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<mask> is a medical anthropologist and William K. Lanman Jr. Professor of Anthropology and International Affairs at Yale University where she serves as Chair of the Council on Middle East Studies. A specialist on Middle Eastern gender and health issues, <mask> conducts research on the social impact of infertility and assisted reproductive technologies in Egypt, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates, and Arab America. Before joining the Yale faculty in 2008, <mask> was a professor of medical anthropology at the University of Michigan and director of the Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies. <mask> served as president of the Society for Medical Anthropology of the American Anthropological Association. Research

Egypt
<mask>’s scholarship is firmly situated at the intersection of feminist science and technology studies (STS), Middle East gender studies (including masculinity studies), and the anthropology of reproduction. She was the first anthropologist to study infertility and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) outside of the West, following the globalization of IVF to Egypt.Working in Egypt during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, she was able to document the significant social, religious, kinship, and gender ramifications of infertility and its treatment, as well as the impact that IVF had on both the medical system and gender relations in the country. In the decade between 1993-2003, she published an “Egyptian trilogy”—three books called Quest for Conception (1994), Infertility and Patriarchy (1996), and Local Babies, Global Science (2003). These books could be described, respectively, as a classic medical anthropological ethnography, a gender studies ethnography, and an STS ethnography of the globalization of IVF into the Muslim Middle East. Throughout these volumes, <mask> charts Egyptian social and cultural understandings of infertility as a problem of personhood, marriage, kinship, and community life, while explaining how treatment options such as IVF are fundamentally shaped by local religious moralities. In the final book, based on research in Cairo’s IVF clinics, she argues that numerous “arenas of constraint”—social, structural, ideological, and practical—limit and sometimes curtail access to IVF, even among elite Egyptian couples who engage in transnational quests to create a “baby of the tubes.” These books have won several medical anthropology and feminist awards, including the American Anthropological Association’s Diana Forsythe Prize for outstanding feminist anthropological research on work, science, technology, and biomedicine, and the Society for Medical Anthropology’s Eileen Basker Memorial Prize for the most significant contribution to anthropological scholarship on gender and health. Lebanon

Since 2003, <mask> has undertaken three Middle Eastern research projects outside of Egypt. All have been funded by the National Science Foundation’s Cultural Anthropology and Science, Technology, and Society programs, as well as the U.S. Department of Education's Fulbright-Hays Faculty Research Abroad program.Her book, The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East (Princeton University Press, 2012), is the culmination of one of these projects, based in Lebanon, and strongly reflects her intellectual engagements in Middle East gender studies. Indeed, The New Arab Man is the first anthropological ethnography devoted to the exploration of Arab masculinity in the 21st century. It is also the only book focusing on male infertility and men’s uses of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a variant of IVF designed to overcome this “hidden” male reproductive health problem. In The New Arab Man, <mask> interrogates Raewyn <mask>’s theory of “hegemonic masculinity,” suggesting that this concept, when applied to the Middle East, only serves to reinforce static dualisms and neo-Orientalist stereotypes. Inspired by the work of Raymond Williams, she offers a new concept of “emergent masculinities” as a way to encapsulate change over the male life course, between generations, and throughout social history, as men enact transformative events such as the 2011 Arab uprisings. As <mask> argues in this book, many Middle Eastern men today are engaged in a self-conscious critique of local gender norms, attempting to unseat forms of patriarchy in the process. These men, who perhaps represent the “silent majority,” share their hopes, dreams, and desires in the book, which is filled with ethnographic stories of men’s lives, often in conflict-ridden settings.The New Arab Man is, above all else, a humanizing account, based on in-depth research conducted with more than 300 Arab men, including Sunni and Shia Muslims, Christians, and Druze, from nearly a dozen Middle Eastern countries. The New Arab Man received the 2014 JMEWS Book Award from the Association of Middle East Women’s Studies. In 2015, it received the 2015 Robert B. Textor and Family Prize for Excellence in Anticipatory Anthropology, an award given annually by the American Anthropological Association. United Arab Emirates

Middle East’s most “global city” and a new medical tourism hub. Her book Cosmopolitan Conceptions: IVF Sojourns in Global Dubai (Duke University Press, 2015), explores the stories of infertile couples from fifty countries and five continents, all of whom have attempted to seek assisted conception in Dubai’s emergent IVF sector. The increasing global magnitude of travel to new cosmopolitan “reprohubs” such as Dubai is a reflection of the fact that IVF services are either absent, inaccessible, illegal, expensive, or harmful in many of the world’s nations, particularly in the global South. As the first ethnographic study of so-called “reproductive tourism,” Cosmopolitan Conceptions challenges this term as an inappropriate descriptor for couples’ painful and tortuous IVF journeys across international borders.Instead, Cosmopolitan Conceptions adopts the term “reprotravel” to represent these journeys—part of a new conceptual “reprolexicon” introduced in the book and inspired by recent developments in globalization theory. Cosmopolitan Conceptions ends with an activist agenda, arguing for alternative pathways to parenthood; support for the infertile, especially infertile women; and provision of safe, low-cost IVF services, particularly in the global South. Arab America

Inhorn’s most recent book is America’s Arab Refugees: Vulnerability and Health on the Margins (Stanford University Press, 2018), based on a five-year ethnographic study carried out in “Arab Detroit,” Michigan, the so-called “capital” of Arab America. Set against the backdrop of America’s stratified healthcare system and Detroit’s status as the poorest big city in America, America’s Arab Refugees provides the first in-depth analysis of the post-war health problems and struggles of infertile Arab refugees as they attempt to make new lives and new families in America. Forwarding the concept of “reproductive exile,<mask> examines the ways in which Arab refugees, particularly from the country of Iraq, have been made infertile by the toxic legacies of American military intervention. Yet, after being forced to flee, they are exiled from America’s costly healthcare system by poverty and reproductive racism. The book also interrogates the widespread anti-Arab/anti-Muslim sentiment that has been felt in the United States since 9/11, but that has been significantly exacerbated by the contemporary political climate and imposition of the “Muslim ban.” To examine these new forms of racism, America’s Arab Refugees draws inspiration from intersectionality theory as developed by US Black feminist scholars.One chapter of the book compares the interlocking and multiplicative forms of discrimination faced by both Arab and Black populations living side by side on the margins of Detroit. America’s Arab Refugees thus represents the first attempt to apply intersectionality theory to the study of Arab lives in the US, showing that this theoretical approach has great utility in interrogating axes of oppression among marginalized immigrant and refugee communities. Ultimately, <mask>’s book interrogates the health costs of war, the health inequities and structural vulnerabilities faced by Muslim refugees in this country, and the US government’s moral duty to assist those whose lives it has destroyed through its ongoing wars in the Middle East. United States

<mask>’s current scholarly project is based solely in the US, although she is collaborating with an anthropology colleague at the University of Haifa in Israel. This National Science Foundation-funded project, carried out from 2014 to 2016, focuses on oocyte cryopreservation (egg freezing), which is increasingly being used by women around the world to preserve their fertility. Experimentally developed for women facing medical conditions such as cancer, the technology has moved into IVF clinics since 2012, where it is being used by otherwise healthy women. Although most of the feminist and media commentary about egg freezing focuses on women’s career ambitions, in-depth interviews show a quite different story about women’s motivations and experiences.<mask>’s ethnographic research with more than 150 women shows that egg freezing is largely about partnership problems, leaving  highly educated women with fewer relationship options than men. These partnership problems reflect growing but little-discussed gender imbalances in higher education—not only in America, but in more than 75 other countries around the world, leading to an emerging “global turn” to egg freezing. <mask>’s study has been featured in multiple outlets, including NPR, CNN, The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Guardian, Jezebel, and the Huffington Post. As of 2020, <mask> appears in Netflix’s newly released “Explained” feature on “Fertility.”

Editorships
<mask> is the founding editor of the Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS). She is also Co-Editor in Chief of Reproductive BioMedicine and Society, Associate editor for population and health of the journal Global Public Health, and Co-editor of the "Fertility, Reproduction, and Sexuality" series at Berghahn Books. She is also editor or co-editor of ten volumes on medical anthropology, gender, reproduction, and the Middle East. Publications

Books

 <mask>, <mask>. (2018).America’s Arab Refugees: Vulnerability and Health on the Margins. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <mask>, <mask>. (2015). Cosmopolitan Conceptions: IVF Sojourns in Global Dubai. Duke University Press.

