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<mask><mask> (born October 27, 1952) is an American computer scientist and academic noted for his research on formally verifying digital hardware and software. <mask> has been a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University since 1984. He served as the Dean of the School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon from 2004 to 2014. Dr. <mask> retired and became a Founders University Professor Emeritus on June 30th, 2020. Over the years, Dr. <mask> has received many recognitions for his research on hardware and software verification as well as algorithms and computer architecture. His 1986 paper on symbolic Boolean manipulation using Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) has the highest citation count of any publication in the Citeseer database of computer science literature. In 2009 <mask> was awarded the Phil Kaufman Award by the EDA Consortium "for his seminal technological breakthroughs in the area of formal verification."Early life and education
<mask> was born on October 27, 1952 and is the son of John H<mask> and Barbara Everitt <mask>, and the grandson of William Littell Everitt, former dean of the electrical engineering department at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1949–68). His sister is <mask>, a well-known textile artist (https://loisbryantstudio.com/home.html). <mask> was raised in Birmingham, Michigan. Starting in 1970, he attended the University of Michigan, where he received his B.S. in Applied Mathematics from in 1973. His master thesis on Simulation of Packet Communication Architecture Computer Systems , published in 1977, is known to be one of the first publications on distributed simulation. He received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981.Career
 From 1981 to 1984, <mask> was Assistant Professor of Computer Science at California Institute of Technology. His research areas included VLSI circuit models, logic simulation, and circuit testing. He also taught courses in computer architecture, digital systems theory, and computer algorithms. In 1984, <mask> joined the faculty at Carnegie Mellon as an Assistant Professor of Computer Science. He continued his research on VLSI simulation, VLSI circuit verification, symbolic manipulation, and parallel computation. He was a Visiting Research Fellow, Fujitsu Laboratories, Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan from 1990–1991. In 1992, he became the University Professor at Carnegie Mellon.Professor <mask> taught Computer Architecture from 1992 to 1997. He served as Dean of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University from 2004 to 2014. During his tenure, the combined enrollment at SCS increased more than 50 percent. In 2003, <mask> was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to symbolic simulation and logic verification. He was on the Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize from 2011 to 2013
 In 2014–2015, he was the Assistant Director for Information Technology Research and Development at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, where he did work on robotics, machine learning, high-performance computing, semiconductor technology, and cloud computing and provided analysis and advice on Big Data. Dr. <mask> is currently a Professor at the School of Computer Science. His most recent research fields include formal hardware and software verification, system testing, and computer science education.He teaches the course 15-213: Introduction to Computer Systems with Professor David R. O'Hallaron. Their book Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, which introduces students to the hardware, operating system, compiler, and computer networks, is used by over 300 universities worldwide. Research and publications
 Over the past years, <mask> has done many research on formal hardware and software verification as well as computer systems. His most well-known publication in 1986 was "Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation" , in which binary decision diagram (BDDs) was presented as a novel data structure for representing Boolean functions and manipulation algorithms. BDDs has been used extensively in fields such as digital circuit testing and synthesis and artificial intelligence planning. According to the famous Computer Scientist Donald Knuth, BDDs was deemed as "one of the only really fundamental data structures that came out in the last twenty-five years". Following his research, he published another paper on a tutorial and update on BDDs in 1992.His paper on BDDs was awarded for having the highest citation count in the Citeseer database of any computer science literature. His work in verifying digital circuits-seminal work has received numerous awards from IEEE and other professional societies (see below). His paper on Formal verification by symbolic evaluation of partially-ordered trajectories was published in 1995. The method of symbolic trajectory evaluation described in his paper has been widely adopted to the industry, notably used by Intel. Starting in 2004, <mask> has been promoting new research initiatives in data-intensive computing. <mask> and Professor David R. O'Hallaron at Carnegie Mellon University together wrote the book "Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective," in which they take a novel approach on teaching computer systems. Rather than emphasizing on the design and implementation of the systems, the book focuses on teaching students how systems - architecture, compilers, operating systems, and computer networking - affect the behavior and performance of the program.This book, now in its third edition, has been translated into Korean, Chinese, Macedonian and Russian and is in use by institutions all over the world. Awards and honors
 <mask> is a fellow of the IEEE and the ACM. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Science. In 1998 he received the ACM Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award (along with Edmund M. Clarke, Ken McMillan, and Allen Emerson)
 In 1989, he was awarded the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize for the best paper appearing in any IEEE publication in the preceding year (1987). In 2007, <mask> received the IEEE Emmanuel R. Piore Award for his research on tools to verify semiconductor's designs prior to their manufacture. In 2009, <mask> was awarded the EDAC/IEEE Phil Kaufman for his "seminal technological breakthroughs in the area of formal verification".In 2010, he received the A. Richard Newton Technical Award in Electronic Design Automation. References

American computer scientists
1952 births
Living people
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
American electrical engineers

masks:
Randal E
. Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
. Bryant
Bryant
Lois Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant


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<mask>, SC (née Gageby; born 22 August 1945) is a retired Irish judge who served as Chief Justice of Ireland from 2011 to 2017, she was the first woman to hold the position. She served as a Judge of the Supreme Court from 1992 to 2017, and was the longest-serving member of the court on her retirement. She also served as a Judge of the High Court from 1991 to 1992. Early life

<mask> was born in Dublin in 1945 and educated at Alexandra College, Dublin. She is the daughter of the former editor of The Irish Times, Douglas Gageby, the sister of another barrister Patrick Gageby and maternal granddaughter of Seán Lester. She is from a Church of Ireland background. She attended Trinity College, Dublin, the King's Inns, and the Law School of Columbia University, New York City (LL.M.1972). She was involved with the Free Legal Advice Centres while studying in Dublin and was a founder and president of the Archaeology and Folklife Society at Trinity College. Legal career

She was called to the bar in July 1971 and became a Senior Counsel in October 1987. She was the fourth woman to enter the Inner Bar. She became a senior counsel on the same day as future Supreme Court colleague Mary Laffoy. She worked on the Midland circuit until 1979, following which she was based in Dublin. She was involved in a number of leading cases while a junior barrister and a Senior Counsel particularly in the area of judicial review.Judicial career

High Court and Supreme Court

She became a High Court judge in 1991. In 1992, at the age of 47, she was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court. She was considered for appointment to the role of President of the High Court in 1994, but declined to have her name put forward. She made two dissents early on in her period on the Court. Throughout her tenure as a judge she was seen by commentators to be a "liberal" judge. In Kelly v Hennessy in 1996, she outlined criteria for a court to consider the evidence of the existence of nervous shock in Ireland. In 2001, she was the sole member of the Supreme Court to dissent in TD v Minister for Education.The court overturned a decision of Peter Kelly in the High Court to direct the government to build secure care units for certain children. From 1995 to 1998, she chaired the Working Group on a Courts Commission, which was responsible for a significant reform of the organisation of the courts since the foundation of the state. It led to the establishment of the Courts Service. She was on the Interim Board of the Court Service and served on the Board of the Court Service from its inception, and chaired the board from 2001 to 2004. She chaired the Committee on Court Practice and Procedure which recommended in 2002 the establishment of a commercial court within the High Court. From 2006, she chaired the Working Group on a Court of Appeal. The report of the group was published by the government in August 2009.It recommended the establishment of a general Court of Appeal. This was ultimately established in 2014, after a referendum in 2013. <mask> was part of the Irish delegation which, with the Netherlands and Belgium, established the European Network of Councils for the Judiciary (ENCJ) and she continues an involvement in this Network. From 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016, she was President of the Network of the Presidents of the Supreme Judicial Courts of the European Union which is an association of Supreme Court Presidents and Chief Justices of EU Member States. She wrote the judgment in McD v. L (2009), upholding the parental rights of a sperm donor. Chief Justice of Ireland

On 4 July 2011, she was nominated by Taoiseach Enda Kenny to become Chief Justice of Ireland, she was appointed as Chief Justice by President Mary McAleese on 25 July 2011. She was the first woman appointed to the office and as a member of the Church of Ireland, she was the first non-Catholic to hold the position.She was also the first graduate of Trinity College, Dublin to have been appointed; Chief Justices have largely been graduates of University College Dublin. She succeeded John L. Murray. During her tenure as Chief Justice, the Supreme Court issued suspended declarations of unconstitutionality for the first time. The possibility to delay the effect of a court declaration that a piece of legislation is contrary to the Constitution was first explored by <mask> in A v Governor of Arbour Hill Prison. The court first adopted this approach in N.V.H v Minister for Justice & Equality in May 2017. As Chief Justice, she oversaw changes in the operations of the Supreme Court and the courts generally. She oversaw the removal of the requirement for judges to wear wigs while hearing cases.In 2015, the Supreme Court sat outside Dublin for the first time since 1931, sitting in Cork. She corresponded with the Office of Public Works over the lack of heating in the Four Courts, threatening to cancel sittings if the issue was not resolved. She advocated for the inclusion of a new courtroom for the Supreme Court in plans to develop a new family court complex on Hammond Lane. In her capacity as Chief Justice, she oversaw the administration of the Presidential Declaration of Office at the inauguration of President Michael D. Higgins in Dublin Castle in November 2011. She retired from the position in July 2017, and was succeeded by Judge Frank Clarke. She was the third-longest serving Supreme Court judge ever at the time of her retirement. In her remarks on her retirement, she drew attention to the government's failure to institute a judicial council, having first attempted to persuade the government to establish one in 1997.Post-retirement

In 2019, she was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College Dublin. The Courts Service announced on 24 August 2020 that the Supreme Court had appointed her to review the attendance of Supreme Court judge Séamus Woulfe at a dinner organised by the Oireachtas Golf Society. She was appointed on a non-statutory basis as the relevant section in the Judicial Council Act 2019 on judicial conduct had not yet been commenced. Personal life

She is married to paediatrician Dr <mask> and they have four children. From 1996 to 2010, <mask> was a Pro-Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin. References

