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Louis "<mask>" <mask> (; 12 March 1925 - 13 March 1983) was a French professional road racing cyclist. He was the first great French rider of the post-war period and the first rider to win the Tour de France in three successive years, from 1953 to 1955. His career included the national road championship (1950 and 1951), Milan–San Remo (1951), Giro di Lombardia (1951), Critérium International (1951 & 52), Paris–Nice (1952), Grand Prix des Nations (1952), world road championship (1954), Tour of Flanders (1955), Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré (1955), Tour de Luxembourg (1955), Paris–Roubaix (1956) and Bordeaux–Paris (1959). Origins
<mask> was born one of three children above his father's baker's shop in the rue de Montfort, Saint-Méen-le-Grand, near Rennes. His father gave him a bicycle when he was two and after six months he could ride it 6 km. <mask>'s father was also called Louis and the son was called <mask> - little Louis - to avoid confusion The ending -on is a diminutive in French but outside Brittany Louison refers more usually to a girl. He was known as Louis in his early years as a rider, even as a professional, until the diminutive <mask> gained in popularity.His sister played table tennis, his brother Jean football, although he also became a professional cyclist. <mask> played both table tennis and football and became Brittany champion at table tennis. It was his uncle, Raymond, who was president of a cycling club in Paris who persuaded him to concentrate on cycling. <mask>'s first race was a 30 km event when he was 13. He came second in a sprint finish. He raced in his local area and won four events for unlicensed riders in 1941. He qualified for the final of the unofficial youth championship, the Premier Pas Dunlop in 1943 at Montluçon and came sixth.The winner was Raphaël Géminiani, who would become a professional team-mate and rival. <mask> is said to have carried messages for the Resistance during the second world war. After D-Day he joined the army and served in eastern France. He was demobilised in December 1945. Racing career

<mask> applied for racing licence on leaving the army and by error was sent one for an independent, or semi-professional. He benefited from the right to compete against professionals as well as amateurs. He came second in the Brittany championship and rode the national championship in Paris.There he came up against a veteran professional, Marcel Bidot, who on retirement became <mask>'s manager in the national team. <mask> left the field to catch two riders who had broken clear. He dropped one and outsprinted the other to become national champion. He turned fully professional for Stella, a bicycle factory in Nantes. Tour de France 1947

Stella was a small team that rode mainly in Brittany. In May 1947, however, two from the team rode the Boucles de la Seine race in Paris. He won alone by six minutes.It brought him an invitation to ride the Tour de France, at that time disputed by national and regional teams. The unexpected toughness of the race forced him to go home on the ninth day, in the Alps and to cry when the going got hard. It brought him the nickname "cry-baby" in the bunch and René Vietto referred to him as La Bobette, a mock feminisation of his name, for his tears and complaining. The historian Dick Yates wrote:

He brought down the scorn of the press and everyone quickly wrote off this 'cry-baby'. René Vietto was in the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and he looked like he was going to win - he was a real man. As France forgot about him, <mask> went home to lick his wounds and listen to words of advice from his father. Tour de France 1948
The former rider, Maurice Archambaud, took over management of the team from Léo Véron and took a chance on <mask>.Much had changed since the previous summer and he took the lead after the third stage, which finished near Stella's factory in Nantes. <mask> lost the yellow jersey the following day but regained it by winning the sixth stage, to Biarritz. He had 20 minutes' lead over the veteran Italian, Gino Bartali as the race entered the Alps. And then happened one of the most outstanding periods in the history of the Tour. (See Gino Bartali for full story.) A political crisis in Italy threatened to overthrow the government and bring the country to anarchy. The prime minister asked Bartali to distract Italians by dominating the Tour.Bartali won three stages in a row and the Tour by 14 minutes. <mask>'s 20 minutes on Bartali was cut to a 32-minute deficit by the time the race finished in Paris. <mask> had twice worn the yellow jersey and won two stages, however, and with the money he won he moved to Paris and bought a drapery shop for his wife. Tour de France 1950
<mask> did not finish in 1949, struggling from the start. He dropped out on the first day in the mountains, along with four other members of the national team. In 1950 he won the national championship at Montlhéry south of Paris the week before the Tour and rode in the national team with Géminiani, the rider who had beaten him as a boy in the Premier Pas Dunlop. He and <mask> developed a rocky friendship, Géminiani's rough, instinctive character a contrast to the more thoughtful, quieter <mask>.The two argued frequently but remained friends. Géminiani, following the French habit of creating nicknames by doubling a syllable of a name referred to <mask> as Zonzon, a name that <mask> hated but tolerated. Géminiani had the confidence that <mask> lacked. <mask> and Géminiani were second and third early in the race. Both hoped to profit from the absence of Fausto Coppi, who was injured, but found themselves instead up against an unbeatable Ferdinand Kübler. <mask> finished third, winning the mountain competition. Tour de France 1953

<mask> rode the 1951 Tour in the blue-white-red of national champion again but cracked in the mountains.Jean Bidot, the manager, sent riders to help him but in the end abandoned him to concentrate on Géminiani, the best placed. <mask> came 20th, although with a stage win. He lost 40 minutes on the last day in the mountains even though the race was taking it easy, Hugo Koblet already being unbeatable. Dick Yates said:

It was a terrible performance for a man of his class, but although he had suffered and suffered he had not given up the struggle. While this showed character, nobody was prepared to make allowances for it. 'He is just not a stage rider,' they said. 'He'll never win the Tour.No matter how brilliant you may be, if you're not consistent you haven't got a chance.' The sensitive <mask> was stung by this criticism. He had given his all for the Tour but everyone had turned against him. Even Jean Robic, who was not really in Bobet's class, was now more popular and it really hurt. And then in 1953, after a year without the Tour, Bobet left the field behind on a stage that crossed the Vars. He climbed the Col d'Izoard alone on roads still rutted and strewn with stones and when the gearing on his bicycle forced him to fight to keep it moving. The historian Bill McGann wrote:
Stage 18 is etched in the history of the Tour.It was 165km from Gap to Briançon... <mask> knew this was the time to strike. One of <mask>'s team-mates, Adolphe Deledda, went clear on the Vars with two other riders. <mask> stayed with the other leading climbers as they ascended the Vars. Spanish rider Jesus Lorono attacked. The alert and very capable <mask> jumped on his wheel and the pair disappeared up the mountain. <mask> was a good descender and dropped Lorono on the way down the Vars. Meanwhile, Deledda, upon being told that <mask> was on his way, eased up and waited for his captain.The two hooked up and took off across the 20km valley floor leading to the Izoard. In doing so they caught and then dispatched Deledda's two original breakaway companions. <mask> and Deledda, knowing the importance of the moment, were men on a mission. Deledda, fulfilling the team contract in both letter and especially in spirit, buried himself towing <mask> to the great mountain. <mask> flew up the Izoard as if he had wings. <mask> had finally arrived as the premier stage racer in the world. As he crested the Izoard there was a very well known cycling fan by the side of the road.Fausto Coppi with his mistress, Giulia Locatelli (the "woman in white"), was watching the race. As he rode past the great man, <mask> shouted thanks to Coppi for coming. He won that day by more than five minutes in Briançon, took the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification, then won the time trial and finished the Tour with 14 minutes' lead. He was greeted in Paris by Maurice Garin, winner of the first Tour in 1903, celebrating the Tour's 50th anniversary. He had, however, won a Tour without stars. Kübler was not riding and nor was Coppi, who was standing on the Izoard to watch <mask> pass. Koblet was riding badly and dropped out after a crash.Bartali was too old. Yates' assessment is that "<mask> had won the Tour and won it well but the opposition was hardly top drawer. Tour de France 1954