 . Winner of the Diana Forsythe Prize for Outstanding Feminist Anthropological Research on Work, Science, and Technology, including Biomedicine; Society for the Anthropology of Work and The Committee on the Anthropology of Science, Technology, and Computing (CASTAC), American Anthropological Association, 2007

 . Winner of the Eileen Basker Prize for Outstanding Research on Gender and Health, Society for Medical Anthropology, American Anthropological Association, 1995.Edited volumes

  (Winner of Council on Anthropology and Reproduction, Society for Medical Anthropology, Book Prize for “Most Notable Recent Edited Collection"). Selected book chapters

 Mazzarino, Andrea, <mask><mask>, and <mask> (2019) “Introduction: The Health Consequences of War.” In War and Health: The Medical Consequences of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, eds. <mask> and Andrea Mazzarino, pp. 1–37. New York University Press. <mask>, <mask>., Daphna Birenbaum-<mask>, Soraya Tremayne, and Zeynep B. Gurtin (2019) “Kinship and Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Middle Eastern Comparison.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Kinship, ed. Sandra Bamford, pp.507–530. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, <mask>. (2018) “Fertility, Demography, and Masculinities in Arab Families: From 1950 to 2015 and Beyond.” Invited Chapter in Arab Family Studies: Critical Reviews, ed. Suad Joseph, pp. 449–466. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. <mask>, <mask>. (2017) “Wanted Babies, Excess Fetuses: The Middle East’s In Vitro Fertilization, High-order Multiple Pregnancy, Fetal Reduction Nexus.” In Abortion Pills, Test Tube Babies, and Sex Toys: Emerging Sexual and Reproductive Technologies in the Middle East and North Africa, eds.L. L. Wynn and Angel Foster, pp. 99–111. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. <mask>, <mask>. (2016) “Multiculturalism in Muslim America? The Case of Health Disparities and Discrimination in “Arab Detroit,” Michigan. Invited Chapter in New Horizons of Muslim Diaspora in North America and Europe, ed. Moha Ennaji, pp.177–187. London: Palgrave MacMillan. Bharadwaj, Aditya, and <mask><mask> (2015) “Conceiving Life and Death: Stem Cell Technologies and Assisted Conception in India and the Middle East.” In The Anthropology of Living and Dying, eds. <mask> and Veena Das, pp. 67–82. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. <mask>, <mask>. (2014) “New Arab Fatherhood: Emergent Masculinities, Male Infertility, and Assisted Reproduction.” In  Globalized Fatherhood, eds.<mask><mask>, <mask>, and Jose-Alberto Navarro, pp. 243–263. New York: Berghahn Books. <mask>, <mask>. (2012) “Diasporic Dreaming: Return Reproductive Tourism to the Middle East.” In Transforming Ethnographic Knowledge, eds. Kamari <mask> and Rebecca Hardin, pp. 113–133. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.<mask>, <mask>. C., and Emily Wentzell (2012) “Medical Anthropology at the Intersections.” In Medical Anthropology at the Intersections: Histories, Activisms, Futures, eds. <mask><mask> and Emily Wentzell, pp. 1–20. Durham: Duke University Press. <mask>, <mask> Knecht, Maren Klotz, and Stefan Beck, Berlin: Campus Verlag. <mask>, <mask>. (2010) "’Assisted’ Reproduction in Global Dubai: Reproductive Tourists and Their Helpers." In Globalized Motherhood, eds. <mask> and JaneMaree Maher, pp. 180-202. New York: Routledge Press. <mask>, <mask>., and Daphna Birenbaum-<mask> (2010) "Male Infertility, Chronicity, and the Plight of Palestinian Men in Israel and Lebanon," in Chronic Conditions, Fluid States: Globalization and the Anthropology of Illness, eds.Lenore Manderson and <mask>-Morris, pp. 77–95. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Birenbaum-<mask>, Daphna, and <mask><mask> (2009) "Introduction: Assisting Reproduction, Testing Genes: Global Encounters with New Biotechnologies." In Assisting Reproduction, Testing Genes: Global Encounters with New Biotechnologies, eds. Daphna Birenbaum-<mask> and <mask><mask>, pp. 1–26.New York: Berghahn Books. <mask>, <mask>. (2009) "Middle Eastern Masculinities in the Age of Assisted Reproductive Technologies." In Assisting Reproduction, Testing Genes: Global Encounters with New Biotechnologies, eds. Daphna Birenbaum-<mask> and <mask><mask>, pp. 86–110. New York: Berghahn Books. <mask>, <mask>., Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, Tine, Goldberg, Helene, and Maruska <mask>ur Mosegaard (2009)"Introduction—The Second Sex in Reproduction?Men, Sexuality, and Masculinity." In Reconceiving the Second Sex: Men, Masculinity, and Reproduction, eds. <mask><mask>, Tine Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, Helene Goldberg, and Maruska <mask>ur Mosegaard, pp. 1–17. New York: Berghahn Books. <mask>, <mask>., <mask>, and Robert Nachtigall (2009) "Marginalized, Invisible, and Unwanted: American Minority Struggles with Infertility and Assisted Conception." In Ethnicity, Infertility and Reproductive Technologies, eds.<mask>, Nicky Hudson, and Floor B. van Rooij, pp. 181–197. London: Earthscan Books. Hahn, Robert A., and <mask><mask> (2009) "Introduction: Anthropology and Public Health." In Anthropology and Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and Society, eds. Robert A. Hahn and <mask><mask>, pp. 1–31.New York: Oxford University Press. <mask>, <mask>. (2007) “Loving Your Infertile Muslim Spouse: Notes on the Globalization of IVF and Its Romantic Commitments in Sunni Egypt and Shi’ite Lebanon.” In Love and Globalization: Transformations of Intimacy in the Contemporary World, eds. Mark B. Padilla, Jennifer S. Hirsch, Miguel Munoz-Laboy, Robert Sember, and Richard G. Parker, pp. 139–160. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. <mask>, <mask>., and Aditya Bharadwaj. (2007) "Reproductively Disabled Lives: Infertility, Stigma, and Suffering in Egypt and India."Disability in Local and Global Worlds, eds. Benedicte Ingstad and Susan Reynolds Whyte, pp. 78–106. Berkeley: University of California Press. <mask>, <mask>. (2003) "The Risks of Test-tube Baby Making in Egypt." Risk, Culture, and Health Inequality: Shifting Perceptions of Danger and Blame, eds. Barbara Herr Harthorn and Laury Oaks, pp.57–78. Westport, CT: Praeger. Van Balen, Frank, and <mask><mask> (2002) "Introduction—Interpreting Infertility: A View from the Social Sciences." In Infertility Around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies, eds. <mask><mask> and Frank van Balen, pp. 3–23. Berkeley: University of California Press.<mask>, <mask>. (2002) "The ‘Local’ Confronts the ‘Global’: Infertile Bodies and New Reproductive Technologies in Egypt." In Infertility Around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies, eds. <mask><mask> and Frank van Balen, pp. 263–282. Berkeley: University of California Press. Selected journal articles

References

External links

Faculty page at Yale
Curriculum Vitae
An interview with <mask>, Somatosphere, March 10, 2010. Living people
Medical anthropologists
Yale University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
1957 births
University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health alumni
University of Michigan faculty

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Solofa Fatu Jr. (born October 11, 1965) is an American  professional wrestler, best known under the ring names <mask> and Fatu with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he is a one-time Intercontinental Champion, two-time World Tag Team Champion, and one-time WWE Tag Team Champion. He is a member of the Anoa'i family of Samoan wrestlers. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by his sons, wrestlers Jey and Jimmy Uso, in 2015. Early life
Solofa Fatu was born on October 11, 1965, in San Francisco to  Solofa Fatu Sr. and Elevera Anoa'i Fatu. He grew up in the Sunnydale Projects in the Visitacion Valley neighborhood of the city, where his maternal grandparents were preachers. He attended Balboa High School, and competed on the wrestling team. In 1982, when he was seventeen years old, Fatu was wounded in a drive-by shooting that left him with a scar on his abdomen;  he claimed in a 2021 interview that he had died for three minutes in the emergency room before being revived.He spent two months in the hospital, after which his mother, fearing for his safety, sent him out of state to live with her brothers Afa and Sika Anoa'i, with whom he trained to become a professional wrestler. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1985–1992)

The Samoan Swat Team (1985–1992)
Fatu began his wrestling career in 1985, working for Gino Brito and Dino Bravo’s Lutte Internationale promotion in Montreal as Prince Alofa, a high-flying babyface. He often teamed with the territory's top faces. He and his cousin Samula Anoaʻi signed with the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico and became The Samoan Swat Team (Samu & Fatu). They used the "Samoan savage" gimmick their relatives, The Wild Samoans successfully used by working barefoot, never publicly speaking English, and no-selling attacks to the head. They became the new WWC Caribbean Tag Team Champions (after a long vacancy) on November 7, 1987, in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico after defeating Invader I and Invader III. They held the title for just over a month before dropping it to Mark and Chris Youngblood before leaving the promotion.Samu and Fatu next appeared in Texas, working for Fritz Von Erich’s World Class Championship Wrestling. Storywise, Buddy Roberts brought them in to fight his fights against the Von Erich family and former Fabulous Freebirds partner Michael Hayes. The SST were given a big push right away; presented as an unstoppable force, they beat hometown heroes Kerry and Kevin Von Erich for the WCWA World Tag Team Championship on August 12, 1988. They remained undefeated in WCCW until they dropped the belts to Hayes and his new partner, Steve Cox, on September 12. They recaptured the title four days later. Hayes and Cox beat them for the title again on October 15, and, two days later, lost it back again. On September 12, 1988, The Samoan Swat Team became double champions by beating "Hollywood" John Tatum and Jimmy Jack Funk for the WCWA Texas Tag Team Championship.They made their pay-per-view debut at AWA SuperClash III, the AWA's first and last PPV. They successfully defended their World Tag title against Michael Hayes and Steve Cox. In early 1989, the SST left WCCW, vacating both championships. Swat Team signed with Jim Crockett Promotions, introduced as manager Paul E. Dangerously's replacement for The Original Midnight Express (Randy Rose and Dennis Condrey), who had left the promotion. The SST took over the Express’ feud with The Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane), beating them at Clash of the Champions VI: Ragin' Cajun on April 2, 1989. The SST teamed with former rival Michael Hayes, Terry Gordy, and Jimmy Garvin at the 1989 Great American Bash, losing a WarGames match to The Road Warriors, The Midnight Express, and Steve Williams. In the fall of 1989, Paul E. Dangerously was phased out and the SST took a new manager, "The Big Kahuna" Oliver Humperdink.They were also joined by Fatu's brother, The Samoan Savage. The SST lost more and more matches as 1989 drew to a close, but got a break when Sid Vicious was injured, leading his team, The Skyscrapers, to pull out of the "Iron Team Tournament" at Starrcade 1989. Fatu and The Samoan Savage, rebranded as The New Wild Samoans, replaced them. For the rest of their WCW career, Fatu and Savage teamed, while Samu only wrestled singles matches. After leaving WCW in the summer of 1990, Fatu and Savage worked for several independent promotions in the US, Europe, Puerto Rico and Japan, often teaming with cousin Kokina Maximus. The three worked for the Universal Wrestling Association in 1991, where they won the UWA Trios Tag Team Championship and held it for just under two months. They headlined the UWA's 16th anniversary show, losing the title to Dos Caras, El Canek, and Mil Máscaras.World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1992–2004)