1945 births
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Living people
Columbia Law School alumni
Chief Justices of Ireland
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
Irish Anglicans
Irish barristers
Irish Senior Counsel
People educated at Alexandra College
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Irish women judges
High Court judges (Ireland)
Women chief justices
Alumni of King's Inns

masks:
Susan Jane Denham
Susan Gageby
Denham
Denham
Brian Denham
Denham


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<mask> (, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century and has been called the "ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", although his ideas did not end up forming the basis of the Islamic Republic. Biography
<mask> (<mask>i) was born in 1933 in Mazinan, a suburb of Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran. His father's family were clerics. His father, Mohammad-Taqi, was a teacher and Islamic scholar. In 1947, he opened the Centre for the Propagation of Islamic Truths in Mashhad, in Khorasan Province. It was a social Islamic forum which became embroiled in the oil nationalisation movement of the 1950s.<mask>'s mother was from a small land-owning family. His mother was from Sabzevar, a little town near Mashhad. In his years at the Teacher's Training College in Mashhad, <mask> came into contact with young people who were from less privileged economic classes of society, and for the first time saw the poverty and hardship that existed in Iran during that period. At the same time, he was exposed to many aspects of Western philosophical and political thought. He attempted to explain and offer solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional Islamic principles interwoven with, and understood from, the point of view of modern sociology and philosophy. His articles from this period for the Mashhad daily newspaper, Khorasan, display his developing eclecticism and acquaintance with the ideas of modernist thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal of Pakistan, among Muslims, and Sigmund Freud and Alexis Carrel. In 1952, he became a high-school teacher and founded the Islamic Students' Association, which led to his arrest following a demonstration.In 1953, the year of Mossadeq's overthrow, he became a member of the National Front. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Mashhad in 1955. In 1957, he was arrested again by the Iranian police, along with sixteen other members of the National Resistance Movement. <mask> then managed to get a scholarship for France, where he continued his graduate studies at University of Paris. He left Paris after earning a PhD in sociology in 1964. During this period in Paris, <mask> started collaborating with the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1959. The following year, he began to read Frantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his work into Persian.<mask> introduced Fanon's thought into Iranian revolutionary émigrée circles. He was arrested in Paris on 17 January 1961 during a demonstration in honour of Patrice Lumumba. The same year he joined Ebrahim Yazdi, Mostafa Chamran and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in founding the Freedom Movement of Iran abroad. In 1962, he continued studying sociology and the history of religions in Paris, and followed the courses of Islamic scholar Louis Massignon, Jacques Berque and the sociologist Georges Gurvitch. He also came to know the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre that same year, and published Jalal Al-e Ahmad's book Gharbzadegi (or Occidentosis) in Iran. <mask> then returned to Iran in 1964, where he was arrested and imprisoned for engaging in subversive political activities while in France. He was released after a few weeks, at which point he began teaching at the University of Mashhad.<mask> next went to Tehran, where he began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute. These lectures were hugely popular among his students and were spread by word of mouth throughout all economic sectors of society, including the middle and upper classes, where interest in his teachings began to grow immensely. His continued success again aroused the interest of the government, which arrested him, along with many of his students. Widespread pressure from the people, and an international outcry, eventually led to his release on 20 March 1975, after eighteen months in solitary confinement. <mask> was allowed to leave for England. He died three weeks later in a Southampton hospital under "mysterious circumstances", although, in <mask>'s biography of <mask>, he is said to have died of a fatal heart attack. He is buried next to Sayyidah Zaynab, the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the daughter of <mask>, in Damascus, where Iranian pilgrims often visit.Views and popularity

<mask> sought to revive the revolutionary currents of Shiism. His interpretation of Shiism encouraged revolution in the world, and promised salvation after death. He referred to his brand of Shiism as "red Shiism" which he contrasted with non-revolutionary "black Shiism" or Safavid Shiism. His ideas have been compared to the Catholic Liberation Theology movement founded in South America by Peruvian Gustavo Gutierrez and Brazilian Leonardo Boff. <mask> was a prominent Islamist philosopher, who argued that a good society would conform to Islamic values. He suggested that the role of government was to guide society in the best possible manner rather than manage it in the best possible way. He believed that the most learned members of the Ulema (clergy) should play a leadership role in guiding society because they best understand how to administer an Islamic value system based on the teachings of the Prophets of God and the 12 Shia Twelver Imams.He argued that the role of the clergy was to guide society in accordance with Islamic values to advance human beings towards reaching their highest potential—not to provide/serve the hedonistic desires of individuals as in the West. At the same time, <mask> was very critical of some clerics and defended the Marxists. "Our mosques, the revolutionary left and our preachers," he declared, "work for the benefit of the deprived people and against the lavish and lush... Our clerics who teach jurisprudence and issue fatwas are right-wingers, capitalist, and conservative; simply our fiqh is at the service of capitalism." <mask>'s works were highly influenced by the Third Worldism that he encountered as a student in Paris—ideas that class war and revolution would bring about a just and classless society—from one side, and the epistemic decolonisation thinking of his time from the other side. He is said to have adopted the idea of Gharbzadegi from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and given it "its most vibrant and influential second life". He sought to translate these ideas into cultural symbols of Shiism that Iranians could relate to. <mask> believed Shia should not merely await the return of the 12th Imam, but should actively work to hasten his return by fighting for social justice, "even to the point of embracing martyrdom," saying "every day is Ashoura, every place is the Karbala".When he was writing the three letters to Fanon, unlike him, <mask> believed that it is not true that one must put away religion to fight imperialism. He felt that people could fight imperialism solely by recovering their cultural identity. In some countries, such an identity was intertwined with fundamental religious beliefs. Shariati refers to the maxim of returning to ourselves. Social theorist Asef Bayat has recorded his observations as a witness and participant in the Iranian revolution of 1979. He asserts that <mask> emerged at the time of the revolution as "an unparalleled revolutionary intellectual" with his portraits widely present during the marches and protests and his nickname as "mo'allem-e enqilab" (revolutionary mentor) chanted by millions and whose literature and tapes had already been widely available before the revolution. "My father," recalls Bayat, "barely literate, had his own copies" of <mask>ati and socialism
It seems that his eagerness to explore socialism began with the translation of the book Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist by the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar (:ar:عبد الحميد جودة السحار). According to this book, Abu Dhar was the very first socialist. Then, Shariarti's father declared that his son believed that the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental. Even some thinkers described <mask> as the modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran. Of all his thoughts, there is his insistence on the necessity of revolutionary action. <mask> believed that Marxism could not provide the Third World with the ideological means for its own liberation. One of his premises was that Islam by nature is a revolutionary ideology.Therefore, Islam could relate to the modern world as an ideology. According to <mask>, the historical and original origin of human problems was the emergence of private ownership. He believed that in the modern era, the appearance of the machine was the second most fundamental change in the human condition. In fact, private ownership and the emergence of the machine, if considered one of two curves of history, belong to the second period of history. The first period is collective ownership. However, Shariati gave a critique of the historical development of religion and the modern philosophical and ideological movements and their relationship to both private ownership and the emergence of the machine. Epistemology

<mask> developed the idea of the social, cultural and historical contingencies of religious knowledge in sociology.He believed in the earthly religion and in the social context in which the meaning of society is construed. He also emphasized that he understood religion historically because he was a sociologist. He said he was concerned with the historical and social Tawhid, not with the truth of the Quran or of Muhammad or <mask>. Philosophy of history
Completely contrary to Hegel and his philosophy of history, Shariati believed that it is not true that the civilized human is less conscious than modern people   but rather there is a difference between them. The civilized man could talk on himself more than the universe and the new people are so concerned with reality and the universe that there is no place for himself and mysticism and religion. Of course he knows the movement of soul in Hegel's philosophy and history in one sense as right. Political philosophy
In the first place, <mask> criticised western liberal democracy.He pointed out that there is a direct relationship between democracy, liberalism and the plundering of nations. He believed that liberal democracy is the enemy of humankind. He also referred to the fact that the ruling economic system of liberal democracy is unjust and contrary to the rights of people. He maintained that in such a society, someone who is weak is already subjected to defeat and annihilation. There are basic foundations in <mask>'s thoughts and his criticism of liberal democracy. The first foundation is related to the contrast between the religious worldview and the non-religious one. He explained history, society and humanity according to a monistic worldview.He explained liberalism as something with inequality and discrimination. Freedom and equality based on spirituality were the very basis of pre-modern societies which were devastated in one period of history. <mask> believed that the government of Imam <mask> could be considered the best form of democracy. On this occasion, he tried to interpret the behaviour of <mask> in contrast with his enemy. He called this democracy Commitment democracy. It appears that <mask> did not accept the western definition of democracy although he had no problem with democracy. According to him, a religious government is a democratic right of Muslim citizens.He believed that one of the basic problems of western democracy is demagogy. Nowadays the votes of voters are directed to special channels with the help of advertising instruments. In such a condition only one who is critically conscious can dispose of distractions and

masks:
Ali Shariati Mazinani
Ali Shariati
Ali Masharat
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali Rahnema
Shariati
Ali
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariatihari
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali
Imam Ali
Shariati


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 surface-level arguments, and vote effectively for themselves and their communities. He maintains that the western democracy based on gold, cruelty and tricking (Zar, Zour va Tazvir) is an anti-revolutionary regime that is different from ideological Guidance. Commitment democracy

