texts:
<mask> (, ; 25 December 1886 – 10 December 1929) was a German theologian, philosopher, and translator. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Kassel, Germany to a wealthy, minimally observant, Jewish family. He studied history and philosophy at the universities of Göttingen, Munich, and Freiburg. Rosenzweig, under the influence of his cousin and close friend Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, considered converting to Christianity. Determined to embrace the faith as the early Christians did, he resolved to live as an observant Jew first, before becoming Christian. After attending Yom Kippur services at a small Orthodox synagogue in Berlin, he underwent a mystical experience. As a result, he became a baal teshuva.Although he never recorded what transpired, he never again entertained converting to Christianity. In 1913, he turned to Jewish philosophy. His letters to his cousin and close friend Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, whom he had nearly followed into Christianity, have been published as Judaism Despite Christianity. Rosenzweig was a student of Hermann Cohen, and the two became close. While writing a doctoral dissertation on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel and the State, Rosenzweig turned against idealism and sought a philosophy that did not begin with an abstract notion of the human. Later in the decade, Rosenzweig discovered a manuscript apparently written in Hegel's hand, which he named "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism." The manuscript (first published in 1917) has been dated to 1796 and appears to show the influence of F. W. J. Schelling and Friedrich Hölderlin.Despite early debate about the authorship of the document, scholars now generally accept that it was written by Hegel, making Rosenzweig's discovery valuable for contemporary Hegel scholarship. Career

The Star of Redemption

Rosenzweig's major work is The Star of Redemption (first published in 1921). It is a description of the relationships between God, humanity, and the world, as they are connected by creation, revelation and redemption. If one makes a diagram with God at the top, and the World and the Self below, the inter-relationships generate a Star of David map. He is critical of any attempt to replace actual human existence with an ideal. In <mask>'s scheme, revelation arises not in metaphysics but in the here and now. We are called to love God, and to do so is to return to the world, and that is redemption.Two translations into English have appeared, the most recent by Dr. Barbara E. Galli of McGill University in 2005 and by Professor William Wolfgang Hallo in 1971. Collaboration with Buber
<mask> was critical of the Jewish scholar Martin Buber's early work but became close friends with him upon their meeting. Buber was a Zionist, but Rosenzweig felt that a return to Israel would embroil the Jews into a worldly history that they should eschew. Rosenzweig criticized Buber's dialogical philosophy because it is based not only on the I-Thou relation but also on I-It, a notion that Rosenzweig rejected. He thought that the counterpart to I-Thou should be He-It, namely “as He said and it became”: building the "it" around the human "I"—the human mind—is an idealistic mistake. <mask> and Buber worked together on a translation of the Tanakh, or Hebrew Bible, from Hebrew to German. The translation, while contested, has led to several other translations in other languages that use the same methodology and principles.Their publications concerning the nature and philosophy of translation are still widely read. Educational activities
Rosenzweig, unimpressed with the impersonal learning of the academy, founded the  in Frankfurt in 1920, which sought to engage in dialogue with human beings rather than merely accumulate knowledge. Many prominent Jewish intellectuals were associated with the Lehrhaus, as it was known in Germany, such as Leo Löwenthal, the liberal rabbi Benno Jacob, historian of medicine Richard Koch, the chemist Eduard Strauß, the feminist Bertha Pappenheim, Siegfried Kracauer, a culture critic for the Frankfurter Zeitung, S.Y. Agnon, who later won the Nobel Prize for Literature, and Gershom Scholem, the founder of modern secular studies of the Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism (some of these intellectuals are also associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory). In October 1922, Rudolf Hallo took over the leadership of the Lehrhaus. The Lehrhaus stayed open until 1930 and was reopened by Martin Buber in 1933. Illness and death

Rosenzweig suffered from the muscular degenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease).Towards the end of his life, he had to write with the help of his wife, Edith, who would recite letters of the alphabet until he indicated for her to stop, continuing until she could guess the word or phrase he intended (or, at other times, Rosenzweig would point to the letter on the plate of his typewriter). They also developed a communication system based on him blinking his eyes. Rosenzweig's final attempt to communicate his thought, via the laborious typewriter-alphabet method, consisted in the partial sentence: "And now it comes, the point of all points, which the Lord has truly revealed to me in my sleep, the point of all points for which there—". The writing was interrupted by his doctor, with whom he had a short discussion using the same method. When the doctor left, Rosenzweig did not wish to continue with the writing, and he died on the night of 10 December 1929, in Frankfurt, the sentence left unfinished. Rosenzweig was buried on 12 December 1929. There was no eulogy; Buber read Psalm 73.See also

 Interfaith dialogue
 André Neher

References

Further reading
 Anckaert, Luc & Casper, Bernhard Moses Casper, <mask> Rosenzweig - a primary and secondary bibliography (Leuven, 1990)
 Amir, Yehoyada, "Towards mutual Listening: the Notion of Sermon in <mask>weig's Philosophy", in: Alexander Deeg, Walter Homolka & Heinz–Günter Schöttler (eds. ), "Preaching in Judaism and Christianity" (Berlin, 2008), 113–130
 Amir, Yehoyada, Turner, Joseph (Yossi), Brasser, Martin, "Faith, Truth, and Reason - New Perspectives on <mask>zweig's Star of Redemption" (Karl Alber, 2012)
 Belloni, Claudio, Filosofia e rivelazione. Rosenzweig nella scia dell’ultimo Schelling, Marsilio, Venezia 2002
 Bienenstock, Myriam Cohen face à Rosenzweig. Débat sur la pensée allemande (Paris, Vrin, 2009)
 Bienenstock, Myriam (ed.). Héritages de Franz Rosenzweig. "Nous et les autres" (Paris, éditions de l'éclat, 2011)
 Bowler, Maurice Gerald, "The Reconciliation of Church and Synagogue in <mask>weig," M.A. Thesis, Sir George Williams University, Montreal, 1973
 Chamiel, Ephraim, The Dual Truth, Studies on Nineteenth-Century Modern Religious Thought and its Influence on Twentieth-Century Jewish Philosophy, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2019, Vol II, pp.308–332. Gibbs, Robert, Correlations in Rosenzweig and Levinas (1994)
 Glatzer, Nahum Norbert Essays in Jewish thought (1978)
 Glatzer, Nahum Norbert, <mask>weig - his life and thought (New York, 1953)
 Guttmann, Isaak Julius. Philosophies of Judaism : the history of Jewish philosophy from biblical times to <mask>weig (New York, 1964)
 Maybaum, Ignaz Trialogue between Jew, Christian and Muslim (London, 1973)
 Mendes-Flohr, Paul R., German Jews - a dual identity (New Haven, CT, 1999)
 Miller, Ronald Henry Dialogue and disagreement - <mask>weig's relevance to contemporary Jewish-Christian understanding (Lanham, 1989)
 Putnam, Hilary Jewish philosophy as a guide to life - <mask>, Buber, Levinas, Wittgenstein (Bloomington, IN, 2008)
 Rahel-Freund, Else Die Existenz philosophie <mask> (Breslau 1933, Hamburg 1959)
 Rahel-Freund, Else <mask>g's philosophy of existence - an analysis of The star of redemption (The Hague, 1979)
 Samuelson, Norbert Max, The Legacy of <mask>zweig: Collected Essays (Cornell University Press, 2004)
 Santner, Eric L. The Psychotheology of Everyday Life - Reflections on Freud and Rosenzweig (Chicago, IL, 2001)
 Schwartz, Michal. "Metapher und Offenbarung. Zur Sprache von <mask>weigs Stern der Erlösung" (Berlin, 2003)
 Tolone, Oreste. "La malattia immortale. Nuovo pensiero e nuova medicina tra Rosenzweig e Weizsäcker", (Pisa 2008)
Zohar Mihaely, "Rosenzweig's Critique of Islam and its Value Today",  in: Roczniki Kulturoznawcze Vol.11 No. 2 (2020) pp. 5–34. External links

 Arnold Betz's essay on Rosenzweig and The Star of Redemption at Vanderbilt University
 <mask>weig's Der Stern der Erlösung online (in German)
 Review of The Star of Redemption by Spengler in Asia Times''
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on <mask>weig
 Guide to the Papers of <mask> (1886-1929) at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York. Guide to the <mask>zweig - Martin Buber notebooks at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York. 1886 births
1929 deaths
20th-century German philosophers
20th-century German theologians
20th-century male writers
20th-century translators
Baalei teshuva
Existentialist theologians
German Jewish theologians
German Orthodox Jews
German male non-fiction writers
Jewish existentialists
Jewish philosophers
Jewish translators of the Bible
Philosophers of Judaism
German translation scholars
Translators of the Bible into German
University of Freiburg alumni
Writers from Kassel
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in Germany

masks:
Franz Rosenzweig
Franz Rosenzweig
Rosenzweig
Rosenzweig
Rosenzweig
Franz
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosen
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosenz
Rosenzweig
Franz Rosenzgs
Franz Rosenzwei
Franz Rosen
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosenz
Franz Rosenzg
Franz Rosen


type: original

texts:
<mask> is an American independent filmmaker, writer, producer, and director. She is also the principal and founder of Spark Media and founder and Executive Director of Stone Soup Productions, a 501(c)(3) non-profit foundation. Personal life
Kalin was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She attended Brookline High School in Brookline, Massachusetts and graduated from American University with a Bachelor of Arts in criminal justice and corrections. Kalin lives and works in Washington, D.C.

Filmmaking

<mask> is a documentary filmmaker who focuses on social issues. She uses storytelling and marketing strategies to promote social change,  Some of her productions, such as Prince Among Slaves, tell stories lost to history, while others—Dancing with N.E.D., and The Pact address contemporary social issues such as women's cervical and endometrial cancers and inner city male role models. Kalin started as a newsreel researcher for Ken Burns on his film The Congress.2000s
Kalin's films have received industry awards and nominations including prime time Emmys, a Gracie Allen Award, CINE Golden Eagles, EdPress Awards of Distinction, The Chris Awards, a Paul Robeson award, a Gold UNESCO medal at the NY Festivals, the 2004 Organization of American Historians "(OAH)" Erik Barnouw Award for best documentary concerning a topic of American History, Black Maria Film Festival Jury Awards and a nomination from the Writers Guild of America for outstanding achievement in television (documentary non current events) among others.”