The 1954 race was different, without Italians but with a strong team from Belgium. The race started fast and didn't ease up. <mask> took the lead after four days, then lost it on day  eight. The jersey changed hands until <mask> again dominated on the Izoard. Winning the time-trial cemented his lead and he got to Paris 15 minutes before Kübler A few weeks later he became world champion in Germany.He left Stella after eight years to ride for Mercier, the team riding bicycles carrying <mask>'s name and sold by him but made in the Mercier factory in St-Étienne. Tour de France 1955
<mask> completed his hat-trick of successive wins in 1955, having that year won the Tour of Flanders and Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. The strongest French rider at first was Antonin Rolland and the manager, Marcel Bidot, asked the team to ride for him. Rolland, however, grew weaker as the race approached the Pyrenees. <mask> won the Tour but with a saddle boil that needed surgery. "His flesh was full of holes", said a report. "Dead tissue had to be removed to within several millimetres of vital organs.Nobody dared speak the word 'cancer'" <mask> believed that enduring the sores during the Tour made him a lesser rider for the rest of his life. He learned to fly a plane while forced not to ride. Tour de France 1958
The 1958 was the last that <mask> finished. One account said:

He has 400,000 kilometres in his legs. He has conquered glory and fortune but he is badly ill. Despite the formal advice of his doctor, he has decided to ride the 1958 Tour de France. He will suffer.He knows that. In the heart of the gigantic rocks of the Cassé Déserte, Bob is arced on his bicycle, his kidneys crushed by the effort and his head, like a heavy, painful balance, oscillates above his handlebars. The sun beats down on him. Around him, the whole mountain smokes like a giant witch's cauldron. As he breathes, what burns his throat and his lungs is the dust that rises around him... Abandoned, alone, without help, streaming with sweat, he has no other weapon against his adversaries but the mountain, the bad weather and his crazy willpower. He came seventh.Personality
The most striking feature of <mask> the man rather than rider was his ambition to behave like a Hollywood matinée idol, a sort of David Niven character in a dinner suit tuxedo. It brought him much ribbing from other French riders. Géminiani says <mask>'s diffident and elegant manner made him less popular even in his own Brittany than the more rustic, forthright manners of other Breton people such as Jean Robic. The British professional Brian Robinson called <mask> "a private man and a little moody" and said he would sulk if things went wrong. The French journalist René de Latour said of <mask> in Sporting Cyclist that "he didn't look good on a bike" and that he had "the legs of a football [soccer] player". <mask> spoke out against French involvement in a war against communists in Indo-China. He said he wasn't a Marxist but a pacifist.Géminiani said Bobet lacked humility. "He really thought that, after him, there'd be no more cycling in France", he said. <mask> occasionally talked of himself in the third person. <mask> was driven by personal hygiene and refused to accept his first yellow jersey because it had not been made with the pure wool he believed the only healthy material for a sweating and dusty rider. Synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947 following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor. Sofil made artificial yarn. The race organiser, Jacques Goddet wrote:
It produced a real drama.Our contract with Sofil was crumbling away. If the news had got out, the commercial effect would have been disastrous for the manufacturer. I remember debating it with him a good part of the night. <mask> was always exquisitely courteous but his principles were as hard as the granite blocks of his native Brittany coast. Goddet had to get Sofil to produce another jersey overnight, its logo still visible but artificial fabric absent. <mask>'s concern with hygiene and clothing was accentuated by frequent problems with saddle sores. Raymond Le <mask> was one of the first riders to employ a personal soigneur, taking his lead from Coppi.He took on Raymond Le Bert, a physiotherapist from St-Brieuc, as well as a secretary and a driver. Le Bert booked him hotel rooms between half-stages of the Tour, against the Tour's rules. Riders were supposed to use a dormitory provided for them. When the Tour insisted riders carry spare tyres, usually round their shoulders, Le Bert gave Bobet tubulars with the inner tubes taken out, useless to ride on but lighter to carry if that's what the rules insisted. Le Bert said he had met Coppi, whom <mask> admired for his "modern" techniques but refused to have anything to do with the Italian's suitcase of drugs. <mask> insisted he never took drugs. But the journalist and race organiser, Jean Leulliot, remembered a dinner organised by Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan, the organisers of the Tour de France, for the race's former winners.Leulliot wrote:

One table attracted particular attention. Around it were Anquetil, Merckx and <mask>, 13 victories in the Tour between them. The conversation at the table was particularly lively and <mask> <mask> was being challenged for saying that he had never taken the slightest drug or stimulant. He was obliged to admit that he had drunk the small bottles prepared for him by his soigneur at the time without knowing exactly what they contained. Which produced laughter from Jacques Anquetil and Eddy Merckx. <mask> and Britain
Bobet presented prizes at the annual presentation of the British Best All-Rounder time-trial competition at the Royal Albert Hall, London, in 1954. He gave a yellow jersey to a veteran competitor, Vic Gibbons.<mask> flew from Paris to London in a de Havilland Dove chartered by a London timber-merchant and cycling enthusiast, Vic Jenner. Jock Wadley, the editor of Sporting Cyclist was with Jenner. He remember that the two Britons arrived at Le Bourget airport without having brought passports - but that immigration staff gave them no attention because they were too busy trying to get an autograph from <mask>. Retirement and death

<mask>'s career effectively ended when the car carrying him and his brother Jean crashed outside Paris in the autumn of 1960. <mask> <mask> had a succession of businesses after he stopped racing, including a clothes shop, but he became best known for investing in and developing the seawater health treatment of thalassotherapy. He had used it when recovering from his car crash. He opened the Louison Bobet centre beside the sea at Port du Crouesty at Quiberon.The Quiberon centre was purchased by Accor in 1984 and became the flagship of its Thalassa Sea & Spa brand. He fell ill, however, and died of cancer the day after his 58th birthday. Cancer had been speculated during the operation for his saddle boils. <mask> is interred in the cemetery of Saint-Méen-le-Grand, and there is a museum to his memory in the town, the idea of village postmaster Raymond Quérat.

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Louison
Bobet
Louis Bobet
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<mask> (; born 25 December 1927), often referred to with the title Pandit, is an Indian musician who popularised the bowed instrument sarangi as a solo concert instrument in Hindustani classical music and became the first internationally successful sarangi player. <mask> was born near Udaipur and learned to play the sarangi at an early age. He studied under sarangi players and singers and, as a teenager, worked as a music teacher and travelling musician. All India Radio, Lahore, hired <mask> as an accompanist for vocalists in 1944. He moved to Delhi following the partition of India in 1947, but wishing to go beyond accompaniment and frustrated with his supporting role, <mask> moved to Mumbai in 1949 to work in Indian cinema. <mask> became a concert solo artist in 1956 and has since performed at the major music festivals of India. After sitar player Ravi Shankar successfully performed in Western countries, <mask> followed his example.He recorded solo albums and made his first international tour in 1964 to America and Europe with his older brother Chatur Lal, a tabla player who had toured with Shankar in the 1950s. <mask> taught Indian and foreign students and performed, frequently outside India, into the 2000s. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2005. Early life

