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<mask> (born September 29, 1956) is a Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. He served as the Henry R. Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019. He is known primarily for interventions in debates on democracy and on methods of conducting social science research. In democratic theory, he has argued that democracy's value comes primarily from its potential to limit domination rather than, as is conventionally assumed, from its operation as a system of participation, representation, or preference aggregation. In debates about social scientific methods, he is chiefly known for rejecting prevalent theory-driven and method-driven approaches in favor of starting with a problem and then devising suitable methods to study it. His most recent work, coauthored with Michael J. Graetz, Wolf at the Door: The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It, proposes achievable policies and strategies to mitigate economic insecurity in the United States. Life and career
Born in Johannesburg, South Africa on September 29, 1956, <mask> is the youngest of four children.He was educated at St. Stithians School in Johannesburg (1963–68); St. Albans School in Pretoria (1969); and South Africa's first multiracial high school, Woodmead School in Rivonia (1970–72). At the age of 16, he left for the United Kingdom where he completed "O" and "A" levels at Abbotsholme School in Derbyshire (1972–75). This was during South Africa's Border War and South Africa required compulsory military service, which would mean complicity in the enforcement of Apartheid. <mask> chose to remain in Britain to read Philosophy and Politics at the University of Bristol, receiving his B.Sc. (Hons) in 1978. Then he left for the United States and enrolled in Yale University's Ph.D. program in Political Science, where he obtained an M.Phil. in 1980 and a Ph.D., with distinction, in 1983 for his dissertation entitled “The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Political Thought: A Realist Account," which won the Leo Strauss Prize awarded by the American Political Science Association in 1985.At Yale, <mask> was a student of the important theorist of pluralism and democracy, Robert Dahl, though his work also shows the influence of Douglas Rae and Michael Walzer, who served as an external adviser of his thesis. <mask> went on to the Yale Law School, earning the J.D. in 1987. Appointed to the department of Political Science as Assistant Professor thereafter, <mask> was promoted to Full Professor in 1992, named William R. Kenan Jr. Professor in 2000, and Sterling Professor of Political Science in 2005. Additionally, <mask> served as the Henry R. Luce Director of the MacMillan Center at Yale University from 2004 to 2019. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000, the American Philosophical Society in 2008,  and the Council on Foreign Relations in 2009.He is a past fellow of the Carnegie Corporation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has held visiting appointments at the University of Cape Town, Nuffield College, Oxford and Keio University in Tokyo. Scholarly work

Early work
<mask>'s early work explores existing theoretical frameworks for the study of politics. In books such as The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory (1986), Political Criticism (1990) and Democracy’s Place (1996), <mask> engaged with the liberal, communitarian, and democratic theories which dominated political theory at that time. The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory (1986) examined the changing place of individual rights in liberal political thinking from the seventeenth century on. The book poses the questions: why did particular modes of talking about rights take hold around the English Civil War; how and why have they changed in the ways that they have; and how do they animate and constrain contemporary politics? <mask> traces liberal political ideology through four major moments, bound to larger economic and social transformations, which he dubs transitional, classical, neo-classical, and Keynesian.Each is explored by reference to an emblematic theorist: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Robert Nozick, and John Rawls. Skeptical of the claims of postmodernists, like Richard Rorty, that our intellectual commitments are contingent and, hence, subject to voluntary endorsement and revision, <mask> argues that “[m]any of our most fundamental philosophical beliefs are integral to social practices in which we engage unreflectively every day. Those beliefs are required, in nontrivial ways, by those social practices, thus generating an important limitation on how we might reasonably expect beliefs to change.... We need to take much better account of our actual circumstances, how they have come to be what they are, and how they influence our own values and actions, if we are seriously to argue for the pursuit of significantly different values in the contemporary political world.”

<mask> argues that “the liberal view of rights evolved via processes of adaptive change importantly conditioned by and functional to the evolution of capitalist markets”. Shifts in epistemological frameworks from the 17th to the 20th centuries demonstrate how this kind of adaptation functions. For example, because their epistemologies are not yet plagued by Humean skeptical worries, Hobbes and Locke were able to assume that each of us, as autonomous agents, would opt for a set of rights coextensive with an ‘objectively right’ set of rights, our universal moral ends. After Hume, this assumption is no longer tenable. <mask> argued that attempts to adapt the way we talk about rights to these new conditions of post-Humean skepticism sometimes resulted in incoherence.Later theorists of rights like Nozick and Rawls try to make up for this by means of a resort to economic assumptions (for Nozick, neo-classical in origin; for Rawls, Keynesian). These provide an apparently objective anchor for subjective aims. <mask> concludes “The principal reasons for the tenacity of the liberal conception of individual rights, its negative libertarian view of the substance of rights, its view of individual consent as the legitimate basis of rights, and its essentially pluralist and utilitarian conception of the purposes of rights have, in their various formulations, combined to express a view of politics that is required by and legitimates capitalist market practices”

In Political Criticism, <mask> continues to explore the theme of managing modernity’s loosened objectivity. Here, <mask> engages political frameworks articulated in opposition to Rawls’s neo-Kantian foundationalism, including the anti-foundationalist work of Richard Rorty, J.G.A. Pocock, Michael Walzer, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Allan Bloom. These thinkers attempted to ground morality in varieties of convention, tradition, and intersubjectivity. Essentially, they hoped to justify ethical and political claims through context, borrowing the insights of W.V.O.Quine’s epistemological holism. Ultimately, <mask> criticizes these attempts because they “commit the fallacy of identifying one bad kind of foundational argument with all attempts to provide adequate foundations for our beliefs.”  In lieu of these flawed alternatives (foundationalism and contextualism), <mask> recommends a third way, termed “critical naturalism,” which rests on a commitment to pragmatic realism. Drawing on a modified Aristotelianism, <mask> constructs a notion of an authentic and integrated life as the goal of politics. In Democracy’s Place, <mask> collects a number of essays, which together complete the critique and groundwork for his theory of democracy. Here, he explores the question of how “democratic ways of doing things can be made to fit well with other human values, better to shape the ways in which people pursue their collective goals.”  To this end, <mask> engages a variety of approaches to the study of democratic politics. These include public choice theory, contract theories, neo-Kantian foundationalism, and neo-Schumpeterian interest-based approaches (here, in particular, with respect to South Africa's transition to inclusive democracy). <mask>'s concern is to develop a pragmatic political ethics which takes people and institutions as they are, in imagining what they might become.With that in view, it is in this book that he begins to sketch the outlines of his theory of democratic justice. Taking a cue from Michael Walzer's 'Spheres of Justice' <mask> argues for a “semi-contextualized” approach to the study and pursuit of justice. It varies over time and over the different realms of human social interaction. In these early, primarily critical, books, <mask> explores the relationship between justice and democracy and with the realities of politics and pragmatic means of overcoming injustice. In his next book, Democratic Justice (1999), which some scholars rank among the four or five most important books since Rawls's A Theory of Justice,  <mask> begins the systematic articulation of his mature constructive theory. Justice and democratic theory
In Democratic Justice,  <mask> argues that democracy and justice are often mutually antagonistic ideas, but are nonetheless best pursued together. This is partly for pragmatic political reasons.Justice must be sought democratically to be legitimate in the modern world,  he argues, and democracy must be justice-promoting if it is to hold our allegiance over time. But, in addition to these political considerations, <mask> contends that there is a philosophical link between justice and democracy, rooted in the fact that the most plausible accounts of both ideals involve commitments to the idea of non-domination. Power and hierarchy are endemic to human interaction. This means domination is an ever-present possibility. The challenge is to find ways to limit domination while minimizing interference with legitimate hierarchies and power relations. This leads <mask> to his claim that democracy is a subordinate or conditioning good: one that shapes the terms of human interaction without thereby determining its course. Pursuing democratic justice involves deferring, where possible, to what <mask> describes as insider's wisdom.By this he means encouraging people to democratize - for themselves - the collective pursuit of the things they value. Imposed solutions are unlikely to be as effective as those designed by insiders, and their legitimacy will always be in question. They are solutions of last resort. When adopted, they are best pursued indirectly and designed to minimize interference with peoples’ pursuit of other human goods. In the applied chapters of Democratic Justice, <mask> shows how this can be done in different phases of the human life cycle, from childhood through the adult worlds of work and domestic life, retirement, old age, and approaching death. <mask> spells out the implications of his account for debates about authority over children, the law of marriage and divorce, abortion and population control, the workplace, basic incomes guarantees, health insurance, retirement policies, and decisions made by and for the infirm elderly. His arguments about democracy have been developed further in The State of Democratic Theory (2003) and The Real World of Democratic Theory (2011).The latter includes a response to critics of the theory of democratic justice and a sketch of additional projected volumes on public institutions and democracy and distribution. An elaboration of the argument's philosophical underpinnings is set out in “On Non-Domination.”  In "On Non-Domination," <mask> works through the alternative positions of Rawls, Walzer, Foucault, Habermas, Pettit, and Skinner, in addition to making his own substantive arguments about justice as
nondomination, in order to "defend a view of non-domination as providing a better basis for justice than the going alternatives." <mask> builds on this work on nondomination in "Against Impartiality," in which he argues that political theorists should focus on ways to identify and alleviate domination rather than unequivocally defending impartiality. <mask> further expands upon these arguments and more in his major work of applied political theory Politics Against Domination, in which he makes a compelling case that the overriding purpose of politics should be to combat domination. In addition to taking a more theoretical approach to the topic, <mask> discusses the implications of this work for ongoing debates electoral systems, independent courts, money in politics, minimum wages, and the vulnerabilities of minorities. Utilizing evidence from the battle against slavery, the creation of modern welfare states, the civil rights movement, Occupy Wall Street, the Tea Party, and the worldwide campaign against sweatshops, among other sources, <mask> delves into the making of effective coalitions for political change and how best to press them into the service of resisting domination - culminating in the motivating argument that individuals may reasonably hope to devise ways to combat domination. <mask> has also worked on issues related to transitions from authoritarianism to democracy.In several papers written with Courtney Jung and others, he has developed an account of the conditions that make negotiated transitions to democracy more and less likely to occur, addressing also the question of how they can be made sustainable when they do occur. This work has generated substantial scholarly debate. Turning to the matter of leadership in "Transforming Power Relationships: Leadership, Risk, and Hope," <mask> and coauthor James H. Read identify three major characteristics of successful, risk-embracing leadership. <mask> and Read state that such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk during South Africa's transition to democracy, and further discuss leadership successes and failures in the cases of Northern Ireland and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In his more recent work on democratic politics, "Collusion in Restraint of Democracy: Against Political Deliberation," <mask> highlights that rather than improving political outcomes, deliberation instead undermines competition over proposed political programs. He therefore asserts that political outcomes may instead be improved by "restoring meaningful competition between representatives of two strong political parties over the policies that, if elected, they will implement." Additionally, <mask> has written on the negative consequences of devolving political power to the grassroots level in modern democracies.In his work coauthored with Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Responsible Parties: Saving Democracy from