For explaining better the commitment to democracy, he at first divides between two concepts. One of them is Syasat and the other is politic. Syasat is a philosophy by the government that want to have the responsibility of changing and becoming the society, not its being and existence.In fact, Syasat is a progressive and dynamic thing. The aim of the government in the philosophy of Syasat is to change social foundations, institutions and even all the norms of society namely culture, morality and desires etc. in simple word, Syasat want to make exist the people. On contrary, there is no making in politics. In other words, politics is the following of having people not making them. Of course, <mask> prefers Syasat on politics because the former is more progressive. He considers making human (Ensan Sazi).In fact, his utopia is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom. Commitment democracy appeared out of his lecture in Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous lecture with the name of Ummah and Imamate. According to him, Imam is one who wants to guide humans not only in political, social and economic dimensions but also in all existential dimensions. He believes that Imam is alive everywhere and every time. On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical belief but a revolutionary guide philosophy. He added that Imam has to guide people not according to his desire like a dictator but to Islamic ideology and authentic values. Sociology
Some scholars classify him among the current religious neo-thinkers.According to this standpoint, <mask> accepted the rationality of the West. <mask> called the theoretical foundation of the West as civilization and called its appearances as Tajadod [Renewal]. He emphasized accepting civilization and criticized tajadod. He also believed that civilization has to be considered as something deep. He also highly acknowledged the importance of empirical science and knowledge. He appreciated the empirical methodology. He also criticized traditionalism for its disregard for scientific methodology.On another hand, he criticized the Modernists because they confuse the Western ideological theories with valid scientific epistemology. According to <mask>, the knowledge of reason is self-evident. Therefore, he suggested thinking of reason as the axiom for understanding the other sources namely the holy book or Quran, ḥadīth ('tradition'), sīra (Prophetic biography) and ijmāʿ (consensus). <mask> also dismissed consensus as a source for understanding religion. He insisted on the concepts of knowledge and time along with the holy book and tradition and stressed the important role of methodology and changing of viewpoint. <mask>, who was the fan of Georges Gurvitch in his analysis of sociology, believed that there was no special pattern for the analysis of social affairs and historical events. He thought that there was no unity of religion and society, but rather there were many religions and societies.He referred to the active role of the scholar of human science during investigation and scientific research. He believed that there was a relationship between the values of scholarship and the effects of those values on the conclusions of an investigation. He believed that it was not necessary to extend the other conclusions of other Western scholars to our society. However, he criticized the Western ideological schools such as nationalism, liberalism, Marxism, etc. He maintained that there was conformity and correspondence between the Western philosophy and Iranian society. According to Shariati, democracy is inconsistent with revolutionary evolution and progress. One of his criticism of Western ideology is its [regardless imitation of those ideologies - check translation].One of his other criticisms is the denial of spirituality in Western philosophy. In fact, those ideologies attempt to prevent humans from achieving transcendental goals and any [evolutionary movements - check translation]. In this vein, he firmly criticized capitalism, and at the same time, he admired socialism because it would lead humanity to evolution and free it from utilitarianism. However, he firmly criticized Karl Marx. According to Shariati, Karl Marx's theory on the economy as the infrastructure and foundation of human and society was strayed. Conversely, Sharia places the human, not the economy, as the foundation and origin of society. Modern problems
According to Shariati, human history is composed of two stages, the stage of collectivity and the stage of private ownership.He explained that the first stage, collectivity, was concerned with social equality and spiritual oneness. But the second stage, which is the current era, could be considered as the domination of the many by one. The second stage began with the emergence of private ownership. The various types of private ownership in history have included slavery, serfdom, feudalism, and capitalism among others. According to the concept of social ownership, all material and spiritual resources are accessible to everyone. But monopoly polarised the human community. In fact, according to Shariati, private ownership is the main cause of all modern problems.These problems change men's brotherhood and love to duplicity, deceit, hatred, exploitation, colonisation, and massacre. The polarisation by monopoly manifested itself in different forms throughout history. For example, in ancient times there were slave economies that transferred to capitalist society in modern times. In other words, machinism, or the dependence on machines, can be considered the latest stage of private ownership. Machinism began in the nineteenth century and human beings have had to confront the many anxieties and problems arousing from it. Legacy

There are many adherents and opponents of Shariati's views. It must be noted that the image of Shariati is not such that some revolutionary groups, in the early days of the Islamic Republic of Iran, attributed to him.In fact, <mask>'s personality is largely unknown. <mask> knew <mask> as a pioneer of Islamic teaching according to the requirements of his generation. According to Sayyed <mask>, Shariati had both positive and negative characteristics. Khamenei believes that it is unfair to consider <mask> as someone who firmly disagreed with the Mullahs. One of the positive sides of Shariati was his ability to explain his thoughts with suitable and simple language for his generation. Shariati was somewhat supportive of Mullahs in Iran. Some Scholars like Elizabeth F. Thompson try to envisage some similarities between Shariati and his role in the Islamic revolution in Iran with Sayyed Qutb's role in Egypt.One similarity is that both of them paved the way for the imminent revolution in Iran and Egypt. Both desired Islamic cultural dominance. Both were fans of being revolutionary about ruling values and norms. They considered Islamism a third way between those of America and the Soviet Union. At the same time they were not wholly utopian and they were partly Islamic. Of course there are differences between them - <mask> was a leftist while Qutb was a conservative. According to Mahmoud Taleghani, <mask> was a thinker who created a school for revolution.The school guided young people to revolutionary action. Beheshti believes that <mask>'s work was fundamental to the Islamic revolution. According to Hamid Enayat, <mask> was not only a theorist but also an adherent of Islamic radicalism. Enayat believes that <mask> can be considered the founder of Islamic socialism. Enayat considers him to be one of the most beloved and popular individuals in Islamic radicalism and socialism. According to Hamid Elgar, <mask> was the number one ideologue of the Islamic revolution. Publications
Despite passing away at the young age of 43, he was the prolific author of "more than a hundred books", and the number of his publications goes up to some 200 if we include "articles, seminar papers, and lecture series", some of the most notable being:

Major works
 Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
Hubut in Kavir
Guftuguhaye Tanha’i
 Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique
 Where Shall We Begin?Mission of a Free Thinker
 The Free Man and Freedom of the Man
 Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources
 Martyrdom (book)
 <mask>
 An approach to Understanding Islam
 A Visage of Prophet Muhammad
 A Glance of Tomorrow's History
 Reflections of Humanity
 A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
 Selection and/or Election
 Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
 Expectations from the Muslim Woman
 Horr (Battle of Karbala)
 Kavir (Desert)
 Abu-Dahr
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Jihad and Shahadat
 Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
 A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers
 Art Awaiting the Saviour
 Fatemeh is Fatemeh
 The Philosophy of Supplication
 Religion versus Religion
 Man and Islam – see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
 Arise and Bear Witness
 Lessons on Islamology
 <mask> is Alone
 Community and Leadership
 Religion against Religion
 We and Iqbal
 Historical Determinism
 What is to be Done?' "The Intelligentsia's Task for Reconstruction of Society"

Translation
Shariati translated many books into Persian. Besides the work of Abu Zarr mentioned above, he translated Jean-Paul Sartre's What Is Literature?, and Che Guevara's Guerilla Warfare. He also began to work on the translation of Franz Fanon's A Dying Colonialism. He admired Amar Ouzegane as a major Marxist Muslim and began to translate his book Le meilleur combat (The Best Struggle). See also
 Intellectual Movements in Iran
 Islamic Marxism
 Islamic revival
 List of Islamic scholars
 Philosophy in Iran
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Religious Intellectualism in Iran
 Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
 Hamid Algar
 Geydar Dzhemal modern philosopher of Politic Islam, revolutionist and social activist
 Abdulaziz Sachedina, a student of Shariati

 References

 Further reading
 Rahnema, <mask>. 1998.An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of <mask>. London: I.B. Tauris. Gheissari, <mask>. 1998. Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century''. Austin: University of Texas Press.Hosseini, S A. 2000 "[<mask>'s Islamic-Critical School of Thought (1)] مکتب انتقادی دکتر علی شریعتی (1)", Farhang-e-Tose'eh, 9, 44,
 Hosseini, S A. 2000 "[<mask>'s Islamic-Critical School of Thought (2)] مکتب انتقادی دکتر علی شریعتی (2)", Farhang-e-Tose'eh, 9, 47. External links

 The Official WebSite of Dr <mask>
 Biography and publications
 '<mask>'ati: Between Marx and the Infinite' A review essay of <mask>'s biography of Shari'ati with an extensive discussion on the philosopher's political significance by Nathan Coombs
 Humanity and the People Power: A Tribute to Dr. <mask> by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
 '<mask>'ati: Islamic Fundamentalist, Marxist Ideologist and Sufi Mystic by David Zeidan
 Critical Religious Reason: <mask>'ati on Religion, Philosophy and Emancipation by Abbas Manoochehri
 The forgotten revolutionary: <mask>ati by Lawrence Reza Ershaghi

<mask>ati
1933 births
1977 deaths
Iranian Muslims
Iranian Shia Muslims
People from Sabzevar
Freedom Movement of Iran politicians
Iranian democracy activists
Iranian dissidents
Iranian essayists
20th-century Iranian philosophers
Iranian sociologists
Iranian writers
Islamic philosophers
Muslim reformers
Shia scholars of Islam
University of Paris alumni
Iqbal scholars
20th-century poets
Iranian Islamists
20th-century essayists
Critics of

masks:
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali Khamenei
Shariati
Ali Khamenei
Shariati
Shariati
Ali Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Shariati
Ali
Ali Shariati
Ali Shariati
Ali Shariati
Ali Shari
Ali Rahnema
Ali Shariati
Ali Shari
Ali Shari
Ali Shari
Ali Shari


texts:
<mask> (1945 – April 2012) was a Spanish biologist and philosopher. He taught philosophy of science at Madrid's Complutense University. Biography

Work
Authority on Darwin and Darwinism, Castrodeza’s thought focuses on bioethical problems from an ethological viewpoint and on scientific problems (epistemological) and ideologies from a naturalistic perspective. Castrodeza's Darwinian trilogy Biology's Deep Ways Razón biológica (Biological Reason), Nihilismo y supervivencia (Nihilism and Survival) y La darwinización del mundo (The Darwinization of the World) intends to show how little control we have over our future despite our profound preoccupation for things past. For Castrodeza ethological considerations referring to behavioural mental patterns concerning man's philosophical, theological and scientific activities have a lot to say as to how we build the world in which we strive to survive. These patterns are not necessarily directly adaptative, in fact they are part of the package deal integrated in our overall strategy for survival. Naturally this strategy need not be the proper one in the sense that we may not meet adequately after all the survival challenges we have in front of us.In fact nothing guaranties our survival and we may perfectly be in spite of our mental sophistication on the wrong track. Our wishes and intentions may have little to do with the best way to survive in the long run and may be at bottom we do not even care. We act and hope for the best on the basis of our experience which is not very much to go by. Books
La darwinización del mundo, Barcelona, Herder, 2009,
El flujo de la historia y el sentido de la vida. La retórica irresistible de la selección natural, Barcelona, Herder, 2013 (The flow of history and the meaning of life. The irresistible rhetoric of natural selection),
Nihilismo y supervivencia: una expresión naturalista de lo inefable, Madrid, Trotta, 2007 (Nihilism and survival: A naturalistic expression of the indescribable)
Los límites de la historia natural: hacia una nueva biología del conocimiento, Madrid (Tres Cantos), Akal, 2003, (Natural History boundaries: Towards a new biology of knowledge)
La marsopa de Heidegger: el lugar de la ciencia en la cultura actual, Madrid, Dykinson, 2003 (Heidegger’s porpoise: The place of science in today’s Western Culture)
Razón biológica: la base evolucionista del pensamiento, Madrid, Minerva, 1999 (Biological thinking: The evolutionist roots of thought)  (Book reviewed in Biology and Philosophy by Andrés Moya, 2001). Teoría histórica de la selección natural, Madrid, Alhambra, 1988 (Historical theory of natural selection)  (Book reviewed in Biology and Philosophy by Thomas Glick, 1992).Ortodoxia darwiniana y progreso biológico, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1988 (Darwinian orthodoxy and biological progress)  (Book reviewed in Biology and Philosophy by Thomas Glick, 1992). Chapters in collective works (selection)
"Ethological Space: Transgreding the Boundaries", Philosophical Essays on Physics and Biology (J. L. González Recio, ed. ), Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim-Zürich-New York, 2009,  pp. 91–112. "La Inutilidad de la Felicidad", Apología de lo Inútil (S. Eguidazu, ed. ), Madrid, Avarigani Editores, 2009,  pp. 23–30."Los caminos profundos de la biología", El legado filosófico y científico del siglo XX, coord. por Manuel Garrido, Luis Arenas, Luis Valdés, 2005, , pp. 795–812
"La condición occidental: ciencia, historia y filosofía", El impacto social de la cultura científica y técnica, 2004, , pp. 9–18
"Modernidad y posmodernidad: biología y física", El impacto social de la cultura científica y técnica, 2004, , pp. 155–164
"La 'superflua necesidad' de la epistemología evolutiva", La teoría evolucionista del conocimiento, coord. por Jacobo Muñoz, Emilio García García, 1999, , pp. 83–92