<mask> was born on 25 December 1927 in Amber village, near Udaipur in northwestern India. His great-great-grandfather, Bagaji Biyavat, was a singer from Amber, and he and <mask>'s great-grandfather, Sagad Danji Biyavat, sang at the court of the Maharana of Udaipur. <mask>'s grandfather, Har Lalji Biyavat, and father, Nathuji Biyavat, were farmers and singers, Nathuji played the bowed instrument dilruba, and <mask>'s mother was a music lover. <mask>'s first language was Rajasthani and he learned Hindi and, later, English.At an age of about six, he found a small sarangi left by the family's Ganga guru, a genealogist, and was taught a fingering technique developed by his father. <mask>'s father taught him, but was worried about the difficulty of playing the sarangi and its association with courtesan music, which gave the instrument a low social status. After a year, Biyavat sought lessons for his son from sarangi player Mehboob Khan of Jaipur, but changed his mind when Khan told him <mask> would have to change his fingering technique. <mask>'s father later encouraged him to leave school and devote himself to playing the sarangi. At about ten years of age, <mask> learned the basics of dhrupad, the oldest genre of Hindustani classical music, by studying and imitating the practice of sarangi player Uday Lal of Udaipur, a student of dhrupad singers Allabande and Zakiruddin Dagar. After Uday Lal died of old age, <mask> met travelling singer Madhav Prasad, originally of Lucknow, who had performed at the court of Maihar. With Prasad, <mask> enacted the ganda bandhan, a traditional ceremony of acceptance between a teacher and his pupil, in which <mask> swore obedience in exchange for being maintained by Prasad.He served Prasad and was taught in khyal, the predominate genre of Hindustani classical music, but returned to Udaipur after four years to teach music school. Prasad later visited <mask> and convinced him to resign his position and dedicate his time to improvement as a musician, although the idea of giving up a steady life was not well received by <mask>'s family. He stayed with Prasad and travelled to several Indian states until Prasad fell ill and advised him to learn from singer Abdul Wahid Khan in Lahore. Following Prasad's death in Lucknow, <mask> enacted the ganda bandhan with another teacher who gave him lessons, but soon left for Lahore and never performed the ritual again. Career
<mask> travelled to Lahore in 1943 and auditioned for the local All India Radio (AIR) station as a singer, but the station's music producer, Jivan Lal Mattoo, noticed grooves in <mask>'s fingernails: sarangis are played by pressing the fingernails sideways against three playing strings, which strains the nails. Mattoo instead employed <mask> as a sarangi player. Traditionally, the sarangi is supposed to play after the singer and imitate the vocal performance, and play in the space between phrases.Mattoo advised <mask> and helped him contact khyal singer Abdul Wahid Khan, a rigorous teacher under whom <mask> learned four ragas through singing lessons. <mask> was allowed sporadic solo performances on AIR and began to consider a solo career. After the partition of India in 1947, <mask> moved to Delhi and played at the local AIR station. His work for popular singers increased his repertoire and knowledge of styles. <mask> played with the classical singers Omkarnath Thakur, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Hirabai Badodekar, and Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, and he accompanied singer Amir Khan in 1948, when Khan sang for the first time at AIR Delhi following the partition. As an accompanist for vocalists, <mask> showed his own talent and came to the foreground. Singers of the city complained that he was not a dependable accompanist and too assertive, but he maintained he wanted to keep vocalists in tune and inspire them in a cordial contest.Other tabla (percussion) players and singers, including Omkarnath Thakur and Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, expressed admiration for <mask>'s playing. <mask> became frustrated with his supporting role for vocalists and moved to Mumbai in 1949 to work independently in film music and recording. He recorded three solo 78 rpm gramophone records for the British HMV Group in 1950 and an early ten-inch LP album in Mumbai in 1951, but the album was not in demand. The Mumbai film industry offered a good salary and obscurity for work that would have lowered his stature among classical musicians. For the next 15 years he played and composed songs for films, including Adalat, Gunga Jumna, Humdard, Kashmir Ki Kali, Madhumati, Milan, Mughal-e-Azam, and Noorjehan. He was considered a desired choice of film music director O. P. Nayyar. <mask> performed in Afghanistan in 1952 and in China in 1954 and was well received in both countries.His first solo concert at a 1954 music festival in the Cowasji Jehangir Hall, Mumbai, was cut short when an impatient audience, waiting for performances by famous artists, drove him from the stage. <mask> pondered giving up the sarangi and becoming a singer. He later regained confidence, performed solo for smaller crowds, and was favourably received in his second attempt to play solo for a Mumbai music festival in 1956. He has since performed at the major music festivals of India. <mask> later gave up accompaniment; this decision carried a financial risk because interest in solo sarangi was not yet substantial. After sitar player Ravi Shankar successfully performed in Western countries, <mask> followed his example. He recorded solo albums and made his first international tour in 1964 to America and Europe with his older brother Chatur Lal, a tabla player who had toured with Shankar in the 1950s.The European tour included performances in France, Germany, sponsored by the Goethe-Institut, and at the City of London Festival, England. Beginning in the 1960s, <mask> often taught and gave concerts outside of India. On his Western tours he encountered interest in the sarangi because of its similarity to the cello and violin. The tabla player Suresh Talwalkar became a frequent accompanist for <mask> in the late 1960s. <mask> continued to perform and record in India and abroad for the next decades and his recordings appeared on Indian, American, and European labels. During the early 1980s he typically spent months each year visiting Western nations. <mask> performed less frequently in the 2000s and rarely in the 2010s.Style

<mask>'s style is characteristic of Hindustani classical music, but his choice of solo instrument and his background of learning from teachers outside his community are not common for the genre. He has stated that he aims to please the audience and create a feeling of harmony, and expects the audience to reciprocate by reacting to his playing. <mask>'s performances are strung together from the meditative and measured alap (non-metrical introduction) and jor (performance with pulse) in dhrupad style, followed by a faster and less reserved gat section (composition with rhythmic pattern provided by the tabla) in khyal style. He experimented with a style of jhala (performance with rapid pulse) developed by Bundu Khan, but considered it more appropriate for plucked instruments and stopped performing it. The gat section includes one or two parts with compositions. When two gats are used, the first one tends to be at a slow or medium tempo, and the second one is faster; the gats are usually performed in the 16-beat rhythmic cycle tintal. <mask> often completes performances with ragas associated with thumri (a popular light classical genre), which are referred to as mishra (Sanskrit: mixed) because they allow for additional notes, or with a dhun (song based on folk music).<mask> practices and teaches using a limited number of paltas, exercises in a small scale range that are used to prepare playing different numbers of notes per bow. Derived from paltas are lengthy note patterns called tans, which contain characteristic "melodic shapes" and are used by <mask> for fast playing. He uses his left (fingering) hand for runs and to play an extended melodic range, and his right (bowing) hand for rhythmic accentuations. <mask>'s fingering technique, his low right hand position, keeping the bow in a close to right angle to the string, and his use of the full bow length are unusual among sarangi players. <mask> is associated with the Kirana gharana (stylistic school of Kirana) through Abdul Wahid Khan, but his performance style is not strongly connected to it. Most of <mask>'s compositions are from the singing repertoire of his teachers and were modified and adapted to the sarangi. He has created original compositions and in performance varies those he was taught.<mask> disfavors the creation of new ragas, but developed compound ragas, including those of Nand with Kedar and Kafi with Malhar. <mask> uses a sarangi obtained from Uday Lal and built in Meerut in the 1920s or 1930s in his concerts and recordings. He plays on foreign harp strings to produce a clearer tone. <mask> experimented with modifications to his instrument and added a fourth string, but removed it because it hindered playing. In the 1940s, he exchanged gut with steel for the first string and found it easier to play, but reverted to using only gut strings because the steel string altered the sound. A sarangi owned by <mask> is on display in a gallery of musical instruments of the Sri Shanmukhananda Fine Arts & Sangeetha Sabha in Mumbai as of December 2020. Contributions and recognition