Her first feature-length documentary film Partners of the Heart was inspired by Katie McCabe's Washingtonian article "Like Something the Lord Made", which formed the basis for the Emmy winning HBO film of the same name. Partners of the Heart" is the story of the 34-year partnership between Dr. Alfred Blalock, a white surgeon and Vivien Thomas, a black lab technician . At the height of segregation, Blalock and Thomas pioneered a procedure that saved the lives of thousands of children, called blue babies and opened up the field of heart surgery. With no more than a high school education, Thomas went on to train a generation of heart surgeons. The documentary was funded by the National Endowment of the Humanities NEH, the Corporation of Public Broadcasting CPB and WGBH, and was screened at a number of film festivals and aired on WGBH's American Experience in February 2003 and was rebroadcast in March 2005. Narrated by Morgan Freeman  'Partners of the Heart' went on to win the Erik Barnouw Award for Best History Documentary in 2004. Partners of the Heart also won a Gold TIVA-DC Peer award in the Documentary "Classic" Category.<mask> served as the Executive Consultant for the "Something the Lord Made" film. "Something the Lord Made" was produced by Robert Cort, directed by Joseph Sargent, written by Peter Silverman and Robert Caswell, and starred Mos Def and Alan Rickman. "Something the Lord Made" was nominated for nine Emmy Awards (including acting nominations for both principals) and won three, for Best Made for Television Movie, Best Cinematography (Don Morgan) and Best Picture Editing (Michael Brown). It also received two Golden Globe nominations, Black Reel Awards for Best Film and Best Supporting Actor (Clayton LeBouef, in the role of Thomas' activist brother Harold), an NAACP Image Award, a Director's Guild of America Award for director Joseph Sargent, and a Writer's Guild of America Award for scriptwriters Peter Silverman and Robert Caswell. The American Film Institute named "Something the Lord Made" "Best Television Movie of the Year for 2004" and called it "a revelation...a bittersweet story [that] is an important tool for America as it continues to search for a public vocabulary to discuss issues of race." In the Fall 2002 issue, <mask> was featured in an article in the magazine Jewish Women International as one of "10 Jewish Women to Watch". Her picture appeared on the cover of that issue.In 2006, Kalin went on to direct and produce The Pact (2006 film), a feature-length documentary based on a New York Times bestseller book, The Pact: Three Young Men Make a Promise and Fulfill a Dream. The film chronicles the true life story of Rameck Hunt, Sampson Davis, and George Jenkins, who made a pact in their inner-city high school in Newark, New Jersey, to find a way to go to college and then medical school. The Pact won the following awards and nomination: Indie Spec Best Documentary Award at the Boston International Film Festival, a 2006 CINE Golden Eagle award and a nomination for a 2006 Black Reel Best Independent Documentary. "The Pact (2006 documentary)" aired on American Public Television APT in 2008. 2010's
In 2013, Kalin directed and produced No Evidence of Disease, a feature-length documentary film about N.E.D., a rock band of six gynecologic oncologists who seek to bring more attention and awareness to women's cancers. The film tells the story of the band members - their personal lives, as doctors, and as musicians - and also takes a look into the world of GYN cancers, where patients struggle to fight the disease and advocacy groups and activists seek to raise awareness and research funds for gynecological cancer research and funding. The film premiered at the LA Femme International Film Festival.In 2014, Kalin released the film Red Lines, a feature-length documentary, depicting the ongoing civil war in Syria and the efforts of activists Mouaz Moustafa and Razan Shalab-al-Sham to raise international support for the revolution and to promote democracy in the Middle East. Red Lines debuted in Toronto, Ontario, Canada at the Hot Docs film festival in April 2014, where it was named in the festival's Top 20 Audience Picks. Red Lines was a competition finalist at the 2014 Woodstock Film Festival, which was also the films US premiere. The UK premiere took place September 25 at the Rich Mix Cultural Foundation. In 2017, Kalin directed, produced and wrote First Lady of the Revolution, a feature-length documentary about Henrietta Boggs, the American woman from Birmingham, Alabama who was married to José Figueres Ferrer during the years of the Costa Rican Civil War and served as the First Lady of Costa Rica from 1948-1949. The film premiered at the Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival in 2017 and has won numerous awards on the festival circuit. The documentary also had a limited theatrical release in Costa Rica and New York City and was broadcast on the American Public Television WORLD channel documentary series, Reel South.Kalin's most recent film, Scattering CJ, the story of CJ Twomey, a seemingly happy Air Force recruit who violently ended his own life at age 20, whose passing plunged his family into unrelenting grief and guilt. Years later, in a moment of desperate inspiration, his mother put out an open call on Facebook, looking only for a handful of world travelers who might help fulfill her son's wish to see the world by scattering some of his ashes in a place of beauty or special meaning to them - a call that 21,000 would answer. Scattering CJ had its world premiere at the Camden International Film Festival in September 2019. Other Documentary Films

In 2007, Kalin produced, co-directed and co-wrote Prince Among Slaves, with Unity Productions Foundation. Prince is a feature-length documentary based on the biography of the same name about African Muslim-prince-turned-American-slave Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori written by Northern Virginia Community College history professor Terry Alford. Prince won numerous awards including the American Black Film Festival's Best Documentary award in 2007. the ITVA DC Peer Award (lighting, sound design, costume design, and music), Cine Golden Eagle, the 2008 intermedia-globe GRAND AWARD for documentaries and the Paul Robeson Award for documentaries. "Prince Among Slaves" premiered on PBS on February 4, 2008.In 2009, Kalin, directed, co-produced, and co-wrote a National Endowment for the Humanities and Smithsonian Networks funded documentary about the Federal Writers Project titled "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story", which includes interviews with notable project alumni Studs Terkel, Stetson Kennedy, Richard Ford, as well as American historians Douglas Brinkley and David Bradley. The documentary is narrated by Patricia Clarkson. "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" premiered on Smithsonian Networks in September 2009 and has been rebroadcast a number of times  The documentary includes footage from the Library of Congress & American Folklife Center, photographs revealing personal glimpses of the period and the FWP Writers, excerpts from the Project's life history interviews, slave narratives, and folk recordings preserved on acetate disk, and interviews with Project alumni. The film centers on the struggle between conflicting visions of America. "Soul of A People: Writing America's Story", which <mask> co-wrote with David Taylor and Olive Emma Bucklin, was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for outstanding achievement in television (documentary non-current events category) in December 2009. The American Library Association has been screening the documentary as part of the film's outreach nationwide. "Soul of A People: Writing America's Story" had a special screening in December 2009 at the Smithsonian Museum of American Art.In November 2009 at the National Press Club in Washington DC, "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" won the TIVA-DC's Peer Award for "Best of DC". The film also received a silver trophy in the documentary category and a gold for screen writing. In 2009, Kalin also produced and co-directed a documentary on the Smithsonian Folkways record label called Worlds of Sound: The Ballad Of Folkways, which premiered on Smithsonian Networks on October 25, 2009. "Worlds of Sound: The Ballad of Folkways" won a TIVA-DC Bronze award in the long form Documentary category (30 minutes and over) in November 2010. In addition, "Worlds of Sound: The Ballad of Folkways" won the Special Jury Award WorldFest – Houston International Film Festival, the Spring 2010 Cine Golden Eagle award and a Directors Jury Award (3rd) at the Black Maria Film and Video Festival. In 2008, Kalin co-produced and co-directed Talking Through Walls. The film about how a struggle to build a mosque [in Vorhees New Jersey] united a community.More specifically, it's a story of Zia Rahman, a retired engineer and devout Muslim American who prepared to go before the Zoning Board in his hometown in hopes of creating a mosque in his community. What Rahman didn't expect was the hostility and fierce pushback he received from his neighbors. In a world fraught with religious intolerance, Talking Through Walls is the story of how interfaith leaders in South Jersey figured out a way to keep the peace through compromise and tolerance. In 2014, Kalin co-directed and produced a film on the Syrian conflict entitled Red Lines. The documentary film tells the story of the Syrian conflict through the lens of young Syrian activists. Red Lines won a number of documentary film awards including but not limited to Best Feature Documentary at the Woodstock Film Festival and two Humanitarian awards (the Accolade Competition, Global Film Awards and Tiburion Film Festival, Golden Reel Awards). In 2017, Kalin had two films in production: The first is Scattering CJ, the story of CJ Twomey, a seemingly happy Air Force recruit who violently ended his own life at age 20, whose passing plunged his family into unrelenting grief and guilt.Years later, in a moment of desperate inspiration, his mother put out an open call on Facebook, looking only for a handful of world travelers who might help fulfill her son's wish to see the world by scattering some of his ashes in a place of beauty or special meaning to them - a call that 21,000 would answer. The second is about George Bridgetower called Sonata Mulattica, inspired by and based upon Rita Dove's poetry book by the same title. NGO Commissioned Films

In 2005, Kalin produced and directed Too Brief a Child, a film about how eighty-two million girls around the globe will be married annually before they leave adolescence causing them to lose their childhoods. "Too Brief A Child" explores the costs to the girls, their families and their communities including illiteracy, poverty, high infant and mother mortality, HIV/AIDs and loss of personal freedoms. The film was commissioned by the UNFPA. In 2005, "Too Brief A Child" was screened as part of the United Nations Association Film Festival; A Voice of Her Own, is a film that documents the transforming status of women in Asia. Funded by the Asian Development Bank, and shot on location in Cambodia, Bangladesh and the Philippines, the film looks at the changes underway of women's status in the region including the role women are playing in national economic development."A Voice of Her Own" won the Chris Award;  Commissioned by the IDB, Kalin Produced and Directed a film called  "Battered Lives, Broken Trust" is a video program and outreach campaign on domestic violence; The InterAmerican Bank also commissioned Breaking the Poverty Cycle: Investing in Early Childhood Care and Development, a film about the importance of early childhood development and education on eliminating the inter-generational cycle of poverty; Commissioned by the Asian Development Bank, Kalin produced and directed the film "Asia's Water Crisis: The Struggle Within Each Drop", a film about Asia's severe growing water problems and how the water needs of growing urban Asian populations are competing with industry and agriculture. This short documentary chronicles how the region's supply, management and distribution of water is dwindling at alarming rates. The documentary was filmed in Sri Lanka, the Philippines and the People's Republic of China "Asia's Water Crisis" was screened at the 1998 U.S. Environmental Film Festival. won a Silver Screen award in 1998 at the International Film & Video Festival under the "Environmental Issues and Concerns category as well as a CINE Golden Eagle award in the environment category. Awards
In addition to winning a TIVA-DC Peer bronze, silver, gold (classic) award and "Best of DC" award for three of her documentaries in the documentary category, Spark Media also won five other TIVA-DC Peer film awards in 2010, including a gold for script writing for "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" (David A. Taylor, Olive Emma Bucklin, <mask>-Spark Media); a bronze in the Education category for the training film: "Siemens: Export Control & Customs Awareness", produced and directed by James Mirabello/Spark Media); a bronze in the education category for a film on financial responsibility for NFL players called "Game On: Protecting Your Financial Future" (Andrea Kalin & Walter Gottlieb/Spark Media); a gold in the Audio Post Original Composition category for "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story", (Joseph Vitarelli, Wall Matthews- Spark Media); and a silver in the Audio Post Sound Mixing category for "Soul of a People: Writing America's Story" (Joe Powers, Clean Cuts/ Spark Media)  Kalin also was an honored awardee in November 2010 of the Tikkun Olam Women's Foundation of Greater Washington ("TOWF"). TOWF is a non profit foundation dedicated to creating social change for women and girls through grants. In addition to documentaries, Kalin also produced and directed a comedy concert film with Unity Productions Foundation featuring three Muslim-American comedians, titled "Allah Made Me Funny", which was theatrically released in seventeen markets across the US as well as in markets overseas.Michael Ordona of the Los Angeles Times observed: [The Allah Made Me Funny film] "has the potential to be culturally bridging in its way, and that makes looking for Muslim comedy in the Western world worthwhile. <mask>n produced a number of commissioned films for non-profits, NGOs and development banks including the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), UNICEF, UNFPA, Refugees International, PCRM CSPI, the World Bank, the Urban Institute, Southeast Asian Refugees Association, and the NFPLA. For a number of years, <mask>n provided media, interactive and broadcast reporting services to the Inter-American Development Bank IADB. Kalin established and operated a news bureau in the member bank country that was hosting the bank's annual meeting in order to provide live coverage of the meeting. Selected filmography