Translations
A. H. Lehninger et al., Panorama de la biología contemporánea, selección y comentarios de Roland Hoste, Spanish version from <mask>a, 2da.ed, Madrid, Alianza, 1975
Ruse, Michael, La revolución darwinista, Madrid. Alianza Editorial, 1983,

Articles (selection)
"En torno a la ética naturalizada en Occidente: de la concepción aristotélica al naturalismo de Darwin y la fenomenología de Heidegger", Teorema, ISSN 0210-1602, vol. XXVIII/2, 2009, pp. 151–172
"Evolución, historia y ser", Pasajes: Revista de pensamiento contemporáneo, ISSN 1575-2259, Nº. 14, 2004, pp. 23–34
"Antropogénesis: consideraciones biohermenéuticas", Endoxa: Series Filosóficas, ISSN 1133-5351, Nº 17, 2004, pp. 297–326
"Una historia natural del bien", Trama y fondo: revista de cultura, ISSN 1137-4802, Nº.15, 2003, pp. 7–12
"De la realidad biológica a la biologización de la realidad: la nueva metafísica biológica y el problema del conocimiento", Diálogo filosófico, ISSN 0213-1196, Nº 57, 2003, pp. 379–399
"La realidad de las dos culturas como base del mito del relativismo cultural (Un enfoque bioantropológico)", Endoxa: Series Filosóficas, ISSN 1133-5351, Nº 12, 2, 2000, pp. 525–560
"Una perspectiva de los problemas éticos en la investigación biológica: los avatares del evolucionismo", Arbor: Ciencia, pensamiento y cultura, ISSN 0210-1963, Nº 638, 1999 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Ciencia y valores éticos / coord. por Wenceslao J. González Fernández), pp. 265–287
"El naturalismo biológico de Kuhn en La estructura de las revoluciones científicas", Thémata: Revista de filosofía, ISSN 0212-8365, Nº 20, 1998 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Los filósofos y la biología), pp. 219–228
"The ultimate epistemological consequences of the Darwinian conception", Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, ISSN 0068-0346, 1996, pp.153–178
"De la epistemología popperiana a la epistemología darwinista", Revista de filosofía, ISSN 0034-8244, Nº 8, 1992, pp. 329–356
"La tácita actualidad del darwinismo", Revista de Occidente, ISSN 0034-8635, Nº 18-19, 1982 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Charles R. Darwin. la evolución y el origen del hombre), pp. 89–104
"Gregor Johann Mendel: clérigo notable en la Moravia decimonónica", Revista de Occidente, ISSN 0034-8635, Nº 32, 1984 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Gregor Johann Mendel: los orígenes de la genética), pp. 7–26
"Non-progressive evolution, the red queen hypothesis and the balance of nature", Acta Biotheoretica, , Nº28, 1979, pp. 11–18
"On the significance of biological interpretations of mathematical results; comments on a recently discovered evolutionary principle", Methodology and Science, ISSN 0543-6095, Nº 11, 1978, pp. 185–190
"Evolution, complexity and fitness", Journal of Theoretical Biology, ISSN 0022-5193, Nº 71, 1978, pp.469–471
"Tautologies, beliefs and empirical knowledge in biology", The American Naturalist, ISSN 0003-0147, Nº 111, 1977, pp. 393–394

Castrodeza has also published in sites such as Annals of Science or ISIS and has been for a time in the Editorial Board of History and Philosophy of the Biological Sciences(1985–90)

References

1945 births
2012 deaths
People from Tangier
Spanish philosophers
Spanish biologists
Complutense University of Madrid faculty

masks:
Carlos Castrodeza Ruíz de la Cuesta
Carlos Castrodez


texts:
<mask> (May 21, 1878 – July 23, 1930) was an American aviation and motorcycling pioneer, and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry. He began his career as a bicycle racer and builder before moving on to motorcycles. As early as 1904, he began to manufacture engines for airships. In 1908, Curtiss joined the Aerial Experiment Association, a pioneering research group, founded by Alexander Graham Bell at Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, to build flying machines. Curtiss won a race at the world's first international air meet in France and made the first long-distance flight in the U.S. His contributions in designing and building aircraft led to the formation of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation. His company built aircraft for the U.S. Army and Navy, and, during the years leading up to World War I, his experiments with seaplanes led to advances in naval aviation. Curtiss civil and military aircraft were predominant in the interwar and World War II eras.Birth and early career
<mask> was born in Hammondsport in the Finger Lakes region of New York in 1878. His mother was Lua <mask> née Andrews and his father was Frank Richmond <mask> a harness maker who had arrived in Hammondsport with <mask>'s grandparents in 1876. <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Claudius G<mask>, a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and Ruth Bramble. <mask> had a younger sister, Rutha Luella, also born in Hammondsport. Although his formal education extended only to eighth grade, his early interest in mechanics and inventions was evident at his first job at the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company (later Eastman Kodak Company) in Rochester, New York. He invented a stencil machine adopted at the plant and later built a rudimentary camera to study photography. Marriage and family
On March 7, 1898, <mask> married Lena Pearl Neff (1879–1951), daughter of Guy L. Neff and Jenny M. Potter, in Hammondsport, New York.They had two children:
Carlton N<mask> (1901–1902) and
<mask> <mask> (1912–1969)

Bicycles and motorcycles

<mask> began his career as a Western Union bicycle messenger, a bicycle racer, and bicycle-shop owner. In 1901, he developed an interest in motorcycles when internal-combustion engines became more available. In 1902, <mask> began manufacturing motorcycles with his own single-cylinder engines. His first motorcycle's carburetor was adapted from a tomato soup can containing a gauze screen to pull the gasoline up by capillary action. In 1903, he set a motorcycle land speed record at  for one mile (1.6 km). When E.H. Corson of the Hendee Mfg Co (manufacturers of Indian motorcycles) visited Hammondsport in July 1904, he was amazed that the entire Curtiss motorcycle enterprise was located in the back room of the modest "shop". Corson's motorcycles had just been trounced the week before by "Hell Rider" Curtiss in an endurance race from New York to Cambridge, Maryland.On January 24, 1907, <mask> set an unofficial world record of , on a   V-8-powered motorcycle of his own design and construction in Ormond Beach, Florida. The air-cooled F-head engine was intended for use in aircraft. He remained "the fastest man in the world", the title the newspapers gave him, until 1911, and his motorcycle record was not broken until 1930. This motorcycle is now in the Smithsonian Institution. <mask>'s success at racing strengthened his reputation as a leading maker of high-performance motorcycles and engines. Aviation pioneer

Curtiss, motor expert
In 1904, Curtiss became a supplier of engines for the California "aeronaut" Tom Baldwin. In that same year, Baldwin's California Arrow, powered by a Curtiss 9 HP V-twin motorcycle engine, became the first successful dirigible in America.In 1907, Alexander Graham Bell invited Curtiss to develop a suitable engine for heavier-than-air flight experimentation. Bell regarded Curtiss as "the greatest motor expert in the country" and invited <mask> to join his Aerial Experiment Association (AEA). AEA aircraft experiments

Between 1908 and 1910, the AEA produced four aircraft, each one an improvement over the last. Curtiss primarily designed the AEA's third aircraft, Aerodrome #3, the famous June Bug, and became its test pilot, undertaking most of the proving flights. On July 4, 1908, he flew  to win the Scientific American Trophy and its $2,500 prize. This was considered to be the first pre-announced public flight of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America. The flight of the June Bug propelled Curtiss and aviation firmly into public awareness.On June 8, 1911, Curtiss received U.S. Pilot's License #1 from the Aero Club of America, because the first batch of licenses were issued in alphabetical order; Wilbur Wright received license #5. At the culmination of the Aerial Experiment Association's experiments, Curtiss offered to purchase the rights to Aerodrome #3, essentially using it as the basis of his Curtiss No. 1, the first of his production series of pusher aircraft. The pre-war years

Aviation competitions
After a 1909 fall-out with the AEA, Curtiss joined with A. M. Herring (and backers from the Aero Club of America) to found the Herring-Curtiss Company in Hammondsport. During the 1909–1910 period, Curtiss employed a number of demonstration pilots, including Eugene Ely, Charles K. Hamilton, J.A.D. McCurdy, Augustus Post, and Hugh Robinson.Aerial competitions and demonstration flights across North America helped to introduce aviation to a curious public; <mask> took full advantage of these occasions to promote his products. This was a busy period for <mask>s. In August 1909, Curtiss took part in the Grande Semaine d'Aviation aviation meeting at Reims, France, organized by the Aéro-Club de France. The Wrights, who were selling their machines to customers in Germany at the time, decided not to compete in person. Two Wright aircraft (modified with a landing gear) were at the meet, but they did not win any events. On August 28, 1909, flying his No. 2 biplane, Curtiss won the overall speed event, the Gordon Bennett Cup, completing the 20-km (12.5-mile) course in just under 16 minutes at a speed of , six seconds faster than runner-up Louis Blériot.On May 29, 1910, Curtiss flew from Albany to New York City to make the first long-distance flight between two major cities in the U.S. For this  flight, which he completed in just under four hours including two stops to refuel, he won a $10,000 prize offered by publisher Joseph Pulitzer and was awarded permanent possession of the Scientific American trophy. In June 1910, Curtiss provided a simulated bombing demonstration to naval officers at Hammondsport. Two months later, Lt. Jacob E. Fickel demonstrated the feasibility of shooting at targets on the ground from an aircraft with Curtiss serving as pilot. One month later, in September, he trained Blanche Stuart Scott, who was possibly the first American woman pilot. The fictional character Tom Swift, who first appeared in 1910 in Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle and Tom Swift and His Airship, has been said to have been based on <mask> Curtiss. The Tom Swift books are set in a small town on a lake in upstate New York. Patent dispute