<mask> increased the status of the sarangi to that of a modern concert solo instrument, made it known outside of India, and was the first sarangi player with international success, an example later followed by Sultan Khan.<mask>'s simplified fingering technique allows for glide (meend) and affected the modern sarangi concert style, as aspects of his playing and tone creation were taken up by sarangi players from <mask>'s recordings. <mask> taught at the American Society for Eastern Arts and the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Mumbai in the 1970s and 1980s, where he gave the first master class for sarangi. <mask> privately trained sarangi players, including his daughter Aruna <mask>, his grandson Harsh <mask>, and Vasanti Srikhande. He also taught sarod players, including his son Brij <mask>, as well as vocalists and a violinist. In 2002, he taught 15 Indian students and more than 500 students in the United States and Europe had studied with him. Indian music in performance: a practical introduction, released in 1980 by Neil Sorrell in cooperation with <mask>, was described as "one of the best presentations on modern North Indian music practice" by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. <mask> argued that appreciation of the sarangi and him came only after acknowledgment by the Western audience.He attributed the lack of sarangi students to a lack of competent teachers and said that the Indian government should assist in preserving the instrument. The Pt (Pandit) Ram Narayan Foundation in Mumbai awards scholarships to sarangi students. <mask> has stated he was skeptical the sarangi would survive and said he would never give up promoting the instrument. <mask> received the national awards Padma Shri in 1976, Padma Bhushan in 1991, and Padma Vibhushan in 2005. The Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor, was presented by Indian President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. <mask> was awarded the Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1974–75 and the national Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1975, and was made a fellow of the Rajasthan Sangeet Natak Akademi for 1988–89. He received the Kalidas Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh for 1991–92 and was presented with the Aditya Vikram Birla Kalashikhar Puraskar in 1999 by P. C. Alexander, governor of Maharashtra.He received the Rajasthan Ratna for 2013, was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Honour – Classical at the 4th Gionne Star Global Indian Music Academy (GiMA) Awards 2014, and was awarded the Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Lifetime Achievement award for 2015–2016 in the field of classical music by the government of Maharashtra. The biographical film Pandit <mask>ayan – Sarangi Ke Sang was shown at the 2007 International Film Festival of India. Family and personal life

<mask> shared a close relationship with his older brother, Chatur Lal, who learned the tabla primarily to accompany his brother's sarangi playing. Lal studied under tabla teachers in his youth, but later turned to farming. Lal visited <mask> 1948 in Delhi after <mask> had become a professional sarangi player, and <mask> convinced Lal to work as a tabla player at the local AIR station. Lal became an acclaimed musician, toured with instrumentalists Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan in the 1950s, and helped popularise the tabla in Western countries. When Lal died in October 1965, <mask> had difficulty performing and struggled with alcoholism, but overcame the addiction after two years.<mask> assisted his brother's four children after their father's death. Chatur Lal's son, Charanjit Lal Biyavat, is a tabla player and has toured Europe with <mask>. <mask>'s wife Sheela, a homemaker, came to Mumbai in the 1950s and they had four children. She died prior to 2001. His oldest son, sarod player Brij <mask>, was born on 25 April 1952 in Udaipur, and his daughter Aruna <mask> was born in 1959 in Mumbai. She was the first woman to give a solo sarangi concert and immigrated to Canada in 1984. Another son, Shiv, who is a year younger than Aruna, has learned to play the tabla, and toured Australia with his father.Brij <mask>'s son, Harsh <mask>, plays the sarangi. In 2009, <mask> performed at BBC's The Proms in the Royal Albert Hall, London, with Aruna, and he played at the 2010 Sawai Gandharva Music Festival, Pune, with Harsh. <mask> is a Hindu and has stated "music is my religion", arguing that there was no better access to divinity than music. He is based in Mumbai. Discography

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External links

1927 births
20th-century Indian musicians
All India Radio people
Articles containing video clips
Hindustani instrumentalists
Indian Hindus
Indian male classical musicians
Living people
Musicians from Mumbai
People from Udaipur district
Rajasthani people
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Sarangi players

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Ram Narayan
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Narayan
Narayan
Narayan
Narayan


texts:
<mask>en  (; December 8, 1900November 19, 1990) was a Chinese Nationalist (KMT) general, a graduate of Virginia Military Institute, best known for his leadership in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. His military achievements earned him the laudatory nickname "Rommel of the East". His New First Army was known as the "Best Army under heaven" and credited with effectively confronting Japanese troops in the 1937 Battle of Shanghai and in the Burma Campaign, 1943–1944. Perhaps because of his foreign military training, he did not have the full confidence of Chiang Kai-shek. <mask> was relieved of battle command in the Chinese Civil War in 1946, and although he was made Commander in Chief in 1950 after the retreat of the Nationalist central government to Taiwan, he was given only ceremonial roles. He was charged with conspiracy in 1955 and spent his last thirty years under virtual house arrest. He was also known as <mask>-neng (孫仲能, Sūn Zhòngnéng; "Chung-neng" being his art name) and had the courtesy name Fu-min (撫民, Fǔmín).Biography

Early life
<mask>-jen was born in Jinnu, Lujiang, Chaohu, Anhui, with ancestry in Shucheng County. During the May Fourth Movement, he was part of the Scouts in the march at Tiananmen Square. In the same year (1919) he married Gong Xitao (龔夕濤) and was admitted in 1920 to Tsinghua University to study civil engineering. <mask> played basketball at Tsinghua, becoming a star. He led the Chinese team to a gold medal at the 1921 Far Eastern Championship Games. With a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, he transferred to Purdue University in the United States to complete his senior year in 1923, where he graduated in 1924. He briefly interned at Chicago Bridge & Iron Company in Chicago, Illinois.But patriotism motivated him to change career and pursue a military studies instead. China was in the middle of a nationalist drive to unite the divided country and to protect the nation against imperialists. <mask> decided that he could better serve his divided nation as a soldier rather than an engineer. He applied to the Virginia Military Institute. He graduated from VMI. In 1927 <mask> toured Europe and Japan to see the latest military organization and strategic thinking, then returned to China and became a corporal in the National Revolutionary Army and the Central Political Institute. He was then given command of the National Salt Gabelle Brigade, organized by Finance Minister T. V. Soong, which he made the KMT's best trained and equipped troops.Four of the regiments later became the New 38th Division. His training center was located in Duyun, in Guizhou province. Second Sino-Japanese War

<mask> led his troops fighting the Japanese during the Battle of Shanghai in 1937 and was badly wounded by mine fragments. After recovering, <mask> returned to lead his troops at the front. After two years training, <mask>'s New 38th Division was sent by Chiang Kai-shek into Burma to protect the Burma Road under General Zhang Zhen, commander of the 66th Army, together with General Du Yuming (5th Army) and General Gan Lichu (6th Army) as part of the Chinese Expeditionary Force. <mask> led the 113th Regiment as part of the 38th Division through difficult terrain to relieve 7,000 British forces trapped by the numerically superior Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung. His command included British artillery and 7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom) tanks temporarily placed under his command by General Slim.For his gallantry at Yenangyaung, <mask> was honoured by King George VI with the Commander of the British Empire medal. Although unable to stop the Japanese from cutting the Burma Road, <mask> gained the respect of General William Slim, the commander of the British 14th Army. <mask> and his division retreated into India, while those of Du, against <mask>'s advice, retreated back into China and were badly mauled both by nature and by the Japanese. Early in 1943, after the successful retreat into India, <mask>'s division was incorporated in the New First Army, and became a part of 'X Force', the Chinese force under the command of Joseph Stilwell, the American commander of all American and Chinese troops in the "China Burma India Theater". The battle discipline of <mask>'s divisions reaffirmed Stilwell's respect for the Chinese soldier. His troops spearheaded the Burma Campaign, Stilwell's 1943 drive to reconquer North Burma and re-establish the land route to China by the Ledo Road. General Stilwell considered <mask> the most capable Chinese field commander in the entire war.In 1945, at the invitation of American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, <mask> toured the battlefields of Europe. He returned to China to lead the New First Army to Canton to accept the Japanese surrender. Chinese Civil War