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 Itself, <mask> and Rosenbluth explore how popular democracies have eroded trust in political systems worldwide. This devolution of power to the grassroots is reflected in changing methods of candidate selection and increased amounts of ballot initiatives and referenda, as well as the increased use of proportional representation across democracies. Although these reforms are intended to bring politics closer to the people, they instead produce diminished trust in politicians, parties, and democratic institutions - culminating most recently in major populist victories democracies, including the United States and the United Kingdom. Highlighting that transferring power to the grass roots is part of the problem rather than a solution, <mask> and Rosenbluth argue that decentralize political decision-making effectively weakens political parties, thereby making governments less effective and less able to adequately address the long-term interests of their constituents. This subject also represents an ongoing joint project conducted by <mask> and Rosenbluth, among others, at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs at Yale University. Methods and the human sciences
In several articles and books <mask> has defended distinctive accounts of the nature of social scientific knowledge, the best means of acquiring it, and its implications for political philosophy. In Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory,  <mask> and co-author Donald Green took on the reigning method in the social sciences: the use of rational choice models derived from neoclassical economics to explain, predict, and interpret political action.They argued that, if rational choice theorists are going to claim to provide compelling explanations, they should also have solid predictive value — or at least they should do better than the going alternatives. By reviewing the results of rational choice models in several key areas of political science, including voting behavior, collective action, legislative behavior, and spatial theories of elections, Green and <mask> concluded that rational choice theory has achieved a great deal less than it claims. Indeed, they claim that it cannot achieve what it set out to, because, like all universalist theories, it treats all objects of study as though they were of the same type. Universalism inevitably results in what <mask> calls ‘method driven’ rather than ‘problem driven’ social science. “Hypotheses are formulated in empirically intractable ways: evidence is selected and tested in a biased fashion; conclusions are drawn without serious attention to competing explanations; empirical anomalies and discordant facts are often either ignored or circumvented by way of post hoc alterations to deductive arguments...”  These issues “generate and reinforce a debilitating syndrome in which theories are elaborated and modified in order to save their universal character, rather than by reference to the requirements of viable empirical testing. When this syndrome is at work, data no longer test theories: instead, theories continually impeach and elude data. In short, empirical research becomes theory driven rather than problem driven, designed more to save or vindicate some variant of rational choice theory rather than to account for any specific set of political phenomena.”

In effect Green and <mask> argue that rational choice methodology, which had become dominant in political science by the 1980s, was driven to “...[save]... universalist theory from discordant encounters with reality.”  Rational choice theory, they argued, rests on unsubstantiated assumptions about political reality.When these assumptions are scrutinized and tested empirically, they are all too often been found to be false. And when rational choice theory generates explanations that are true and predictive, typically such explanations turn out to be banal, obvious, and hence of little merit on that count. Pathologies generated considerable critical attention from all quarters in the political science discipline,  some of which spilled over into the realm of public debate. This work has been credited with fostering the reinvigoration of systematic empirical research in the political science discipline. In The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences, <mask> takes a systematic look at the many ways in which the human sciences have lost sight of their objects of study, confusing apparent methodological rigor with accuracy. This matters, he argues, because the conclusions that result, even while resting on assumptions divorced from reality, can profoundly impact real outcomes. Through inefficacy, for example, this kind of social science can neuter social criticism.Along with a critique of the method-driven strategies embraced by rational choice theorists, interpretivists, and others, <mask> offers a defense of epistemological realism. He defines realism as resting on a twofold conviction: “that the world is  causal mechanisms that exist independently of our study — or sometimes even awareness — of them, and that the methods of science hold out the best possibility of our grasping their true character.” He explores its implications both for explanation in the human sciences and for normative debates which, he argues, should be conducted in closer proximity to one another than is typically the case. For instance, if we are concerned with reducing injustice in the world, we should investigate both the philosophical character of justice as well as the conditions in the world that shape people's ideas about it. Policy issues
In Democracy's Place, <mask> said “...I think inquiry most likely to be fruitful if we start with first-order problems and engage higher-order commitments only to the degree necessary to tackle them.”  <mask> has engaged concrete policy issues in three works of applied political theory. Abortion: The Supreme Court Decisions, provides an extended analysis and annotation of the political and legal debate on abortion in the United States since the 1960s. Death by A Thousand Cuts: The Fight Over Taxing Inherited Wealth (coauthored with Michael Graetz) and Containment: Rebuilding a Strategy Against Global Terror. In Death by A Thousand Cuts, Graetz and <mask> explore new evidence that bears on the old question: In democracies, why don't the poor soak the rich?The prospect that, if given the vote, the poor would use it to do just that dominated nineteenth-century debates about expanding the franchise. It is also predicted by the median voter theorem in political science. In fact, majorities in democracies sometimes support regressive changes in distribution, which is to say the poor sometimes vote for measures that will increase the wealth of the richest members of society at their own expense. This was the case with the broad bipartisan support for repealing the estate tax, which had been on the books since 1916, as part of President Bush's 2001 tax cut. This tax was paid by the wealthiest two percent of taxpayers; half by the wealthiest half of one percent. Yet polls revealed large majorities consistently favored getting rid of it, and the legislation to repeal the tax won strong bipartisan backing in both houses of Congress. Finding few useful insights in the political science or economics literatures to account for this, Graetz and <mask> undertook a micro-study of the estate-tax repeal's legislative success.Based on 150 interviews with congressmen, senators, staffers, civil servants, lobbyists, activists, think tank researchers, and pollsters involved on both sides of the repeal effort, they distilled a picture of “how power and politics actually operate in Washington today.”

The book develops a number of insights about what makes redistributive coalitions more and less effective in American politics, underscoring the complex pluralism of power in America and the role of moral commitments in animating lived political experience. It also provides insights into the ways in which Americans understand and make decisions about their interests. They argue that interest groups can radically change politicians behavior without substantively changing public opinion. In the case of the estate tax, interest groups were able to recast public opinion by employing priming and non-neutral wording in opinion polls. While public opinion did not change, the politicians’ perceptions of public opinion radically shifted and with it, their understanding of which actions were politically safe. This provides a partial explanation for the way that democracies can generate upward redistribution, contrary to what we might have assumed were the “objective” interests of the majority. Graetz and <mask> were to have received the 2006 Sidney Hillman award for the book, but the award was revoked at the last minute due to allegations that <mask> had intimidated graduate student assistants during a union campaign at Yale in 1995, which an administrative court later found to be an illegal partial strike.The Hillman award is sponsored by a labor union, UNITE-HERE, which represents clerical and technical workers at Yale and serves as the parent organization of the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO). <mask> expressed regret over the withdrawal of the award and noted that the administrative law judge dismissed claims against Yale stemming from the 1995 strike, so the allegations against him were never adjudicated. In the wake of America's foreign policy decisions in the first decade of the 21st century and their consequences, <mask> wrote Containment. This was a critique both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine, which gained ascendency following the 9/11 attacks, and of the Democrats for their failure to articulate an alternative. Beginning from the claim that, “in electoral politics, you can’t beat something with nothing”,  <mask> spelled out an approach to foreign affairs in the post 9/11 age based on an adaptation of George Kennan's cold-war containment strategy. Containment, rather than aggressive regime change, is preferable from a principled perspective because it is more democratic to leave countries to choose (or refuse) democracy on their own, consistent with <mask>'s insistence on the importance of ‘insider wisdom’ in achieving just outcomes. But furthermore, aggressive foreign wars are expensive in terms of monetary and political capital, and have costs in terms of foreign reputation also.Even a trans-border threat like organized terror, he argues, can be most effectively contained by pressuring host countries. Kennan's defense of containment had been strategic all the way down, but <mask> argues that the doctrine's imperative to ratchet up only enough coercive force to stop the bully, without yourself becoming a bully, embodies the central commitment to resisting domination that gives the democratic ideal its normative appeal. In a more recent work coauthored with Michael Graetz,The Wolf at the Door: The Menace of Economic Insecurity and How to Fight It, <mask> argues that Americans are more concerned with their own economic insecurity than they are about inequality - calling attention to the fact that Americans are most afraid losing what they already have, whether it be jobs, status, or safe communities. Therefore, <mask> and Graetz posit that the solution to economic insecurity is a return to the hard work of building coalitions around realistic goals and pursuing them doggedly through the political system - providing evidence of the success of this tactic in earlier reforms, such as in the cases of the abolition of the slave trade and the pursuit of civil rights legislation. Additionally, <mask> and Graetz offer concrete, achievable reforms that would make Americans more secure, and offer substantial recommendations for how to increase employment, improve wages, protect families suffering from unemployment, and provide better social services such as health insurance and child care. Other work
<mask> edited NOMOS, the yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, for eight years, as well as a number of other collections of scholarly work. <mask> has also contributed to the “Arts and Ideas” section of the New York Times, and journals like Dissent and Critical Review.He produces occasional op-ed pieces, too. In addition, <mask> has published The Moral Foundations of Politics  (2003). This book grew from a popular undergraduate course which <mask> has taught at Yale University for decades. It explores three common kinds of answers to the question: “Who is to judge, and by what criteria, whether the laws and actions of states that claim our allegiance measure up?”  Through examining the utilitarian, Marxist, and social contract traditions, <mask> aims to demonstrate both the common roots of the 20th century's dominant modes of thinking about political legitimacy and the pragmatic consequences of the operationalization of these traditions. In the final chapters, he engages with contemporary critiques of the Enlightenment, arguing that even if we could reject the ideas and principles that commonly animated the political thought of that time, it would be to our detriment to do so. <mask> offers a defense of what he describes as the mature Enlightenment. Its core commitments are to a fallibilist view of science and the political importance of individual freedom as realized through representative institutions.<mask> also served as the instructor for Moral Foundations of Politics, an introductory course on political philosophy offered on Coursera by Yale University since January 2015. It is "a survey of the major political theories of the Enlightenment" and also deals with contemporary issues in modern-day politics. The course aims to answer the central question: "When do governments deserve our allegiance, and when should they be denied it?". As of 23rd January 2022, 173,901 learners have enrolled for the same. <mask> is co-chair of the executive committee of the Future of American Democracy Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan foundation in partnership with Yale University Press and the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies, "dedicated to research and education aimed at renewing and sustaining the historic vision of American democracy." Notes