The Headshrinkers (1992–1995)

After Samu and Fatu joined the World Wrestling Federation, they were renamed The Headshrinkers, but their savage gimmick remained. Kokina Maximus also joined the WWF, but was repackaged as Japanese sumo wrestler Yokozuna, and his relation to The Headshrinkers was not acknowledged. The Headshrinker's first notable angle came when they interfered to help Money Inc. beat The Natural Disasters for the WWF World Tag Team Championship. Soon after, The Headshrinkers feuded with The Natural Disasters and the recently formed High Energy. Between 1992 and early 1994, The Headshrinkers occasionally challenged for the tag title and made sporadic PPV appearances, feuding with The Smoking Gunns and Men on a Mission. Fatu would receive a WWF Championship match against Bret Hart on the March 1, 1993 episode of Monday Night RAW. Despite interference by Samu, Fatu was unsuccessful.The Headshrinkers helped Yokozuna win a casket match against The Undertaker at the 1994 Royal Rumble. In April, they turned face, took Lou Albano as their manager and challenged tag champions The Quebecers. They won the gold on the May 2 episode of Monday Night RAW. At King of the Ring on June 19, they successfully defended the title against Yokozuna and Crush. Their title reign ended at a house show in Indianapolis on August 28, when they lost to Shawn Michaels and Diesel. This happened a day before they were scheduled to defend against Irwin R. Schyster and Bam Bam Bigelow at SummerSlam. The match went on without the title, and The Headshrinkers lost by disqualification.Soon after, Samu left the WWF to recover from injuries and was replaced by Sione (formerly The Barbarian). They were called The New Headshrinkers. The storyline reason for Samu's departure was that he was not coping well with manager Lou Albano's attempts to civilize him, particularly about wearing boots. The New Headshrinkers made only two PPV appearances, at the 1994 Survivor Series, where they were eliminated from their ten-man tag match, but helped their team win and at the 1995 Royal Rumble; Sione lasted about seven minutes early on and Fatu over five nearer the end. They entered a tournament to crown new WWF tag team champions in late 1994/early 1995, and lost to Bam Bam Bigelow and Tatanka in the semi-finals. For the first half of 1995, they worked with Jacob & Eli Blu, usually putting them over. Their final match was a loss to Men on a Mission at a June 22 house show in London, England, after which Sione left for WCW and Fatu was removed from WWF television."Make a Difference" (1995)

After a brief hiatus, Fatu reappeared as a singles wrestler in July 1995 repackaged as a streetwise positive role model, for which he filmed several vignettes in his old San Francisco neighborhood touching on his real-life upbringing in the ghetto and preaching the messages of staying in school and saying no to drugs, all while he spoke fluent English. Each segment ended with the onscreen phrase "Make a Difference", making it the unofficial name of the gimmick. Fatu made his in-ring return on July 29 by pinning Rad Radford on WWF Superstars, and then enjoyed a run of victories over enhancement talent for the remainder of the year. However, the character did not get over with fans, and in 1996 Fatu was regularly booked to lose to stars such as Steve Austin, Vader, and Hunter Hearst Helmsley. Two men known as "The Samoan Gangster Party" (Fatu's cousins Samu and Lloyd Anoaʻi) additionally began showing up in the audience during his matches, but no storylines were ever developed. The "Make a Difference" gimmick was dropped in May 1996. The Sultan (1996–1998)
In 1996, Fatu was repackaged as The Sultan, a masked wrestler who never spoke, ostensibly because his tongue was cut out.He was managed by The Iron Sheik and Bob Backlund. He unsuccessfully challenged Rocky Maivia for the WWF Intercontinental Championship at WrestleMania 13. The Sultan vanished in 1998, and Fatu left to train at Dory Funk's Funking Conservatory wrestling school. Too Cool and Intercontinental Champion (1999–2000)

After training at Funk's, Fatu returned on the November 13, 1999 episode of WWF Metal as <mask> Fatu, beating Julio Fantastico. Rikishi  is the general Japanese term for a sumo wrestler, similar to his cousin's ring name "Yokozuna". "Fatu" soon became "Phatu", until he dropped the last name entirely after he started teaming with Too Cool. No mention was made of his WWF past.He had gained some weight, bleached his hair blonde, and wore a mawashi. Per Vince McMahon's request and Fatu's own willingness to honor sumo tradition, nothing was worn underneath the mawashi and his buttcheeks were exposed; this was unlike Yokozuna, who wore tights underneath the loincloth, which both McMahon and Fatu felt were unnecessary for the Yokozuna character. <mask> briefly feuded with Viscera before forming a wildly popular alliance with the duo Too Cool (Grand Master Sexay and Scotty 2 Hotty). One night, during Too Cool's traditional post-match dance routine, <mask> joined them. As the dance routines became more frequent and longer, this popularity translated to a significant push. In the 2000 Royal Rumble match, he and Too Cool did the dance to their respective songs, much to the delight of the audience. He later eliminated seven opponents, and it took six wrestlers working together to eliminate him.<mask> also became known for his infamous signature maneuver – the Stink Face – as his buttocks were rubbed into the faces of opposing wrestlers. When his opponent was incapacitated in the corner of the ring, <mask> would slap his buttocks to indicate the attack, and then he would turn around, hike his thong up, and smother his buttocks into his victim's face. On an episode of WWE Raw on May 15, 2000, Stephanie McMahon described <mask>'s buttocks as "bulbous", "smelly" and "sweaty" when describing the Stink Face. Kurt Angle, who received a Stink Face from <mask>, said, “It was the worst smell I ever smelt in my life.” The Stink Face also served as a finishing move at times, as wrestlers became physically ill from the maneuver, forcing them to leave the ring and thereby losing via count out. The Stink Face became known as the most repulsive move in the World Wrestling Federation, and this humiliating maneuver became very popular with the fans. In May 2000, fan favorites <mask> and Too Cool feuded with Edge, Christian and Kurt Angle, culminating in a victory at Judgment Day. After winning the Intercontinental Championship from Chris Benoit on the June 22 episode of SmackDown!, <mask> qualified for the 2000 King of the Ring tournament.On June 25, at King of the Ring, he defeated Benoit in the quarterfinals and Val Venis in the semis. Both opponents

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 hit him with a steel chair after losing, weakening his shoulder and helping Kurt Angle defeat him in the final. Stemming from Venis' attack, <mask> faced him on July 6 and lost the title after Tazz hit him with a television camera. They rematched in a steel cage at Fully Loaded. In this match, <mask> climbed the cage and, in an allusion to Jimmy Snuka, splashed Venis from the top. <mask> soon lost the match after Tazz again hit him with a camera. Heel turn and main event status (2000–2001)
On the October 9 episode of Raw, Commissioner Mick Foley used a slip of the tongue from Scotty 2 Hotty to implicate <mask> as the person who had run over Stone Cold Steve Austin almost a year earlier at Survivor Series, the night after <mask> debuted in the WWF.<mask> admitted it, claiming it was to allow his cousin The Rock an opportunity for stardom, insisting that Buddy Rogers, Bruno Sammartino, Bob Backlund, Hulk Hogan and Austin – "The Great White Hope" – had always been pushed, at the expense of Samoan wrestlers like Peter Maivia, Jimmy Snuka, Samu, Yokozuna and The Rock. <mask> then turned heel. Austin immediately set out for revenge, facing <mask> in a No Holds Barred match at No Mercy. The match went to a no contest when Austin dragged <mask> to the parking lot and tried to run him over; a police car drove in front of Austin's, saving <mask>. Though arrested, Austin had brutally attacked <mask>, cutting and bruising his face. Later that night, <mask> interfered in The Rock's WWF Championship defense against Kurt Angle, but "accidentally" kicked the champ, allowing Angle to Angle Slam them both and win the title. After several attacks on Austin by an unseen assailant, it became clear that <mask> had an accomplice.During a handicap match pitting <mask> and Angle against Austin, Triple H came to the ring, seemingly to aid Austin, but swerved the audience by attacking him with a sledgehammer. Triple H then revealed he had masterminded the Survivor Series assault, and hired <mask> to drive the car. While Austin began feuding with Triple H, <mask>'s tension with The Rock boiled over. Despite delivering a Stink Face to the Rock, <mask> would lose to him in a match at Survivor Series. He then participated in a six-man Hell in a Cell WWF Championship match at Armageddon. Vince McMahon drove a flatbed truck ringside in an effort to dismantle the cage and stop the match. Before he could, The Undertaker chokeslammed <mask> from the top of the cell onto the wood chip-covered bed.Kurt Angle later retained the title. In January 2001, <mask> won a Fatal Four Way match on SmackDown! for the #30 spot in the 2001 Royal Rumble match involving Rock, Undertaker and Kane, after he pinned the latter. There, he eliminated The Undertaker, and was soon eliminated by The Rock. Haku returned to the WWF in the Rumble, and he and <mask> formed a tag team and feuded with The Brothers of Destruction, The Dudley Boyz then The Hardy Boyz. The team split while <mask> was sidelined with an eardrum injury in March. He returned on the May 3 SmackDown!and fought The Undertaker to no-contest. On the next Raw, he turned face once again and gave the Stink Face to Stephanie McMahon after she distracted him, and cost him a non-title match with Austin. On May 20, at Judgment Day, he injured his shoulder in the opening bout with William Regal, which caused him to miss much of the year and the entire Invasion angle. Various storylines, reunion with Scotty 2 Hotty and departure (2001–2004)