The end of the war with Japan did not bring peace to China. <mask>'s New First Army was deployed to Manchuria, where the Soviet armies left the Communist forces in control of strategic areas and the Nationalists could find support only by enlisting local bandits and surrendered Japanese troops. On May 20, 1946, <mask>'s troops defeated the People's Liberation Army to take a key railroad junction in the  Battle of Siping, but only after a month of fighting. General Lin Biao's communist troops had this saying: "As long as we don't have to fight the New 1st Army, we are not afraid of the Central Government's million troops." <mask> said that the PLA opposing the Nationalist army was like "flies attacking a tiger," but when the PLA had a growing series of local victories, Chiang Kai-shek's favorite Du Yuming repeatedly accused <mask> of insubordination.Chiang sensed that <mask> could not get the cooperation of Whampoa educated officers and replaced him with a general whom he considered more loyal. <mask> was returned to a command post in Nanjing in July 1947, as the deputy commander-in-chief of the Army and commanding general of the Army Training Command. The American Consul General in Mukden at that time, O. Edmund Clubb, later recalled that because of his American education <mask> was regarded as an outsider:  "personal loyalty was counted by the Nationalist regime as being more important than competence, and when you establish a standard like that you run into danger." Taiwan
As the commander of the Army Training Command and deputy commander of the Republic of China Army in 1947, <mask> moved one training facility to Taiwan, independent from the ongoing civil war. <mask> trained new officers and troops for the Nationalist government, hoping to change the tide of the civil war. The effort was too little, too late in comparison with the massive numbers of troops defeated, but one of the divisions he trained (201 Division of the 80th Army) was sent to Quemoy to help crush off the communist invasion in 1949. It was the front line defense force.In 1950, <mask> was named Commander in Chief of the Republic of China Army, while also serving as commander of the Taiwan Defense Command and of the Army Training Command. <mask> was well respected by the Americans, and rumors that the CIA sought a coup to replace Chiang Kai-shek with <mask> made Chiang and his son Chiang Ching-kuo eager to remove him from power. First, <mask> was reassigned as the ceremonial chief military adviser to Chiang Kai-shek in June 1954, preventing him from directly controlling any troops. In 1950, Chiang Ching-kuo became director of his father's secret police, a position he held until 1965. Chiang Ching-kuo, educated in the Soviet Union, initiated Soviet style military structure, reorganizing and Sovietizing the officer corps while instituting surveillance. <mask>-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute, opposed this system. On May 25, one of General <mask>'s subordinates, Lieutenant-Colonel Kuo Ting-liang, was arrested by Chiang Ching-kuo's associate, internal security chief Mao Jen-feng, and tortured into admitting conspiracy with a communist agent.On August 20, 1955 <mask> was officially relieved from his duties and put under house arrest. A nine-person committee under Vice-President Chen Cheng was set up to investigate General <mask>'s involvement in the alleged spy case. The CIA also allegedly wanted to help <mask> take control of Taiwan and declare its independence. <mask>, in addition to being under suspicion of collaborating with the CIA, was also accused of negligence in allowing his subordinate to participate in an alleged revolt involving Communist agents. One source suggests that the "plot" may simply have been a plan to present a petition to Generalissimo Chiang to do away with the army system of political commissars. More than 300 of <mask>'s close subordinates were placed under arrest and many more were relieved of their duties. <mask> remained under house arrest for more than three decades: he was not released until March 20, 1988, shortly after the death of Chiang Ching-kuo.He died in his Taichung home at the age of 89 (91 according to the Chinese calendar). His funeral was conducted with full military honors and with the presence of the Minister of National Defense and top generals. In 2001, <mask>'s reputation was cleared after a government investigation into the purported coup attempt. In January 2011, President Ma Ying-jeou formally apologized to <mask>-jen's family and <mask>'s house in Taichung was opened as a memorial hall and museum. Family
General <mask> was survived by his two sons <mask>-ping (孫天平) and <mask>-pin (孫安平), two daughters <mask>-ping (孫中平) and <mask>-ping (孫太平), and sister <mask>-jen (孫璧人). See also

Chinese Army in India

Notes

References and further reading
 <mask>-jen," in  ,pp. 165-167

External links
<mask> memorial website at National Tsing Hua University
Dedication to The Late General <mask> Jen, designed by his foster son Chieh Chung

1900 births
1990 deaths
Boxer Indemnity Scholarship recipients
Military personnel of the Republic of China in the Second Sino-Japanese War
National Revolutionary Army generals from Anhui
Politicians from Hefei
Purdue University alumni
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Tsinghua University alumni
Virginia Military Institute alumni
Honorary Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
Chinese Civil War refugees
Chinese anti-communists
Chinese military personnel of World War II
People of the Chinese Civil War
Republic of China politicians from Anhui
Chinese men's basketball players
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire

masks:
Sun Li j
Sun
Sun Chung
Sun Li
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun Li
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun Li
Sun
Sun
Sun Tien
Sun Ane
Sun Chung
Sun Tai
Sun Pi
Sun Li
General Sun
Sun Li


texts:
Captain <mask>, OBE, VD (1894  – 13 May 1956, Belize) was a politician in the Colony of British Honduras. Life
Born in Belize City in June 1893, he was a Belizean Creole of humble parentage. <mask> was the son of <mask>, the former Auditor General (1911) of Belize, British Honduras. Metzgen's mother, Esther Almira Bevans (born on 17 January 1869 in Belize and died 1944), was the second wife of his father (the first one was Estelle Greene). His father, <mask> (born on 24 July 1860 and killed in Petén on 13 March 1930). His grandfather, <mask>, was born 1816 in  Copenhagen, Denmark and was son of <mask> (1784–1843) a retired Danish naval officer. <mask> had three children: Louise MBE, Humphrey and Frederick (Bill).He died of poisoning, on 14 May 1956

On 17 September 2009, Metzgen was posthumously awarded the Order of Distinction from the Government of Belize in recognition of his dedication to Community and Public Service. Government service
In Belize he received his education at St. Mary’s Primary School, and later at Wesley School and the Diocesan High School for Boys (now St. Michael's College) before entering the British Honduras Civil Service as a Temporary Clerk at Her Majesty's Prison on 4 March 1910. Capt. <mask> entered the Civil Service as a Copyist on 4 March 1910, and ten years later he was appointed Internal Revenue Officer. Subsequently he acted as District Commissioner in Orange Walk, an Auditor and then Director of Colonial Audits. He was made Chief Income Tax Collector in January 1924. He was Treasury Superintendent in 1932 and District Commissioner in Stann Creek in 1935.A serious, near-fatal accident eventually caused his retirement in 1939. On several occasions he acted as District Commissioner of the Orange Walk District and as Auditor; and he received special commendation from the Director of Colonial Audit for work done during the period 1927–28. He was appointed Treasury Superintendent in September 1932. He held this position for three years and assumed the Commissionership of the Stann Creek District in September 1935. Last year he promoted a successful Goodwill Flight, which took him and other leading citizens of Stann Creek to every section of the Colony. That was the forerunner of a mammoth Agricultural Exhibition planned for Stann Creek, but his retirement precluded the carrying out of his plans. His retirement was hastened by a disaster in the Stann Creek Valley, when he was nearly crushed to death in a collision.He spent a long period in Stann Creek, Belize and Guatemala City Hospital. Posts held