A patent lawsuit by the Wright brothers against Curtiss in 1909 continued until it was resolved during World War I.Since the last Wright aircraft, the Wright Model L, was a single prototype of a "scouting" aircraft, made in 1916, the U.S. government, desperately short of combat aircraft, pressured both firms to resolve the dispute. Of nine suits Wright brought against Curtiss and others and the three suits brought against them, the Wright Brothers eventually won every case in courts in the United States. Naval aviation
On November 14, 1910, Curtiss demonstration pilot Eugene Ely took off from a temporary platform mounted on the forward deck of the cruiser USS Birmingham. His successful takeoff and ensuing flight to shore marked the beginning of a relationship between Curtiss and the Navy that remained significant for decades. At the end of 1910, Curtiss established a winter encampment at San Diego to teach flying to Army and Naval personnel. Here, he trained Lt. Theodore Ellyson, who became U.S. Naval Aviator #1, and three Army officers, 1st Lt. Paul W. Beck, 2nd Lt. George E. M. Kelly, and 2nd Lt. John C. Walker, Jr., in the first military aviation school.(Chikuhei Nakajima, founder of Nakajima Aircraft Company, was a 1912 graduate.) The original site of this winter encampment is now part of Naval Air Station North Island and is referred to by the Navy as "The Birthplace of Naval Aviation". Through the course of that winter, Curtiss was able to develop a float (pontoon) design that enabled him to take off and land on water. On January 26, 1911, he flew the first seaplane from the water in the United States. Demonstrations of this advanced design were of great interest to the Navy, but more significant, as far as the Navy was concerned, was Eugene Ely successfully landing his Curtiss pusher (the same aircraft used to take off from the Birmingham) on a makeshift platform mounted on the rear deck of the battleship USS Pennsylvania. This was the first arrester-cable landing on a ship and the precursor of modern-day carrier operations. On January 28, 1911, Ellyson took off in a Curtiss “grass cutter” to become the first Naval aviator.Curtiss custom built floats and adapted them onto a Model D so it could take off and land on water to prove the concept. On February 24, 1911, Curtiss made his first amphibious demonstration at North Island by taking off and alighting on both land and water. Back in Hammondsport, six months later in July 1911, Curtiss sold the U.S. Navy their first aircraft, the A-1 Triad. The A-1, which was primarily a seaplane, was equipped with retractable wheels, also making it the first amphibious aircraft. Curtiss trained the Navy's first pilots and built their first aircraft. For this, he is considered in the US to be "The Father of Naval Aviation". The Triad was immediately recognized as so obviously useful, it was purchased by the U.S. Navy, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Britain.Curtiss won the Collier Trophy for designing this aircraft. Around this time, Curtiss met retired British naval officer John Cyril Porte, who was looking for a partner to produce an aircraft with him to win the Daily Mail prize for the first transatlantic crossing. In 1912, Curtiss produced the two-seat Flying Fish, a larger craft that became classified as a flying boat because the hull sat in the water; it featured an innovative notch (known as a "step") in the hull that Porte recommended for breaking clear of the water at takeoff. Curtiss correctly surmised that this configuration was more suited to building a larger long-distance craft that could operate from water, and was also more stable when operating from a choppy surface. With the backing of Rodman Wanamaker, Porte and Curtiss produced the America in 1914, a larger flying boat with two engines, for the transatlantic crossing. World War I and later

World War I
With the start of World War I, Porte returned to service in the Royal Navy, which subsequently purchased several models of the America, now called the H-4, from Curtiss. Porte licensed and further developed the designs, constructing a range of Felixstowe long-range patrol aircraft, and from his experience passed along improvements to the hull to Curtiss.The later British designs were sold to the U.S. forces, or built by Curtiss as the F5L. The Curtiss factory also built a total of 68 "Large Americas", which evolved into the H-12, the only American designed and built aircraft to see combat in World War I. As 1916 approached, the United States was feared to be drawn into the conflict. The Army's Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps ordered the development of a simple, easy-to-fly-and-maintain, two-seat trainer. Curtiss created the JN-4 "Jenny" for the Army, and the N-9 seaplane version for the Navy. They were some of the most famous products of the Curtiss company, and thousands were sold to the militaries of the United States, Canada, and Britain. Civilian and military aircraft demand boomed, and the company grew to employ 18,000 workers in Buffalo and 3,000 workers in Hammondsport.In 1917, the U.S. Navy commissioned <mask> to design a long-range, four-engined flying boat large enough to hold a

masks:
Glenn Hammond Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Glenn
Glenn
. Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Curtiss
. Curtiss
Glenn Hammond
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Glenn Curtis
Glenn
Curtiss


texts:
 crew of five, which became known as the Curtiss NC. Three of the four NC flying boats built attempted a transatlantic crossing in 1919. Thus NC-4 became the first aircraft to be flown across the Atlantic Ocean, (a feat quickly overshadowed by the first non-stop atlantic crossing  by Alcock and Brown,) while NC-1 and NC-3 were unable to continue past the Azores. NC-4 is now on permanent display in the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida. Post-World War I
Peace brought cancellation of wartime contracts. In September 1920, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company underwent a financial reorganization. <mask> cashed out his stock in the company for $32 million and retired to Florida.He continued on as a director of the company, but served only as an adviser on design. Clement M. Keys gained control of the company, which later became the nucleus of a large group of aviation companies. Later years

<mask> and his family moved to Florida in the 1920s, where he founded 18 corporations, served on civic commissions, and donated extensive land and water rights. He co-developed the city of Hialeah with James Bright and developed the cities of Opa-locka and Miami Springs, where he built a family home, known variously as the Miami Springs Villas House, Dar-Err-Aha, MSTR No. 2, or Glenn Curtiss House. The Glenn Curtiss House, after years of disrepair and frequent vandalism, is being refurbished to serve as a museum in his honor. His frequent hunting trips into the Florida Everglades led to a final invention, the Adams Motor "Bungalo", a forerunner of the modern recreational vehicle trailer (named after his business partner and half-brother, G. Carl Adams).Curtiss later developed this into a larger, more elaborate fifth-wheel vehicle, which he manufactured and sold under the name Aerocar. Shortly before his death, he designed a tailless aircraft with a V-shaped wing and tricycle landing gear that he hoped could be sold in the price range of a family car. The Wright Aeronautical Corporation, a successor to the original Wright Company, ultimately merged with the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company on July 5, 1929, forming the Curtiss-Wright company, shortly before Curtiss's death. Controversies
Curtiss, working with the head of the Smithsonian Institution Charles Walcott, sought to discredit the Wrights and rehabilitate the reputation of Samuel Langley, a former head of the Smithsonian, who failed in his attempt at powered flight. Secretly, Curtiss extensively modified Langley's 1903 aerodrome (aircraft) then demonstrated in 1914 that it could fly. In turn, The Smithsonian endorsed the false statement that "Professor Samuel P. Langley had actually designed and built the first man-carrying flying machine capable of sustained flight." Walcott ordered the plane modified by Curtiss to be returned to its original 1903 condition before going on display at the Smithsonian to cover up the deception.In 1928 the Smithsonian Board of Regents reversed its position and acknowledged that the Wright Brothers deserved the credit for the first flight. Death
Traveling to Rochester to contest a lawsuit brought by former business partner August Herring, Curtiss suffered an attack of appendicitis in court. He died on July 23, 1930, in Buffalo, New York, of complications from an appendectomy. His funeral service was held at St. James Episcopal Church in his home town, Hammondsport,  with interment in the family plot at Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport. Awards and honors
By an act of Congress on March 1, 1933, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, which now resides in the Smithsonian Institution. <mask> was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1964, the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 1965, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990, the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998, and the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2003. The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum has a collection of Curtiss's original documents as well as a collection of airplanes, motorcycles and motors.LaGuardia Airport was originally called Glenn H. Curtiss Airport when it began operation in 1929. Other Curtiss honors include: Naval Aviation Hall of Honor; OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Hall of Fame; Empire State Aviation Hall of Fame; Niagara Frontier Aviation and Space Hall of Fame; International Air & Space Hall of Fame; Long Island Air & Space Hall of Fame; Great Floridians 2000; Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame; Hammondsport School Lifetime Achievements Wall of Fame; Florida Aviation Hall of Fame; Smithsonian Institution Langley Medal; Top 100 Stars of Aerospace and Aviation; Doctor of Science (honoris causa), University of Miami. The Glenn H. Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport is dedicated to Curtiss's life and work. There is a Curtiss Avenue in Hammondsport, NY, along with the Glenn Curtiss Elementary School. Carson, CA has Glenn Hammond Curtiss Middle School and Glenn Curtiss Street. Glenn H. Curtiss Road is in San Diego, CA, and Glenn Curtiss Boulevard in East Meadow/Uniondale, NY (Long Island). Glenn Curtiss Drive is in Addison, TX, and Curtiss Parkway in Miami Springs, FL.Buffalo, NY has a Curtiss Park and a Curtis Parkway (named for <mask> despite the incorrect spelling). The Curtiss E-Library in Hialeah, FL was originally the Lua A. Curtiss Branch Library, named for <mask>'s mother. Curtiss appeared on the cover of Time in 1924, on a U. S. Air Mail stamp, and on a Micronesian stamp. Curtiss airplanes appear on 15 U. S. stamps (including the first air mail stamps), and on the stamps of at least 17 other countries. Timeline