References

External links

Living people
Writers from Boston
American University alumni
American Jews
American documentary filmmakers
Spark Media
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Andrea Kalin
Andrea Kalin
Andrea Kalin
Andrea Kalin
Andrea Kalin
Andrea Kalin
Andrea Kali
Andrea Kali


texts:
<mask> of Solms-Braunfels (31 August 1602 – 8 September 1675) was Princess of Orange by marriage to Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. She acted as the political adviser of her spouse during his reign, and acted as his de facto deputy and regent during his infirmity from 1640–47. She also served as chair of the regency council during the minority of her grandson William III, Prince of Orange from 1650 until 1672. She was the daughter of count Johann Albrecht I of Solms-Braunfels (1563-1623) and countess Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1568-1617). Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Braunfels, a member of the House of Solms, a ruling family with Imperial immediacy, and spent her childhood at the parental Braunfels castle. She became part of the court of Elizabeth, wife of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the "Winter King" of Bohemia. After imperial forces defeated Frederick V, she fled from Prague with the pregnant queen to the west.Shelter was denied to them along the way because the emperor forbade it as Frederick had been placed under an Imperial ban. Elizabeth went into labour during their flight and <mask> helped her with her delivery of Prince Maurice at Küstrin castle. The end of their journey was The Hague, where stadtholder Maurice of Nassau, uncle of the elector gave them asylum in 1621. They often appeared at his court, where Maurice's younger half-brother Frederick Henry became infatuated with <mask> in 1622. She refused to become his lover and held out for marriage. They were first cousins, once removed. When Maurice of Nassau died, he made his half-brother Frederick Henry promise to wed. Frederick married <mask> on 4 April 1625.Wife to the Stadtholder

When Frederick Henry became stadtholder after the death of his half-brother Prince Maurice, his influence grew substantially, as did <mask>'s. Together Frederick Henry and <mask> succeeded in expanding court life in The Hague. They had several palaces built, including Huis ten Bosch. <mask> was a great collector of art and amassed many jewels, which were inherited by her four surviving daughters. She was described as intelligent, arrogant and ambitious, not beautiful but with a fresh and appealing appearance. <mask> was the prime mover of several royal marriages, including that of her son William II to Mary, Princess Royal of England and Scotland (daughter of King Charles I of England) and of their daughters with several German princes. The relationship between <mask> and Frederik Hendrik was described as happy, and <mask> is acknowledged to have acted as his political adviser.From 1640 until his death in 1647, Frederik Hendrik's health (he suffered from gout and probably also from a form of Alzheimer's) made it increasingly difficult for him to participate in politics, and during these seven years, <mask> therefore effectively functioned as regent and stadtholder, maintaining diplomatic contacts and making political decisions on his behalf. Her de facto political position was acknowledged and diplomats, aware of this, tried to influence her decisions by costly presents. It was reportedly <mask> who was behind Frederik Hendrik's participation in the negotiations which was eventually to result in the Peace of Münster of 1648. As a recognition, King Philip IV of Spain granted her the seigniory and castle of Turnhout in 1649. In 1647, her spouse died and was succeeded as stadtholder and Prince of Orange by their son William II, Prince of Orange. Regency
After the death of her son William II in 1650, her grandson William III (Prince William III of Orange and later also King William III of England) became prince of Orange. A regency council was appointed during his minority, and <mask> and her former daughter-in-law Mary Stuart fought over guardianship and thereby chairmanship of the regency council; the High Court of Holland and Zeeland finally granted both Mary and <mask> shared guardianship, and thereby shared part in the regency council of Orange.<mask> was supported against Mary by her son-in-law, the Elector of Brandenburg, and she was on good terms with the Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, a relationship which did not change with the Act of Exclusion of 1654, barring the prince from all ancestral offices. When Mary died in 1660, <mask> in practice took sole control of the regency of her grandson. She maintained good relations to De Witt even by the passing of the 1667 Eternal Edict, which abolished the office of stadholder entirely. During this time she lived in the Oude Hof on the Noordeinde, maintaining her court and diplomatic contacts with royalty. In 1672, her grandson was declared an adult and his regency council thereby dismissed. <mask> retired and witnessed him becoming stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel and captain-general of the Union. She died at her home in The Hague, aged 73.Tributes

A wine from wine estate Solms-Delta in Franschhoek (South Africa) is named after <mask> of Solms-Braunfels. The wine honours the role played by her in Dutch political life. Her grandson, William III, King of England, provided refuge and support to thousands of French Huguenots after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Some 180 of these refugees, fleeing religious persecution, were relocated to the Cape and granted farms in Franschhoek. Here they laid the foundations of the modern South African wine industry. Issue

 Stadtholder William II (1626–1650), married Mary of England
 Luise Henriette of Nassau (1627–1667), married Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
 Henriette <mask> of Nassau (1628)
 Elisabeth of Nassau (1630)
 Isabella Charlotte of Nassau (1632–1642)
 Albertine Agnes of Nassau (1634–1696), married William Frederick, Count of Nassau-Dietz
 Henriette Catherine of Nassau (1637–1708), married John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
 Henry Louis of Nassau (1639)
 Maria of Nassau (1642–1688), married Louis Henry Maurice, son of Louis Philip of Palatine-Simmern-Kaiserslautern

Ancestry

References

External links

The Correspondence of Amalia von Solms-Braunfels in EMLO
County of Solms in German Wikipedia

1602 births
1675 deaths
People from Braunfels
People from Solms-Braunfels
Princesses of Orange
House of Orange-Nassau
House of Solms-Braunfels
Countesses of Nassau
Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft
17th-century women rulers
German ladies-in-waiting

masks: Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia Amalia


texts:
<mask> (born July 18, 1943) is a  German-American professor of literature and philosophy. Biography
He received his academic education in Freiburg/Brsg, Zurich, Bonn and Konstanz. After his PhD in Heidelberg and his Habilitation in the Konstanz School of Criticism, he moved from Konstanz to Yale; since 1989 he has taught as professor of English at New York University, where he also founded the Poetics and Theory Program. Since 1994 he has served as founding member of the newly established European University Viadrina in Frankfurt an der Oder, East of Berlin. In 2009, he was made an honorary professor of philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Works
<mask> was a member and co-editor of the research group Poetik und Hermeneutik in its later phase, 1979-1996. Under the influence of the Yale School of deconstruction (Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida), he developed the Konstanz School's Rezeptionsästhetik (Wolfgang Iser, Hans Robert Jauß, Wolfgang Preisendanz) from a theory of literary response (Reader-response criticism) to a theory of literary latency.Relevant parts of this theory are the theory of metaphor or metaphorology, including the history of rhetoric and historical epistemology, as well as the relationship of philosophy and literature. Main references of his work include the Poetics of Aristotle, the Rhetoric of Quintilian, the Aesthetics of Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, as well as the work of Benjamin and Derrida, Hans Blumenberg and Stanley Cavell. Relevant literary authors include Ovid, Shakespeare and Keats, Hölderlin, Joyce and Beckett. More recently, <mask> has extended the theory of latency into the fields of historical epistemology, art theory and legal studies. He is a regular contributor and editor of Texte zur Kunst (Berlin) und Law and Literature (Berkeley). Bibliography
 Monographs
 Typik und Politik im Annolied. Zum ″Konflikt der Interpretationen″ im Mittelalter.(Diss. Heidelberg 1975) Stuttgart (Metzler) 1979 (medieval allegory)
 Klopstock/ Milton – Teleskopie der Moderne. Eine Transversale der europäischen Literatur. (Habil. Konstanz 1982) Stuttgart (Metzler) 2018
 Laub voll Trauer. Hölderlins späte Allegorie. München (Fink) 1991  // Leaves of Mourning: Hölderlin′s Late Work, with an Essay on Keats and Melancholy.Translated by Vernon Chadwick. Albany (SUNY Press) 1996 (late Hölderlin)  // Le pauvre Holterling. Paris (Herman) 2019
 Hamlet, Hypothek der Macht. Berlin (Kadmos) 2001, 2nd ed. 2004 (Shakespeare and Philosophy)
 Figura cryptica. Theorie der literarischen Latenz. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2002 (Theory of Latency)
 Latenzzeit.Wissen im Nachkrieg. Berlin (Kadmos) 2004 (Post-War Theory)
 Metapher. Die Ästhetik in der Rhetorik. München (Fink) 2007 (Rhetoric and Aesthetics)
 Diesseits der Oder. Frankfurter Vorlesungen. Berlin (Kadmos) 2008 (Frankfurt Lectures)
 Begreifen im Bild. Methodische Annäherungen an die Aktualität der Kunst.Berlin (August) 2009 (Historical Epistemology)
 Shakespearean Genealogies of Power. A Whispering of Nothing in ″Hamlet″, ″Richard II″, ″Julius Caesar″, ″Macbeth″, ″The Merchant of Venice″, and ″The Winter′s Tale″. London, New York (Routledge) 2011 (Political Theology)
 Die Zweideutigkeit der Kunst. Zur historischen Epistemologie der Bilder. Berlin (August) 2012 (Ambiguity of Art)
 Commentary: Hans Blumenberg, Paradigmen zu einer Metaphorologie. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2013
 Baumgarten-Studien. Zur Genealogie der Ästhetik.With Rüdiger Campe and Christoph Menke. Berlin (August) 2014
 Marginales zur Metapher. Poetik nach Aristoteles. Berlin (Kadmos) 2015
 Productive Digression. Theorizing Practice. Boston MA (De Gruyter) 2016
 Philosophie de la métaphore. With Jean-Claude Monod.Paris (Herman) 2017
 Metapher – Mythos – Halbzeug. Metaphorologie nach Blumenberg. Berlin (De Gruyter) 2018
 Latenz. Zur Genese des Ästhetischen. Berlin (August) 2019