<mask> returned on December 6, 2001, delivering a Stink Face to Vince McMahon and solidifying his face status. Upon the WWF Brand Extension, <mask> was drafted to the SmackDown! brand. At Judgment Day, he faced Billy and Chuck in a "secret partner" match.His partner turned out to be Rico, Billy and Chuck's stylist. Despite Rico's best efforts to unfairly help Billy and Chuck, <mask> and Rico won the match and became the WWE Tag Team Champions. Rico would later cause <mask> to lose the titles back to Billy and Chuck in a rematch on the June 6 episode of SmackDown!. In early 2002, Hulk Hogan was booked to face <mask> in Hogan's first match back since leaving the WWF to go to rival WCW in the 1990s. Hogan won the match, but <mask> was able to deliver a Stink Face to Hogan after the conclusion of the match. <mask> was not featured much in late 2002 and early 2003. He feuded with John Cena, Bill DeMott, and The Full Blooded Italians on SmackDown!.The return of Roddy Piper led <mask> to challenge him as Piper had hit Jimmy Snuka with a coconut years ago on Piper's Pit. At Backlash, Piper's protege Sean O'Haire defeated <mask> after Piper got hit with a coconut by <mask> giving O'Haire time to hit the Widowmaker on <mask>. <mask> eventually formed a tag team with Scotty 2 Hotty, and the duo defeated the Basham Brothers for the WWE Tag Team Championship on the February 5, 2004 episode of SmackDown!, holding them for two and a half months before losing them to Charlie Haas and Rico on the April 22 episode of SmackDown!. Fatu, however, was released by WWE on July 16, 2004, following repeated requests from WWE to lose weight. Independent circuit (2005–2019)

Fatu continued to wrestle on the independent circuit. In October 2005, he shortened his ring name to Kishi after being notified by WWE legal representatives that WWE owned a trademark on the name "Rikishi". Fatu, as Kishi, would go on to work for Nu-Wrestling Evolution, a professional wrestling promotion based in Italy.On February 17, 2007, Fatu competed as SUMO RIKISHI in a tag team contest at an All Japan Pro Wrestling event, as he was brought in by Keiji Mutoh to feud with Akebono. On August 12, 2007, Fatu competed in an 8-man tag, as <mask>, at AAA's TripleMania event. On August 23, Fatu competed in a Triple Threat match against Samoa Joe and Sterling James Keenan at Ballpark Brawl VIII in Buffalo, New York. On November 17, wrestling as <mask> once again, Fatu defeated Mike Rollins at a Heavy on Wrestling event in Duluth, Minnesota. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2007)
On the September 13, 2007 episode of Impact!, Fatu debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring name Junior Fatu. On the September 20 episode of Impact!, Fatu lost to Christian Cage in his first match due to a distraction by Christian's partner A.J. Styles.On the October 4 episode of Impact!, Fatu, Samoa Joe and The Latin American Xchange defeated Christian, Styles, Senshi and Christopher Daniels. On the October 11 episode of Impact!, Fatu and LAX lost a six-man tag team match to Kurt Angle and Team 3D. At Bound for Glory, Fatu competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 episode of Impact!, Fatu defeated Robert Roode in a Fight for the Right Tournament match after interference by Samoa Joe. On October 30, however, it was reported that Fatu had been released from TNA, due to he and TNA management failing to reach an agreement about a pay raise. Chris Harris took Fatu's spot in the Fight for the Right semi-final match. Sporadic WWE appearances and Hall of Famer (2012-2020)

<mask> appeared with his family at the 2012 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony to induct his cousin Yokozuna.He then made an in-ring appearance on Raw on July 16, 2012, defeating Heath Slater. During the match, he used the Samoan Spike and the Banzai Drop (the latter having been used as a finishing move since his 1999 repackaging as <mask>) as a tribute to his deceased brother Umaga and cousin Yokozuna, respectively. After the match, he danced with his sons Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso. He then reappeared on the 1,000th episode on July 23 with other Legends to help Lita take down Slater. <mask> next appeared on the January 6, 2014 episode of Raw, where he reunited with Too Cool to defeat 3MB in a six-man tag team match. On the February 9, 2015 episode of Raw, <mask> was announced as the newest member to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2015. His sons, who wrestle as Jimmy and Jey Uso, inducted him into the Hall of Fame on March 28, 2015.<mask> appeared on WWE for the Raw Reunion show on July 22, 2019. On November 22, 2020, he made an appearance at Survivor Series during The Undertaker's retirement ceremony. Other media
<mask> is a playable DLC character in the Attitude Era-themed video game WWE '13. He also appeared in WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role, WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It, WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth, WWE SmackDown!Here Comes the Pain, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, and WWE 2K19. Outside of the main series, he is featured in WWF No Mercy, WWF Raw, WWE Raw 2, WWE WrestleMania X8 and WWE WrestleMania XIX. Fatu appeared in the Italian comedy film Natale a Miami. He also guest starred on the Nickelodeon show Victorious, as a sumo wrestler in the episode "Brain Squeezers." Fatu appeared in the Netflix original film Sandy Wexler. Fatu appeared in "The Big Party" episode of The Big Show Show. Fatu under his "<mask>" ring name is the Samoan judge in the "Wall Of The World" on the CBS show The World's Best.Personal life
Fatu is a member of the Anoa'i family, which has had a presence in professional wrestling since the mid-twentieth century. He is the twin brother of Sam "Tonga Kid" Fatu and the older brother of the late Eddie "Umaga" Fatu. Fatu's uncles Sika Anoa'i and Afa Anoa'i wrestled as The Wild Samoans, while many of his cousins wrestled including Rodney "Yokozuna" Anoa'i, Samula "Samu" Anoa'i, Matt "Rosey" Anoa'i, Joe "Roman Reigns" Anoa'i, Afa "Manu" Anoa'i Jr., and Lloyd "L.A. Smooth" Anoa'i. His father Solofa Fatu Sr. died of COVID-19 on October 4, 2020. Fatu and his wife Talisua Fuavai-Fatu have five children: Joshua Samuel, Jonathan Solofa, Jeremiah Peniata, Thavana Monalisa, and Joseph. Joshua Samuel and Jonathan Solofa currently wrestle for WWE as Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso, while Joseph currently wrestles for NXT 2.0 as Solo Sikoa.Championships and accomplishments
Northern States Wrestling Alliance
NSWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Samu
Portland Wrestling
Portland Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Power Pro Wrestling (Memphis)
Power Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Comeback of the Year (2000)
Ranked No. 27 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000
Ranked No. 347 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003
Revolución Lucha Libre
Campeonato Internacional Absoluto (1 time)
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Kokina Maximus and The Samoan Savage
World Class Wrestling Association
WCWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Samu
WCWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Samu
World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Samu
World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE
WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time)
World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Samu (1) and Rico (1)
WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scotty 2 Hotty
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)
 Slammy Award for Best Etiquette (1994) –
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Worked Match of the Year (1993)

References

External links

 Rikishi Interview

1965 births
American male professional wrestlers
American people of Samoan descent
American professional wrestlers of Samoan descent
Anoa'i family
American shooting survivors
Living people
People from Poinciana, Florida
Professional wrestlers from California
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Twin people from the United States
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
WWF/WWE Intercontinental

masks: Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi Rikishi


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<mask> (born November 16, 1981) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, guitarist, and pianist born in Nanaimo, British Columbia, whose home is Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador. History
Crowe began performing professionally in 1996 at the age of fifteen, doing regular sets in coffee-houses and bars of Vancouver Island. Her recording debut came in 2001 with the EP Lisa's Song + 6 Songs, the title track composed in memory of Crow's friend, Lisa Marie Young, the victim in a notorious missing persons case. Crowe's first full-length albums, Secrets and Tidings, were released in 2004. and (Tidings was originally released in EP form in 2003.) <mask>: Live at Wood Hall, a double concert album, was released in July 2005. Of Scottish, Irish, and Manx descent, Crowe grew up surrounded by jazz, classical music, and rock. She discovered additional influences, such as Ani DiFranco, Pearl Jam, Tori Amos, and Counting Crows.On Amazon.com's downloads, she has simultaneously been in the top three on the Rock Singer-Songwriters, Hymns, Blues, Jazz, Broadway, and British & Celtic Folk charts. She accompanies herself on guitar and the piano, on which she has been classically trained. She is largely a solo performer, though she has been part of bands as well, notably in a trio format as the Allison Crowe Band (2000 to 2003) and Allison Crowe + Band (2015 to date). Crowe mostly performs her own songs, which she has been quoted as saying vary among rock, jazz, and folk. Crowe is also acclaimed for her interpretations of songs by a wide variety of composers, from Jerome Kern to Pearl Jam, including Lennon–McCartney and fellow Canadians Joni Mitchell and Leonard Cohen. Her version of Cohen's "Hallelujah" was named Record of the Week by Record of the Day (UK) in August 2004 and November 2005. In 2021, Hollywood film director Zack Snyder, a friend of Crowe, revealed that version would play during the end credits of Zack Snyder's Justice League, as an elegy to his late daughter Autumn Snyder.Recording

