Academy. On 11 October 2011 he was officially appointed to this position by Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Sergei Lavrov for five years (up to 10 October 2016). Family

Parents: Father, <mask><mask> (1912-1975), Mayor of the City of Sochi (1957-1971), a prominent specialist in the field of electricity, inventor, writer, artist. Mother, Anna Z<mask> (1914-1982) – an electrical engineer, a specialist in city-planning. Wife, Natalia E<mask>, Doctor of Economics, a prominent orientalist, Korea specialist, political scientist, historian, economist, teacher, diplomat, writer, author of numerous books and articles, published in Russia and various foreign countries, on Russia, Korea, China, USA, Europe, Middle East. Academic activities
<mask> <mask> delivered more than 550 lectures in over 150 Universities, Colleges and Research Centers in 22 countries, including Harvard, Columbia, Stanford and G. Washington Universities, University of California, Rand, Cambridge, Oxford, Beijing, Tokyo, Seoul National, Australian National Universities, over 250 presentations at multinational conferences and more than 900 interviews to TV, radio, newspapers and magazines in 30 countries.He was Academic advisor of 53 PhD dissertations including by President of South Korea Kim Dae-jung, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Foreign Minister of Kyrgyzstan Alikbek Jekshenkulov, Ambassadors to Russia of Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Palestine and many prominent Russian politicians, educators and diplomats. He is author of 41 books, more than 110 book chapters and parts and over 1000 articles on Chinese, Korean, Japanese, ASEAN, Asia-Pacific, US, European, Middle Eastern affairs, foreign policies and domestic issues of Russia, CIS countries (published in Russia, USA, ROK, PRC, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Germany, Britain, Singapore, Thailand, Israel, Egypt, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Austria, Iran, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Syria). Editor of 90 books and other publications, member of editorial boards of several magazines. In 1994 founded a Research Institute for Contemporary International Studies and headed it till 2006. Published Books