 Edited
 Theorie der Metapher. Darmstadt (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft) 1983 (new edition 1996)
 Individualität. Ed.with Manfred Frank. München (Fink) 1988 (Poetik und Hermeneutik, vol. XIII)
 Gedächtniskunst. Raum – Bild – Schrift. Studien zur Mnemotechnik. Ed. with Renate Lachmann.Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 1991
 Memoria: Vergessen und Erinnern. Ed. with Renate Lachmann. München (Fink) 1993 (Poetik und Hermeneutik, vol. XV)
 Gewalt und Gerechtigkeit. Derrida – Benjamin. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 1994
 Stimme, Figur.Festschrift für Geoffrey Hartman. Ed. with Aleida Assmann. Stuttgart (Metzler) 1994 (Issue of Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift)
 Deconstruction Is/In America. A New Sense of the Political. New York NY (NYU Press) 1995
 Memory Inc. Return of Repressed Architectural Memory. New York (Anycorp) 1996 (Issue of ANY = Architecture New York, vol.15)
 Die Sprache der Anderen. Übersetzungspolitik zwischen den Kulturen. Frankfurt am Main (Fischer) 1997
 Die paradoxe Metapher. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 1998
 Hans Blumenberg, Ästhetische und metaphorologische Schriften. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2001
 Form und Geschichte. Festschrift für Wolfgang Preisendanz. Ed.with Hermann Kinder. Stuttgart (Metzler) 2002 (Issue of Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift)
 Walter Benjamin after the 20th Century. The Future of a Past. New York (Cardozo Law School) 2004 (Issue of Cardozo Law Review)
 Derrida/America. The Present State of America′s Europe. Ed. with Peter Goodrich.New York (Cardozo Law School) 2005 (Issue of Cardozo Law Review)
 Das Bild ist der König. Repräsentation nach Louis Marin. Ed. with Vera Beyer and Jutta Voorhoeve. München (Fink) 2006
 Hans Blumenberg, Theorie der Unbegrifflichkeit. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2007
 Metaphorologie. Zur Praxis von Theorie.Ed. with Dirk Mende. Frankfurt am Main (Suhrkamp) 2009

 Festschriften for <mask> Haverkamp
 Literatur als Philosophie – Philosophie als Literatur. Ed. Eva Horn, Bettine Menke and Christoph Menke. München (Fink) 2006
 Latenz. 40 Annäherungen an einen Begriff.Ed. Stephanie Dieckmann and Thomas Khurana. Berlin (Kulturverlag Kadmos) 2007
 Denkfiguren. Für <mask> Haverkamp / Figures of Thought. For <mask> <mask>. Ed. Eva Horn and Michèle Lowrie.Berlin (August) 2013

References

External links
 Haverkamp´s homepage at NYU

See also
List of deconstructionists

21st-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
Deconstruction
German literary critics
1943 births
Living people
Poststructuralists
German male writers

masks:
Anselm Haverkamp
Haverkamp
Haverkamp
Anselm
Anselm
Anselm
Haverkamp


texts:
<mask> (born April 2, 1948) is an American writer and editor. He is best known for having served as the first public editor of The New York Times newspaper, inventing Rotisserie League Baseball, and for writing several books (such as Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition, which served as a major source for the 2011 Ken Burns/Lynn Novick miniseries Prohibition). In November 2011, Last Call won the Albert J. Beveridge prize, awarded by the American Historical Association to the year's best book of American history. His most recent book, published May 2019, is The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America. Early life and education
Born to a Jewish family in Detroit, Michigan, <mask> graduated from Cass Technical High School in Detroit in 1965 and from the University of Michigan, where he worked on the university's student newspaper The Michigan Daily. Career
Most of his career has been spent as an editor, at such places as Alfred A. Knopf; Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich; Esquire Magazine; New England Monthly; Life Magazine; and Time, Inc.

His book Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center (Viking, 2003) was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for History. In October 2003, <mask> was named public editor for The New York Times following the Jayson Blair scandal.He held this position until May 2005. <mask> and Peter Gethers, having acquired the theatrical rights to the site and name of the web series Old Jews Telling Jokes, co-wrote and co-produced a revue of that name. It opened at the Westside Theatre in Manhattan on May 20, 2012. From 2003-2008, he was chairman of the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery. He has been awarded honorary degrees by the University of Michigan and the Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts. Since 2017, <mask> has been listed on the Advisory Board of the Secular Coalition for America. <mask>'s law

He formulated what has become known as "<mask>'s law" in an interview comment he made about his new job.It states: "The pursuit of balance can create imbalance because sometimes something is true", referring to the phenomenon of the press providing legitimacy to unsupported fringe viewpoints in an effort to appear even-handed. Baseball
<mask> invented Rotisserie League Baseball, the best-known form of fantasy baseball, in 1979. The name comes from the fact that he proposed the idea to his friends while dining at La Rôtisserie Française restaurant in New York City. <mask>'s team in the Rotisserie League was called the "Okrent Fenokees", a pun on the Okefenokee Swamp. He was one of the first two people inducted into the Fantasy Sports Hall of Fame. <mask> was still playing Rotisserie as of 2009 under the team name Dan Druffs. Despite having been credited with inventing fantasy baseball he has never been able to win a Rotisserie League.His exploits of inventing Rotisserie League Baseball were chronicled in Silly Little Game, part of the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary series, in 2010. <mask> is also credited with inventing the baseball stat, WHIP. At the time he referred to it as IPRAT, signifying "Innings Pitched Ratio". In May 1981, <mask> wrote and Sports Illustrated published "He Does It by the Numbers". This profile of the then-unknown Bill James launched James's career as baseball's foremost analyst. In 1994, <mask> was filmed for his in-depth knowledge of baseball history for the Ken Burns documentary Baseball. During the nine-part series, a red-sweater-wearing <mask> delivered a detailed analysis of the cultural aspects of the national pastime, including a comparison of the dramatic Game 6 of the 1975 World Series between the Boston Red Sox and Cincinnati Reds to the conflict and character development in Russian novels.The death of print
In the late 1990s, as editor of new media at Time Inc., <mask> wrote about the future of magazine publishing. He believed that the advancement of digital technologies would make it easier for people to read newspapers, magazines and books online. In late 1999, <mask> made a prediction about the future of print media in the Hearst New Media Lecture at the Graduate School of Journalism of Columbia University. He told his audience:

Personal life
<mask> has participated in LearnedLeague under the name "OkrentD". Bibliography
 The Ultimate Baseball Book (co-editor, with Harris Lewine) (1979)
 Nine Innings: The Anatomy of Baseball as Seen Through the Playing of a Single Game (1985)
 Baseball Anecdotes (co-author, with Steve Wulf) (1987)
 The Way We Were: New England Then, New England Now (1988)
 Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center (2003)
 Public Editor #1 (2006)
 Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (2010)
 The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America (2019)

Filmography
 Baseball (1994), (2010) | Documentary | Directed by: Ken Burns
 Sweet And Lowdown (1999) | Role of: A.J. Pickman | Comedy-Drama | Directed by: Woody Allen
 Wordplay (2006) | Documentary | Directed by: Patrick Creadon
 The Hoax (2007) | Role of: Real Publisher #1 | Comedy-Drama | Directed by: Lasse Hallström
 Silly Little Game (2010) | Documentary | Directed by: Lucas Jansen and Adam Kurland
 Prohibition (2011) | Documentary | Directed by: Ken Burns

See also

 List of people from Detroit
 List of people from New York City
 List of University of Michigan alumni

References

External links

1948 births
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
American book editors
American magazine editors
Baseball writers
Cass Technical High School alumni
Living people
Sportswriters from Michigan
Sportswriters from New York (state)
The New York Times public editors
University of Michigan alumni
Writers from Detroit
Writers from New York City
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Jewish American journalists
The Michigan Daily alumni
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Daniel Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent
Okrent