Works

External links

 Introduction to The State of Democratic Theory by <mask>
 Response by <mask> to critics of Democratic Justice
 "Democracy at Home," an interview with <mask>
 <mask>:: The MacMillan Center:: Department of Political Science:: Yale University
 <mask> | Political Science | Yale University

1956 births
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<mask>   (26 March 1932 – March 1999) was a Nigerian engineer, academic, author, and administrator. He was the first Nigerian dean of engineering and head of civil engineeringat the University of Lagos. He was the founding vice chancellor of the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi and emeritus professor of the University of Lagos. He was a pioneer of engineering educationin Nigeria and reputed as a great teacher. He became one of the first Nigerians to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) in 1976 - awarded by London University in engineering (structural mechanics). Early life
<mask> was born in Ota, Ogun State, on 26 March 1932. His father was Chief <mask>, a goldsmith and farmer of Olupe compound, Ijaiye, Abeokuta.His mother was Alhaja Ayisat Aina Ajile <mask> a successful merchant trader of local fabrics (Aso-Oke / Adire) of Otun quarters, Ota. <mask> was educated at Saint James primary school Ota from 1939 to 1946. <mask> joined the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation in 1951, where he distinguished himself as an electrical engineering assistant - he left after gaining admission to University College Ibadan. Academic achievements
<mask>'s tertiary education commenced at the University of Ibadan (1952–53) where he sat for and obtained his InterBSc London University. He was then awarded a Western Region Government scholarship to the Northampton Engineering College, London (Now City University) in 1953 and attained his BSc in engineering in 1956. His scholarship was extended on the recommendation of the Colonial Office and Sir Hubert Walker, Director of Public Works. <mask> proceeded to Imperial College of Science and Technology, London in 1956 earning his Diploma of Imperial College (DIC) in 1958 and his Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD)in 1959.<mask> authored several papers on composites systems and in 1976 his contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between the factors affecting the ultimate strength of composite beams earned him the prestigious higher doctorate degree, DSc of the University of London. Educator and administrator
After his PhD, <mask> worked briefly with the international firm of Ove Arup & Partners from 1959 to 1960. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
He commenced his teaching career with the Nigerian College of Arts, Science & Technology, Zaria, 1960 as lecturer rising to senior lecturerand acting head of department by 1962. Civil unrest caused by the buildup to the Nigerian Civil War caused him to move to the University of Lagos as associate professor and acting dean of engineering in 1965. University of Lagos
<mask> was invited to oversee the establishment of the University of Lagos faculty of Engineering and produced the first set of graduates in the field of Engineering in June 1967. <mask> became Professor (Civil Engineering) in 1968 as well as the first Nigerian Dean of the Faculty of Engineering. His inaugural paper presented several innovative solutions to infrastructure development in Nigeria and is considered to have laid seeds for the pioneering of laterite as a road construction material for developing nations.In addition, he suggested a more resilient road construction methodology with a better capacity to sustain heavy traffic loads, leading to lower maintenance cost. He remains the longest serving Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Lagos (1968 – 1971) and upon vacating his Deanship was appointed Head of Civil Engineering Department of the same Institution. In his tenure at the University of Lagos he served on the Committee of Deans (65 – 71), Development Committee (67 – 70), Library Committee (67 – 70), Academic Planning Committee (72 – 74), University Council (75 – 79) and as Chairman of the Computer Management Board (73 – 76). Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi
In 1980 <mask> was appointed the pioneering Vice Chancellor of the Federal University of Technology (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University), Bauchi where he was charged with creating and developing a greenfield technology institution. In quick order he negotiated and acquired the existing Bauchi College of Arts and Science, acquired lands for a permanent site for future development and recruited local and foreign staff in the field of Science, Engineering, Computer Science and Agriculture. <mask> aggressively drove plans; commissioning surveys, and creating the master plan for the development of a forward looking institution. By 1984 when <mask>'s tenure ended as Vice Chancellor, he had commissioned several key infrastructure and buildings, equipped the Science, Engineering and Computing laboratories and formed collaborative ventures with Loughborough University of Technology (UK) in the field of Industrial Training and Manufacturing and University of Arizona (USA) in the field of Arid Zone Agriculture.After his service to the nation at Bauchi, <mask> returned to teaching at the University of Lagos and retired as emeritus professor of Engineering in 1988. <mask> also authored several books and papers in his specialized area of structural integrity which now serve as reference texts. He was also one of the founders of the Nigerian Academy of Engineering

Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti / Federal Polytechnic Biba
<mask> went on to serve as Chairman of Council at the Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti and the Chairman of Council at the Federal Polytechnic Bida – where he served until his demise. He was awarded National honour of the Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) for his services to Nigeria in 1998. In his retirement <mask> authored two books on structural mechanics namely Mechanics of Statistically Indeterminate Structures and Elementary Structural Mechanics the later as a text book for student use. Public service
<mask>a University 1980 – 84
 Committee of Vice Chancellors 1980 -84
 Chairman of Council Federal Polytechnic Bida 1987 - 90.Chairman of Council Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti 1990 -94
 He played a credible role in the founding of Nigerian Academy of Engineering. Honours, distinctions, and awards
 Citation by the Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos: In recognition of his distinguished scholarship in the field of engineering; outstanding service as a former Dean of Engineering; and for his contribution towards the development and progress of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Lagos. July 1984. Concord Press Award for Academic publishing in recognition of his book titled “Mechanics of Statically Indeterminate Structures” 1990
 Award of Gold Medal by the University of Lagos – 1991
 Award of D.Sc (Honoris Causa) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi – 1994
 Award of Emeritus Professor by the University of Lagos - 1996
 National Award of Commander of the Order of the Niger by the Federal Republic of Nigeria – 1998

Death
<mask> died on 3 March 1999, at the age of 67. He was laid to rest at Ikoyi Cemetery, Lagos. He was survived by his wife, Mrs Adenrele <mask> and children. References

20th-century Nigerian engineers
University of Lagos faculty
1932 births
1999 deaths
People from Ogun State
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of the University of London
University of Ibadan alumni
Alumni of City, University of London
Ahmadu Bello University faculty
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University people
Federal Polytechnic Bida faculty

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<mask> (29 February 1912 – 26 October 1996) was a British author who lived in Cornwall for nearly fifty years. He wrote nineteen books which became known as The Minack Chronicles, about his simple life on a clifftop daffodil farm called Dorminack, affectionately referred to as Minack, at St Buryan in the far west of Cornwall with his wife Jeannie, née Jean Everald Nicol. The couple had given up sophisticated metropolitan lives, he as a newspaper columnist (during the war years he had worked for MI5) and she as a hotel PR executive, to live in isolation in a simple cottage surrounded by their beloved animals, which featured in nearly all his works. He had two older brothers <mask> who was also an author and <mask>, a Lloyds Underwriter. Their father was , in turn the son of the engineer <mask>. The first of The Minack Chronicles was A Gull on the Roof published in 1961. This was followed by a new book almost every two years.The Way to Minack, the sixth book in the series details the path they took to be at Minack, while a Cottage on a Cliff  gives an account of the author's time with MI5. Family life and old age
<mask> was not originally fond of cats and was introduced to Monty, a ginger tom kitten, which was given to Jeannie at the Savoy. <mask> told their housekeeper it should live in the kitchen, but Monty eventually ended up sleeping on their bed. Monty (named after General Montgomery) moved with <mask> and Jeannie to Minack where he leapt across the small stream that crosses the path to the cottage. <mask> dedicated one of his books (A Cat in the Window) to Monty. Later he wrote a book entitled Monty's Leap. Jeannie, after whom one of his books was named, died in February 1986 and <mask> lived on in the cottage for another ten years, dying at the age of 84 on 26 October 1996.He was in the process of writing Shadows just before his death. The thriller writer John le Carré, who lives a mile away along the cliffpath, gave the eulogy at his funeral. Towards the end of their lives, the Tangyes bought the fields next to their cottage which are now preserved as a nature reserve. 'The <mask> and Jeannie Tangye Minack Chronicles Nature Trust' was set up, in accordance with <mask>'s wishes, a year after his death and the Trustees manage the 18 acres. It was called Oliver land after the cat Oliver was seen hunting there before he joined them at Minack. It is a 'Place for Solitude' and quiet contemplation. It is ultimately a place for the wildlife, flora and fauna that reside there.The nature reserve was managed by a small group of trustees selected by <mask> with the intention that at some point in the future they would handover the reins to the charity organisation he had chosen Cornwall Wildlife Trust. In 2018 the CWT took over management and maintenance of Oliver land. <mask> was reluctant to describe himself as a writer, but his simple literary style had appeal for a wide range of people who yearned to escape urban and suburban drudgery. His books described the couple's life growing potatoes and flowers (predominantly daffodils) on a cliff top smallholding in far west Cornwall. The donkeys and cats on their tiny farm all became "characters" in his books, and fans made a 'pilgrimage' from around the world, all eager to share – if only for a few hours – their rustic dream. Invariably, <mask> and Jeannie would uncork a bottle of wine and entertain visitors in their small, glazed cottage porch, where he was happy to regale them with tales of life at Minack and on occasion discuss matters of politics, environment and society in general! Published books
Omnibus volumes and anthologies are not included below.The majority of his books were published by Michael Joseph Ltd