  Singapore in the Policies of the West and China. Moscow: The Institute of the Far Eastern Studies, 1972. The Motivating Forces of American Policy Towards China.Moscow: Nauka, 1982. The Gilded Ghetto. (Chinese, Korean and Japanese Communities in the USA). Moscow: Nauka, 1983 (co-author <mask>). The Last Frontier. (American Society in the 1970s). Moscow: Politisdat, 1984 (co-author <mask>).The USA in the Foreign Policy of China. Moscow: Oriental Studies Institute, 1986. China and the World. Moscow: Mezdunarodnye Otnoshenia, 1990. The USSR and the Asian-Pacific Region. Moscow: Znanie, 1991. Soviet Foreign Policy under Gorbachev.Taipei: Zhongyang Ribao, 1992. Russia and Korea. Seoul: Seoul Sihnmun, 1992. (co-author <mask>). Russia and Taiwan. Köln: Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien (BIOst), 1996.ISSN 0435-7183
  Russia's Changing Foreign Policy. Köln:Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien (BIOst), 1996.ISSN 0435-7183
 The Most Mysterious War of the XXth Century (Korean Conflict, 1950–1953), Seoul: Youl Rim, 1998 (co-author <mask>).Russian-Chinese Relations: Problems and Prospects. Moscow: Nauchnya Kniga, 1999. The DPRK Reports (NN 1–21), Center for Nonproliferation Studies, The Monterey Institute of International Studies. Monterey, California, USA, 1996–2000. Evolution of the Russian Foreign Policy 1991–1999. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 1999.
  International Relations on the Eve of the 21st Century. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 1999.Transformation of Russia: Yesterday, Today and Prospects for the Future. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 1999. Russia's Priorities in the Changing World. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 2000. Studies in Contemporary International Development. Volume 1. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 2001–2002.Studies in Contemporary International Development. Volume 2. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 2001–2002. Studies in Contemporary International Development. Volume 3. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 2001–2002. Contemporary World.Moscow: Izvestia, 2004. America: Yesterday and Today. Volume 1. Moscow: Izvestia, 2005. America: Yesterday and Today. Volume 2. Moscow: Izvestia, 2005.Academic Papers – 2006. China: Yesterday and Today. Moscow: Nauchnaya Kniga, 2006. China from the Middle Kingdom to a Superpower of the XXI Century. Moscow: Izvestia, 2007. Oriental Express with Stops in the West. The Eyewitness' Notes.Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2008 (co-author <mask>). Edible Dragons. Mysteries of the Chinese Cuisine. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2008 (co-author <mask>). Chinese Riddles. On Chinese Language, Characters, Calligraphy, and the View of the World "Through Characters". Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2008 (co-author <mask>).A Country of Merry Gods. Religious World of the Chinese People. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2008 (co-author <mask>). France. Both Quazimodo and Coco Chanel. Itinerary. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2009 (co-author <mask>).Where is Mankind Headed? Trends in International Relations in the XXI century. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2009 (co-author <mask>). Wisdom of the Orient and the West. World Folklore. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2010 (co-authors <mask> and <mask>). The Multipolar World.Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2010 (co-author <mask>). Sketches of Korea. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2010 (co-author <mask>). International Relations in the XXI Century. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2011 (co-author <mask>). Chinese Mosaic. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2011 (co-author <mask>).Peace and War. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2011 (co-author <mask>). Italy, Both Sad and Merry. Travel Notes. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2011 (co-author <mask>). The Clash and the Dialogue of Civilizations. Moscow: Ves Mir (co-author <mask>).Wisdom of the Orient and the West. World Folklore. Moscow: Ves Mir (co-authors <mask> and <mask>). Memberships, Awards and Recognitions
 The USA Political Science Association, since 1973. Northern California World Affairs Council, since 1973. The USA Association for Asian Studies, since 1973. Prize for the best articles in 1988, "New Times Journal" (Moscow, the USSR).Association "For Dialogue and Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region", Member of the Presidium, Russia, since 1991. Chairman of the Dissertation Committee of the Diplomatic academy, RFM, since 1993. World Ecological Academy, Moscow, since 1993. Journalistic prize for 1993. "Zhongyang Zhibao", newspaper, Taipei, Taiwan, 1994. Academy of Humanitarian Studies. Moscow, since 1997.Meritorious Scholar of Russia, awarded by the Decree of Russia’s President Boris Yeltsin, 23 June 1997. Honorary Professor of the People’s University. Beijing, China, 1999. Russias’ Association of International Studies. Member of the Presidium. Moscow, Russia, since 1999. Member of the Consultative Board of Publishing Authority of the G. Marshall Center.Garmisсh Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany, since 2000. A Certificate of Gratitude by the Russian Foreign Ministry "For a significant contribution to the creation of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation". 2001, 11 January, №282. A Founding member of the Association of C.I.S. and Baltic studies. Moscow, 2002, 27 February. Bureau of Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Moscow, since 2002. Vice-President of the Institute for Applied International Studies, Moscow, since 2002. Academic Council of the Center for Contemporary Korean Studies. Moscow, since 2002. Member of the auditorial board of "The Pacific Focus" journal. Minnesota University, USA, since 2004. Presidium member of the Russian Council for Cooperation and Security in Asia- Pacific Region, since 2004.Inaugural member of the International Biographical Center Leading Scientists of the World 2006. IBC, Cambridge, England, since 2006. A Certificate of Honour of the Russian Friendship University for "A significant personal contribution to the training top –quality specialists", 2006, May. Experts’ Council of the Highest Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation on Political Science. Moscow, 2006-2013. Advisory Council of the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Lavrov. Moscow, since 2006.A Certificate of Honour of the Russian Foreign Ministry "For the long-term, honest and highly-qualified service at the Russian Foreign Ministry". 2007. Committee of the Russian Foreign Ministry on publications in the mass media, since 2007. Editorial board of the journal "Herald of the Russian Friendship University". Moscow, since 2007. Honorary Doctor of the Kirgizia Slavic University, Bishkek, Kirgizia, 2009, 20 October. Chairman of the editorial board of the journal "The Diplomatic Service".Moscow, since 2009. The Honorary Diplomat of the Russian Foreign Ministry. The title was conferred by the order of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, 2011, 7 November. Order "For Services to the Fatherland". Decree of the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev of 2012, 1 May. Honorary Counsellor to the All-China History society. Beijing, China.Elected 2012, 25 September. Honorary Professor of the Moscow International Highest School of business, Moscow, since 2012. Member of the Board of Highest School of geopolitics and applied sciences. Rome, Italy, since 2012. Member of the Consultative Council of the Diplomatic Academy of the Republic of Korea. Seoul, Republic of Korea, since 2012. Vice-President of the Russia-China Friendship Association, since 2013.Member of the editorial board of the "Geopolitical Journal", Moscow, since 2014. State medal of Mongolia "Nairamdal" ("Friendship"). By Decree of the Mongolian President Elbegdorzh of 2014, 25 February, №23. A Certificate of Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation <mask>. Decree of the RF President of President of 2014, 11 April, №110-RP. References