texts:
<mask> is an American historian and a lecturer in US history, teaching at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland. His work is concerned mainly with labor and race in the American South, although much of his most recent scholarship focuses on the formative struggles around slave emancipation during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed. <mask> came into academia after extended stints in the construction and shipbuilding industries in Boston, where he was involved in labor and anti-racist activism throughout the 1980s and 1990s. After brief periods working construction in Seattle and New York, he was awarded a Crown Fellowship to pursue postgraduate study in US History at Brandeis University. Awarded his doctorate at Brandeis in 1998 for a dissertation supervised by Jacqueline Jones, <mask> has published widely on race and class in the nineteenth and twentieth-century United States, including an award-winning study of working-class interracialism in the Birmingham district (Alabama) coal mines. <mask>'s Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908-1921 (University of Illinois Press, 2001, ) won five major book awards, including the HL Mitchell Award and the Frances Butler Simkins Prize from the Southern Historical Association and the Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize for the "best and most innovative work in marxist historiography". <mask>'s Alabama study made three main historiographical contributions.It argued that the re-subordination of black labor that followed the defeat of Reconstruction was a key component of the New South modernization project: progress and reaction went hand-in-hand. Countering the trend in labor history toward the explanatory power of 'whiteness', the study aimed to show that the region's most powerful employers (and not white workers) were the main beneficiaries of Jim Crow, and that the most substantial challenge to racism in early twentieth-century Birmingham came not from liberal elites, but from an interracial working-class movement that held together in the face of energetic attempts to divide them. Finally, <mask> discovered in the Birmingham district an emerging black middle class, deeply influenced by Booker T. Washington's 'industrial accommodationism', that had hitched its influence to anti-union employers. In a series of articles published after the Alabama study, <mask> attempted to follow up on this latter theme, charting the emergence of intra-racial tensions across the Jim Crow South, including in his "Sentinels for New South Industry," published in Time Longer than Rope (2003), in a chapter in Eric Arnesen's The Black Worker: Race and Labor Activism since Emancipation (2007) and in "No Easy Way Through: Race Leadership and Black Workers at the Nadir" (2010). Between 2010 and 2015, <mask> directed an international collaborative research project, After Slavery: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Emancipation Carolinas with project partners Bruce E. Baker (Newcastle) and Susan E. O'Donovan (Memphis). In March 2010, the After Slavery Project hosted a Conference on Race, Labor, and Citizenship in the Post-Emancipation South at the College of Charleston, the largest-ever academic conference on the Reconstruction era, with more than 250 participants, including leading scholars Steven Hahn (who gave the keynote) and Eric Foner. Out of this came a co-edited volume, After Slavery: Race, Labor and Citizenship in the Reconstruction South, with essays by leading historians in the field, and appraised by Bruce Levine as "an unusually stimulating collection" and "a must-read for scholars working in the field" of Reconstruction.He has held fellowships at the National Humanities Center (NC), the Institute for Southern Studies of the University of South Carolina and the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute at Harvard University. He is a faculty affiliate of the Lowcountry and Atlantic World Program (CLAW) at the College of Charleston in South Carolina, and has been involved in teaching exchanges in Brazil and South Africa. In recent years <mask>'s work in US history has straddled three main areas: labor and abolition; black working-class political mobilization during and immediately after the Civil War; and marxist historiography and the history of the American Left. He is particularly interested in the intellectual legacy of WEB Du Bois's magisterial Black Reconstruction in America and, in an extended article on "Slave Self-Activity and the Bourgeois Revolution in the United States" [Historical Materialism, 2018] published "the first systematic reappraisal of the scale and dynamics of [Du Bois's notion of the] slaves’ general strike". His current project is an extended monograph on African American labor and political mobilization in black-majority Reconstruction South Carolina, under contract with Verso. <mask> is active in the local branch of the University and College Union, in local anti-racist and anti-sectarian organizing, and in socialist politics in Belfast, where he is a prominent supporter of People Before Profit, and maintains an interest in contemporary Irish and US politics.He has published on racial tensions between famine-era Irish immigrants and African Americans, wrote the foreword to Seán Mitchell's study of the 1932 Outdoor Relief Riots, Struggle or Starve: Working-Class Unity in Belfast 1932 Outdoor Relief Riots, and is the author of a widely-read article on the political economy of post conflict Northern Ireland, "Neoliberal Belfast". He has published a number of articles on the controversy about Irish involvement in the transatlantic slave trade, including a two-part series in Rebel (reproduced in Counterpunch), and a Platform piece on the subject in History Ireland. Select publications

Books
Race, Class, and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908-1921 (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Labor, Free and Slave (University of Illinois Press, 2007)
After Slavery: Race, Labor and Citizenship in the Reconstruction South (Florida University Press, 2013)

Articles and Book Chapters
 'Beyond the "Talented Tenth"': Black Workers, Black Elites, and the Limits of Accommodation in Industrial Birmingham, 1900–1920'. In Adam Green and Charles Payne (eds), Time Longer than Rope: A Century of African-American Activism, 1850–1950 (New York, 2003). 'Materialism and the Persistence of Race in the Jim Crow South' [Deutscher Memorial Prize Lecture] in Historical Materialism 12 (2004). 'Black workers, the Republican Party, and the crisis of Reconstruction in lowcountry South Carolina'.International Review of Social History 51:3 (2006). 'Industrial Sentinels Confront the "Rabid Faction"': Booker T. Washington, Industrial Accommodation, and the Labor Question in the Jim Crow South'. In Eric Arnesen (ed. ), The Black Worker: Race and Labor Activism since Emancipation (Illinois, 2006). "Mapping Alternate Routes to Antislavery" – Contribution to ‘Up for Debate' in Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 5:4 (Winter 2008): 69-73. ‘Emancipations and Reversals: Labor, Race, and the Boundaries of American Freedom in the Age of Capital'. International Labor and Working Class History (Nov. 2008).'Labor and Place: The Contours of Freedpeoples' Mobilization in Reconstruction South Carolina'. Journal of Peasant Studies: Special Issue on ‘Rethinking Agrarian History' (Nov. 2008). ‘Martin Luther King, the Memphis Sanitation Strike, and the Unfinished Business of the American Civil Rights Movement'. International Socialism Journal 118 (Spring 2008). References

External links
Academic homepage (archived)
<mask>: Publications

Living people
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Brandeis University alumni
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of the Reconstruction Era
Labor historians
Harvard Fellows
University of South Carolina faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Brian Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Brian Kelly


texts:
<mask> (April 19, 1934 – November 6, 1989), known as <mask>, was an American music and record producer born in Brooklyn, New York. He is best known for inventing and using the technique of the "break-in", an early precursor to sampling, that used brief clips of popular records and songs to "answer" comedic questions posed by voice actors on his novelty records. He also wrote and produced some original material, most often heard on the B-sides of his break-in records. Career
In June 1956, <mask> created his first record, "The Flying Saucer Parts 1 & II", which he co-wrote with his partner Bill Buchanan, and which was a four-minute rewrite of Orson Welles' War of the Worlds radio show. This recording was the subject of a copyright infringement case against <mask>. The court eventually ruled his sampled mix was considered a parody and thus an entirely new work. The song "The Flying Saucer" was officially released under the artist name "Buchanan and <mask>" and was <mask>'s highest-charting single on Billboard, peaking at No.3. Buchanan and <mask> followed up with five other records: "Buchanan and Goodman on Trial" (#80 in 1956), "Banana Boat Story" (in which the duo used a single song, the Tarriers' "Banana Boat Song", as a break-in spoof of broadcast commercials), "Flying Saucer the 2nd" (#18 in 1957), "The Creature (From a Science Fiction Movie)" (by Buchanan and Ancell) (#85 in 1957), and "Santa and the Satellite (Parts I & II)" (#32 in 1957). Both Buchanan and <mask> attempted to continue with the break-in approach after their breakup, but only <mask> had sustained success. Buchanan's later collaboration with Brill Building legend Howard Greenfield was not as successful. There were some lawsuits filed against Buchanan and <mask> for the use of unlicensed materials. the couple had operated their business from a telephone booth at a pharmacy. While the couple got richer, the courts, however, ate up the profits (Source: Dick Clark's: 25 years of Rock and Roll.1981)

With Mickey Shorr in 1959, <mask> recorded two singles under the name 'Spencer and Spencer', both of which relied much less on sampling and more on sketch comedy. "Russian Bandstand" was a re-imagining of the then-popular TV series American Bandstand set in a totalitarian Soviet Union. "Stagger Lawrence" imposed Lloyd Price's recording of "Stagger Lee" onto a spoof of The Lawrence Welk Show, borrowing heavily from an earlier Welk parody done by Stan Freberg. Neither recording with Shorr would be as popular as the recordings <mask> made with Buchanan. Starting in 1961, <mask> released his pieces as a solo artist. He scored three Billboard Hot 100 hits based on the hit TV series The Untouchables: "The Touchables" (#60), "The Touchables in Brooklyn" (#42), and "Santa and the Touchables" (#99). In 1962, <mask> spoofed Ben Casey with "Ben Crazy" (#44).In 1966, his spoof of Batman resulted in "Batman & His Grandmother" (#70). In 1964, <mask> decided to try something different: rather than his usual "break-in" records, he recorded an entire album of parodies called My Son the Joke. The title was a take-off of the then-highly popular Allan Sherman records; unlike Sherman, <mask>'s material was much more risque (such as "Harry's Jockstrap", featuring his wife Susan, to the tune of "Frère Jacques") and failed to chart. During the late 1960s, <mask> recorded a mostly musical album featuring his wife, aptly entitled <mask> <mask> and His Wife Susan. Mr. <mask> sang one track on the record ("Never Play Poker with a Man Named Doc (or Eat at a Place Called Mom's)", paraphrasing Nelson Algren's novel A Walk on the Wild Side), and produced two break-in style pieces, with Susan singing the rest of the songs. In 1969, <mask> parodied the political unrest on college campuses with "On Campus" (#45) and the first moon landing with "Luna Trip" (#95). Vik Venus' Goodman-like "Moonflight" reached an even higher No.38 on 9 August 1969, one week after "On Campus" peaked. <mask>'s records also inspired KQV morning disc jockey Bob DeCarlo to cut his own sample-spliced top 10 hit "Convention '72" as by the Delegates. <mask> himself spoofed political issues such as the Watergate scandal with "Watergrate" (#42 in 1973), the 1973 energy crisis with "Energy Crisis '74" (#33 in 1974), and Richard Nixon with "Mr. President" (#73 in 1974). <mask> failed to chart with a different version of "Mr. President" in 1981 after Ronald Reagan became president. In addition to work under his own name, <mask> also produced for other acts. John & Ernest's "Superfly Meets Shaft" (#31 in 1973), while oriented more toward a black audience, retained <mask>'s "break-in" format. An unusual act <mask> produced was the Glass Bottle; <mask> created the band primarily as an advertising ploy to promote actual glass bottles, which were going out of fashion due to soda companies beginning to use plastic bottles.The Glass Bottle recorded two singles. Both were straight pop songs. "I Ain't Got Time Anymore" hit No. 36 in 1971. Also, in 1974, <mask> anonymously released Screwy T.V., an album of risque parodies of then-popular TV series. This album was even less popular than My Son the Joke, as many record shops kept it "under the counter", due to its cover featuring two nude models (reportedly Susan and <mask> <mask> themselves) seen from the rear. In 1975, <mask> parodied the film Jaws with "Mr.Jaws" (#4 in 1975), becoming <mask>'s biggest-selling record by achieving R.I.A.A. gold disc status in September 1975. The record shot to No. 1 on 11 October 1975 on Chicago's WLS, who played a customized version featuring "This is <mask> <mask> at WLS ..." at the beginning. <mask>'s final chart record was "Kong" (#48 in 1977), spoofing the 1976 King Kong film remake, followed by others that failed to chart. Altogether, <mask> charted seventeen hits, with five of them reaching the top 40. <mask> produced several other break-in records which garnered airplay and charted only in regional areas, usually Los Angeles and New York City, but in a few other areas as well.Luniverse, <mask>'s record label, also featured works by other artists, including the Del-Vikings. <mask>'s break-in records were themselves spoofed by Albert Brooks in a comedy bit called "Party from Outer Space". Death
<mask> died in North Carolina from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. He is survived by his two sons, Jon and Jed, and his daughter Janie. In 2000, Jon released The King of Novelty, a biography of <mask>'s life and work, along with autobiographical material. The book, which also contains the most comprehensive chronology of <mask> <mask>'s records, including CD re-releases, is still available and in print. Discography