In October 2006, Crowe released This Little Bird, which she began recording in February 2006 in her new home of Corner Brook. The album was completed some 4600 kilometers west, on Vancouver Island, and Salt Spring Island, British Columbia. Following a string of successful concert performances in Germany, the Czech Republic, and Austria, she returned home to Canada and during the Summer of 2009 selected songs for a new album to be titled Spiral. Some of this collection comprises never-heard songs from Aquarius Rising (those for which orchestration was not found in 2007), along with new originals and cover songs. The resulting album Spiral was released March 17, 2010. In July 2011 Crowe released a double-A-side single, featuring two songs: "Arthur", a piano original, "Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)", a guitar version of the Patty Griffin song. In December 2011, a holiday season concert in Vancouver was recorded before an audience that included cast and crew of the movie, Man of Steel.Following a concert tour with dates in Belgium, Germany, and Italy, on November 25, 2012 she released a live album, Tidings Concert, documenting an entire Tidings show in Vancouver. Newfoundland Vinyl, a collection of songs from, or made popular in, Newfoundland and Labrador (and performed, engineered, and produced by Crowe) was released as a vinyl LP and in digital formats by Rubenesque Records on June 25, 2013. The album's songs were selected by Crowe from the stage show of the same name presented by Theatre Newfoundland and Labrador at the Gros Morne Theatre Festival. Crowe released an album of new songs titled Heavy Graces on October 15, 2013. Songbook, a 22-track, career-spanning collection, (which received special-edition, limited release on June 14, 2013), was released globally on March 17, 2014. During September 2014 she released a series of music-movie mashups collectively titled 16 Songs. Souling, an album of traditional carols performed a cappella was released on November 2, 2014.On December 2, 2014, Crowe's Newfoundland Vinyl II album was released. As with the first volume of this title, curated from a theatre production for which the artist serves as Musical Director, this collection features songs created in Newfoundland and Labrador along with several folk songs that have traveled to Atlantic Canada from overseas. Sylvan Hour was released on May 5, 2015. This album comprises songs recorded, solo, by <mask>e in a log-home located on Salt Spring Island, Canada. The thirteen tracks mix piano and guitar with vocals. In late 2015 she released a pair of albums: Newfoundland Vinyl 3 and Souling (Bonus Tracks Edition) - the latter being an expanded version of her 2014 album Souling. A band recording project completed in Winter 2015 was slated for release in 2016 as a double-CD set Introducing / Heirs & Grievances.This double-album was released digitally worldwide on March 22 and in physical, CD, format on May 22, 2016. A live concert of <mask>'s quintet recorded at the LSPU (Longshoremen's Protective Union) Hall in St. John's, NL has been released (on April 3, 2018) as a pair of albums, Welcome to Us Acts 1 (guitar and fiddle songs) and 2 (piano songs). (This double, live, release evolved from plans for the song-track Rare Birds to be released on a single, studio, album.) Also in 2018 Crowe released a solo album, Newfoundland Vinyl IV. Full band releases in 2020 are titled Pillars and Six More Songs. Touring

Crowe has toured across Canada and in the northeastern United States as a headliner. Crowe's touring band, her first since 2003, comprised Billie Woods on guitar, Dave Baird on bass, and Laurent Boucher on percussion.This quartet toured Canada's Pacific and Atlantic coasts, as well as continental Europe. In late 2005 she performed for the first time in western Europe, with concerts in Dublin, London, Munich, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Paris. In the spring of 2006, she toured coast-to-coast in her homeland, covering most of the distance by train on the Rock 'n' Rail Revue. Following the release of This Little Bird, she visited England, Ireland, and Scotland on a concert tour. In 2007 her touring included a series of concerts across North America and a return to Europe where she performed at the John Lennon Northern Lights Festival in Durness, Scotland, on a bill with Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, the Queen's Master of Music, and Carol Ann Duffy, Britain's Poet Laureate. The event was crowned the "UK's Best New Festival". In May 2009 she was prevented from performing in Edinburgh, Scotland, and London, England after being turned away by UK Border Agency officials at Gatwick Airport for lacking a Certificate of Sponsorship.Days later she resumed her tour in Germany. In summer 2015 <mask> formed a national and international touring band which now features: Céline Sawchuk (née Greb) on cello and vocals; Sarah White on mandolin, guitar, bouzouki, vocals; Dave Baird, bass, vocals; and Keelan Purchase on accordion, 12-string guitar, harmonica and vocals. Following concerts in western Canada, Crowe's quartet announced dates for a European tour in 2016 and these concerts in Germany, Slovenia, Italy, England and Belgium took place during April and May 2016. This band has continued touring North America through 2016 and 2017. N.A. concert dates for 2018 are anticipated to be followed by a return to European touring in 2019. Other work

Two one-hour television specials have been broadcast across Canada, with her <mask>e: Tidings special telecast each December since 2003.In 2013, Crowe appeared in a cameo role as the "Singer at Cassidy's" in the major motion picture Man of Steel, a reboot of the Superman film series and the first installment in the DC Extended Universe, directed by Zack Snyder. In May 2012 Crowe performed "Hallelujah" live with Canada's Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB) for the world premiere of The Doorway – Scenes from Leonard Cohen, created and choreographed by Jorden Morris with artistic direction by Andre Lewis. On the RWB's November 2012 tour of The Doorway, Crowe again performed on stage with the ballet company for "Hallelujah", "Sisters of Mercy, and "Bird on the Wire". Her interpretations of Leonard Cohen's songs have received recognition in features by BBC Radio and MOJO magazine. Crowe's recording of "Hallelujah" was slated to be the soundtrack to a scene in the 2009 Hollywood movie Watchmen before being replaced by a Cohen recording. Crowe would later appear in Snyder's 2013 film Man of Steel where she can be seen performing Johnny Cash's "Ring of Fire" and a recording of her singing Hallelujah was featured during the end credits of Zack Snyder's Justice League. "Whether I'm Wrong", an original song of social conscience written in early 2003, has been featured by the UNESCO-endorsed New Songs for Peace initiative.After learning how the mainstream recording industry operates, inspired by the examples of Ani DiFranco and Loreena McKennitt, and Creative Commons licensing opening new avenues for musicians, she started her own record label, Rubenesque Records Ltd. The label was incorporated in 2001 and began operations with the release of an EP in 2003. "Fluttering", an original book of poetry and prose is being written by <mask> with publication announced for late 2018. The book's publication has since been rescheduled. <mask>'s duet with Richard Cheese of the song Viva Las Vegas plays throughout the title sequence of Army of the Dead, a zombie heist movie from director Zack Snyder released to theaters on May 14, 2021. Discography

Albums
 Lisa's Song + 6 Songs (2003)
 Tidings: 6 Songs for the Season (2003)
 Secrets (2004)
 Tidings (2004)
 Live at Wood Hall (2005)
 This Little Bird (2006)
 Little Light (2008)
 Spiral (2010)
 Tidings Concert (2012)
 Newfoundland Vinyl (2013)
 Heavy Graces (2013)
 Songbook (2013/14)
 Souling (2014)
 Newfoundland Vinyl II (2014)
 Sylvan Hour (2015)
 Newfoundland Vinyl 3 (2015)
 Introducing / Heirs + Grievances (2016)
 Great Island Wonder (2017)
 Welcome to Us Acts 1 and 2 (2018)
 A Time for Tidings (2018)
 Newfoundland Vinyl IV (2018)
 Six More Songs (2020)
 Pillars (2020)

Singles
 Arthur /Up to the Mountain (2011)
 Snow (2013)
 Tarry Trousers (2014)
 (What's so Funny 'bout) Peace, Love and Understanding (2017)
 Tochter Zion / Stille Nacht (Silent Night) feat. Céline Sawchuk (2018)
 Pillars - Single (2020)
 All Your Favorite Bands feat.Sarah Melanie White (2020)

Compilations
 Open Minds Open Windows: Songwriter's Stories (2003)
 It Was 40 Years Ago Today (2004)
 Christmas in Rock Vol. 4 (2005)
 Cohen Covered (2008)
 Songs of Hope for Haiti (2010)

Videos
 Inside Pandora's Box: <mask> (2002)
 <mask>e: Tidings (2003)
 A Corner Brook Tidings (2012)

References

External links
 <mask> and Band Official site
 <mask> Official site
 The Ruckus – Audio Interview with <mask> from October 2008

1981 births
Living people
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Canadian pop pianists
Canadian women rock singers
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian people of Manx descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Musicians from British Columbia
People from Corner Brook
People from Nanaimo
Canadian indie rock musicians
Canadian women pianists
Canadian women pop singers
Canadian women singer-songwriters
21st-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian pianists

masks:
Allison Louise Crowe
Allison Crowe
Allison Crow
Allison Crowe
Allison Crowe
Allison Crow
Allison Crowe
Allison Crowe
Allison Crowe
Allison Crow
Allison Crowe
Allison Crowe
Allison Crowe