External links
 Official biography of <mask> P<mask> (retrieved on 18 January 2013)
 Official web site of the Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia
 Biography at labyrinth.ru of <mask> Bazhanov

1946 births
Living people
Russian political scientists
Russian sinologists
Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni

masks:
Evgeny Petrovich Bazhanov
Evgeny
Peter I
. Bazhanov
. Bazhanova
. Bazhanova
Evgeny
Bazhanov
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Peter Bazhanov
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Natalia Bazhanova
Peter Bazhanov
Natalia Bazhanova
Vladimir Putin
Evgeny
. Bazhanov
Evgeny


texts:
<mask> (January 29, 1878 – August 4, 1957) was an American politician from the state of Georgia. He was a longtime Democratic United States Senator from 1922 to 1957 and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957. Born near Preston, Georgia, <mask> practiced law after graduating from Mercer University. He was a member of Sigma Nu Fraternity. He served on the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922, resigning from the bench to successfully run for the Senate. Philosophically a conservative Democrat, <mask> refrained from endorsing the 1932 presidential nomination of <mask>. Roosevelt and openly objected to the President's 1937 court packing plan. However, despite his philosophical views, <mask> supported much of Roosevelt's domestic policy and led the implementation of the President's foreign policy.He served as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1941 to 1946 in which he generally supported Roosevelt's handling of World War II. <mask> also served as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1940 to 1941 and 1955 to 1957. Throughout his political career, <mask> was generally viewed as more moderate on civil rights than other Southern U.S. Senators. Nevertheless, <mask> opposed integration in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, and, in the Southern Manifesto, which he not only signed, but formally presented to the Senate, condemned Brown v. Board of Education as the “unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court . . . [that] is now bearing fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law.”

By the end of his Senate career, <mask> was one of the most powerful U.S. Senators and was well-regarded by both political parties and by liberals and conservatives.<mask> was an early and leading champion of vocational education, a strict constitutionalist who believed in limited federal government, a fiscal conservative. During the course of his Senate career, he transitioned from being a foreign isolationist to a fervent supporter of internationalism, including playing an important role in the Senate's 1945 approval of the United Nations Charter. <mask> retired from the Senate in 1957 and died later that same year. Reflecting the esteem with which <mask> was held, 40 members of Congress, including Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson, attended his funeral in Vienna, Georgia, and President Dwight Eisenhower ordered flags at all U.S. federal buildings lowered to half-mast. Early life
<mask> was born on a farm near Preston, Georgia, the son of sharecroppers Sarah (Stapleton) and Robert Theodoric <mask>. He attended public schools and then Mercer University in Macon, Georgia. He received his law degree from Mercer in 1901 and entered the practice of law.<mask> served as a judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals in 1917 and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922. Senator

1920s
<mask> resigned from the Supreme Court of Georgia to run for a seat in the United States Senate, which became available due to the death of Thomas E. Watson. <mask> won the special election but, rather than take his seat immediately when the Senate reconvened on November 21, 1922, <mask> allowed the appointed Rebecca Latimer <mask> to be sworn in, making her the first woman seated in the Senate, and serving until <mask> took office on November 22, 1922, one day later. <mask> was re-elected to his first full six-year term in 1926. He served in the Senate from 1922 until 1957, declining to run for a sixth full term in 1956. At that time, the Republican Party in Georgia was very weak, so the real re-election contests for <mask> were in the Democratic primaries. During the 1920s, <mask>, a Democrat, tended to vote conservatively.<mask> supported prohibition, opposed civil rights legislation, and voted against federal anti-lynching legislation based upon his belief that the measures were unconstitutional as law enforcement was a state law matter under the Constitution. <mask> was a strong supporter of free enterprise and business, offering significant support for Georgia-based companies, including the Coca-Cola Company and Georgia Power Company. The power of free enterprise, capitalism and markets to create jobs and raise living standards were a key tenet of <mask>’s political philosophy. In 1928, Georgia's congressional delegation selected <mask> as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. (Al Smith from New York received the national nomination but was soundly defeated by Republican candidate Herbert Hoover.) Even though <mask> was never a serious candidate for the nomination, it was clear that he was very popular among his fellow Georgians. The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression of the 1930s and, with it, a new era in American politics.1930s