1941: Time Was Mine. London: Hutchinson [He spent time in a cottage in Cornwall writing this book before he was called back to London to join the Army]
1942: Went the Day Well; edited by <mask> with contributions from many writers. London: Harrap
--do.--(Reissued in 1995 by Michael Joseph, with subtitle: "tributes to men and women who died for freedom when Britain stood alone in the first two years of the Second World War".) 1944: One King: a survey of the dominions and colonies of the British empire. London: Harrap
1961: A Gull on the Roof. London: Michael Joseph
1962: A Cat in the Window. London: Michael Joseph (American ed.has title: Monty: biography of a marmalade cat.) 1963: A Drake at the Door. London: Michael Joseph
1965: A Donkey in the Meadow. London: Michael Joseph
1966: Lama. London: Michael Joseph
1968: The Way to Minack. London: Michael Joseph
1970: A Cornish Summer London: Michael Joseph
1972: Cottage on a Cliff. London: Michael Joseph
1974: A Cat Affair London: Michael Joseph
1976; Somewhere a Cat is Waiting.Delacorte Press 1976
1976: Sun on the Lintel. London: Michael Joseph
1978: The Winding Lane. London: Michael Joseph
1980: When the Winds Blow. London: Michael Joseph
1982: The Ambrose Rock. London: Michael Joseph
1984: A Quiet Year. London: Michael Joseph
1987: The Cherry Tree London: Michael Joseph
1988: Jeannie: a love story. London: Michael Joseph
1990: The Evening Gull.London: Michael Joseph
1993: Monty's Leap. London: Michael Joseph
1996: The Confusion Room. London: Michael Joseph

References

Further reading
 A profile of <mask> appeared in the 1996 summer edition of Cornwall Arts by editor John Marquis, who interviewed him in March of that year, just a few months before his death. The Western Morning News published a report of <mask>'s funeral, with the eulogy given by his friend, neighbour and fellow writer, John le Carré. Web resources: <mask> & Jeannie <mask>-The Minack Chronicles This website contains information, photos, special features pages and articles. External links

Desert Island Discs; <mask>ye
<mask>ye: the Cornish Gardener; by John McCarthy
<mask> & Jeannie Tangye - The Minack Chronicles

1912 births
1996 deaths
Novelists from Cornwall
20th-century English novelists

masks:
Derek Alan Trevithick Tangye
Nigel Tangye
Colin Tangye
Richard Tangye
Derek
Derek
Derek
Derek
Derek
Derek
Derek
Derek
Tangye
Derek
Derek Tangye
Derek Tangye
Derek Tangye
Derek
Tangye
Derek Tang
Derek Tang
Derek


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<mask> (A.W<mask>), also known as "The Cabbage King," was one of the most successful market gardeners working in South West Middlesex, England in the 19th and 20th centuries. <mask> was born in Putney in 1855 but lived most of his life in Feltham until his death in 1927. <mask> was remembered by one of his foremen, Alfred Lucas: "He was a man of extreme modesty, was deeply but silently religious, did not drink or smoke and I never heard him use a profane expression during the whole 14 years I was in his service. He told me he never had time to read a book. He had no holiday when I was with him and he was absent only 3 months when he had a severe breakdown and fear was entertained for his life." Lucas, as the man who spent much time working with <mask>, is the main source of information relating to <mask>.Career

Humble Beginnings
In 1890, <mask> began his empire with a modest 40 acre fruit garden (Feltham Glebeland) that faced the Staines Road in Bedfont, a single horse, and a few secondhand tools. When Lucas joined the operation around 1890 <mask> only had four employees: Tom Witt, Bob Jackson, Tommy Day, and Polly Jackson. After successfully cultivating this garden for some time, <mask> expanded his reach by taking over another 40 acres on the Walton Road; this became known as No. 2 Garden. This time <mask> chose to plant half the field with fruit trees and half with brussels sprouts, onions, beetroots, and cabbages. <mask>'s empire continued to expand with 30 more acres, new employees, and new horses and materials. A dramatic new chapter began in <mask>'s life with the retirement of his father, <mask>, in 1891.The Rise of an Empire
After taking over his father's business, A.W<mask> continued to expand his business even further. As he entered this new chapter of business <mask> added another crop to his stock: tomatoes. To houses these plants, he built five large glass houses (250 feet long by 15 feet wide), predecessor to modern greenhouses, along the Feltham Hill road towards Sunbury. Since these houses were built on land previously used for cereal crops, <mask> had to make a few changes; he dug a five foot deep four foot wide passage to allow water to get into the houses. This new crop proved to be wildly successful, so <mask> proceeded to build seven larger glasshouses (250 ft. by 30 ft.). To cope with the water problem for these houses, <mask> built a brick water tower nearby.These additions of land and crops required new additions as well; <mask> acquired more horses, employees, and tools. This growth in horses depended upon for work led to some troubles as they often needed to be shoed, which could take valuable time, so <mask> created his own blacksmith's forge on his property. No longer limited by this, <mask> continued to expand his landholdings and stables, acquiring many more horses for work. The next notable direction <mask> took his business in was when he purchased about 45 acres of land just off of Feltham High Street. While this seems simple, it is notable because the land was not incredibly well suited or farming; however, <mask> had other plans. He ordered the construction of 20 glasshouses, the largest yet at 600 ft. by 32 ft. to be populated with tomatoes. This massive sea of glass, incredibly expensive at the time, cost £13,500 and came to be known as The Glass City.Unfortunately, the site of the city would prove to cause trouble later on as the plants did not yield as much as planned; several solutions were attempted, including individually potting the 200,000 plants, but none completely solved the problem. Despite this, <mask> chose to move his headquarters from Feltham Hill to this new site of Feltham Farm in the year 1899. <mask> personally financed and constructed a new complex including a blacksmith's forge, wheelwright, office, and more. This establishment of the new base of operations proved to be advantageous to <mask> as his father's lease on a significant portion of land came to a close and was snatched up by his elder brother E.F<mask>. This land included the former headquarters of the group at Feltham Hill as well as <mask>'s own residence at Burnham Villa. While it was a huge blow to <mask>'s morale this event proved to be nothing he could not handle; the loss of some fields was overcome, and he found a new residence in Feltham House. <mask> made up for the 40 acres he lost to his brother by purchasing another 70 acres in Ashford.When showed this land, Lucas points out that it was very far from a point at which it could be useful to a gardener, but <mask> was not to be stopped. So, teams began to work the field and make it ready for fruit trees, but a snag arose when one plow broke on a large, mushroom-shaped piece of ironstone (about 20 ft. in diameter). Even when it was revealed that this land was dotted heavily with these ironstone protrusions, <mask> refused to be daunted; he ordered men to hand-drill holes in all the stones large enough to fit a parcel of gunpowder. <mask> then blasted each chunk of ironstone until he had enough surface room to grow the trees, about 3 ft. of dirt was needed. However, <mask> wanted to test the land with a crop of brussels sprouts first, so once the field was fully worked this crop would ensure the ground was properly cleaned for the more costly fruit trees. <mask>'s empire began to take its final form with two noteworthy acquisitions of land. The first belonged to a Mr. Batson and was approximately 200 acres in close proximity to <mask>'s already established holdings.Naturally, when Batson approached <mask> with an offer to sell his land, <mask> quickly accepted, thereby closing off the territory and extending his reach far into Feltham. The second piece of land was about 300 acres controlled by a Mr. Hatch who, when <mask> approached at the end of his lease, agreed to turn the land over to <mask>. While both of these land acquisitions required varying degrees of work to get ready for <mask>'s plans, it was well worth it to establish his over 900 acre empire. The Workers
Due to the extreme size of his operation, <mask> hired large numbers of workers for various tasks, all of which were paid quite fairly for their work. Some of the tasks taken by men were Foremen, Blacksmith, Wheelwright, repairman for glasshouses, diggers, plow workers, pieceworkers, and more. The women were employed in tasks such as weeding, hoeing, planting, and harvesting fruit. A number of Show Travelers were also employed when they came to Feltham; they were given some of the harder tasks of picking more difficult crops, thereby relieving some of the women of this stress.Even so, there was a moment when the women felt unfairly paid at work and attempted a strike; however, Lucas was able to settle the matter without loss of productivity. The most interesting aspect was <mask>'s hiring policy. He was willing to hire anyone, man or woman, who could put in an honest day's hard work, regardless of their background. Previous convicts were hired right alongside poor widows trying to get by. The Workplace Environment
As was to be expected from his upbringing, <mask> entertained specific expectations for his workers. He was never late and would reprimand workers who were late or tried to leave the job early, often outright firing the offender. He specified rules and fines regarding any avoidable problems such as careless destruction of plants, eating product, and so on, but was still seen as a benevolent employer due to his wish to keep those who needed work employed.<mask> also took care of his workers, stopping and resolving feuds before they could grow further. <mask> also defended his land within his rights; he employed a few people to guard the land at night and keep any poachers or thieves at bay. Besides ensuring security, <mask> also ensured quality. He developed a special version of hoe specifically for cutting lettuce that did not require the user to constantly bend to the ground; this allowed one man to much more quickly cut the lettuce while two or three others picked it up after him. This maintained a single standard of quality since only the one man would choose which heads of lettuce were suitable for cutting. Beyond this, <mask> outlined several specific procedures for weeding, digging, picking, and packing. Thus he ensured all the produce bearing his name was up to his high standards and packed perfectly for the journey to market.Crops of "The Cabbage King"
As is expected, <mask> was very specific with picking what varieties of crops he grew. He grew a number of fruits: apples, both the kind for eating and for cooking, plums, pears, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, strawberries, and cherries. Inside his famous glasshouses, <mask> also grew tomato plants. These plants produced on average 4 pounds of tomatoes per plant. <mask> also grew mint, both within the glasshouses and without. During various months, he was also a key supplier of parsley, spring onions, leeks, and root crops: potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, mangold worzel (mangelwurzel), turnips, parsnips, and beetroot. <mask> also grew several varieties of beans (runner, broad, and longpod) and peas throughout the season.<mask> also grew smaller quantities of large onions, marrows, and rhubarb. In all, the glasshouses alone produced somewhere around 200 tons of food per year while employing about 40 workers. But the most notable of <mask>'s crops were his greens. He was a very successful grower in that he was able to constantly be shipping greens to market throughout the year: spinach in spring, cauliflower and brussels sprouts in summer until mid Autumn, savoy cabbage in late Autumn throughout the winter, and after Christmas until the following April, kale and broccoli. His long cabbage season caused by the adeptness with which the land grew cabbages was what earned <mask> the nickname of "The Cabbage King" amongst vendors in Covent Garden and locals of Feltham. Most notably, <mask> produced one million cabbages in a single season. He very specifically chose the varieties best suited for glasshouses as well as outdoor growing in the later months.<mask> also grew lilies for a time, on the advice of his brother E.F<mask>. Starting with a small trial venture, <mask> was quite satisfied with the product and the money it brought in during the winter months, so he moved to a larger venture and constructed two glasshouses specifically for lilies. However, the large number of lilies produced by the <mask> brothers drove the market price of the lilies down that year and Lucas reports <mask> had a net loss of £500; <mask> thus abandoned lilies and turned these two houses over to cucumbers. Besides this failed venture, <mask> also grew wallflowers, forget-me-nots, honesty, and violets. Managing this vast array of plants required a large amount of fertilizer, namely manure. Originally, <mask> used a number of carts to ferry manure to Feltham from London; however, as his holdings grew and technology progressed, he chose to try a more efficient method. <mask> otained permission to build a railway leading to his farm and purchased three rail carts to carry manure as well as his own driving engine.This allowed for workers previously engaged in moving manure to spend their time elsewhere, thus creating more efficiency. Politics
The passing of the Local Government Act of 1894 caused a rift in Feltham; the once united town began to divide over the issues it raised. At this time <mask> was approached by some fellow community members and was encouraged to run, so he did in order to maintain the current rates on property. He was elected with a majority to be Chairman of the First Parish Council of Feltham; however, he only attended one meeting after which he declared public life was too slow for him. He remained nominal chair and a co-chair was elected by the rest of the group. The End of the Story
<mask> continued work in much the same manner for a number of years. He acquired more land in several different purchases as late as 1920.He worked tirelessly until his death in 1927 caused by heat failure after a bout with influenza at 71. He is buried in Feltham cemetery. References