As Buchanan and <mask>

As Spencer and Spencer

Solo

I Really Wanted to Be a "Singar" / Young and Foolish — Rori 714 — 1964; written and produced by Buchanan & Goodman
The Ride of Paul Revere — 1960?– (Label unknown) – 1974; <mask>'s impersonations of popular TV shows
Mr. President (#73) / Popularity — Rainy Wednesday 207 — 6/15/74
Gerry Ford (A Special Report) / Robert — Rainy Wednesday 208 — late 1974
Inflation in the Nation / Jon & Jed's Theme — Rainy Wednesday 209 — 1975
Mr. Jaws (#4) / Irv's Theme — Cash 451 — 9/6/75
Kong (#48) / Ed's Tune — Shock 6 – 2/5/77
Just Released — Tsuaris — 1977
Star Warts / The Boys' Tune — Janus 271 — summer 1977
Mrs. Jaws / Chomp Chomp — Shark 1001 — summer 1978
Super, Superman / Chomp Chomp — Shark 1002 — early 1979
Energy Crisis '79 / Pain — Hot Line 1017 — summer 1979
Election '80 – Prelude — fall 1980
Mr. President / Dancin' U.S.A. – Wacko 1001 — spring 1981
The Monster Album – studio unknown – 1980s
Super-Duper Man / Robert's Tune — Wacko 1002 — summer 1981
America '81 (Short Version) / (Long Version) – Wacko 1381 — 1981
Hey, E.T. / Get a Job — Extran 601/Montage P-B-1220 — fall 1982
Hey Dickie! – no label — 1982
Attack of the Z-Monster / Mystery — Z-100 — summer 1983
Radio Russia / Washington Inside-Out – Rhino RNOR 019 — 11/83
The Return of the Jedi Returns (Star Wars IV) – Rhino RNLP 811 — 11/83
Election '84 / Herb's Theme — Shell 711—1984
Safe Sex Report / Safety First — Goodname 100 — late 1987 / early 1988 (Goodman's final recording)

Produced by Goodman

Please Won't You Call Me / Why Should We Break Up — Herald 477 — 1956; produced by Goodman
Forever Young / Come On Baby—Eldorado 504–1956; A-side written by Goodman; both sides produced by him and his partner, Bill Buchanan
Invisible Thing / Some Other Fellow—Luniverse 109 — 1958; written and produced by Goodman
Class Room / Fake Out—ABC-Paramount 45-9963 — 11/2/58; A-side was written and produced by Goodman
John Fitzgerald Kennedy: The Presidential Years, 1960 – 1963 — 20th Century TFM 3127 — 12/61 – 1/64 (Goodman was president at 20th Century Records at the time and released this album immediately after Kennedy's death.) Sarah Jane / St. Marks & Third (sung by Susan Smith Goodman) – Bang 569 — 7/7/69
The Saxophone Circus! – Avco Embassy AVE 33002 — 1969; produced by Goodman
Coffee, Tea or Cuba / Ode to a Hijacker — Slew 451 — 1971; produced and written by Goodman
The Glass Bottle – Avco Embassy AVE-33012 — 1970; produced by Ramal and Goodman
The Glass Bottle – I Ain't Got Time Anymore (#36) / Things – Avco AVE-4575 — 7/7/71
Because She's Mine Again / The Girl Who Loved Me When – Avco Embassy AV-4584—1971; produced by Goodman
Superfly Meets Shaft (#31)/ Part Two — Rainy Wednesday 201 — 4/14/73; written and produced by Goodman
Soul President Number One / Crossover — Rainy Wednesday 203 — 2/73; written and produced by Goodman; B-side same as "Friends" (see above)

References

External Links

1934 births
1989 suicides
American comedy musicians
Suicides by firearm in North Carolina
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American comedians
1989 deaths

masks:
Richard Dorian Goodman
Dickie Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Dickie
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Dickie
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Dickie
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Dickie
Dickie
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman


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Captain <mask>, FSA (c. 1797/1799 – 5 August 1857), was a prominent asphalt contractor and captain in the Middlesex UK Militia, who became best known for his prominent promotion of hydropathy, now known as hydrotherapy, in the 1840s. It was also known as the Cold Water system or Cold Water cure. <mask> is widely credited with introducing the methods of Vincent Priessnitz to England, thus initiating the populist movement of the time. Indeed, much of what is popularly known about Priessnitz in the English-speaking world comes from two seminal publications. Firstly, <mask>'s Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practised by Vincent Priessnitz... (1842 & 1843). Secondly, <mask>'s Life of Vincent Priessnitz (1898), with Metcalfe himself drawing upon <mask>, although Metcalfe also later wrote a historical overview and added more about <mask> and his role in the promotion of hydropathy. Biographical synopsis
<mask> was born in Farnborough, a village or parish in the county of Warwickshire, and administered by the Stratford-on-Avon District Council.<mask>, a member of the Arcadian Academy at Rome, was the elder and only surviving son of James and <mask>, and a descendant of church minister and subsequent Quaker, <mask>. Rev. <mask> was himself a curate in the Established, or Episcopal Church. The Rev. <mask> died by accident, leaving <mask> an orphan at age eight. <mask> married twice. On 28 June 1822, at St George's, Hanover Square, he married Elizabeth Ann Aldsworth Green, who was the only child of the late William Green, of Bolton Street, Piccadilly, and of Kew, Surrey.In April 1824 they had a daughter named Emma Green, who later married Marie Etienne Charles Henri, Marquis de St. Aignan, and subsequently resided in Nice. <mask> was a man of independent means, who in 1841 attended Priessnitz's establishment at Graefenberg along with his wife and daughter. He claimed that his promotion of hydropathy was "completely philanthropic. Having gained my own health and saved the life of my daughter at Graefenberg, and having witnessed most astounding cures there", he wanted to promote this system. Elizabeth died on 24 August 1842. <mask> spent some time in Italy, from where around 1847 he continued promoting hydropathy by petition and a letter written at Bagni de Lucco on 12 May 1847. On 7 January 1854, <mask>, now residing at a villa on the left bank of Paillon in Nice, married his second wife, Eliza Ann Morgan (née Beville) at Trinity Church, Marylebone.Eliza had herself been previously married to the late George Gould Morgan, of the Tredegar peerage. Eliza Morgan <mask> died sometime before 1866. Before his prominence as a hydropathy promoter, <mask> tried his hand in other fields: with which, indeed, some critics alluded he should have stuck. This included a partnership as a boot and shoe-maker, with the partnership dissolving on 7 February 1824. And as a wine merchant, through at least May 1824 to August 1825, and where early on, he found himself as a potential creditor of a bankrupt. At this time, <mask> resided at 37 Wigmore Street, Marylebone. <mask> himself was declared bankrupt in 1826.However, it was another field where <mask> first became prominent, namely that of pioneering the use of asphalt paving in the United Kingdom, which he embarked on after returning from a tour of Europe in 1836. He also served with the Middlesex Militia, attaining the rank of captain, before resigning in 1854. At the end of his life, <mask> was still living in Nice and died in Castellammare di Stabia on 5 August 1857, and a copy of his will is held at The National Archives, Kew. At least one portrait of <mask> is known to have been created, by painter James John Hill. It was exhibited in 1844 at the Royal Society of British Artists, at Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, and titled Portrait of Captain <mask>, Author of Hydropathy, or the Cold-Water Cure. Before hydropathy
In 1836, prior to his involvement in the promotion of hydropathy, <mask> journeyed through Europe, making notes along the way, from which he published his first known work in 1837, titled A Guide Along the Danube..., for which he wrote the preface on 1 May 1837, at Venice. This was a tour guide for travel down the Danube, made possible by recent socio-political developments and "the establishment of steam navigation throughout the entire length of the Danube, the Black Sea, the Bosphorous, the Arhipeligo, and the Adriatic", which "converted what was hitherto a journey of toil and danger into one of unmixed pleasure and enjoyment".On 10 June 1837, Bent's Monthly Literary Advertiser carried a brief advertisement announcing the pending release of the book by "<mask><mask>, Esq. ", with the announcement comprising the book's lengthy title, and noting "Observations on the recent political and social changes in Turkey and Greece." A second edition, with numerous additions, was published in 1839, which <mask> states was prompted by "very favourable reception" of the first edition. One review described it as appearing to convey, "in a concise manner, the necessary directions for a traveller to make a very interesting and instructive tour at the least possible expenditure of both time and money". The second edition incorporated a range of new material, including:

in addition to the voyage down the Danube, and the tour of Constantinople, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, &c., the route from Paris to the Mediterranean, via Marseilles and Malta – the route from Paris to Ancona, via Geneva and Milan – the routes from Paris to Munich, via Nancy, Strasbourg, Badenbaden; and via Metz and Frankfort – the route from Munich to Venice and Trieste, via the Tyrol – the routes from London to the Rhine and the Danube – and the route from Alexandria to Cairo, &c., on the way to India. In these publications, <mask> was not yet known as captain, a title which he only commenced using from the publication of Hydropathy in 1842 onwards. In 1839, <mask> was promoted from Gentleman to Lieutenant in the Royal Westminster Middlesex Regiment of Militia, then in 1842 he was promoted to captain, before eventually resigning on 24 June 1854.In the meantime, between his 1836 tour of the European Continent, and his hydropathic adventures from the 1840s onwards, <mask> embarked on some pioneering business ventures in asphalt pavement, obtaining some patents, and setting up a company. <mask>'s patents
The first asphalt patent in Britain was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834, and there was an unsuccessful attempt to use mastic pavement at Vauxhall by a competitor of <mask>. But it was <mask>'s efforts that were to give the industry impetus. In France, Seyssel asphalt was being successfully implemented for paving by Count de Sassenay. On 25 November 1837, <mask> <mask> (then a "Salisbury Street, gentleman") patented Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849) for use in pavements in Britain, where he managed Sassenay's affairs, <mask> had seen Seyssel asphalt employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. In 1838, <mask> (listed as a gent of 8 Regent St., Middlesex) obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April. In 1847, <mask> sold his interest in the patents to the trustees of his company, who in 1851 sought to extend the duration of all three patents, although unsuccessfully.Apart from the asphalt patents, on 26 April 1842, a six-month patent was granted for a composition called "oropholithe" to <mask> and two others, namely <mask>, and <mask> Joseph Jean Comte de la Chatre (patent #9331). This was a composition used "in preparing fabrics for covering floors, roofs, and other surfaces", which involved coating the fabric on one side for dry applications, or both sides "for roofs and other surfaces exposed to wet and damp". At time of this patent, <mask> was described as living at Weymouth Street, in the County of Middlesex. Formation and growth of Claridge's company
Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company was formed for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". Per response to a query on <mask>, "in 1839, the offices of the company were at Stangate, Westminster, as appears in an advertisement in the Athenaeum of 4 May 1838, p.342".Although asphalt use took off in the 1830s, Mechanic's Magazine noted the existence of a pamphlet from 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys" stating he had discovered large quantities of asphaltum in the vicinity of Neufchâtel, and that prior to his discovery, asphaltum was only known to exist in the Dead Sea. Mechanics Magazine added "we wonder, by-the-bye, no 'Dead Sea Asphalt Company' has yet made its appearance in the market", and wondering whether the lack of such a market take-off in two centuries hinted at limitations of the product. Nevertheless, "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production". Indeed, in 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity over asphalt, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also be used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 1800s. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other.In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s", including in such uses as school flooring. In 1847, Claridge's company promoted itself as producing "the only impervious and permanent covering for arches and roofs, and lining of reservoirs, gutters, & c"

In the 1870s, Claridge's company took over asphalt production at Pyrimont Wharf, in Cubitt Town. "The manufacturing process employed at Cubitt Town involved the heating of bituminous limestone in six large uncovered cauldrons, producing vapours considered offensive by many local residents. The material was employed predominantly for covering and protecting the foundations of buildings. It was employed, for example, at the Tobacco Stores at the Victoria Docks." Last years of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co.
By 1914, Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company had many contracts in hand, including 70,000 feet of asphalte roofing at HM Stationery Office; damp courses, floors and roofs at British American Tobacco Company's warehouse and W.H. Smith & Sons new printing works.Their expanding business necessitated moving to bigger premises, with their new offices at No. 3 Central Buildings, Westminster. "They also entered another business – that of tarred slag macadam – under the title of Clarmac Roads, Ltd", with offices at the same address. Clarmac Roads was a subsidiary company promoted by Claridge's Asphalte Co to manufacture the materials and registered on 14 September 1914. With increasing motor traffic, the directors of Claridge's Asphalte Co thought there was a future for the construction of roads using the tar-bound macadam method, (now commonly known as tarmac) and invested a substantial amount of funds in the new company, borrowing money to do so. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used. Scott's Lane, Beckenham; Dorset Street, Marylebone; Lordswood Road, Birmingham; Hearsall Lane, Coventry; Valkyrie Avenue, Westcliff-on-Sea; and Lennard Road, Penge were photographed as "some amongst many laid with 'Clarmac'"

In 1915, Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co. supplied asphalt for the Strand offices of the Government of the Dominion of New Zealand.In July 1915, Clarmac Roads was in financial difficulties owing to the First World War, and the Claridge Company directors, believing those difficulties to be temporary, deposited a large amount of debentures with the Clarmac Company's bankers to secure an overdraft. However, the Clarmac Company never recovered. On 16 October 1915, a decision was made to wind up Clarmac Roads and a liquidator duly appointed, and creditor's meeting called. In January 1916, R.T. Wilkinson retired from his position as a director of Claridge's Company, after an association of 63 years. The failure of Clarmac Roads had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, with a petition to wind it up lodged with the High Court on 2 November 1917 by company director William Allback. Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company finally ceased operating on 10 November 1917, after becoming insolvent following the failure of the joint venture entered into in 1914. The sequel to this was legal action by the liquidator to recover lost funds from Allback, who had played a prominent role in the promotion of Clarmac Roads and investment of funds therein.This case itself is sometimes cited in corporate law, as an early example of exemption from legal liability where the directors of a company sought and obtained legal advice in good faith. Hydropathy and beyond
<mask> wrote a number of works, but his best known, and most widely cited publication was Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practised by Vincent Priessnitz.... The work itself provides an indication of impact and popularity of hydropathy at the time. It was first published in 1842, with the preface to the first edition dated 21 January 1842. In his preface to the third edition, dated 23 May 1842, <mask> noted that the book had "excited considerable attention". It reached its third edition "in the short space of three months", and in that time,  "several imperfect extracts in the form of Pamphlets" appeared, and the Hydropathic Society was formed, on 17 March 1842, "at the rooms of the Society of Arts, Adelphi". The fifth edition contains an advertisement (which remained in subsequent editions), stating "it is little more than nine months since the first announcement of the work appeared; and during that brief period of time, five editions, of one thousand copies each, and eight editions of an Abstract, have passed through the press; besides which, several unauthorised publications, in the form of pamphlets, extracted from the work, have been sold in great numbers".With growing popularity among the public, some favourable publications written by a few medical practitioners, and several hydropathic establishments fully operational, <mask> declared that "the year 1842 may be considered as a new era in the mode of curing disease in this country". <mask> reports that his attention was first seriously drawn to the subject of hydropathy by an officer of marines at Venice, who "Seeing me attacked by rheumatism and head-ache, to both of which complaints I have been subject for the greater part of my life, my friend strongly advised me, in the winter of 1840, to follow his example", and go to Priessnitz's establishment at Graefenberg. This he did, but not before being confined to his bed "for nearly two months", after arriving at Florence in Rome. He stayed at Graefenberg for three months, "during which time the health of that part of my family who were subjected to the treatment was perfectly established; we acquired the habit of living more moderately, of taking more exercise, of drinking more water, and of using it more freely in external ablutions than we were accustomed to; and, I may add, that we have learned how to allay pain". During his time at Graefenberg, <mask> made notes, which would form the foundation of his 1842 Hydropathy book, from his own experiences, his observations of other patients' experiences, and of the methods employed, from his discussions with Priessnitz and other patients. He also collected statistics on patient numbers and break-down by nationality, up to the beginning of September 1841. <mask> and his family returned to England in November 1841, and stayed at a hotel in Thames Street, until they found lodgings in Weymouth St., where, on 6 January 1842, the cook at the house was alleged to have stolen a quantity of continental lace belonging to Claridge's wife and daughter.The cook was indicted again for theft of other items on 14 February. Both cases were heard on 28 February 1842, and the cook was found not guilty.

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Hydropathy promotion and responses
Following his return to England, <mask> commenced promoting hydropathy in Britain, first in London in 1842, then with lecture tours in Ireland and Scotland in 1843. His 10-week tour in Ireland included Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin and Belfast, over June, July and August 1843, with two