Despite personal visits to <mask>’s Warm Springs, Georgia farm, <mask> did not endorse Roosevelt's nomination for president in 1932, declining to favor any of the Democratic candidates. <mask> was considerably less enthusiastic about the New Deal in comparison to his fellow Georgia senator Richard B. Russell Jr., though still supported some programs that he saw as beneficial to Georgia, primarily the Tennessee Valley Authority, Social Security, the Rural Electrification Administration, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act. He would also support several of the earlier New Deal policies and during Roosevelt's time in office, he supported 34 New Deal bills that went through the Senate, opposing only 10. <mask> found far more to oppose during Roosevelt's second term, however, including rigorous regulation of utility companies, the Wealth Tax Acts, and Roosevelt's attempt to pack the U.S. Supreme Court with justices favorable to his New Deal policies. Roosevelt, who considered Georgia his "second home" because of the time he spent at Warm Springs, tried hard to unseat <mask>, who Roosevelt felt had now been "sent out to pasture." In a famous speech, delivered in Barnesville on August 11, 1938, Roosevelt praised <mask> for his service and acknowledged his intelligence and honor but urged voters to choose <mask>'s opponent, Lawrence Camp, in the upcoming Democratic primary. <mask> shook the president's hand and accepted the challenge.<mask> easily won re-nomination for his Senate seat, and with the Democratic Party firmly in control of Georgia, he easily won re-election as well. 1940s
A confidential April 1943 analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by British scholar Isaiah Berlin, working for the British Foreign Office, stated of <mask>:

From July 31, 1941 to August 2, 1946, Senator <mask> was the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance, and one of Washington's most powerful legislative forces. As chairman of this powerful committee, <mask> defeated many of Roosevelt's efforts to increase taxes and enact very progressive tax regimes. <mask> and Roosevelt were in greater agreement on foreign affairs; Berlin added that "although [<mask>] acutely dislikes the domestic policies of the Administration, he has never wavered in support of its foreign policy and, like the other cotton and tobacco Senators, supports Mr. Hull's reciprocal trade agreements". In the 1940s, <mask> supported Roosevelt's efforts at military preparedness, including Lend-Lease aid to Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, already at war, and American defensive buildup in response to the threat posed by Japanese and German militarism. Once the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> embraced the president's vigorous prosecution of the war.He reversed his previous opposition to an international agency designed to keep peace by supporting the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945. 1950s
As the 1950s began, with thirty years of the Senate experience, <mask> became one of the most powerful individuals in the United States, with Life magazine calling <mask> "one of the most distinguished legislators of his time and the most revered man in the Senate" and Collier's calling him "the solemn, dignified, and well-nigh unassailable senior Senator from Georgia." Increasingly President Eisenhower began to rely heavily on <mask>, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, in matters related to foreign policy. Especially after the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decisions mid-decade, legislative and political focus on civil rights increased. While <mask> was not a racial rabble-rouser on the campaign trail as were some Southern politicians, he supported racial segregation. As the senior Southern Senator, the "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" a/k/a "The Southern Manifesto" was physically signed in his office as Senate President pro Tempore on March 8, 1956, and his fellow Senator Richard Russell of Georgia met with the press the next morning to announce that <mask> would be reading it into the Congressional Record, allowing all members to sign it before the close of legislative business on the evening of March 12. This prevented any dissenters from using the excuse that they did not know about the statement before its formal appearance.That fall, after thirty-four years in the U.S. Senate, <mask> approached what would be his seventh senatorial campaign. At the age of 78, he vacillated on whether to seek re-election since he faced an opponent, Herman Talmadge, noting to President Eisenhower that "if I retire, I want to stay at home and rest. I am really tired." U.S. Senators from both political parties actively worked to encourage <mask>’s reelection, including Minnesota's Hubert Humphrey who offered <mask>, "represented the finest of traditions of this great deliberative body . . . a profound and effective statesman . . . when some of us felt too timid to speak up, this brave man spoke up."While the President and other national politicians favored <mask>’s reelection, Talmadge had the state political machinery built by his father, Eugene, firmly behind him. Moreover, <mask>'s refusal to publicly renounce Brown v. Board of Education harmed his reelection prospects, since segregation became a primary campaign focus. Balancing his age, reelection prospects and other considerations, <mask> declined to run for re-election, realizing that despite his seniority and leadership in the Senate and the support of Georgia's businesses, his health likely would not withstand the strenuous campaign. <mask> was a member of twelve committees while he was in the Senate and the chairman of five, including the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1940 to 1941 and from 1955 to 1957 and the United States Senate Committee on Finance from 1941 to 1947 and from 1949 to 1953. He was also President pro tempore of the Senate from 1955 to 1957. In the Senate, <mask> became known for his polished oratory and was considered one of the Senate's best public speakers. Early in 1957, shortly after <mask> retired from the Senate,  President Dwight Eisenhower appointed <mask> special ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.After about six months' service, <mask> became seriously ill. He died in Vienna, Georgia and is interred in the Vienna cemetery. <mask> was a  freemason, member of Vienna Lodge No. 324 in Vienna, Georgia