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<mask>. (born July 23, 1989) is an American football linebacker for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the fourth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Mississippi State. High school career
<mask> attended Olive Branch High School in Olive Branch, Mississippi, where he was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball and track. He was named first-team, all-state on the defensive line by The Clarion-Ledger. He recorded 91 total tackles during his senior season in which 48 of them were solo tackles. He was listed as the number 19 prospect in Mississippi following his senior season according to Rivals.com.He was awarded with his performance with top scholarship offers from Auburn, Arkansas, Ole Miss, and South Carolina. He committed to Mississippi State during his senior year of high school. College career
<mask> played for Mississippi State during his college career. He held onto the number 34 while playing for Mississippi State and played the linebacker position. During his sophomore season, he was promoted as a starter on the defensive unit as an outside linebacker. He then began to start for the rest of his college career except for his senior year, when he did not start for two games due to formation changes. He still started ten out of twelve games during his senior year.Professional career
On January 13, 2011, it was announced <mask> had accepted his invitation to play in the 2011 Senior Bowl and was one of four Mississippi State players attending, including Derek Sherrod, Pernell McPhee and Chris White. On January 29, 2011, he played in the Under Armour's Senior Bowl and was part of Buffalo Bills' head coach Chan Gailey's South team that defeated the North 24–10. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana and completed all of the combine drills. On March 10, 2011, <mask> attended Mississippi State's pro day and opted to perform all of the drills except the broad jump and bench press. He was able to beat his times in the 40-yard dash (4.71 seconds), 20-yard dash (2.69 seconds), and 10-yard dash (1.66 seconds) from the NFL combine. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a third round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the eighth best outside linebacker prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.Seattle Seahawks
The Seattle Seahawks selected <mask> in the fourth round (99th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He was the 13th linebacker selected. General manager <mask> and head coach Pete Carroll stated they liked the thought of <mask> as a strong side linebacker with the possibility of playing rush linebacker. 2011
On July 29, 2011, the Seahawks signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.52 million contract that included a signing bonus of $486,000. <mask> performed well and impressed coaches throughout training camp and began taking reps at middle linebacker after the unexpected release of Lofa Tatupu in July. Linebackers coach <mask> stated that he thought <mask> was better suited for middle linebacker due to his instincts and length. He also felt that learning the position would speed up <mask>'s development since he would have to learn all of the defensive calls.Head coach Carroll named <mask> the backup middle linebacker to veteran David Hawthorne to begin the 2011 regular season. He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Seahawks' season-opener at the San Francisco 49ers and recorded five combined tackles during the 33–17 loss. <mask> earned the start at middle linebacker in place of Hawthorne, who was inactive due to a knee injury. On September 22, 2011, <mask> began practicing at weak side linebacker with the first team defense in practice. It was suspected he had supplanted Aaron Curry as the starting strong side linebacker after Curry had a dismal performance where he dropped a crucial interception in the second quarter of the Seahawks' 24–0 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 2. The next day, defensive coordinator Gus Bradley announced there would be a competition between <mask> and Curry for the job as the starting strong side linebacker. On October 2, 2011, <mask> earned his first career start at strong side linebacker after Matt McCoy started the previous week.He recorded two solo tackles in the 30–28 loss to the Atlanta Falcons. Although he earned the start, he shared playing time with Curry, with Curry receiving more snaps. The following day, head coach Carroll stated that the competition for the starting strong side linebacker job between both players remained open. In Week 5, <mask> made his second consecutive start at outside linebacker and made four combined tackles in a 36–25 victory at the New York Giants. On October 13, the Seahawks traded Curry to the Oakland Raiders, effectively making <mask> the de facto starting strong side linebacker for the remainder of the season. On December 1, he collected five solo tackles and made his first career sack, on Philadelphia Eagles' quarterback Vince Young during a 31–14 victory. The following game, he recorded a season-high eight combined tackles and sacked Sam Bradford during a 30–13 win over the St. Louis Rams.On December 18, <mask> again achieved eight combined tackles during a 38–14 victory at the Chicago Bears. He finished his rookie season with 65 combined tackles (50 solo), three pass deflections, and two sacks in 16 games and 12 starts. 2012
<mask> returned as the starting strong side linebacker in 2012, alongside Leroy Hill and starting rookie middle linebacker Bobby Wagner. He took over play-calling duties from Hawthorne, who departed in free agency. He started the Seahawks' season opener against the Arizona Cardinals and recorded nine combined tackles and forced the first fumble of his career in a 20–16 loss. He forced running back Ryan Williams to fumble on the Cardinals' first drive and it was recovered by Seahawks' defensive lineman Brandon Mebane. On September 24, <mask> had a season-high 11 combined tackles in a 14–12 victory over the Green Bay Packers.In Week 9, <mask> left during the first quarter of a 30–20 win over the Minnesota Vikings after suffering a concussion. He was listed as inactive and remained in concussion protocol the following game. In Week 15, he made three combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick as the Seahawks routed the Buffalo Bills 50–17. The next week, he collected seven combined tackles and sacked Alex Smith in a 42–13 defeat of the San Francisco 49ers. He finished the  season with 98 combined tackles (68 solo), five pass deflections, a sack, an interception, and a fumble recovery in 15 games and 15 starts. He played in 92% of the Seahawks' defensive snaps. The Seahawks finished second in the NFC West with an 11–5 record and received a wildcard spot.On January 6, 2013, <mask> started his first career playoff game and recorded eight combined tackles and a pass deflection during a 24–14 NFC Wildcard victory at the Washington Redskins. They were eliminated from the playoffs the following week, losing 30–28 at the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Divisional round. 2013 (Super Bowl XLVIII)
Head coach Carroll named Wagner, <mask>, and Malcolm Smith the starting linebackers to begin the regular season. On September 15, <mask> made six combined tackles, defended a pass, and sacked <mask>, as the Seahawks routed the San Francisco 49ers 45–17. In Week 9, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles during a 27–24 victory against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On December 8, <mask> made three combined tackles during a 19–17 loss at the San Francisco 49ers before leaving with a foot injury. It was later discovered to be a broken foot, and <mask> missed the remainder of the regular season.<mask> finished the  season with 80 combined tackles (46 solo), four pass deflections, and 1.5 sacks in 13 games and 13 starts. The Seahawks' defense allowed the fewest points during the season, under defensive coordinator Dan Quinn. At the time of his injury, <mask>'s overall grade from Pro Football Focus ranked him tenth among all outside linebackers. <mask> played in 86% of Seattle's defensive snaps in 2013. The Seahawks finished atop the NFC West with a 13–3 record. After defeating the New Orleans Saints, the Seahawks went on to face the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship with <mask> making his return from injury. He recorded two combined tackles as the Seahawks won 23–17.On February 2, 2014, <mask> started in Super Bowl XLVIII and made seven combined tackles as they routed the Denver Broncos 43–8. 2014 (Super Bowl XLIX)
On December 18, 2014, the Seahawks signed <mask> to a four-year, $27 million extension that included $10.18 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $5 million. He became the second-highest-paid outside linebacker behind only Lance Briggs, and the contract had the largest total value of any outside linebacker's in the league. <mask> entered training camp slated as the starting weak side linebacker after defensive end Bruce Irvin transitioned to strong side linebacker under defensive coordinator Dan Quinn. Head coach Carroll named <mask> the starting weak side linebacker to start the regular season, opposite Mike Morgan, who was named the starting strong side linebacker while Irvin recuperated from hip surgery. On November 2, 2014, <mask> recorded a season-high 13 combined tackles, a pass deflection, and a forced fumble during a 30–24 victory against the Oakland Raiders. In Week 13, he made seven combined tackles and recorded his first sack on the season on San Francisco 49ers' quarterback <mask> in their 19–3 victory.<mask> finished the  season with 107 combined tackles (73 solo), four pass deflections, two sacks, and two forced fumbles in 16 games and 16 starts. It marked his first season with over 100 tackles and his first season starting all 16 games. The Seahawks finished atop the NFC West with a 12–4 record, marking their second consecutive season in first place. They went on to defeat the Carolina Panthers 31–17 and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 to win the NFC Championship. On February 1, 2015, <mask> recorded 11 combined tackles as the New England Patriots defeated the Seahawks 28–24 to win Super Bowl XLIX. 2015
<mask>, Wagner, and Irvin returned to their starting roles in 2015 under new defensive coordinator <mask>. On September 20, 2015, <mask> recorded nine combined tackles and forced a fumble during a 27–17 loss at the Green Bay Packers.<mask> was ejected from the game after getting into a physical altercation with Packers' tight end Richard Rodgers II in the third quarter. <mask> shoved Rodgers to the ground and attempted to rip his helmet off and was flagged for unnecessary roughness and immediately ejected from the game. On September 25, 2015, the NFL fined <mask> $10,000 for the incident. On October 5, 2015, <mask> was involved in a controversial play during a 13–10 win against the Detroit Lions. With less than two minutes remaining in the fourth quarter, Lions' wide receiver <mask> fumbled the ball at the one-yard line while attempting to dive in the end zone. <mask> batted the ball out of the back of the endzone, resulting in a touchback and possession for the Seahawks. The play was scrutinized after ESPN officiating analyst Gerry Austin pointed out the error and explained that the referees failed to penalize <mask> for illegal batting that would've given the Lions possession at the one-yard line.<mask> admitted the bat was intentional, but was unaware of the penalty. The NFL vice-president of officiating Dean Blandino admitted fault on behalf of the referees and confirmed illegal batting, and that <mask> should have been penalized. In Week 6, <mask> recorded a season-high 12 combined tackles in the Seahawks' 27–23 loss to the Carolina Panthers. Through the first half of the 2015 season, <mask> enjoyed the most productive stretch of his career, with 58 total tackles (34 solo), one tackle for loss, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and one pass defensed. Over these eight games, Pro Football Focus graded him as the second best linebacker in the league and named him to their All-Pro second-team. He finished the  season with 115 combined tackles (71 solo), three pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. He started all 16 games and had over 100 tackles for the second consecutive season.Pro Football Focus ranked <mask> 53rd among all players in 2015. The Seahawks received a playoff berth after finishing second in the NFC West with a 10–6 record. After defeating the Minnesota Vikings, they went on to play the Carolina Panthers in the NFC Divisional round. <mask> recorded 14 combined tackles as the Seahawks lost 31–24. 2016
During the offseason, strong side linebacker Bruce Irvin departed in free agency, while Wagner and <mask> returned to their respective positions with Mike Morgan taking over the vacant strong side linebacker role. <mask> started the Seahawks' season-opener against the Miami Dolphins and recorded a season-high 11 combined tackles and sacked quarterback Ryan Tannehill during a 12–10 victory. On October 23, 2016, he recorded a season-high ten solo tackles in the Seahawks' 6–6 tie with the Arizona Cardinals.He finished the  season with a career-high 126 combined tackles (72 solo), five pass deflections, and a career-high four sacks in 16 games and 16 starts. The Seahawks finished 10–5–1 and first in the NFC West. On January 14, 2017, <mask> recorded ten combined tackles in a 36-20 loss at the Atlanta Falcons. <mask> was selected as a replacement for <mask> for the 2017 Pro Bowl and was named to Pro Football Focus All-Pro second-team for the second straight year. It was <mask>'s first Pro Bowl appearance. He finished the season with a career-high 126 tackles and four sacks. 2017
<mask> returned as the starting right outside linebacker, opposite Terence Garvin.On October 29, 2017, <mask> recorded a season-high 15 combined tackles in the Seahawks' 41–38 victory against the Houston Texans. He missed a Week 15 matchup against the Los Angeles Rams due to a back injury. The injury ended his 53-game streak of starts. In Week 16, he made six combined tackles, deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass by Dak Prescott in a 21–12 victory at the Dallas Cowboys. It was his first interception since 2012. He finished the season with 108 combined tackles (71 solo), six pass deflections, and an interception in 15 games and 15 starts. The Seahawks finished second in their division with a 9–7 record an did not qualify for the playoffs.It marked <mask>'s first time missing the playoffs with the Seahawks since his rookie season in 2011. <mask> received an overall grade of 82.1 From Pro Football Focus, ranking him 19th among all linebackers in 2017. 2018
<mask> suffered a knee injury in the final preseason game against the Minnesota Vikings and underwent arthroscopic knee surgery. As a result of the procedure, he missed the first six games of the season. <mask> returned in week 8 against the Detroit Lions after the Seahawks' bye week, and recorded 5 solo tackles and a pass deflection in the 28–14 win. The following week against the Los Angeles Chargers, <mask> recorded 7 combined tackles and another pass deflection in the 25–17 loss. <mask> recorded 2 combined tackles against the Los Angeles Rams in week 10 but was forced to leave the game early in the second half after aggravating his knee injury.He was inactive for the following week's game against the Green Bay Packers. 2019
On March 14, 2019, <mask> signed a two-year, $15.5 million contract extension with the Seahawks. In week 3 against the New Orleans Saints, <mask> recorded 13 tackles in the 33–27 loss. In week 6 against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> recorded an interception off Baker Mayfield in the 32–28 win. In week 15 against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> intercepted 2 passes thrown by <mask> during the 30–24 win. <mask> finished the season 11th in total tackles with 132. 2020
In Week 5 against the Minnesota Vikings on Sunday Night Football, <mask> intercepted a pass thrown by <mask> and recovered a fumble lost by Cousins during the 27–26 win.In Week 9 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> recorded his first sack of the season on <mask> during the 44–34 loss. This was also <mask>'s first sack since the 2016 season. <mask> had one of his most productive seasons with the Seahawks after switching to the strongside  linebacker position due to an injury to Bruce Irvin and the drafting of new weakside linebacker <mask> Brooks. He earned his first placement on the NFL Top 100 list, placing 67th. Las Vegas Raiders
On September 6, 2021, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Las Vegas Raiders reuniting him with his former Seahawks defensive coordinator Gus Bradley. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Personal life
In 2015, <mask> proposed to his now-wife Nathalie on a Boeing factory tour that they were taking with her father. They married on May 27, 2017 in Seattle.The couple has two sons. The <mask>s were featured in the December 11, 2019 House Hunters episode "Big Ballin' in Seattle. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> Official Website