English gardeners
English businesspeople
1855 births
1927 deaths

masks:
Alfred William Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Henry Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


texts:
<mask> (April 28, 1919 – May 10, 2008) was an American hymnist. <mask> was born to a Lutheran pastor of Slovak descent in Lorain, Ohio, where his father, Rev. <mask>, was a pastor. <mask>'s father served parishes in Emporia, Virginia, Racine, Wisconsin, and finally, from 1926 until his retirement, in East Chicago, Indiana at Holy Trinity Slovak Lutheran Church. <mask>'s father and mother (Mary Gecy) were both originally from Hazleton, Pennsylvania. <mask> had two brothers, Ludovit and Edward, both pastors, now deceased. <mask> himself pastored parishes in Cranesville, Pennsylvania (1945–1949), Alexandria, Indiana (1949–1953), Tarentum, Pennsylvania (1953–1963), and St. Louis Missouri (1963–1976).<mask> received musical training in childhood and began translating classical Slovak poetry at age 15, when three delegates from the cultural institute of Slovakia visited his father's home and left a box of books of Slovak literature. <mask> did not write his first hymn until age 49. From that time until his death in 2008 at age 89, he wrote over 200 original and translated hymns that appear worldwide in more than 65 hymnals. He also published two collections of hymn texts, numerous books, translations, and articles. <mask> served on hymnal commissions for Hymnal Supplement (1969) and Lutheran Book of Worship (1978). In recognition of his significant contributions to the world of Christian hymnody, <mask> was named a Fellow of The Hymn Society in the United States and Canada. He also received an honorary doctorate degree from his alma mater, Concordia Seminary, in 2007.<mask> was a Fellow of the Hymn Society in the United States and Canada, and was the recipient of numerous honorary doctorates recognizing hymnal contributions. After 18 years in a mostly bilingual ministry, he became the editor of This Day Magazine and then became a book editor and developer at Concordia Publishing House. He retired in 1986. Hymns

List of hymns written or translated by <mask> Vajda:

 "A Comet Blazed Across the Skies"
 "A Cuckoo Flew Out of the Wood"
 "A Dove Flew Down from Heaven"
 "A Life Begins, a Child Is Born"
 "A Woman and a Coin"
 "Add One More Song"
 "All Bless the God of Israel"
 "All Glory, Praise, and Blessing"
 "All Things Are Yours"
 "All Who Crave a Greater Measure"
 "Amid the World's Bleak Wilderness"
 "Around the World the Shout Resounds"
 "As Once in Eden Music Filled the Air"
 "As Out of the Stem the Branch Grows"
 "Ascending, Christ Returns to God"
 "Astonished by Your Empty Tomb"
 "Be Happy, Saints"
 "Be Happy, Then"
 "Before the Marvel of This Night"
 "Before Your Awesome Majesty"
 "Begin the Song of Glory Now"
 "Beside Your Manger-bed I Stand"
 "Blessed Be the Precious Baby"
 "Blessed Chosen Generation"
 "Blessed Jesus, Living Bread"
 "Break Forth in Praise to God"
 "Breath of the Living God"
 "By a Lake We Come to Know You"
 "Catch the Vision! Share the Glory!" "Hymn of the Night"
 "I Have a Father You Would Like"
 "I Praise You, Lord, in Every Hour"
 "If God Is Absent, All the Cost"
 "In Bethlehem a Wonder"
 "In Darkest Night"
 "In Hopelessness and Near Despair"
 "In the Streets, in Home and Workplace"
 "Jesus, Come and Crown This Day with Blessing"
 "Jesus, Immanuel"
 "Jesus, Take Us to the Mountain"
 "Jesus, When You Preached"
 "Just As a Happy Bride"
 "Leap, World, for Joy"
 "Let All Who Captive Lie"
 "Let Our Gladness Banish Sadness"
 "Let Us All Give Thanks and Sing"
 "Let Us Praise Our Gracious God"
 "Let Us Sing With Heart and Voice"
 "Light the Candle"
 "Lo, What a Wonder"
 "Look! Judah's Lion Wins the Strife"
 "Lord Jesus Christ, Your Presence Here"
 "Lord of Lords, Adored by Angels"
 "Lord, As You Taught Us Once to Pray"
 "Lord, I Must Praise You"
 "Make Songs of Joy"
 "Mark This Moment and This Place"
 "My Crown of Creation"
 "No Greater Love Was Ever Known"
 "Not in Lightning, Storm, and Thunder"
 "Now Go to Sleep"
 "Now Shine, Bright Glow of Majesty"
 "Now the Silence"
 "Now to This Babe So Tender"
 "Now, at the Peak of Wonder"
 "O Day of Days, the Day I Found"
 "O Dearest Friend"
 "O Father, Send the Spirit Down"
 "O God, Eternal Father, Lord"
 "O Joyous Christmas Night"
 "O Lord, How Shall I Meet You?""Of All God's Gifts"
 "Oh, What Tidings Bright"
 "On a Lonely Field"
 "One by One the Spirit Calls Us"
 "Out of the Forest a Cuckoo Flew"
 "Out to the Hills"
 "Pass in Review"
 "Peace Came to Earth"
 "Readings from Acts, Versified"
 "Remember, Lord, the Times You Called Me"
 "Rise Up, Bethl'em Shepherds, Rise"
 "Rock-a-bye, My Dear Little Boy"
 "See Mary Setting Out at Dawn"
 "See One Born in a Stable Stall"
 "See the Human Heart"
 "See This Wonder in the Making"
 "Shepherds All, Come"
 "Shepherds of Bethlehem"
 "Shine Like Stars"
 "Simon, Simon, Do You Love Me?" "Since You Are Risen from the Dead"
 "Sleep Softly, Softly, Beautiful Jesus"
 "Sleep Well, Dear Heavenly Boy"
 "Sleep, My Little One"
 "Slumber, Lovely Baby"
 "So Much to Sing About"
 "Someone Special (Teachers)"
 "Someone Special"
 "Son of God, Which Christmas Is It?" "What Love, Lord Jesus, That You Go"
 "What Would the World Be Like?" "When God's Dread Judgment Bursts Abroad"
 "When the Seed of Faith Is Planted"
 "When You Woke That Thursday Morning"
 "Where Shepherds Lately Knelt"
 "Where the Swallow Makes Her Nest"
 "Where You Are, There Is Life"
 "While Mary Rocks Her Child to Rest"
 "Who Can Conceive the One True God"
 "Who Could Have Dreamt a Land Like This?" "Who Is the One We Love the Most"
 "Who Is This Who Comes from Nowhere?" "Who's That Sitting on the Ground?" "Witness Our Best Gift from Heaven"
 "Wondering Child of God"
 "World, for All Your Gain and Pleasure"
 "You Are the King"
 "You Are the Rock"
 "You Are the Shepherd"
 "You Have a Special Place"
 "You Hear the Hungry Crying"
 "You Said, Pray Thus"
 "You, Jesus, Are My Shepherd True"
 "Your Brightness, Christ, Consumes the Night"
 "Your Heart, O God, Is Grieved"
 "You're My Good Shepherd"
 "Zion, Dwelling of the Lord"