1878 Birth in Hammondsport, New York
1898 Marriage
1900 Manufactures Hercules bicycles
1901 Motorcycle designer and racer
1903 American motorcycle champion
1903 Unofficial one-mile motorcycle land speed record  on Hercules V8 at Yonkers, New York
1904 Thomas Scott Baldwin mounts Curtiss motorcycle engine on a hydrogen-filled dirigible
1904 Set 10-mile world speed record
1904 Invented handlebar throttle control; also credited to the 1867–1869 Roper steam velocipede
1905 Created G.H. Curtiss Manufacturing Company, Inc.
1906 Curtiss writes the Wright brothers offering them an aeronautical motor
1907 Curtiss joins Alexander Graham Bell in experimenting in aircraft
1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record of
1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record at  in his V8 motorcycle in Ormond Beach, Florida
1908 First Army dirigible flight with Curtiss as flight engineer
1908 One of several claimants for the first flight of a powered aircraft controlled by ailerons (manned glider flights with ailerons having been accomplished in 1904, unmanned flights even earlier)
1908 Lead designer and pilot of "June Bug" on July 4
1909 Sale of Curtiss's "Golden Flyer" to the New York Aeronautic Society for US$5,000.00, marks the first sale of any aircraft in the U.S., triggers Wright Brothers lawsuits. 1909 Won first international air speed record with  in Rheims, France
1909 First U.S. licensed aircraft manufacturer.1909 Established first flying school in United States and exhibition company
1910 Long distance flying record of  from Albany, New York to New York City
1910 First simulated bombing runs from an aircraft at Keuka Lake
1910 First firearm use from aircraft, piloted by Curtiss
1910 First radio communication with aircraft in flight in a Curtiss biplane
1910 Curtiss moved to California and set up a shop and flight school at the Los Angeles Motordrome, using the facility for sea plane experiments
1910 Trained Blanche Stuart Scott, the first American female pilot
1910 First successful takeoff from a United States Navy ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane)
1911 First landing on a ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane) (2 Months later)
1911 The Curtiss School of Aviation, established at Rockwell Field in February

1911 Pilot license #1 issued for his June Bug flight
1911 Ailerons patented
1911 Developed first successful pontoon aircraft in US
1911 Hydroplane A-1 Triad purchased by US. Navy (US Navy's first aircraft)
1911 Developed first retractable landing gear on his hydroaeroplane
1911 His first aircraft sold to U.S. Army on April 27
1911 Created first military flying school
1912 Developed and flew the first flying boat on Lake Keuka
1912 First ship catapult launching on October 12 (Lt. Ellyson)
1912 Created the first flying school in Florida at Miami Beach

1914 Curtiss made a few short flights in the Langley Aerodrome, as part of an unsuccessful attempt to bypass the Wright Brothers' patent on aircraft
1915 Start production run of "Jennys" and many other models including flying boats
1915 Curtiss started the Atlantic Coast Aeronautical Station on a 20-acre tract east of Newport News (VA) Boat Harbor in the Fall of 1915 with Captain Thomas Scott Baldwin as head. 1917 Opens "Experimental Airplane Factory" in Garden City, Long Island
1919 Curtiss NC-4 flying boat crosses the Atlantic
1919 Commenced private aircraft production with the Oriole
1921 Developed Hialeah, Florida, including Hialeah Park Race Track
1921 Donated his World War I training field to the Navy
1922 Opened Hialeah Park Race Track with his business partner James H. Bright
1923 Developed Miami Springs, Florida and created a flying school and airport

1923 (circa) Created first airboats
1925 Built his Miami Springs mansion
1926 Developed Opa-locka, Florida and airport facility
1928 Created the Curtiss Aerocar Company in Opa-locka, Florida. 1928 Curtiss towed an Aerocar from Miami to New York City in 39 hours
1930 Death in Buffalo, New York
1930 Buried in Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport, New York
1964 Inducted in the National Aviation Hall of Fame
1990 Inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in the air-racing category

See also

Charles M. Olmsted
American Trans-Oceanic Company
Curtiss Model T
Curtiss Autoplane
Schneider Trophy
Curtiss & Bright
Opa-locka Company

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 "At Dayton". Time, October 13, 1924. Casey, Louis S. Curtiss: The Hammondsport Era, 1907–1915. New York: Crown Publishers, 1981. .
 Curtiss, Glenn and Augustus Post.The Curtiss Aviation Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1912.
 de Cet, Mirco. The Illustrated Directory of Motorcycles. St. Paul: Minnesota: MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2002. .
 Dizer, John T. Tom Swift & Company. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing, 1982. .
 FitzGerald-Bush, Frank S. A Dream of Araby: <mask> Curtiss and the Founding of Opa-locka. Opa-locka, Florida: South Florida Archaeological Museum, 1976. Harvey, Steve.It Started with a Steamboat: An American Saga. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2005. .
 Hatch, Alden. <mask>: Pioneer of Aviation. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2007. .
 House, Kirk W. Hell-Rider to King of the Air. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 2003. .
 Mitchell, Charles R. and Kirk W. House. <mask><mask>: Aviation Pioneer. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2001.  .
 Roseberry, C.R.<mask>: Pioneer of Flight. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1972. .
 Shulman, Seth. Unlocking the Sky: <mask> <mask> and the Race to Invent the Airplane. New York: Harper Collins, 2002. .
 "Speed Limit." Time, October 29, 1923. Studer, Clara. Sky Storming Yankee: The Life of <mask>.New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937. Trimble, William F. Hero of the Air: <mask> and the Birth of Naval Aviation. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2010. . External links

 The Curtiss Aviation Book by <mask> and Augustus Post
 U.S. Government Centennial of Flight – Glenn Curtiss
 Glenn Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport, NY
 National Aviation Hall of Fame: Glenn Curtiss Retrieved May 26, 2011

1878 births
1930 deaths
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Aircraft designers
Alexander Graham Bell
American aerospace engineers
American aviation record holders
American male cyclists
American motorcycle designers
Aviation history of the United States
Aviation pioneers
Aviators from New York (state)
Bicycle messengers
Collier Trophy recipients

Deaths from appendicitis
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Motorcycle land speed record people
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
People from Hammondsport, New York
Cyclists from New York

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<mask>  (born 17 September 1986) is an Indian international cricketer. An all-rounder who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm off-break, he plays for Tamil Nadu in domestic cricket and Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League. He is the fastest Indian bowler (also in some records the joint-fastest in the world) to reach the 50-, 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- and 400-wicket mark in Test cricket in terms of number of innings. In 2016, he became the third Indian to win the ICC Cricketer of the Year award. Considered to be one of the best spin bowlers of his generation, he is currently the highest-ranked spinner in Test cricket, and the highest-ranked Test bowler for India on the ICC Player Rankings. He has won nine Man of the Series awards in Test cricket, which is the highest by an Indian cricketer. Having achieved little success as an opening batsman at junior-level cricket, <mask> dropped down the order and turned into an off-break bowler.He made his first-class debut for Tamil Nadu in December 2006 and captained the team the following season. However, it was not until the 2010 Indian Premier League in which he played for the Chennai Super Kings that he came into the limelight with his economical bowling and earned his maiden international call-up in the limited-overs formats in June 2010. He was the leading wicket-taker and player of the tournament of the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 in South Africa. He was also part of the Indian squad that won the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Later that year, he made his Test debut against West Indies and became the seventh Indian bowler to take a five-wicket haul on Test debut. He took two five-wicket hauls and scored a century in that series and won the player of the series award. <mask> continued to succeed in the subcontinent but proved to be less effective in other places like Australia and England.In a home Test series against Australia in 2013, he took 29 wickets, the most by any Indian bowler in a four-match Test series. The same year, he took his 100th Test wicket in his 18th match, becoming the fastest Indian bowler to the milestone and the fastest in the world in over 80 years. In 2017, playing his 45th Test, <mask> became the fastest bowler to pick up 250 Test wickets, bettering Dennis Lillee, who had achieved the landmark in 48 Tests. In October 2019, in his 66th Test match, <mask> became the joint-fastest bowler, along with Muttiah Muralitharan, to take his 350th Test wicket. Early years
<mask> was born on 17 September 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu in a Tamil Hindu family. He lives in West Mambalam, Chennai. His father Ravichandran played cricket at club level as a fast bowler.<mask> was educated at Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan and St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School. He also attended SSN College of Engineering and graduated with a BTech in Information Technology. His time at St. Bede's was particularly important, as it had a cricket academy. <mask> has stated that coaches C. K. Vijay and Chandra at St Bede's played a big role in his career, where he had changed his bowling style from medium pace to off spin. Career