 <mask> <mask> Official Instagram

 Mississippi State Bulldogs bio

1989 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football linebackers
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Olive Branch, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
Seattle Seahawks players
Las Vegas Raiders players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Kenneth Bernard Wright Jr
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
John Schneider
Wright
Wright
Wright
Ken Norton
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Colin Kaepernick
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Colin Kaepernick
Wright
Wright
Wright
Kris Richard
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Calvin Johnson
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Ryan Kerrigan
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Kyle Allen
Wright
Wright
Kirk Cousins
Wright
Josh Allen
Wright
Wright
Jordyn
Wright
Wright
Wright
KJ
Wright
KJ
Wright


texts:
<mask> (born April 18, 1969) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer and musician, who works on comic books, novels, role-playing games and video games, including numerous media tie-in books for properties such as Star Trek, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Doctor Who, Supernatural, Andromeda, Farscape, Leverage, Spider-Man, X-Men, Sleepy Hollow, and Stargate SG-1. Early life

<mask> was born in the Bronx in New York City, the son of Robert L<mask> and <mask>. He claims to have been a Star Trek fan even before his birth, as his parents were fans of Star Trek: The Original Series. <mask> attended New Rochelle Academy, and then Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx before attending Fordham University. While attending Fordham University, <mask> worked as an editor and writer of one of the college newspapers, called simply the paper. Career
After graduation, <mask> worked as editor at several publishing companies. Along with John Drew, in the 1990s he co-produced a public-access television cable TV show in Manhattan about science fiction called The Chronic Rift, which he also co-hosted.<mask> and Drew and others revived the show as a podcast in 2008. <mask> also used to host his own monthly podcast, Dead Kitchen Radio, on hiatus as of February 2019. While <mask> spent much of his career writing Star Trek fiction, he has written tie-ins for other popular sci-fi and fantasy series as well, such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Doctor Who, Supernatural, Stargate SG-1, Sleepy Hollow, Farscape, and Leverage as well as comic books (Spider-Man, X-Men), movies (Cars, Serenity), role-playing games (Dungeons & Dragons), and video games (World of Warcraft, StarCraft, Command & Conquer). He has also written fiction in universes of his own creation, including that of the 2004 novel Dragon Precinct, a high-fantasy police procedural, and a series of short stories about Cassie Zukav, a scuba diving tour guide in Key West who learns she is a Dís. Other worlds of <mask>'s own creation include The Adventures of Bram Gold and the Super City Cops series. He has also edited various anthologies, including OtherWere, Urban Nightmares, Imaginings, the Doctor Who collection Short Trips: The Quality of Leadership, and the Star Trek anthologies New Frontier: No Limits, Tales of the Dominion War, and Tales from the Captain's Table. In 2009, <mask> was named Grandmaster by the International Association of Media Tie-In Writers.He has written rewatches for Tor.com since 2011, including Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: The Original Series, Stargate, Batman 1966, and "4-Color to 35-Millimeter: The Great Superhero Movie Rewatch," about every live-action superhero movie based on a comic book. <mask> also writes reviews and commentary for Tor.com, including reviews of many of the Marvel Netflix series and of each episode of Star Trek: Discovery, Star Trek: Picard, Star Trek: Lower Decks, and Short Treks as they are released. <mask> is an avid Yankees fan and was a frequent contributing commenter to the Replacement Level Yankees Weblog throughout the 2000s/2010s. Bibliography

Star Trek novels
The Next Generation - Diplomatic Implausibility (2001),
Deep Space Nine - Gateways: Demons of Air and Darkness (2001),
The Brave and the Bold (2002),  (Book 1),  (Book 2)
The Lost Era - The Art of the Impossible (2003),
I.K.S. Gorkon - A Good Day to Die (2003),
I.K.S. Gorkon - Honor Bound (2003),
The Next Generation - A Time for War, A Time for Peace (2004),
Ferenginar: Satisfaction Is Not Guaranteed in Worlds of Deep Space Nine Volume 3 (2005),
I.K.S. Gorkon - Enemy Territory (2005),
Articles of the Federation (2005),
The Mirror-Scaled Serpent in Mirror Universe - Obsidian Alliances (2007),
The Next Generation - Q&A (2007),  (nominee, Best Speculative Fiction Novel, Scribe Awards)
Klingon Empire - A Burning House (2008),
A Gutted World in Myriad Universes - Echoes and Refractions (2008),
A Singular Destiny (2009),  (nominee, Best Speculative Fiction Novel, Scribe Awards)