References

1919 births
2008 deaths
American Lutheran hymnwriters
Christian poets
American lyricists
20th-century American poets
Slovak–English translators
American Lutherans
20th-century translators
Lutheran poets
20th-century Lutherans
Alumni of Concordia Seminary

masks:
Jaroslav Vajda
Vajda
John Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Jaroslav
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Vajda
Jaroslav


texts:
<mask>, born in 1780 in Bordeaux, died at Valenciennes on 23 September 1822. His first name is sometimes given as Jean-Baptiste, and his family name is variously spelled as Cabri, Cabry, Cabris, Kabrit or Cadiche. He was a sailor who was shipwrecked in the Marquesas Islands in 1795 where he integrated into the local society as evidence by his full-body tattoos marked his acceptance. After leaving the island, he was presented to the courts of Europe as an object of curiosity. Falling onto hard times, he exhibited himself at fairs before dying of illness in the north of France at the age of 42. Biography
Little is know of his youth except that which comes from different brochures which were undoubtedly dictated by him as he was most likely illiterate. He said that he began his life as a sailor quite young, at the age of 14, embarking on the corsair Doumouriez commanded by a captain Renault..The Douriez captured a Spanish galleon and was returning to France when it was captured by a squadron of six English vessels and a frigate. <mask> was taken prisoner and sent to the prison ships (hulks) at Portsmouth, England for 15 months. He returned to service in the royal army and participated in skirmishes around Quiberon. He was wounded in combat and swam over to the British frigate Diamond (captained by Smith) which was anchored in the harbor. Carried to England, he recovered there before resuming work on a whaler (captained by Kuite). He left Portsmouth on May 8, 1795 for the South Seas on the English brig London captained by Gardner. He claimed that his ship was wrecked near Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands) and made it to land along with an English sailor, Edward Robarts with whom he did not remain friends.In fact, he deserted his ship in March 1798 along with an English sailor named Walker and took refuge on the island of Nuku Hiva. Shipwrecked in the Marquesas Islands
Kabris, who was thought to have been killed by cannibals, was integrated into the tribe. After a barren first marriage, he married the king's daughter. The king of Nuku Hiva was fond of him and personally tattooed Kabris over all of his body. He named him "Grand Judge of All Countries" with the corresponding tattoo (mehama: a sun on both eyelids). In May 1804, Captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern, who was making an around-the-world voyage, disembarked on the island. He was happy to find the Englishman Roberts (also called Robarts) and the Frenchman Kabris (called Cabri) to serve as his guides.It was Krusenstern and the expedition's naturalist, Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, who describe the enmity between the two men and who recorded information about Kabris, "he has become entirely Nukuhivan," with his tattoos, his swimming technique, and his comportment as a warrior. He claims to never have become a cannibal," a claim Langsdorff did not believe. Krusenstern stated that Kabris had nearly forgotten his mother tongue but that he spoke English well enough. As his memory returned, he was able to give the name of his father and his city of origin (Bordeaux) which he evoked in an enigmatic way, "Lots of candles, lots of violins, lots of music, the women, the ladies." Object of Curiosity in Europe
18 May 1804, Kabris embarked, perhaps by accident, on the Russian ship sailing towards Kamtchatka. In August of the same year, he finally arrived at Kamtchatka. Without knowing Russian, he crossed Siberia to reach Saint Petersburg.With his tattoos, he was presented as a curiosity to Czar Alexander I of Russia who kept him thirteen years in his service as a swimming instructor at the Naval academy of Kronstadt. He remade his life, marrying a French woman named Ariane. He frequented the company of journalist and writer Thaddeus Bulgarin who reported, in his memoirs, that Kabris spoke a very bad mixture of Russian and French which was difficult to follow as it was mixed with the language of savages." In 1817, he returned to France aboard a ship of the Russian fleet. Sometime after disembarking at Calais on 26 June 1817, he was presented by Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu to Louis XVIII who granted him a sum of money. To earn a living, he would dress as the king of Nuku Hiva, and speaking Marquesan would show his tattoos in fairs, he would also publish pamphlets retelling his life and print engravings showing his royal attributes which he would sell to those who came to see him at the fairs. He hoped to buy some tilling equipment and seed to bring back to Nuku Hiva, and rejoin his family which he left behind on the island of Marquise.But, he was struck by illness and did not realize his plans. He died on 23 September 1822 at the hospital of Valenciennes, 42 years old, a day after recounting his adventures to a judge in Valenciennes. Legacy
Father Patrick O'Reilly, then secretary general of the Société des Océanistes, believed that the accounts provided by Kabris and Robarts were the first ethnological observations carried out in this archipelago. The two were an indispensable help to captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern during their time in the Marquesas, thanks to their knowledge of the language and local customs. They were also the first to note the cannibalistic activities of the islanders, which neither Captain Cook, his naturalist Forster, during the second voyage of the expedition (1774), nor Captain Marchand in 1791 had noted. Captain Krusenstern wrote, "The two europeans that we found in Nuku Hiva and who had lived several years on this island, agreed that the inhabitants are depraved, barbaric, and with exception, without excluding even women, cannibals in the fullest extent of the term. He took care to verify this by examining the shattered skulls of their victims.It was also according to their information that Captain Krusenstern estimated that the population of Nuku Hiva in 1804 was 16,000 individuals. References

Further reading

Autobiographical Pamphlets by <mask>bris

Works Concerning <mask>s

1780 births
1822 deaths
Marquesas Islands
French sailors
Shipwrecked people

masks:
Joseph Kabris
Kabris
Joseph Ka
Joseph Kabri


texts:
<mask> is a Scottish musician, songwriter and record producer. Mair's music career spans more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as the co-founder and bass guitarist for the English rock band the Only Ones, co-producing their second studio album Even Serpents Shine and writing and singing "My Way Out of Here" for their third and final album Baby's Got a Gun. They released a top 60 hit in 1992 with the single "Another Girl, Another Planet". The band has maintained a cult following throughout its existence. Mair began his solo career in 2014, while still a member of the Only Ones. Career
Mair grew up in the Glasgow area.He began playing guitar at about age 13 and gained experience in various bands during the 1960s. In 1962, <mask> and Eddie Campbell formed the Glasgow band The Beatstalkers. The line-up included Davie Lennox on vocals, Eddie Campbell on guitar, <mask> on bass and 'Tudge' Williamson on drums (replaced by Jeff Allen). Later Ronnie Smith joined the group on rhythm guitar. Under the management of Joe Gaffney, the band went on to become Scotland's "top group" at the time. They were called the "Scottish Beatles" by the local press because of the screaming and riots that occurred anywhere they made an appearance; although the band toured England and Europe many times, had a 6-week sell-out residency at the famous Marquee Club and performed on the TV show Ready Steady Go!, they never achieved the same dizzy heights of success as they did in Scotland. The band signed a recording contract with Decca Records.Their records sold thousands of copies in Scotland, but with only two chart shops in Scotland their sales made no impact on the UK charts. They split in 1969 after their van was stolen with all their equipment in it. After The Beatstalkers decided to call it a day in 1969 Mair began making leather clothes and hand made boots for rock bands the likes of Yes, Santana, The Tremolos, David Bowie, Uriah Heep and many more. A short time later in 1970 he opened shops in Kensington Market, Kings Road and High street Kensington selling handmade leather stacked heel boots which he was making in his own factory in Kentish Town. In 1971 he employed Freddie Mercury of the rock band Queen at his Kensington Market shop as his shop manager from 1971 until 1974. On one occasion after being at a party Freddie told <mask> that everyone at the party, including the girls, had his boots on, and said "I don’t know if you realise but you’re not considered hip unless you have on a pair of <mask>r boots". After a five-year spell in the fashion world Mair was drawn back to the music business.He joined the Al Matthews Band. who had a couple of hit records. When The Al Matthews band split, Mair answered an advert in Melody Maker and went for an audition with Roger Chapman’s band “Streetwalkers” at Mano’s Studios in Lots Road. During a break he wandered into the studio next door and found himself watching The Only Ones rehearse. On leaving the studio Mike Kellie enquired who <mask> was and found out he was a bass player. Without hearing him play Kellie said he felt a spiritual connection and that he was the bass player they were looking for. He joined The Only Ones in August 1976.They signed to CBS and recorded 3 studio albums, of which their first album “The Only Ones and “Even Serpents Shine” received critical acclaim. The Only Ones included lead vocalist Peter Perrett, guitarist John Perry and drummer and ex-Spooky Tooth member Mike Kellie. Their first single, "Lovers of Today", was self-released on the Vengeance record label, and a year later they signed to CBS. Their next single "Another Girl, Another Planet" became the band's best-known song. The band released The Only Ones in 1978, which was well received. The next year they released Even Serpents Shine, and a year later, they released their final studio album, Baby's Got a Gun. In the summer of 1980, they supported the Who on their tour of the United States.In 1982, the band officially disbanded. In subsequent years, The Only Ones gained a cult following, and compilation albums now outnumber their official studio albums. Later career
In 2002 <mask> was asked by Alec Downie if he wanted to record a Frankie Miller song for an album that was a tribute to Miller’s song writing and also a fundraiser for the Glaswegian musician who was recovering from a brain haemorrhage. After the release of the album a concert was to follow at the Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow in September 2002, which <mask> performed at. He said, “It was an amazing night full of Scottish talent and it was a blast to be performing at the Barrowland again”. Mair currently lives in London and has played in both of his band reunions. On 23 December 2005, he played in a Beatstalkers reunion in Glasgow.In 2007, Mair was the driving force in reforming the Only Ones, who performed to a sell-out show at Shepherd's Bush Empire. This was followed by shows at the O2 Wireless Festival in London's Hyde Park and Harewood House in Yorkshire with the White Stripes, and the first ever Connect Festival at Inveraray Castle in Scotland where they shared bills with Primal Scream, Big Star, and Johnny Marr. In 2009, they extended their touring to take in the Netherlands, Japan, Hultsfred Festival in Sweden, and in 2012, they played at the Rebellion Festival in Blackpool and headlined the Opera House stage in The Winter Gardens on Saturday 4 August. Mair remastered all three CBS studio albums for the band, which were re-released with bonus tracks in February 2009. In 2014, Mair started to record tracks for a solo album Field of One planned for release on his own label IKA Records. His debut single "Four Winds", taken from the album was released in December 2014, and his second single "Stairway to Hell" was released in August 2015. Mair also signed other groups to IKA Records including Zal Cleminson's "Tandoori Cassette"

References

External links

Scottish bass guitarists
20th-century Scottish male singers
Scottish record producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from London
British rock bass guitarists
Punk rock bass guitarists
Scottish new wave musicians
Scottish punk rock musicians
The Only Ones members
Male bass guitarists

masks:
Alan Mair
Mair
Mair
Alan
Alan Mai
Alan
Alan Mair
Alan


texts:
<mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork,  (25 April 1694 – 4 December 1753) was an Anglo-Irish architect and noble often called the "Apollo of the Arts" and the "Architect Earl". The son of the 2nd Earl of Burlington and 3rd Earl of Cork, <mask> never took more than a passing interest in politics despite his position as a Privy Counsellor and a member of both the British House of Lords and the Irish House of Lords. His great interests in life were architecture and landscaping, and he is remembered for being a builder and a patron of architects, craftsmen and landscapers, Indeed, he is credited with bringing Palladian architecture to Britain and Ireland. His major projects include Burlington House, Westminster School, Chiswick House and Northwick Park. Life