Remembrances
The Walter F. George School of Law of Mercer University, the former Walter F. George High School (presently South Atlanta High School) in Atlanta, Georgia, and Walter F. George Lake in western Georgia were named for him. The Walter F. <mask> Foundation, created at Mercer when the university's law school was named in honor of <mask> in 1947, continues to award scholarships to Mercer law students who plan to pursue careers in public service. <mask>'s portrait hangs in the Georgia state capitol in Atlanta. A bronze bust of Sen. <mask> was dedicated in 1950 in Vienna, Georgia.The bust was donated by the Georgia Vocational Association (now Georgia Association for Career & Technical Education) for <mask>'s support of Vocational Education and passage of the George-Deen Act. In 1960, the United States Postal Service issued a $0.04 stamp honoring <mask>. The place of issue was Vienna, Georgia, <mask>'s final home. References

Further reading
 Mixon, Val G. "The Foreign Policy Statesmanship of Senator <mask><mask>: 1955-1956." West Georgia College Review 1973 6: 29-41. Patterson, James T. "The failure of party realignment in the south, 1937–1939." Journal of Politics (1965) 27#3 pp: 602-617. in JSTOR
 Zeigler, Luther Harmon, Jr. "Senator <mask>'s 1938 Campaign."Georgia Historical Quarterly 1959 43(4): 333-352. in JSTOR

External links

 <mask><mask> historical marker from the Digital Library of Georgia

United States senators from Georgia (U.S. state)
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Justices of the Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)
1878 births
1957 deaths
Mercer University alumni
Georgia Court of Appeals judges
Democratic Party United States senators
Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats
People from Vienna, Georgia
People from Webster County, Georgia
Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
American segregationists

masks:
Walter Franklin George
George
George
Franklin D
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
Felton
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
Franklin Roosevelt
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
George
Walter F
. George
Walter George
Walter F
. George


texts:
<mask> (; 1902 - 1969) was an Armenian sculptor, People's Artist of the USSR (1963), academic of the Russian Academy of Arts. Biography
<mask> was born in the Armenian village of Makri, near Constantinople. He finished the local Armenian school, then Constantinople Art School and studied under the famed Ottoman Armenian sculptor Yervant Voskan. He moved to Athens, Greece in 1920 and further to Rome and Vienna where he studied sculpture till 1925. <mask> excelled at Vienna School of Masters. In 1925 <mask> moved to Soviet Armenia. Legacy
Most recognizable works of <mask> are the monuments of Mother Armenia in Gyumri, Hovhannes Tumanyan and Alexander Spendiarian statues in front of Yerevan Opera house, and the statues of Mesrop Mashtots and Sahak Partev in front of Yerevan State University.<mask> was a prolific teacher and influenced numerous artists, e.g. Rafik Khachatryan (1937-1993). <mask>'s house in Yerevan has been converted into a Museum where most of his works are presented. Exhibitions