Star Trek novellas, short stories, comic books, etc.The Next Generation - Perchance to Dream (four-issue comic book miniseries, art by Peter Pachoumis and Lucian Rizzo, with Scott Benefiel, February–May 2000) -- collected in Enemy Unseen (2001), , alongside "The Killing Shadows" and "Embrace the Wolf"
"Horn and Ivory" in Gateways: What Lay Beyond (2002),
"Broken Oaths" in Deep Space Nine - Prophecy and Change (2003),
"Revelations" in New Frontier - No Limits (2003),
"The Ceremony of Innocence Is Drowned" in Tales of the Dominion War (2004),
"loDnIpu' vavpu' je" ("Brothers and Fathers") in Tales from the Captain's Table (2005),
"Letting Go" in Voyager - Distant Shores (2005),
"Four Lights" in The Next Generation - The Sky's the Limit (2007),
"Family Matters" in Mirror Universe - Shards and Shadows (2009),
Alien Spotlight: Klingons: Four Thousand Throats... (comic book, art by JK Woodward, 2009; winner, Best Single Issue of a Comic Book, TrekMovie.com) -- collected in Alien Spotlight Volume 2 (2010), , alongside Q, Romulans, Tribbles, and Cardassians. "The Unhappy Ones" in Seven Deadly Sins (2010)
Captain's Log: Jellico (comic book, art by JK Woodward, 2010) -- collected in Captain's Log (2011), , alongside Sulu, Pike, and Harriman. The Klingon Art of War (2014),
several chapters of Star Trek Adventures: Klingon Empire Core Rulebook (2020)

Star Trek eBooks
S.C.E. in Limbus Inc. Book 3 (2016)
Super City Cops: Avenging Amethyst (2016)
Super City Cops: Undercover Blues (2017)
Super City Cops: Secret Identities (2017)
"Identity" in Baker Street Irregulars (2017)
"Deep Background" in Aliens: Bug Hunt (2017)
"Behind the Wheel" in TV Gods: Summer Programming (2017), a tale of Cassie Zukav, weirdness magnet
"Live and On the Scene" in Nights of the Living Dead (2017)
"Ganbatte" in Joe Ledger: Unstoppable (2017; winner, Best Short Story, Scribe Awards)
"Sun-Breaker" in Stargate SG-1/Atlantis: Homeworlds (2017)
"Six Red Dragons" in Baker Street Irregulars, Volume 2 (2018)
"House Hunting" in They Keep Killing Glenn (2018)
"Rán for Your Life" in Unearthed (2019), a tale of Cassie Zukav, Weirdness Magnet
"Alien Invasion of Earth!" in Thrilling Adventure Yarns (2019)
"The Silent Dust" in Brave New Girls: Adventures of Gals & Gizmos (2019)
"The Puzzle" in Footprints in the Stars (2019)
"Materfamilias" in Bad Ass Moms (2020)
"Journalistic Integrity" in Pangaea III: Redemption (2020)
"Ragnarok and a Hard Place," Indiegogo-supported (forthcoming)
"Unguarded" in Horns and Halos (forthcoming)

Reference books
John Winchester Hardcover Ruled Journal (2017)
Orphan Black: Classified Clone Report (2017)
Poison Ivy Hardcover Ruled Journal (2018)
Batman: Quotes from Gotham City (2019)

References

External links

Author's Blog
 Keith DeCandido Interview

Interview World of Warcraft: Cycle of Hatred/StarCraft Ghost: Nova pocketbooks
Interview with Keith R.A. DeCandido, SpaceWesterns.com, 2007
The Chronic Rift's Homepage

1969 births
Living people
American science fiction writers
American comics writers
People from the Bronx
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Cardinal Spellman High School (New York City) alumni
Fordham University alumni

masks:
Keith Robert Andreassi DeCandido
DeCandido
. DeCandido
GraceAnne Andreassi DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido
DeCandido


texts:
<mask> (27 November 1900 – 23 February 1959) was an Australian born,  New Zealand architect. <mask> oversaw the design of New Zealand’s state housing programme from the 1930s onwards. He was the New Zealand Government Architect at the time of his death. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 27 November 1900 in Subiaco, a district of Perth, Western Australia to Mary Catherine (nee O’Hagan) and Francis "Frank<mask>. His father was a New Zealander by birth while his mother was of Irish descent. The couple had a second son, Leslie, who was born in 1902. The family moved to New Zealand to attend a family reunion and due to the possibility of <mask>’s father obtaining the commission to design the Palmerston North Opera House.The family moved to New Zealand in 1903, and made their home in Wellington. The marriage did not last and <mask> returned to Australia (where he later remarried), leaving his sons to be raised by their mother. Mary ran a boarding house in Ghuznee Street to support herself and her children. <mask> was educated at the Terrace School and at  Wellington Technical College. Career
Upon leaving school <mask> was articled in 1916 to Wellington architect William M. Page. In 1920 <mask> began working for the Wellington-based architectural partnership of Hoggard, Prouse and Gummer. He transferred within the business to Auckland where he continued his architectural studies by studying part-time at the Auckland University College School of Architecture.Hoggard left the partnership in 1921, leaving Prouse and Gummer in partnership until its dissolution in 1923. Auckland-based William Gummer subsequently formed a new partnership in 1924 with Charles Reginald Ford called Grummer and Ford. The new partners employed <mask> first as a draughtsman and later as chief draughtsman. <mask> subsequently completed his professional examinations in 1928 and was admitted to the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA). After gaining his professional qualifications <mask> in the company of an architect friend  travelled to the United States where he spent  six months exploring California, with the exception of a mule-back tour of the Grand Canyon. The onset of the Depression caused him to return home where he took up an associate partnership with Gummer and Ford. During his time with Gummer and Ford <mask> is known to have worked on the  Remuera Public Library,  Auckland Railway Station, Wellington Public Library, the  National War Memorial, and the National Art Gallery and Dominion Museum building in Wellington.Department of Housing Construction
In late 1936 <mask> left Gummer and Ford to take up the position of chief architect of newly created Department of Housing Construction, which had been established by the first Labour government to undertake the construction of state rental houses. Not only was <mask> largely responsible for its organization and development of the new department which was responsible for not only for the design of state housing. <mask> employed a number of refugee European architects, including Helmut Einhorn,  Fred Farrar, Ernst Gerson, Friedrich Neumann (who anglicized his name to Frederick "Fred" Newman), and Ernst Plischke. Their previous experience with the design of mass housing in Europe influenced <mask>’s thinking and was utilized by him in developing the government’s first rental apartment blocks in the 1940s. These were designed to offer affordable rental housing for low-income individuals and families. Built in the Modernist style, the most significant in Wellington were the Berhampore State Flats, the Dixon Street Flats, the McLean State Flats, the Hanson Street Flats, and in Auckland, the Grey’s Avenue Flats and Symonds Street Flats. The Department of Housing Construction became the Housing Division of the Ministry of Works in 1943.<mask> was its chief architect until 1948, when he was appointed assistant government architect. In 1946 <mask> travelled to the United States where he met architects Walter Gropius,  Carl Koch and Hugh Stubbins. Government architect
Following the retirement of Robert Patterson, <mask> was appointed Government Architect in 1952. As government architect, <mask> was responsible for the design of government buildings, educational buildings and state housing. Major projects undertaken during his tenue were the Bledisloe State Building, the Bowen State Building, the School of Engineering building at the University of Canterbury and the University of Otago Dental School building. He was also associated with development plans for universities and as an assessor of architectural competitions. In 1954 <mask> travelled to United States, United Kingdom and Europe.While in the United Kingdom he discussed the design of  New Zealand House in London with its architect Robert Matthew. <mask> died suddenly on 23 February 1959 in a street in Wellington. Fergus George Frederick Sheppard was appointed to succeed <mask> as Government Architect. Recognition
In 1932 he entered the R.I.B.A. Empire Victory Scholarship Competition, which was an Empire architectural award. His entry which was specially commended, was one of the three out of more than 400 entries from all British countries to be published in the journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. <mask> was awarded the New Zealand Institute of Architects' Gold Medal in 1948 for the design of the Dixon Street State Flats.In 1951 <mask> was made a fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Architects and in 1954 he was made an associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects. <mask> served on the Association of New Zealand Art Societies, the Architectural Centre Council National Historic Places Trust, the Town Planning Board, as well as on the council and executive committee of the New Zealand Institute of Architects. As a sign of the respect with which he was held the <mask> Flats in Wellington which were under construction at the time of <mask>’s death were named after him. Personal life
<mask> married American, Virginia "Ginny" Abigail Smith, who was just off the boat from California on 4 March 1937 at St Paul’s Cathedral Church in Wellington. From 1940 onwards the couple lived in a house at 83 Campbell Street, in the Wellington suburb of Karori which had been designed by <mask>. They had three sons and two daughters. Following her husband’s death his wife returned to the United States.Two of the couple's sons, Michael and Peter, became architects In California. Works
Among the buildings which <mask> personally designed, collaborated on or supervised the design of are:

References

Further reading

External links
 Film clip: government architect, state housing. Film clip of <mask> in the 1940s discussing the design of state houses. <mask> <mask> 1900–1959 (Person). List of works by <mask> in the NZETC collection. The battle over Wellington's 'ugliest building'. Article from 2018 on the status of the <mask> Memorial Flats.The iconic mid-century Auckland social housing block being demolished. Article on the Upper Greys Avenue Flats. 1900 births
1959 deaths
New Zealand public servants
People from Perth, Western Australia
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
20th-century New Zealand architects
Recipients of the NZIA Gold Medal

masks:
Francis Gordon Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
" John Wilson
Wilson
Frank Wilson
Gordon
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Death Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Gordon Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Gordon Wilson
Francis Gordon
Wilson
Gordon Wilson
Gordon Wilson