 Acting Asst. Keeper, King's Warehouse
 Internal Revenue Officer
 Principal Officer, Income Tax
 Special Officer of Customs
 Acting Colonial Auditor
 Acting District Commissioner of the Orange Walk District
 Chief Income Tax Collector; Treasury Superintendent
 Private Secretary (temporarily) to the Acting Governor (Lt. Col. Maxwell Hinds Smith) on a special mission to the Cayo District in 1922
 Secretary or Member of numerous Government and other Boards and Committees, including in 1926 the Fort George Hotel Committee
 Member of the Belize Town Board (now the City Council). Military service

Metzgen joined the British Honduras Mounted Infantry on 1 March 1906 and the next year he went with the force, under Major F.M. Maxwell, to quell a riot at the Stann Creek Railway. The same year he accompanied the force again to Sapodilla Cayes on the "City of Belize" to assist in preventing filibustering on the coast of General Bonilla of Honduras. In 1915 he applied to join the War Contingent but his application was not approved owing to the number of Civil Servants that had already obtained permission to enlist.He was appointed 2nd  Lieutenant of the British Honduras Territorial Forces in June, 1918 and on the formation of the Defence Force in 1928 he was appointed a Lieutenant of this Force. He was in charge of the Defence Force during the first two days after the Belize hurricane of September 1931. Civil society

<mask> was a member of the Church of England in British Honduras. <mask> was the founder of the British Honduras Agricultural Society and helped stage the agricultural and industrial exhibitions in 1928 and 1931. In 1927 he convened at Belize an agricultural conference which brought together planters from all sections of the Colony. He was a member of the Agricultural Advisory Committee appointed by His Excellency the Governor and Chief Justice Greenidge as Chairman. For three terms he was a Member of the Belize Town board under the chairmanship of the Rev.Robert Cleghorn OBE, and for a period he was a member of the Belize Electricity Board. For several years he was Chairman of the St George's Caye Day Celebrations Committee at Belize. He served with the Honorable C. Douglas-Jones and the Honorable Willoughby Bullock on a Treasury Inquiry Committee and he was Secretary to the Colonial Lindbergh's Reception Committee and a Hotel (for Belize) Committee of which the late Honorable Sally Wolffsohn was Chairman. He also acted as Private Secretary for His Excellency Colonel Maxwell Hinds with on a special mission of investigation to El Cayo. He was the first Treasurer of the Infant Welfare League. He was the first President of the Eureka Band and the first President of the Native Jockey Club. He gave to Stann Creek flourishing Poor Relief Organisations.Road campaign
Realising that the lack of roads would retard the agricultural development of the Colony, Metzgen produced propaganda for Ford with the slogan "Roads, Roads and Still More Roads". He organized and was the Chairman of the British Honduras Cyclists Association and his Cross Country Cycle Races demonstrated in a tangible manner the urgency of a road programme for the Colony. Education campaign
<mask> was Chairman of the Debating Club for 10 years and campaigned for the establishment of a Public Library and a Town Hall for Belize. A "Handbook of British Honduras" was compiled by him in 1925, with the assistance of Mr. H.E.C. Cain, during the administration of Sir Eyre Hutson KCMG. He was Assistant Editor of the Archives of British Honduras, of which the late Sir John Alder Burdon was Editor, and he compiled the booklets "Blazing Trails in British Honduras", "Shoulder to Shoulder" and the "Standing Rules and Orders of the Orange Walk District Board", 1924. Travels
His travels took him to Guatemala City, New Orleans, New York City and London.During his visits to the latter three cities in 1925 he studied various income tax systems through the courtesy of the Income Tax Officials of those cities. By means of illustrated lectures, he brought the great Wembley Exhibition from England to the CUs Theatres in Belize and was supported by the late Honorable Lieutenant Colonel Dr. James Cran OBE and Mr. F.R. Dragten OBE, KC. At the Shipmates Club at Stann Creek and at the Eureka Band Concert at the Park, Metzgen addressed the people of the District in 1935. He thanked them for the cooperation he received from them during his administration and for their prayers and attention during his recent illness. In this connection he said that one of the things that will always linger in his memory is an act three Carib women—all unknown to him—who travelled from Stann Creek to Belize just to see him in the Hospital where they knelt at his bedside and prayed for his recovery. He had hoped to inaugurate a five-year plan for Stann Creek with the aim of laying a sound economic foundation for that District.He hoped Stann Creek would get a District Commissioner who will serve her better than he did and he promised that during his retirement he will be ready and willing to serve the District and the colony in any way he can. Sporting legacy
In 1928, on a bicycle ride in the country on the Northern Highway, Metzgen conceived the idea of what became the first Cross Country Cycling Classic having been struck by the number of bicycles Belizeans used to attend weekly cricket games in rural areas. He developed the idea for a cycling "expedition" to San Ignacio in order to test the cyclists' ability to cope with a then-badly built Western Highway. The Governor pledged support and offered a cup as a prize to the winner of the race—a race that is still held annually. He enlisted the support of such notables at Matron L.M. Roberts of the Public Hospital Royal Bank of Canada local manager Charles Beattie, Frans Dragten, Reverend Cleghorn, medical officer Lieutenant Colonel James Cran and that of a young surveyor, Henry Fairweather. Within a month he had the whole programme together and launched.On 2 April 1928, a parade and inspection of the cyclists was organised by Metzgen and attended by the Governor, Superintendent of Police and others, who congratulated the cyclists and sent them on a parade through the town's streets. The official race kicked off on 5 April 1928 from in front of the courthouse at 5:00 AM. The trail was along the Western Highway to San Ignacio (55 miles from Belize City). The first rider into Cayo (90 miles in total), Elston Kerr, was cheered for making it into town in about 13 hours. The men stayed through the Easter holidays, feasting, eating, playing cricket and soaking up the accolades of the Cayo faithful. They also visited Benque Viejo del Carmen and San Jose Succotz, the westernmost settled areas in Cayo. On 9 April, the expeditionists set off at 5:00 AM to return to the City, their progress reliably reported through of all things, the telephone service.Kerr, of Burrell Boom, finished first in 21 hours 29 minutes, 81 minutes ahead of second place Norris Wade, also of Boom. Race organizer <mask> finished in 30 and a half hours. Subsequent to the race, <mask> formed and chaired the British Honduras Cyclists Association in June 1928. As a result of his experience in the race, he was a key proponent of improved public roads ensuring that successive Governors of the Colony became interested in road building. Bibliography

In 1925, with H. E. C. Cain, he wrote "The Handbook of British Honduras". The book includes over fifty Creole proverbs, proverbs like, Cuss-cus neighbor bore hole & Dawg hab liberty fi watch gubnor. In 1928 he wrote "Blazing Trails in British Honduras" about the first Cross-Country race.(The book was recently reprinted by the Belize Historical Society). In the late 1920s he worked on the "Archives of British Honduras", edited by the Governor, Sir John Burdon and compiled the pamphlet "Shoulder to Shoulder or The Battle of St. George's Caye." The Handbook of British Honduras, by <mask> <mask> and H.E.C. Cain, the Brief Sketch of British Honduras, by John Burdon, former governor and the Book Shoulder to Shoulder by <mask> <mask>, all talk about the exploits of the Baymen. Further reading
 Handbook of British Honduras: Henry Edney Conrad Cain and <mask> Metzgen
 Monrad Metzgen: Notes on British Honduras. <mask> Metzgen: Shoulder to Shoulder or the Battle of St George's Caye, 1798. References
 Belize Cycling Association.The Tradition: 77th Annual Cross Country Cycling Classic Retrospective. 2005: Belize Cycling Association. "Our thing." Editorial, Amandala. 23 April 2000,
"The Cross Country – past symbol, present reality". Editorial, Amandala. 7 April 2002,