2010–present: International career
On the back of his impressive performance in the 2010 Indian Premier League, <mask> was selected in a second-string squad that toured Zimbabwe in May–June 2010. He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka on 5 June 2010, scoring a 32–ball 38 and taking 2/50 in that match which India lost to crash out of the tri-series. His T20I debut came a week later, against Zimbabwe at Harare where he took 1/22 in four overs in an Indian win.<mask> was selected for the tri-series against New Zealand and hosts Sri Lanka, but did not get a game with Pragyan Ojha and Ravindra Jadeja being preferred over him throughout the series. In October, the selectors decided to rest first-choice players in the three-match home ODI series against Australia, enabling <mask> to get selected in the team again. <mask> was the most economical bowler in the only match played in the series in which he took 1/34 in nine overs while India registered a five-wicket victory. <mask> played in all five matches of the home series against New Zealand in November–December 2010. India completed a 5–0 whitewash and <mask> ended up as the leading wicket-taker of the series with 11 wickets at an average of 21.90. At the conclusion of the series, <mask> earned the praise of captain Gautam Gambhir, who called him "the find" of the series and hailed his bowling during the powerplay overs. Despite this success, <mask> failed to make it to the playing eleven in any of the five ODIs on the South African tour, with the inclusion of lead spinner Harbhajan Singh in the team.However, <mask> did manage to find a place in the 15-member World Cup squad that was announced during the series, with Harbhajan and Piyush Chawla being the other two specialist spinners in the squad. <mask> played the fourth and fifth ODI of India's tour of West Indies in June–July 2011 but picked just one wicket. <mask> was retained in the limited-overs squad for the England tour. He emerged as India's best bowler of the series, which India lost 3–0, taking six wickets at an average of 25.16. England toured India in October 2011 and were whitewashed in the ODI series 5–0. With 10 scalps at 20.20, <mask> was as the second highest wicket-taker of the series, only behind teammate Jadeja. In November 2011, West Indies toured India for three Tests and five ODIs.<mask> and Ojha were the only two specialist spinners in the squad, with Harbhajan being omitted owing to his indifferent form during the England tour. <mask> made his Test debut in the first match at Delhi, earning his cap from Sachin Tendulkar. <mask> took 3/81 in the first innings and 6/47 in the second, helping India win the match. He was awarded the man of the match and became the third Indian player to win the award on Test debut. He picked four wickets in the second Test at Kolkata where India registered an innings victory. In the third Test at Mumbai, he took 5/156 while West Indies made a total of 590 and scored his maiden international century in India's first innings (103 runs from 118 balls) to take India's total to 482. <mask> thus became the third Indian to score a century and take a five-wicket haul in the same Test and the first since 1962.West Indies were bowled out for 134 in their second innings as Ojha and <mask> shared all ten wickets between them, with <mask> picking 4/34. The match ended in a draw with the scores level, after <mask> took a single and was dismissed run out attempting a second run off the last ball of the match. He was awarded the man of the match as well as the man of the series for his all-round performance. <mask> featured in four matches of the subsequent ODI series and took four wickets at 49.00. <mask> was ineffective on India's 2011/12 tour of Australia. He played in three Tests on the tour taking nine wickets at an average of more than 62. He also featured in the subsequent triangular CB Series against Australia and Sri Lanka and took seven wickets in as many matches at 43.42.In March 2012, he took five wickets in three matches of the 2012 Asia Cup in Bangladesh. He had a quiet tour of Sri Lanka in July–August 2012 taking five wickets at 39.40 in the five-match ODI series and 1/22 in the one-off T20I. <mask> returned to form during the two-match home Test series against New Zealand. In the first Test at Hyderabad, he claimed 6/31 and 6/54 helping India seal an innings victory and was named the man of the match. His match figures of 12/85 bettered S. Venkataraghavan's 12/152 for the best figures by an Indian bowler against New Zealand in Tests. In the second match at Bangalore his efforts of 5/69 in the second innings helped India win the match and the series 2–0. He was awarded man of the series for his tally of 18 wickets at 13.11 average.<mask> played four matches in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka and took five wickets at an economy rate of 6 and an average of 19. During the first Test of England's tour of India in late 2012, <mask> became the fastest Indian to record 50 wickets in Test cricket as he overhauled the milestone in his ninth game. India eventually lost the series 2–1 in which he struggled with the ball managing to take only 14 wickets in the four Tests at an average of 52.64. However, he scored 243 runs, averaging 60.75 per innings, including two fifties and finished as India's second best batsman of the series. In the three-match ODI series against Pakistan and the five-match ODI series against England, he took three wickets at 43.33 and seven wickets at 35.71 respectively. While playing for India Cements at the BCCI Corporate Trophy in February 2013, <mask> worked with former Tamil Nadu spinner and childhood coach Sunil Subramaniam to make changes to his bowling ahead of the four-match Test series against Australia. Subramaniam and <mask> spent a few hours every day for a week at the nets in Nagpur.Among the changes made was shortening <mask>'s bowling stride. <mask> was highly successful on Australia's four-Test tour of India in February–March 2013. In the first Test at Chennai, his home ground, he took 7/103 and 5/95 leading India to a comfortable eight-wicket victory. He had a haul of 5/63 in the second innings of the second Test at Hyderabad where India registered an innings win. He took a total of four wickets in the Mohali Test where India sealed the series with a six-wicket victory. In the last match at Delhi, he took 5/57 and 2/55 in another Indian win which completed a 4–0 whitewash of Australia. During the match, <mask> surpassed former India captain Anil Kumble's tally of 27 wickets for most wickets by an Indian bowler in a four-Test series.<mask> finished the series as the leading wicket-taker with a tally of 29 wickets at 20.10 and won the Man of the Series award. It was the first time India won four or more Tests in a series and the first time Australia was whitewashed since 1969–70. <mask> also became the third Indian off-spinner to take 25-plus wickets in a series after E. A. S. Prasanna and Harbhajan Singh. <mask> was a member of the Indian team that won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy in England. His figures of 2/15 in four overs in the 20-overs-a-side final helped India restrict England to 124/8 and win the match by five runs. He had a total of eight wickets from five matches at an average of 22.62, conceding 4.41 runs per over, and ended as the joint-fifth highest wicket-taker of the tournament. He was named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.With nine wickets in six matches, <mask> finished as the leading wicket-taker of the home ODI series against Australia in October–November 2013 which India won 3–2. On India's tour of South Africa, <mask> had a difficult time with the ball. He picked only one wicket across three ODIs and went wicketless in his 42 overs in the first Test at Johannesburg, following which, he lost his spot in the team to Jadeja for the second Test. In early 2014, <mask>'s overseas struggles continued during the New Zealand tour where he managed to bag a solitary wicket in the five-match ODI series which India lost

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 4–0. However, in the third ODI, coming in to bat with India at 146/5 in pursuit of 315, he scored his maiden ODI fifty of 65 runs from 46 balls. He shared a 38-run partnership with Dhoni and an 85-run seventh wicket stands with Jadeja, as the match eventually ended in a tie. In the two-match Test series that followed, Jadeja was preferred over <mask> as the lone spinner in the playing eleven.<mask> was back among the wickets when India went to Bangladesh for the 2014 Asia Cup and the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. He took nine wickets in four matches of the Asia Cup and finished as the joint-third highest wicket-taker of the tournament. He played a vital role in India's unbeaten run to the World Twenty20 final. His tally of 11 wickets in six matches at an average of 11.27 and economy rate of 5.35 put him joint-third on the list of most wickets in the tournament. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2014 T20 World Cup by the ICC and Cricinfo. <mask> was part of the Indian team that toured England in 2014. He played his first match of the Test series only in the fourth game in which he scored 40 and 46 not out but went wicketless in an innings defeat for India.He took three wickets in the last match, which was another innings defeat. India and <mask> found more success in the ODI series followed. With India winning the series 3–1, <mask> took seven wickets from four matches at an average of 24.85 and economy rate of less than 4.5. India whitewashed Sri Lanka in a five-match ODI series in November 2014 in which <mask> had 6 wickets to his name at 33.33. Debutant leg-spinner Karn Sharma was chosen over <mask> for the first Test of India's tour of Australia in December 2014. After Sharma's indifferent debut, <mask> returned to the playing eleven as the lone spinner and took a total of 12 wickets at an average of 48.66 in the remaining three matches. <mask> was selected to represent India for the second consecutive ODI World cup to be held in Australia-New Zealand in 2015.He was also named as bench for the 'Team of the tournament' by Cricbuzz. In the 2015 three-match series against Sri Lanka, he dismissed Kumar Sangakkara, who was retiring following the second Test, four consecutive times in his final four innings. At the end of the series, he finished with 21 wickets and in the process, broke the record for most wickets by an Indian bowler in a series against Sri Lanka. He was awarded the Man of the Series. These efforts led him to achieve the number 1 ranking in ICC Test Bowling Rankings for the year 2015 (which he retained in 2016). In November 2015, <mask> was a star performer throughout the Freedom Trophy Test series against South Africa in India. During the course of the series, he became the fastest Indian to reach 150 wickets in Test cricket.In the third Test in Nagpur, he picked up 12 wickets for 98 runs to hand South Africa their first away series loss in nine years. His career-best figures of 7/66 in the second innings bowled the visitors out for 185 and gave India a 2–0 series win. For his performances in 2015, he was named as 12th man in the World Test XI by the ICC. He was also named in the Test XI of the year 2015 by Cricinfo. In New Zealand's tour of India in 2016, <mask> took 27 wickets in 3 Tests, including a career-best of 7 for 59 in an innings. For his performances in 2016, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC and Cricinfo. In December 2016, the International Cricket Council named <mask> the ICC Cricketer of the Year and the ICC Test Cricketer of the Year for 2016.In the process, he became the third Indian to win the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for the ICC Cricketer of the Year after Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, and also the second cricketer ever after Dravid to win the two awards in the same year. For his performances in 2017, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC. In September 2021, <mask> was named in India's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He made a comeback in white-ball cricket in India's third match of the tournament against Afghanistan and bowled a good spell of 2-14 in 4 overs. In December 2021, <mask> was ranked second in the ICC Men’s Test Player Rankings for bowlers and all-rounders. Indian Premier League career
In March 2019, in a match against Rajasthan Royals, <mask> mankaded Jos Buttler reigniting the debate around dismissal in this manner. In 2019, <mask> was traded to Delhi Capitals ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League.He took 13 wickets in the season and was the fourth highest wicket taker in the team. Delhi retained him for the 2021 season. India and Delhi Capitals off-spinner <mask> <mask>  said he is going to take a break from Indian Premier League (IPL) 2021. <mask> played 5 matches for Delhi Capitals in IPL 2021. It was the first time that he was playing in an IPL final for a team other than CSK. He played for the CSK in the finals of the IPL in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015. In the 2022 IPL Auction, <mask> was bought by the Rajasthan Royals for ₹5 crores.Bowling style
<mask> produces several variations of the ball and flights the ball, thereby giving it more chance to spin and dip on the batsman. In addition to his normal off-breaks, he produces an arm ball and the carrom ball, the latter of which he uses frequently in the shorter formats. In IPL 2013, he bowled leg-breaks and googly as well. However, in an interview, he has stated that he refrains from bowling the doosra as it requires him to bend and straighten his arm which he finds difficult to do. <mask>'s childhood coach Sunil Subramaniam recalls Ashwin's early days at the TNCA Academy:

[...] what struck me was his intelligence. His use of angles, length and width of the crease. Also, guessing what a batsman was likely to do.And the kind of field placing that he is comfortable with. Those are the factors that struck me immediately – that this guy not only loves bowling, he also has a fair idea of what spin actually is. For somebody who started out at 18 or 19, I thought that was a big thing [...] Here is a guy who knew what the ball is supposed to do, where this guy is expected to play and what are the plans to keep that guy in check and put pressure on that guy. He was pretty clear at 18 itself. Personal life