Lord <mask> was born in Yorkshire into a wealthy Anglo-Irish aristocratic family, the only son of Charles Boyle, 2nd Earl of Burlington and his wife, Juliana Boyle nee Noel (1672–1750). He succeeded to his titles and extensive estates in Yorkshire and Ireland at the age of nine, after his father's death in February 1704. During his minority, which lasted until 1715, his English and Irish lands, as also his political interests and patronages, were managed by his mother.<mask> showed a fondness for music at an early age. Georg Frideric Handel dedicated two operas to <mask> while staying at his residence Burlington House: Teseo and Amadigi di Gaula. According to Hawkins, Francesco Barsanti dedicated the six recorder sonatas of his Op. 1 to <mask>, although the dedication must have appeared on the edition sold by Peter Bressan, before Walsh & Hare engraved the works c. 1727. Three foreign Grand Tours taken between 1714 and 1719, and a further trip to Paris in 1726, gave him opportunities to develop his taste. His professional skill as an architect (always supported by a mason-contractor) was extraordinary in an English aristocrat. He carried his copy of Andrea Palladio's book I quattro libri dell'architettura with him when touring the Veneto in 1719, but made notes on a number of blank pages, having found the region flooded and many villas inaccessible.It was on this tour that he acquired the passion for Palladian architecture. In 1719, he was one of the main subscribers of the Royal Academy of Music, a corporation that produced baroque opera on stage. Lord <mask>'s first project, appropriately, was one of his own London residences, Burlington House, where he dismissed his baroque architect James Gibbs when he returned from the continent in 1719, and employed the Scottish architect Colen Campbell, with the history-painter-turned-designer William Kent assigned for the interiors. The courtyard front of Burlington House, prominently sited in Piccadilly, was the first major executed statement of Neo-Palladianism. In the 1720s, <mask> and Campbell parted, and <mask> was assisted in his projects by the young <mask> ("<mask> Harry"), who developed into a major architect of the second Neo-Palladian generation, Daniel Garrett, a straightforward Palladian architect of the second rank, and some draughtsmen. Lord <mask> never closely inspected Roman ruins or made detailed drawings on the sites; he relied on Palladio and Scamozzi as his interpreters of the classic tradition to do so. <mask>'s Palladio drawings include many reconstructions of Vitruvius' Roman buildings, which he planned to publish.In the meantime, he adapted the palazzo facade in the illustration for the London house of General Wade at Old Burlington Street in 1723, which was published for Vitruvius Britannicus iii (1725). This publication put a previously unknown Palladio design into circulation. Another source of his inspiration were drawings he collected, some drawings of Palladio himself which had belonged to Inigo Jones, and many more of Inigo Jones' pupil John Webb, which William Kent published in 1727 (although a date of 1736 is generally accepted) as "Some Designs of Mr Inigo Jones"... with some additional designs that were by Kent and <mask>. The important role of Jones' pupil Webb in transmitting the palladian-neo-palladian heritage was not understood until the 20th century. By the early 1730s, Palladian style had triumphed as the generally accepted manner for a British country house or public building. For the rest of his life, <mask> was "the Apollo of the arts" as Horace Walpole phrased it— and Kent, "his proper priest." In 1739, <mask> was involved in the founding of a new charitable organisation called the Foundling Hospital.<mask> was a governor of the charity, but did not formally take part in planning the construction of this large Bloomsbury children's home, completed in 1742. The architect for the building was a Theodore Jacobsen, who took on the commission as an act of charity. Many of Lord <mask>'s projects have suffered from rebuilding or additions, from fire, or from losses due to urban sprawl. In many cases, his ideas were informal: at Holkham Hall, the architect Matthew Brettingham recalled that "the general ideas were first struck out by the Earl of Burlington and the Earl of Leicester, assisted by Mr. William Kent." Brettingham's engraved publication of Holkham credited <mask> specifically with the ceilings for the portico and the north dressing-room. Lord <mask>'s architectural drawings, inherited by his son-in-law, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, are preserved at Chatsworth House, and enable attributions that would not otherwise be possible. In 1751, he sent some of his drawings to Francesco Algarotti in Potsdam, together with a book on Vitruvius.Major projects
 Burlington House, Piccadilly, London:  Lord <mask>'s own contribution to the house is likely to have been restricted to the former colonnade (demolished 1868) of the building. A monumental screening gateway to Piccadilly was built and the principle interiors of the house were reconstructed with typical Palladian features. In London, <mask> offered designs for features at several aristocratic free-standing dwellings, none of which have survived: Queensbury House in Burlington Gardens (a gateway); Warwick House, Warwick Street (interiors); Richmond House, Whitehall (the main building). Tottenham House, Wiltshire, for his brother-in-law, Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury: Built from 1721, executed by Lord <mask>'s protégé <mask> (enlarged and remodelled since). In the original house, the high corner pavilion blocks of Inigo Jones' Wilton House were provided with the "Palladian window" motif to be seen at Burlington House. <mask>, with a good eye for garden effects, also designed the ornamental buildings in the park (now demolished). Westminster School, the Dormitory: Built between 1722 – 1730 (altered, bombed, and restored), the first public work by Lord <mask>, for which Sir Christopher Wren had provided a design which was rejected in favor of <mask>'s, exhibited as a triumph for the Palladians and a sign of changing English taste.Old Burlington Street, London: Houses, including one for General Wade which was built in 1723 (demolished). General Wade's house rendered the genuine Palladio facade in Lord <mask>'s collection of drawings. Waldershare Park, Kent, the Belvedere Tower: Built between 1725 – 27. A design for an eye-catcher garden that might have been attributed to Colen Campbell were it not have been for a ground plan found among Lord <mask>'s drawings at Chatsworth House. Chiswick House Villa, Middlesex: The "Casina" in the gardens, constructed in 1717, was Lord <mask>'s first essay. The villa, built between 1727 and 1729, is considered to be the finest remaining example of Neo-Palladain architecture in London and one of the gems of European 18th-century architecture. An attempt made by <mask> to create a Roman villa situated in a symbolic Roman garden.He built the villa with enough space to house his art collection, regarded as containing "some of the best pictures in Europe", and his more select pieces of furniture, some of which was purchased on his first Grand Tour of Europe in 1714. Sevenoaks School, School House: Built in 1730. The school depicts classic Palladian work, commissioned by <mask>'s friend Elijah Fenton. The York Assembly Rooms: Built between 1731 – 32 (facade remodelled). In the basilica-like space, Lord <mask> attempted an archaeological reconstruction "with doctrinaire exactitude" (Colvin 1995) of the "Egyptian Hall" described by Vitruvius, as it had been interpreted in Palladio's Quattro Libri. The result was one of the grandest Palladian public spaces. Castle Hill, Devonshire.Northwick Park, Gloucestershire. Kirby Hall, Yorkshire (an elevation). Marriage and children

<mask> married Lady Dorothy Savile on 21 March 1720, the daughter of William Savile, 2nd Marquess of Halifax and his second wife, Lady Mary Finch. Mary was the daughter of Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham and Lady Essex Rich (died 1684). Essex was the daughter of Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, and Anne Cheeke. Anne was the daughter of Sir Thomas Cheeke of Pirgo and an earlier Lady Essex Rich (died 1659). This Lady Essex was the daughter of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick and Lady Penelope Devereux.Essex was probably named after her maternal grandfather Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex. Her maternal grandmother was Lettice Knollys. They had three daughters:
 Lady Dorothy Boyle (14 May 1724 – 2 May 1742). She was married to George FitzRoy, Earl of Euston, second son of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton and Lady Henrietta Somerset. No known descendants. Lady Julianna Boyle (1727–1730). Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Boyle (27 October 1731 – 8 December 1754).She married William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington (later Duke of Devonshire after her death). They were parents to William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington, and two other children. <mask> died at Chiswick House, aged 59. Upon his death, the Earldom of Cork passed to a cousin, John Boyle, and the title of the Earl of Burlington became extinct. It was recreated in 1831 for his grandson, George Cavendish, and is now held by the Cavendish family as a courtesy title for the Dukes of Devonshire. Gallery of architectural works

References

Additional sources
Howard Colvin (1995). Dictionary of British Architects.3rd ed. Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759. National Portrait Gallery, London. External links
 <mask>, Earl of Burlington
 Lord Burlington
 <mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Further reading
 Arnold, Dana (Ed. ), Belov'd by Ev'ry Muse. <mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington & 4th Earl of Cork (1694–1753).Essays to celebrate the tercentenary of the birth of <mask>. London, Georgian Group. 1994. Harris, John, The Palladians. London, Trefoil. 1981. RIBA Drawings Series.Includes a number of <mask>'s designs. Lees-Milne, James, The Earls of Creation. London, Century Hutchinson. 1986. Chapter III: <mask>, 3rd Earl of Burlington (1694–1753). Wilton-Ely, John (Intro. ), Apollo of the Arts: <mask> and His Circle.Nottingham University Art Gallery. 1973. Exhibition catalogue. Wittkower, Rudolf, Palladio and English Palladianism. London, Thames and Hudson. Rep. 1985. Chapter 8: <mask> and William Kent.Chapter 9: <mask>'s Work at York. Chapter 10: <mask> at Northwick Park. 1694 births
1753 deaths
18th-century English architects
04
Richard
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04
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
People from the East Riding of Yorkshire
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
Lord High Treasurers of Ireland
Neoclassical architects
18th-century Irish landowners
Members of the Kit-Kat Club
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
Architects from Yorkshire

masks:
Richard Boyle
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Lord Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Henry Flitcroft
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Lord Burlington
Lord Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Henry Flitcroft
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Lord Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Burlington
Richard Boyle
Richard Boyle
Richard Boyle
Lord Burlington
Burlington
Richard Boyle
Lord Burlington
Lord Burlington
Lord Burlington
Lord Burlington