External links
 Photos from the 2003 race

Belizean Creole people
Sport in Belize
1894 births
1956 deaths
Belizean military personnel
Belizean National Heroes
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Order of Distinction (Belize)
People from Belize City

masks:
Monrad Sigfrid Metzgen
Monrad
Carl Alexander Metzgen
Carl Alexander Metzgen
Charles Alexander Metzgen
Johan Christian Metzgen
Monrad
Metzgen
Metzgen
Metzgen
Metzgen
Metzgen
Metzgen
Monrad
Metzgen
Monrad
Metzgen
Monrad
Monrad


texts:
<mask> (20 October 1854 – 28 October 1905) was a French writer, journalist and humorist. Life

<mask> was born in Honfleur, Calvados. He died in Paris. Work
He is the author of many collections of whimsical writings. A poet as much as a humorist, he cultivated the verse form known as holorhyme (all verses are homophonous, where entire lines are pronounced the same). For example:

Par les bois du djinn où s'entasse de l'effroi,
Parle et bois du gin, ou cent tasses de lait froid. <mask> wrote the earliest known example of a completely silent musical composition.His Funeral March for the Obsequies of a Great Deaf Man of 1897 consists of 24 blank measures. It predates similarly silent but intellectually serious works by John Cage and Erwin Schulhoff by many years. His prose piece "Story for Sara" was translated and illustrated by Edward Gorey. <mask> participated in humorous exhibitions, including those of the Salon des Arts Incohérents of 1883 and 1884, held at the Galerie Vivienne. At these, inspired by his friend Paul Bilhaud's 1882 exhibit of an entirely black painting entitled "Negroes fight in a tunnel" (which he later reproduced with a slightly different title), <mask> exhibited arguably some of the earliest examples of monochrome painting: for instance his plain white sheet of Bristol paper  (First Communion of Anemic Young Girls In The Snow) (1883), and a similar red work Apoplectic Cardinals Harvesting Tomatoes on the Shore of the Red Sea (Aurora Borealis Effect) (1884). <mask> published his Album primo-avrilesque in 1897, a monograph with seven monochrome artworks, accompanied by the score of his silent funeral march. (Bilhaud was not the first to create an all-black artwork: for example, Robert Fludd published an image of "Darkness" in his 1617 book on the origin and structure of the cosmos; and Bertall published his black Vue de La Hogue (effet de nuit) in 1843.)However, <mask>'s activity bears more similarity to 20th century Dada, or Neo-Dada, and particularly the works of the Fluxus group of the 1960s, than to 20th century monochrome painting since Malevich. While consuming absinthe at café tables, <mask> wrote 1600 newspaper and magazine pieces, and co-founded the Club of the Hydropaths (those allergic to water). He was a journalist, columnist and editor as well. A film based on his novel L'Affaire Blaireau appeared in 1958 as Neither Seen Nor Recognized . Earlier versions with the same title as the original novel appeared in 1923 and 1932. Miles Kington, humorous writer and musician, translated some of <mask>' pieces into idiomatic English as The World of Alphonse Allais (UK). In the United States, Doug Skinner has translated twelve books by Allais, including Captain Cap and his only novel.Honfleur has a street, rue <mask> <mask>, and a school, Collège <mask> <mask>, named for him. There is a Place Alphonse-Allais in the 20th arrondissement of Paris. The Académie Alphonse-Allais has awarded an annual prize, the Prix Alphonse-Allais, in his honor since 1954. Museum

The Alphonse <mask> Museum, also called Le Petit Musée, in Honfleur, claiming to be the smallest museum in France (8 m2), consists of a small collection of "rarities", including the skull of Voltaire at age seventeen and a true piece of a False Cross (cf. True Cross), as well as inventions such as a special Chinese teacup made for left-handed people (cf. chawan), blue, white, and red starch to keep flags flying when there is no wind, black confetti for widows, and so on. The museum was founded on the second floor in <mask>' parents' pharmacy in 1999 by the owner of the pharmacy, and moved to a new location in 2019 (rue des Petites boucheries).Organizations

Two non-profit organizations celebrate Allais:
 The Association des Amis d'Alphonse Allais (AAAA), founded in 1934, manages the Allais Museum and promotes young humorists who follow in the spirit of <mask>. The Académie Alphonse Allais, created in 1954, Allais' 100th birthday, by Henri Jeanson, like the Académie française, names new members annually and sponsors the "Alphonse Allais" literary prize. Principal works

, 1891
, 1892
, 1895
, 1898
L'Affaire Blaireau (The Badger Case), 1899
 (literally Let's not hit each other), 1900

English translations
Published in the US
2 + 2 = 5. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2021)
Pink and Apple-Green. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2020)
The Alphonse Allais Reader. Compiled and translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2018)
No Bile!. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2018)
Masks.Translated & illustrated by Norman Conquest (Absurdist Texts & Documents #1), , 2018)
Long Live Life!. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2017)
I Am Sarcey. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2017)
Double Over. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2016)
The Blaireau Affair. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2015)
The Squadron's Umbrella. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2015)
Selected Plays of <mask> <mask>. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2014)
Captain Cap: His Adventures, His Ideas, His Drinks.Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books, , 2013)
Captain Cap: Vol. I. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books: Absurdist Texts & Documents Series No. 11, 2013)
Captain Cap: Vol. II: The Apparent Symbiosis Between the Boa and Giraffe. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books: Absurdist Texts & Documents Series No. 14, 2013)
Captain Cap: Vol.III: The Antifilter & Other Inventions. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books: Absurdist Texts & Documents Series No. 17, 2013)
Captain Cap: Vol. IV: The Sanatorium of the Future. Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books: Absurdist Texts & Documents Series No. 20, 2013)
How I Became an Idiot by Francisque Sarcey (Alphonse Allais). Translated by Doug Skinner (Black Scat Books: Absurdist Texts & Documents - Interim Edition No.00, 2013)
The Adventures of Captain Cap. Translated by Brian Stableford (Black Coat Press, , 2013)