On 13 November 2011, Ashwin married his childhood friend Prithi Narayanan. They have two children. The Tamil Nadu State Election Commission used Ashwin to help create electoral awareness by encouraging voters to check whether their names were on the electoral roll.Achievements
He is fastest among Indian bowlers to reach 50,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 wickets milestone. <mask> is ranked number 2 among bowlers and 2 among all-rounders in Test cricket as of December 2021. In his 37th Test match, <mask> became the fastest Indian bowler and the second fastest in the world to reach 200 Test wickets after Australian spinner Clarrie Grimmett (36 matches).. He is fastest to reach 250,300 and 350 wickets in test cricket. <mask> became the first Indian cricketer to score a century and take five wickets in the same Test match on three separate instances. In 2016, <mask> <mask> became first Indian to take 50 T20I wickets. On 23 August 2016, <mask> grabbed his sixth Man-of-the-Series Award, surpassing the tie by Sachin Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag, and in only his 13th Test series, and 8th series where he played every Test.On 10 October 2016, <mask> took his 20th five-wicket haul, making him the third fastest to reach the landmark. On 27 November 2016, he completed a double of 500 runs and 50 wickets in 2016. He is the second all-rounder from India to achieve this in a single calendar year. <mask> was the world's highest wicket taker in 2016 with 72 scalps. On 12 February 2017, with the dismissal of Mushfiqur Rahim, <mask> became the fastest to reach 250 test wickets. In India's 2016-17 home season, <mask> took 64 wickets in 13 Tests, becoming the highest wicket-taker for India in a single domestic season, surpassing Kapil Dev's record of 63 wickets in 10 Tests during the 1979-80 season. During the home test series against Australia, he became the fastest bowler to take 25 fifers in test history in terms of matches(47) and in terms of innings(89).He along with Ravindra Jadeja became the first pair of spinners to be jointly ranked number 1 bowler in ICC Test Rankings history In the 4th and final Test match against Australia national cricket team at Dharamshala Cricket Stadium, March 2017, <mask> dismissed Steve Smith and took his wickets' tally to 79. This is the most number of wickets by a bowler in a home season surpassing Dale Steyn's record of 78 in 2007-08. In November 2015, he became fastest Indian to 150 wickets as well during his 5 wicket haul against South Africa at Mohali. In September 2016, he became the fastest Indian and second overall to get 200 wickets by dismissing Kane Williamson in India's 500th test match. On 27 November 2017, during the second Test against Sri Lanka, <mask> became the fastest bowler to reach 300 Test wickets in his 54th Test. His 300th victim was Sri Lankan tail-ender batsman Lahiru Gamage. India won the match by an innings margin along with the milestone.The previous record holder was Australian fast bowling legend Dennis Lillee who had reached the milestone in 56 Test matches way back in 1981. In November 2020, <mask> was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade. In the next month, <mask> became the bowler for dismissing most left-handers (200 left hand batsman dismissals as of February 16 2021) in Test cricket surpassing Muralitharan previous record(191). In February 2021, he became the fourth Indian to take 400 wickets in Test cricket. <mask> also became the second fastest bowler ever to achieve the landmark (77 Tests) after Muttiah Muralitharan (73 Tests). On 06 December 2021, <mask> became only the second Indian bowler to take 300 Test wickets in home conditions, after Anil Kumble. Ashwin took the highest wickets (71) in the inaugural World Test Championship.<mask> was named in ICC Men's Test Team of the Year for the year 2021. Awards
 ICC Cricketer of the Year: 2016
 CEAT International Cricketer of the Year: 2016–17

See also
 List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran <mask>
 List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut

References

External links

 <mask>'s profile page on Wisden
 Ravichandran <mask> ready with his mystery ball

1986 births
Living people
India Test cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Tamil Nadu cricketers
South Zone cricketers
India Blue cricketers
India Red cricketers
India Green cricketers
Chennai Super Kings cricketers
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Indian cricketers
Cricketers from Chennai
Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan schools alumni
Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers
International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year
Worcestershire cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Tamil sportspeople
Delhi Capitals cricketers
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Surrey

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<mask> (23 November 1878 – 22 April 1925) was a French composer and conductor now known primarily through his orchestrations of works by Claude Debussy. Early life

<mask> was born on a boat sailing between Le Havre (Seine-Maritime) and Honfleur (Calvados), the youngest child of a modest family. Career
He exhibited an unusual talent and originality during his musical education, and won the Prix de Rome in 1901 ahead of Maurice Ravel. He became a close friend of Claude Debussy, sometimes serving as translator, and he orchestrated part of Debussy's Le Martyre de saint Sébastien. He also collaborated with Debussy in the orchestration of La boîte à joujoux. In 1911, <mask> prepared an orchestration of Debussy's Children's Corner, which, along with his orchestration of Clair de lune from the Suite bergamasque is probably the most widely performed and recorded example of his work. <mask> was a composer in his own right, whose works have been overlooked for the most part in the modern repertoire.Especially interesting is his instrumental use of voices, as in his Septuor à cordes vocales et instrumentales from 1909 and in the oratorio-like Le Miroir de Jésus from 1923, which features "choeur de femmes" in an accompanying role <mask> termed "voix d'accompagnement". He also wrote two works based on the short story The Mask of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe: Conte fantastique for harp and string quartet, and an orchestral symphonic study Le Masque de la mort rouge. <mask> served as conductor of the Boston Opera from 1910 to 1914. Death
While serving in the military during the First World War, he was gassed, which resulted in the pleurisy that eventually killed him. He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine (Hauts-de-Seine), a suburb of Paris, at the age of 46. The next year the sculptor Jacques Zwobada, a native of Neuilly, was commissioned to create a monument to <mask>. This was one of Zwobada's earliest works after he graduated from the École des Beaux-Arts.Compositions

Works for voice and piano
Viens! ... Une flûte invisible, (Hugo), August 1900
Myrrha, (text by Fernand Beissier) cantata for second round competition of the Prix de Rome, July 1901 - <mask> won first prize, also set by Ravel and other second round contestants. Performed in Le Havre November 1901. Green, (Verlaine), 1902
Il était une fois, (Richepin), January 1903
Poème de mai (Tu nous souriais), (A. Silvestre), 1902
Dans la fontaine, (P. Gravollet), 1903
Papillons, (P. Gravollet), February 1903
Le Livre rose, (P.J. Pain), 1898–1901
1.) Le livre ou je veux lire
2.) Premier prix
3.)Les pleurs de bébé
4.) Le furet du bois, mesdames
Chanson d'automne, (A. Silvestre), 1900
Paroles à l'absente, (G. Jean-Aubry), 1908
1.) Préludes
2.) Ce sable fin et fuyant
3.) Angoise
Les Prières, 1914–1917, (also for harp and string quartet)
1.) Oraison dominicale
2.) Salutation angélique
3.)Symbole des apôtres
Le vieux coffret, (R. de Gourmont), 1914–1917
1.) Songe
2.) Berceuse
3.) In una selva oscura
4.) Forêt
En regardant ces belles fleurs, (C. d'Orleans), October 1914
Nuit d'automne, (H. de Regnier), 9 March 1915
Prière normande, (J. Hebertot), 1916
Solitude, (J. Ochse), 1915
Quand reverrai-je, hélas!..., (J. du Bellay), 27 August 1916, (published with harp accompaniment by Lyra)
La croix douloureuse, (R.P. Lacordaire), for the armed forces
Détresse!..., (H. Charasson), 9 November 1918
Trois Fables, (La Fontaine), 1919
1.) Le corbeau et le renard
2.)La cigale et la fourmi
3.) Le loup et l'agneau
Le Pain quotidien, (15 exercises), 1920
Cinq Ballades françaises, (P. Fort)
1.) Cloche d'aube
2.) La ronde
3.) Notre chaumière en Yveline
4.) Songe d'une nuit d'été
5.) Préludes2.)AngoisseLe vieux Coffret, (R. de Gourmont)La croix douloureuse, (R.P. LaCordaire)Détresse!..., (H. Carasson)Hymne à la naissance du matin, (P. Fort), November 1920Les prières (voice, harp, string quartet) (see under voice and piano)

A cappella chorusMesse à trois voix, 1919-1920
1.) Kyrie eleison2.) Gloria3.) Sanctus4.) Agnus Dei5.) Allegro2.)Adagio3.) Scherzo4.) Finale"Suite persane" pour 2 flûtes, 2 hautbois, 2 clarinettes, 2 bassons, et 2 cors, 1900, version originale
1.) Scharki, (allegretto)
2.) Nihavend, (andantino)
3.) Iskia Samaisi, (vivo)"Septuor", pour quatour a cordes et 3 voix feminines, 1909"Sonate" pour piano, voix, violoncelle, 1919"Conte fantastique (The Masque of Red Death)" d'après Poe pour harpe à pedales et quatour à cordes, (published 1924)"Le miroir de Jésus" pour voix principale, 3 voix accompagnantes, quatour a cordes et harpe, (original version: Été), 1923"Sonata da chiesa" pour violon et orgue, 1924
1.) Quiet2.)Interieur3.) Alleluia”Impressions d’automne – Elégie” pour alto saxophone, hautbois, 2 clarinettes, basson, harpe, orgue et 2 violoncelles, 1905

Cello and pianoÉlegie, 1903Allegresse, 1903ÉpiphanieImprovisationsFlute and pianoFeuillets d'album, 1901Rêverie et Petite valse, 1897Viens! Une flûte invisible, 1900, voice, flute, piano

Piano, two handsMenuet dans le style ancien, 1897Deux pièces, 1900

Piano, four handsPrelude, 1899Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol (petites pièces faciles), 1901Un tas de petites choses, 1919

Reductions for piano, 4 hands and for 2 pianos, 4 hands or 6 handsImages (Debussy)
1.) Rondes de Printemps2.) Gigues3.) IbériaLa Mer (Debussy)Le martyre de Saint Sébastien, voix et piano (Debussy)La mer, 2 pianos, 6 mains  (Debussy)

Sources
French government publication  on Caplet. References

Bernac, Pierre.The Interpretation of French Song. New York: Norton, 1978. Orledge, Robert: "Caplet, <mask> (Léon)", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 25 November 2003), http://www.grovemusic.com. Thiollet, Jean-Pierre, Sax, Mule & Co'', Paris, H & D, 2004 ("<mask>let", pp. 108–109)

External links
Le martyre de Saint-Sébastien: mystère en cinq actes, music by Debussy, transcribed by Caplet Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
The Masque of Red Death Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
ResMusicca.com: <mask>let
André-Caplet.fr
Musicologie.org: <mask>let

1878 births
1925 deaths
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
People from Le Havre
Prix de Rome for composition
19th-century French composers
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
19th-century French male musicians

masks:
André Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
André
André Cap
André Cap
André Cap