masks:
Richard Tappin Claridge
Claridge
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Richard Metcalfe
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Richard Tappin Claridge
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Hannah Claridge
Richard Claridge
James Claridge
James Claridge
Richard
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Richard T
. Claridge
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Richard Tappin
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Richard Hodgson
Raoul Armand
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 subsequent lectures in Glasgow. <mask> states "The leading papers reviewed my work favourably; my lectures in England, Ireland, and Scotland met with serious attention; and baths and wash-houses resulted from a lecture I gave in Edinburgh". Some other Englishmen preceded <mask> to Graefenberg, although not many. One of these was Dr. James Wilson, who himself, along with Dr James Manby Gully, operated a water cure establishment at Malvern. While acknowledging in an 1843 publication that <mask> did much to promote hydrotherapy, Wilson states that "I had been a considerable time at Graefenberg", and that Claridge "came to Graefenberg some time after I had been there".Nevertheless, in an earlier 1842 publication, Wilson wrote with some praise of <mask>, stating:
I have read Mr <mask>'s work on the 'Cold Water Cure', and I think I ought to notice it. As a non-professional man, it does him infinite credit; he has collected a considerable body of evidence from the works of professional as well as non-professional men, and it will always be read with interest by the advocates of this system. Such men as Mr <mask> ought not to be abused, for he could have no pocket motive in its production; all that can be said is that he is a little enthusiastic in these matters – a little enthusiasm does a great deal of good sometimes, when the motives are such as Mr <mask>'s. Similarly, Sir John E. Eardley-Wilmot, in his Tribute to Hydropathy, praised <mask> "for his strenuous exertions in the cause", to which every hydropathist "owes a deep debt of gratitude". But not everyone wrote favourably, or even kindly, about <mask> and his promotion of hydropathy. One satirical review of <mask>'s Hydropathy, playing on both German and English language (e.g. bad=bath in German, but bad in English – see image of hydropathic applications at Graefenberg), summed up the enthusiastic promotion of Priessnitz's water cure thus:
it has been our good fortune, since reading <mask> on Hydropathy, to see a sick drake avail himself of the "Cold Water Cure" at the dispensary in St. James's-park.First in waddling in, he took a Fuss-Bad; then he took a Sitz-bad, and then, turning his curly tail up into the air, he took a Kopf-Bad. Lastly, he rose almost upright on his latter end, and made such a triumphant flapping with his wings, that we really expected he was going to shout "Priessnitz for ever!" But no such thing. He only cried, "Quack! Quack! Quack! One of the most critical reviews was in The Lancet medical journal of March 1842, in which <mask> was accused of ignorance and plagiarism, a criticism all the worse for his indulgence in antiquarian research.Moreover, in 1843, doctor <mask>. Graham wrote somewhat triumphantly that after returning from Graefenberg, "one of the most zealous Hydropathists in this country – a gentleman who in his common conversation speaks most contemptuously of everything but cold water as a remedy for disease", sought his advice for mouth ulcers and bronchial complaints "from which his favourite Cold Water Cure could not deliver him!." Dr Graham "prescribed for him a vegetable alternative, and was favoured thereby to cure him perfectly within six weeks". In a footnote, Graham states "This was no less of a Hydropathist than Captain <mask>". Hydropathy and related movements
Nevertheless, <mask> and others continued their efforts, and the hydropathic movement gained considerable interest. When Hydropathy was first published in 1842, there were two prominent water-cure establishments. Ten years later, there were 24 establishments in Britain and Ireland, with many famous enough to be known simply by the owner's name. Surveying the publications on hydropathy from 1820 up to 1850, Metcalfe lists 69 authors of English works, and two Water-cure journals – one in London (from 1847) and one in America (from 1845).He also listed 136 authors of German works, 48 of French works, 43 of Latin works, and nine in other languages. Hydropathic establishments also flourished. In Europe, hydropathy was already well established at the time of <mask>'s first visit: In his Hydropathy book, he listed 47 known establishments as at 1840. By October 1845, <mask> noted that "in Germany, there are at least fifty; France, Switzerland, the Tyrol, Hungary, Russia, Ireland, Scotland, all have their institutions, and England counts at least twenty, besides private individuals who are introducing it into their practice; and to show its dissemination, it is only necessary to state that at Graefenberg, at this moment, there are amongst the visitors some of the leading nobles of England, Russia, Poland, Austria and Italy". A 1997 review of the hydropathic movement states: "At the peak of the movement in the late nineteenth century there were over fifty hydropathic hotels in Britain, of which the best-known were Smedley's at Matlock in Derbyshire and Ben Rhydding near Leeds. Scotland, however, was over-represented with over twenty", while Ireland had one. There were a number of efforts towards sanitary reform in the nineteenth century, and the hydropathy movement is credited with contributing to this."There can be no doubt that the Bath and Washhouse Movement received a great stimulus through the introduction of Hydropathy into this country, and the consequent dissemination of the curative virtues of water appliances, and sanitary reformers saw the necessity of personal cleanliness in order to ensure perfect health". Metcalfe notes that it was the attention drawn by the publication of <mask>'s work "followed by others", that drew attention to hydropathy, "and gave a further stimulus to the movement which resulted in the passing of the Baths and Washhouses Act of Sir George Grey, in 1846, himself a zealous advocate of hydropathy". A series of statutes followed, which became known collectively as "The Baths and Wash-houses Acts 1846 to 1896". This was an important milestone in the improvement of sanitary conditions and public health in those times, with early, strong support for the promotion of public baths and washhouses from prominent advocates of sanitary reform such as Erasmus Wilson, who applauded the establishment of Public Baths and Wash-houses, as "amongst the noblest of the institutions…as they are one of the greatest discoveries of the present age". <mask> himself was an early advocate, dating back to a lecture he gave in Edinburgh in 1843. <mask>'s Scottish lecture tours highlight overlap of yet another movement with that of hydropathy, namely that of the temperance movement, with both the temperance and hydropathy movements feeding off each other. <mask> revisited Graefenberg, from where in July 1845, he wrote a letter to the New York Tribune, which was reproduced in New York's Water Cure Journal in May 1846.And in October 1845, <mask> was one of 124 signatories in an address to Arch-Duke Franz Carl, extolling the virtues of Vincent Priessnitz and his methods. He sent another letter from Graefenberg on 4 March 1846, this time to an American acquaintance. In this wide-ranging letter, amongst other things he commends the progress of the Water-Cure in America, and describes the progress in Great Britain, including the growth of washhouses. He also comments on some of the criticism against him and other hydropathy proponents, and discusses a book by Dr Erasmus Wilson. He also acknowledges the antiquity of hydropathy, and the work of his predecessors, such as "Dr Sir John Floyer", and his work Febrifugum Magnum, and Dr James Currie. On the antiquity of hydropathy, <mask> addresses some of his critics, stating that "we are not urging its novelty, but its UTILITY" (p. 2, emphases in original text), and praises Priessnitz for bringing it to the fore again. Hydropathy in the United States of America
In the United States of America, the first hydropathic facility has been attributed to Joel Shew (1816–1855), in 1843 or 1844, and to <mask> <mask> ('R.T.Trall'. 1812–1877) in 1844. Metcalfe credits Dr Charles Munde with the first facility, although this is not supported by Munde himself, or by historical evidence now available. Munde describes himself as becoming familiar with Priessnitz' methods around 1836, and later migrating from Germany, where he treated scarlet fever cases in Dresden during the winter of 1845–46. Munde's son recalls that the family went to the area now called Florence, Massachusetts "in the early fifties", after his father had struggled "for nearly a year in New York in search of a practice". A blind colored man named <mask> had previously set up a water cure practice, and after his death in 1849, Charles Munde learned "of the opportunity to take up his favorite method", which led him to pick up where Ruggles left off, thence to the naming of Florence, and accordingly, the name of the Florence Water Cure, also called the Munde Water Cure. Following its introduction to the U.S., hydrotherapy, as it later became known, was employed by John Harvey Kellogg at Battle Creek Sanitarium, which opened in 1866.However, "the crude, but thoroughgoing methods of the original system of Priessnitz, which prospered among the hardy mountaineers of Austrian Silesia, were much too strenuous for more delicately organized and pampered American invalids. This fact, together with the crass empiricism which characterised the use of water in the first half of the last century, when water-cures were for a time almost a fad, brought water into general disrepute as a curative means, and greatly hindered the scientific development of this invaluable agent". Hydropathy marketing disputed, not its principles or mechanisms
Kellogg's comments echo that of earlier medical commentators, who took issue not with the underlying principles hydropathy, nor the mechanisms which were not yet fully understood, but with the way in which it was promoted, and indeed, marketed. For example, in November 1881, the British Medical Journal noted that hydropathy was a specific instance, or "particular case", of general principles of thermodynamics. That is, "the application of heat and cold in general", as it applies to physiology, mediated by hydropathy. What was at issue was "that the application of such rules having in general received so special a form has led to forms of treatment called by certain special and almost sectarian names, and too often associated with certain places", and worse, "with the use of certain special, though quite common, waters". Indeed, while the underlying principles of hydropathy "certainly do belong to the general practice of medicine" it had, through the advertising of public companies and other even more objectionable practices, come to be associated in the public mind with so much mysticism as almost to justify the accusation of quackery and delusion.Yet this is happily dying out; and, no doubt, as the education of the public increases, it will tend to disappear altogether, especially if broad principles be kept steadily before the public rather than narrow and isolated details". One writer noted that "it is manifest that a great remedial power lies unutilized in a genuine hydropathy, and it calls urgently for earnest study and research", and "Not, be it observed, that hydropathy is a water treatment after all, but that water is the medium for the application of heat and cold to the body". Its utility in that application was not in dispute. Rather, there was a lack of data from reliable scientific investigation into physiological mechanisms, and the means "by which the effects of hydropathy can be measured and controlled". Probably however, nothing has done more to repel earnest research than the suspicion of quackery which taints the practice that ordinarily goes by this name. Huge establishments can only be made to pay by full houses well kept up, and this is found as a rule to require that their calling be magnified in ways which are at once too special and popular to be scientific and genuine. The British Medical Journal concurred with this writer on all counts, noting that there were "simple generalisations" that could be deduced regarding the effects of heat and cold on physiological processes, and lamenting the lack of such generalisations by "therapeutical authorities", let alone scientific investigations.Since then, there has been considerable research and advances in the understanding of underlying physiological mechanisms, including those of circulation and thermoregulation, and their application to hydrotherapy. Known publications by <mask>
This list comprises known publications by <mask>. Apart from the Spanish translation and the Abstract of Hydropathy, the primary sources here are Metcalfe, who lists all of <mask>'s publications so far referred to in this article, and Browne, who gives a brief mention of <mask> and his works on the first page of her article. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
 Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
 Hardcopy edition. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
 (Google Books). Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Note the pagination is close, but not exactly the same, as the American edition.Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Note the pagination is close, but not exactly the same, as the English edition. Spanish translation of the English book. Further reading
 Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)

Notes

a. It is difficult to resolve the birth year discrepancies without access to a copy of original documents, although the IGI record looks specific, whereas the biographical sketch clearly includes indirect sources for some of its information (which does match collateral sources already cited in this article). However, a range of collateral information leaves no doubt that they refer to the same person. b.  Hydropathy, Cold Water system, and Cold Water cure, were essentially synonymous in that era, with publications under those titles all referring to the same legacy, namely Priessnitz, and – for U.K. publications – often also Claridge.So searches for publications from that period would need to try all three variations to capture relevant works. c.  The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) states that <mask> introduced hydropathy to England in 1840. However, <mask> describes himself as first paying attention to hydropathy in the winter of 1840, following which he was confined to bed for nearly two months before proceeding to Graefenberg, where he stayed for three months. From his comments on page 81, it is evident that he was at Graefenberg sometime around September 1841. <mask> himself cites 1842 as the year in which "a new era" commenced. d.  The Lancet review states (p. 833): "Mr <mask> will probably find that he made a mistake in turning his talents to physic, and crying water about the streets; he had better have continued crying 'there is nothing like leather ', or 'there is nothing like aspalt ', or 'there is nothing like wood '.We do not feel called upon to notice his asphaltic squireship's aspersions on the character of the medical profession". e.  To aid in finding information on <mask>'s portrait, it is noted that at the time (1844), artist James John Hill was residing at 58 Newman Street, as listed in Johnson's book, and was still there in 1848, per Graves (1908). f.  Indeed, a search for material for the section on <mask>'s Patent Asphalte Co. brings up increasing reference to the case as the range of search terms is both expanded and refined.g. The preface to the first edition remained in all known subsequent editions, including the third (which had its own additional preface), the fifth, and the eighth (both of which contain only the preface from the first edition)h.  The pagination for the text of the fifth and eighth editions are the same, so where practical, citations will be from the eighth, since that is available online. The only visible differences between the fifth and eighth editions are that the fifth includes two additions at either end of the book, not affecting the pagination. These are, the inclusion of a hand-written letter at the front, and at the back, "Critical notices of Captain <mask>'s Hydropathy."i. At least some hydropathy proponents appreciated the humour in this, as evidenced it being quoted in the humour section of the 1849 Water-Cure Journal.Light-hearted satire about the water cure was also engaged in by a theatrical group.j.' Munde operated the Florence Water-Cure, at Florence, Massachusetts (see preface in his 1857 book, p.vi). He previously migrated from Germany at an unknown date. However, in his text, he does cite a case he dealt with in Dresden in the winter of 1845–46. His own familiarity with Priessnitz's methods date back to circa 1836, when he was "almost a novice in Priessnitz's practice". "During an epidemic of scarlatina" in the city of Freiberg, two of his children, boys aged about 5 and 8, contracted the disease (p. 65). Two Internet Archive texts are available, each with missing pages at the front.All pages are covered between the two online texts. Alternatively, the full text is available on the Project Gutenberg site. References

External links

1790s births
1857 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Hydrotherapists
People from Warwickshire
19th-century English people
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries

masks:
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Thomas J
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Russell Tcher
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David Ruggles
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