 City Art Exhibition of the House of Armenian Culture, Constantinople, 1921
 Participated in the exhibition of Viennese artists for the first time with portraits of musicologist R. Robert and pianist V. Simonovic, and was highly praised by the press, 1922
 Spring Exhibition of the Society of Artists in Vienna, 1923
 For the first time participated in the exhibition of Armenian artists in Armenia, 1926
 The USSR People's Art Jubilee Exhibition in Moscow, 1927
 The exhibition of engravings and drawings of ARSU (Association of Revolutionary Art of Ukraine). Kiev, 1928
 Participated in "10 Years" Fine Arts Exhibition in Yerevan, 1930
 11th Anniversary of Armenia's Fine Arts Exhibition in Yerevan, 1931
 Exhibition "15 Years of the Red Army". Yerevan, 1933
 Exhibition "Activities of Artists and Сculptors of Armenia for 13 Years" Yerevan, 1933
 Exhibition "Fine Arts of Transcaucasia". 1st Transcaucasian Olympiad of Art.Tbilisi, 1934
 Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Arm SSR awarded him the title of "Honored Artist" for his services in the field of fine arts, 1935
 He is elected a member of the Transcaucasian Central Executive Committee, 1935
 Exhibition "15 Years of Fine Art". Yerevan, 1935
 Exhibition "The Soviet Constitution." Yerevan, 1937
 World Exhibition. New York, 1938
 The Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded him the medal "Order of Honor" for outstanding achievements in the field of fine arts, 1939
 Exhibition of Fine Arts of the Armenian SSR. Moscow-Leningrad, 1939
 Mobile exhibition of works of artists and sculptors of the Armenian SSR. Armenia, 1939
 Anniversary exhibition of fine arts of Armenia for 20 years. Yerevan, 1940
 Exhibition of Fine Arts of Armenia for 20 years.Tbilisi, 1941
 Exhibition "Artists of Armenia in the Great Patriotic War". Yerevan, 1942
 "Hero of the Red Army" exhibition. Yerevan, 1942
 Jubilee exhibition "The Great Patriotic War", dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia, 1942
 Exhibition "For the Motherland". Yerevan, 1943
 Exhibition of works of artists of Armenia. Moscow, 1944
 Awarded the Order of Honor of the second degree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1945
 Exhibition of Fine Arts of Armenia. Yerevan, 1945
 Anniversary exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia. Yerevan, 1945
 Exhibition of Fine Arts of the Armenian SSR, Moscow, 1946
 Receives the title of Professor of Sculpture, 1947
 Elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1947
 All-Union Art Exhibition.Moscow, 1947
 The jubilee exhibition of works of artists of Armenia, dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Yerevan, 1947
 Exhibition of works of artists of Armenia, dedicated to the 14th Congress of the Communist Party of Armenia. Yerevan, 1948
 Exhibition of Soviet art in Armenia, dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Soviet Army. Yerevan, 1948
 Elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, 1949
 Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR assigns him the title of People's Artist of Armenia, 1950
 The exhibition of fine arts of Armenia, dedicated to the XXX anniversary of the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia. Yerevan All-Union Art Exhibition. Moscow, 1950
 Elected to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Armenia. SSR, 1951
 Art exhibition.Yerevan, 1952
 Exhibition of works of members of the Academy of Arts of the USSR. Moscow, 1952
 The third exhibition of works of full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Arts of the USSR. Moscow, 1954
 Exhibition of Fine Arts of the Armenian SSR. Moscow, 1956
 Exhibition of paintings and graphics of the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Artists. Moscow, 1957
 All-Union Art Exhibition dedicated to the Great October Socialist Revolution. (1917-1957). Moscow, 1957
 Exhibition of Fine Arts of the Armenian SSR, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution.Yerevan, 1957
 Exhibition of works of full members and corresponding members of the Academy of Arts of the USSR. Moscow, 1957
 Selected as a full member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, 1958
 Exhibition of works of fine art of the socialist countries. Moscow-Leningrad, 1958
 "Our contemporary". Exhibition of works of full members, honorary members անդ corresponding members of the Academy of Arts of the USSR, Moscow, 1959
 Republican art exhibition dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia. Yerevan, 1960
 All-Union Art Exhibition.

masks:
Ara Sargsyan
Sargsyan
Sargsyan
Ara Sargsyan
Ara Sargsyan
Ara Sargsyan
Sargsyan