texts:
<mask> is the second and best known lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and founding member of Arkansas's Christian metal band Living Sacrifice. The lead vocalist role was left to <mask> shortly after the departure of former lead Darren Johnson and prior to the recording of Living Sacrifice's 1997 album, Reborn. Fitzhugh is featured in Zao's The Lesser Lights of Heaven DVD. <mask>'s nephew is Drew Garrison, Vocalist for Descended From Wolves and Becoming Saints. He has been involved in many other music endeavors such as producing The Showdown's debut album, A Chorus Of Obliteration. He also produced albums for Zao, Further Seems Forever, Few Left Standing, and Eso-Charis. He is also a guest vocalist on Demon Hunter's album Storm the Gates of Hell on the song "Sixteen".In 2015, Fitzhugh stated in an interview with Mark Salomon, that Living Sacrifice is currently writing new music. Fitzhugh, along with Demon Hunter guitarist and Showdown bassist, Jeremiah Scott, wrote two songs titled "Made for War" and "Defend the Crown" for the Killing Floor 2 Soundtrack. In 2015, Fitzhugh, along with Travis Turner (ex-Aletheian, Solamors) and Alex Kenis (ex-Becoming the Archetype, Aletheian, Solamors), recorded a cover of Megadeth's "Holy Wars... The Punishment Due" cover in honor of the 25th anniversary of the song. Fitzhugh owned a label titled: "Seize the Day Records". Fitzhugh formed the company, Zambooie with Mike Lewis (Puller, For Love Not Lisa) and later Billy Power (Blenderhead) and currently works at Manhead Merch. History
<mask>gh began his musical career in 1989, joining Darren Johnson and Lance Garvin in the band Living Sacrifice.The three would be joined by Jason Truby on lead guitars. Fitzhugh and Johnson became friends during high school and Fitzhugh became friends with Garvin shortly thereafter. The band's first show was on December 1, 1989 in front of a hall of nurses. Living Sacrifice would record a demo, titled Not Yielding to Ungodly, with Fitzhugh performing rhythm guitars, which was released in 1990. The demo was influenced by early Slayer, drawing from thrash metal influences. The demo would get into the hands of Kurt Bachman and Joey Daub of Believer, which led to the band signing with R.E.X. Records.In 1991, the band would enter the studio to record their debut self-titled album, which would be released through R.E.X. as the band's label debut. Around 1992, the band would switch styles with Johnson switching to a guttural vocal style and Garvin incorporating blast beats. In this new death metal style, the band entered the studio to record Nonexistent, with the band driving all the way from Little Rock, Arkansas to Nashville, Tennessee. During the recording process, Fitzhugh and the other members were upset with the engineer who was hired for the record, which led to them asking him to step aside. With this in mind, Fitzhugh and the members of Living Sacrifice began to engineer the record and mixed their record at that time. Fitzhugh also was not a fan of Johnson's change in vocal style, however, by the next release, his style adjusted.In 1994, the band released Inhabit, which was recorded in Pennsylvania with Daub and Bachman. The band had left on Christmas Day in 1993 and began recording on December 27 until early 1993. Following the release, the band came to the realization that R.E.X. was not paying them their royalties, which led to a confrontation that resulted in the band being released from their contract and owning the rights to their first three albums. In 1995, Johnson departed from the band. Not wanting to bring anyone new in as their vocalist, Fitzhugh and Truby would both try for the position. However, Truby would lose his voice, while Fitzhugh's continued to get better.With this in mind, and still requiring a bassist, the three would hire Chris Truby as their bassist, Jason's older brother. Taking time to record their demo with this new lineup, featuring four-songs, including "Spirit Fall", "Sellout", "Reborn", and "Awakening". The band would record Reborn, their fourth and most impactful release, at this time. Brandon Ebel of Tooth & Nail Records would create Solid State Records at this time and sign Living Sacrifice as their first artist. Fitzhugh would debut on vocals and the band's style changed exponentially, aiming towards a more metalcore style. The album was released in 1997 through Solid State Records, being the label's fourth official release, behind Overcome's When Beauty Dies, Strongarm's Advent of a Miracle, and Zao's The Splinter Shards the Birth of Separation. The band would record at Barry Poynter's studio in Arkansas, which all the members were onboard with rather than having to drive to different states to record.In 1998, Fitzhugh would produce Zao's Where Blood and Fire Bring Rest at Poynter's studio, which would also be released through Solid State Records. Fitzhugh would also make his first guest appearance on Embodyment's Embrace the Eternal. Fitzhugh also produced the band Eso-Charis' debut album. To release the album for Eso-Charis, Fitzhugh created the record label Seize the Day Records. While on tour, Living Sacrifice, Eso-Charis, and Embodyment, during a stop in California, Fitzhugh and Eso-Charis picked up their CDs from Wuv Bernardo of P.O.D. By the end of 1998, the Truby brothers departed from the band, which led to Fitzhugh and Garvin hiring on Cory Putman and Jay Stacy on guitars and bass respectively for a time, with the permanent position being filled by Rocky Gray (ex-Shredded Corpse) and Arthur Green (ex-Eso-Charis). Andrew Godwin (Embodyment) would initially be asked by Fitzhugh, however, he could not move from Texas to Arkansas.With Gray and Green on board, the band would also hire on Cory's brother, Matt Putman as an additional percussionist. At this time, Fitzhugh produced metallic hardcore band, Few Left Standing, for their debut album Regeneration of Self. According to Vocalist Chris Stafford, the band likely made Fitzhugh mad during the process, which is why he did not produce their second effort. The five members of Living Sacrifice would begin working on their fifth album, titled The Hammering Process, which would be released in late 2000. The album would be well-received, and like their album before, Reborn, was both released through Solid State and would be credited for being a forefather of the predominate genre, in this case groove metal. Fitzhugh's vocal range would become even lower than Reborn at this time. Two years later, Living Sacrifice would begin recording their sixth album, Conceived in Fire.At the time, Fitzhugh was unimpressed with it but was happy how it turned out in the end. Fitzhugh would begin to get burnt out on the band at this time and felt a need to remain home with his family and be involved with his children growing up. By 2002, Fitzhugh began the label XS Records alongside former Puller and For Love Not Lisa member Mike Lewis, which would release records from Echocast, Stavesacre, Josh Todd, and Embodyment. On the Embodyment album, Songs for the Living, Fitzhugh was A&R for the record. Fitzhugh began to transition full-control to Garvin. Gray had departed to join Evanescence as their drummer, while Cory Putman returned as a guitarist. The initial plan was for Cory to take over vocals following Fitzhugh's departure and for Bryan Gray (The Blamed, ex-Left Out, ex-Six Feet Deep, ex-Blenderhead) to join on lead guitars.However, during Fitzhugh's final tour, Garvin decided to break the band up, with all the members going their separate ways in 2003. Following their disbanding, Fitzhugh would work on melodic death metal and southern metal band The Showdown's debut album, A Chorus of Obliteration, as a producer, with the album being released through Solid State. In 2005, Living Sacrifice released a compilation In Memoriam, which saw Fitzhugh, Gray, and Garvin reunite to record three new songs. After the breakup, Fitzhugh and his former business partner and labelmate Mike Lewis would create the merchandise company known as Zambooie. Billy Power of Blenderhead would also join the company as a business owner. The company would hire several people in the music industry or who would go on into the music industry, most notably Andy Atkins of A Plea for Purging. In 2007, Fitzhugh produced another album by Further Seems Forever, former members of Strongarm, for their third album, The Final Curtain.In 2008, Living Sacrifice would reunite with Fitzhugh returning to the helm of vocals and rhythm guitars, with Gray returning on lead guitars, Green on bass, and Garvin on drums. With this reunion, the band recorded a two-song EP, Death Machine, which would be released independently. Re-signing with Solid State, the band began working on a new album, which would be titled The Infinite Order, which would be produced by their longtime friend Jeremiah Scott (Demon Hunter, The Showdown, Destroy Destroy Destroy) and mixed by Andy Sneap (Hell). In 2013, the band would release their eight studio album, Ghost Thief, which also saw Scott producing the record again. In 2015, Tripwire Interactive, a video game company owned by John Gibson, released the video game Killing Floor 2, with the soundtrack featuring several Living Sacrifice tracks, including a re-recorded version of "Something More" off of Reject. Fitzhugh and Scott would also write two songs, "Made for War" and "Defend the Crown", exclusively for the video game release. In 2020, Living Sacrifice planned a release for their 30th anniversary of a documentary of the band, which would also see a show with them and The Blamed, with members of the current lineup and former lineups performing, as well as Mark Garza of Embodyment and The Famine.However, due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the release and show was postponed. Discography
With Living Sacrifice
 Not Yielding to Ungodly Demo (1989)
Living Sacrifice (1991)
Nonexistent (1992)
Metamorphosis (1993)
Inhabit (1994)
Living Sacrifice '95 Demo (1995)
Reborn (1997)
The Hammering Process (2000)
Subtle Alliance (2002)
Conceived in Fire (2002)
In Memoriam (2005)
Death Machine (2008)
The Infinite Order (2010)
Ghost Thief (2013)

As <mask>gh & Jeremiah Scott
 "Made for War" (2015)
 "Defend the Crown" (2015)

As Megabruce
 "Holy Wars... The Punishment Due" (2015; Originally performed by Megadeth)

Guest vocals
"Lies" on the album Origin by Evanescence (2000)
"Dagon Undone – The Reckoning" on the album A Chorus Of Obliteration by The Showdown (2004)
"Sixteen" on the album Storm the Gates of Hell by Demon Hunter (2007)
"Religious Infamy" on the album Embrace the Eternal by Embodyment (1998)
"The Electric Boogaloo" on the album Danza II: Electric Boogaloo by The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza (2007)
“Transhuman” on the album Mythos by Soul Embraced (2013)
"S.O.T.S." on the album Wait for the Siren by Project 86 (2012)
"The Mountain" on the album Possession by Benea Reach (2002)
"Tear Us Apart" on the album Flesh & Blood by No Innocent Victim (1999)
"The Escapist" the single, by Broken by the Burden (2014)
"Lost" on the album Oh, the Suffering, by Becoming Saints (2016)
"Breathing Murder" on the album Inhabit, by Living Sacrifice, covered by Aletheian (2002, Live)

Production
Where Blood and Fire Bring Rest - Zao (1998)
Eso-Charis - Eso-Charis (1998)
Regeneration of Self - Few Left Standing (1999)
Songs for the Living - Embodyment (2002)
A Chorus of Obliteration - The Showdown (2004)
The Final Curtain - Further Seems Forever (2007)

References

External links
 . HM Magazine. Retrieved on June 29, 2016. American heavy metal guitarists
American heavy metal singers
American male singers
Christian metal musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American performers of Christian music
Solid State Records artists
American male guitarists
Living Sacrifice members

masks:
Bruce Fitzhugh
Bruce
Fitzhugh
Bruce Fitzhu
Bruce Fihu