Notes

References

External links

 Association des Amis d'Alphonse Allais
 Académie Alphonse Allais

1854 births
1905 deaths
People from Honfleur
Writers from Normandy
19th-century French poets
French humorists
Minimalist composers
French male poets
19th-century French male writers

masks:
Alphonse Allais
Allais
Allais
Allais
Allais
Allais
Allais
Allais
Allais
Alphonse
Allais
Alphonse
Allais
Allais
Allais
Allais
Alphonse
Allais


texts:
<mask> (born Jacqueline Olivia Eskesen, June 13, 1925 – 2015) was an American film actress,  best-remembered for her appearances in film noir and Westerns. A discovery of Paramount producer Hal Wallis, she appeared in I Walk Alone (1948), Jungle Patrol (1948), Too Late for Tears (1949), Shadow on the Wall (1950), and the TV series Stories of the Century (1954–55). Early life
<mask> was born Jacqueline Olivia Eskesen, the younger of two daughters of Johannes Bach Eskesen, a Danish oil executive, and US-born Myrtle Bennett Eskesen (née Witham; 1890–1976), an Orpheum Circuit singer from Fresno, California. Her father was vice-president of Standard Oil of Argentina, headquartered in Buenos Aires, where <mask> and her older sister, Dorothea, were born. After a decade in Argentina, the family sailed to New Orleans, landing in July 1931. They temporarily moved to Myrtle's hometown of Fresno for a year, then moved to Copenhagen, Denmark in 1932 when <mask> was 7 years old. In 1938, before the beginning of the Second World War in Europe, mother and daughters relocated again, this time to Long Island, New York.Later they moved back to Fresno, then on to San Francisco, California, where Jacqueline became a naturalized United States citizen on December 7, 1942. Having lived in Argentina and Denmark as a child, she spoke English, Spanish and Danish fluently, and had a working knowledge of Portuguese and German. During her formative years, she showed no interest in acting. <mask> said of her childhood, "My mother was a professional singer and I think she was eager for me to go into the entertainment field." However, after she played a main role in her high school's production of George S. Kaufman's The American Way (1939), her taste for show business began to form. In one version of how she was discovered by Hollywood, in 1944 the 18-year-old <mask> saw an opportunity when a Warner Brothers talent scout was to attend one of her school's performances. The scout never showed up, so she sent a letter and photograph to the studio, and garnered a screen test at Warner, where she changed her name to <mask> <mask>.When <mask> set out for Hollywood, she recalled, "People said to my mother, 'Are you letting that girl go to that awful place?'" But her mother replied, "I know that girl, and she'll be all right." Although she failed the screen test, she was noticed by producer Hal Wallis, who was then feuding with the studio head, Jack L. Warner. Under acrimonious circumstances, Wallis left Warner Brothers for Paramount Pictures. Wallis brought with him <mask> and another actress that also failed a screen test at Warner, the 21-year-old Lizabeth Scott. Paramount years

I Walk Alone

At Paramount, <mask> made her debut, an uncredited bit part, opposite fellow newcomer Lizabeth Scott in You Came Along (1945). <mask> played a showgirl and was billed as "Jacqueleen Eskeson."The pair would appear together in five films, four of them produced by Hal Wallis. Production ran February 6–April 6, 1945. In 1946, <mask> was loaned out to Monogram Pictures. She played a model in the 1946 film noir, Suspense, where she appears as a party guest. Production ran mid-October–early December 1945. Around this time, <mask> moved into the old Wallace Reid mansion in Coldwater Canyon, then converted into a boarding house for aspiring actresses known as "The House of the Seven Garbos". Among the boarders were Ruth Roman, Suzan Ball and Linda Christian.According to Doris Lilly, a former boarder and later society columnist, "The dignity of the house in general was presided over and encouraged by <mask> <mask>, who was blonde haired, high of cheekbone, grey eyed. <mask> had balance, she would check some of our madder impulses, kept us calm when that was necessary. Her manner was quiet and refined, and she had a way of touching a grubby coffeepot as if it were the tiara of the Empress Josephine. In spite of her reserve, we all knew that <mask> had a fine future for her somewhere, and we felt that she was an excellent actress." In July 1946, it was announced that Hal Wallis planned to star <mask> in the film version of the Broadway play, Beggars Are Coming to Town (1945), a noirish story of betrayal and vengeance. Wallis intended this to be <mask>'s breakout role. Yet Wallis would skip the usual publicity buildup for a budding actress.<mask> was to play a torch singer, Kay Lawrence, who befriends a convict, Frankie Madison, who returns to New York after 14 years in prison. Kay's boyfriend, Noll "Dink" Turner, is the owner of the Regent Club, which Frankie claims to own half of. Tired of Kay, Noll sends her to sweet-talk Frankie in an effort to stall for time. Meanwhile, Noll intends to dump Kay and marry a socialite. Both men battle for control of the business that Turner built while Frankie was in prison. In the winter of 1946, <mask> appeared briefly in Western noir, Desert Fury (1947). She played the priggish Claire Lindquist, daughter of a corrupt judge.Shooting took place mid-August–early November 1946. Unusual for such a small role, Wallis ensured <mask> received 6th billing, after Wendall Corey, despite her role being little more than walk-on. The film was released August 15, 1947. Immediately after Desert Fury, Wallis began work on Deadlock, the original project name for Beggars Are Coming to Town. Again <mask> would be cast with Desert Furys Burt Lancaster and Wendell Corey. After weeks of rehearsals on the Modjeska Canyon location, under the direction of Byron Haskin, <mask> suddenly became the second leading lady. Lizabeth Scott, ever competitive with all actresses, grabbed the Kay role for herself.<mask> later recalled, "(Wallis) planned to star me in 'I Walk Alone.' He tested me with Burt; it was a wonderful test. But then Lizabeth Scott decided she wanted the role, and Lizabeth got whatever she wanted—from Hal Wallis! [laughs] So, I got the second part instead." The 21-year-old <mask> was recast as the slumming socialite divorcée, Alexis Richardson. <mask> was afraid that playing a "meanie" role might typecast her. She was also forced to cut her 22-inch hair into a shorter chignon.In designing <mask>'s wardrobe, Edith Head was impressed by <mask>'s physique, describing it as "the most exciting figure since Betty Grable." The resulting film was renamed I Walk Alone (1948). Shooting took place early December 1946–mid-February 1947. The film was released January 16, 1948. She was 5th-billed after Kirk Douglas. Despite <mask>'s fears of being typecast as a femme fatale, film historians tend to typecast her "as always playing the 'good girl.'" Typecasting reflected real life as <mask>'s name seldom appeared in gossip columns and when it did, never involved scandal.Though <mask> participated in the Hollywood dating circuit, the one name that invariably appeared in the press was William Haskel Schuyler, a television pioneer and consultant based in San Francisco. In late November 1947, it was announced that <mask> and Schuyler would wed. But the marriage was postponed. Jungle Patrol

In early May 1948, <mask> was loaned out again, this time to 20th Century Fox for West of Tomorrow—her first leading lady role. The screenplay was based on William Bowers' play of the same name. During WW2 in New Guinea, a US Army Air Force squadron has been assigned to protect Australia and despite having inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese, they supernaturally had none themselves. <mask> played Jean Gillis, a Broadway actress and former anti-war activist, who joined the USO after her husband's death at Dunkirk.By happenstance, she ends up having to entertain the airmen by herself when she finds out the rest of her troupe is stranded. During an improvised "dinner dance," she learns about the pilots' wives and girlfriends and their hopes for the future, but equally learns about herself. Arthur Franz makes his film debut as <mask>'s love interest. The next morning, all but the squadron leader and Jean are killed after an attack on the airstrip. Similar to Death Takes a Holiday (1934), the airmen reach the epiphany of their lives in the few hours they spend with Jean. The resulting film was released as Jungle Patrol (1948), the sole film that <mask> had 1st-place billing. Despite <mask>'s preference for Bowers' original title, the film is her personal favorite.After establishing herself as a "discovery" of Hal Wallis, <mask> soon found herself left behind. In an interview with Mike Fitzgerald, she was quoted as saying, "Hal called me the 'Viking Girl.' He didn't know what to do with me." The situation was aggravated by the return of veteran actors from overseas, either in uniform or the USO. Compounded by the economic slump after the war, rise of television and the breakup of the studio system, <mask>'s initial difficulties during the war years would be multiplied many fold. <mask>'s prospects began to look a little better when she met journalist and film producer Mark Hellinger, who felt sure that she could become a star. But Hellinger died suddenly in 1947, and <mask> soon found herself making a living with the usual small roles that she had always been given.Of the nine films she would make under contract to Paramount, three were loan-outs to other studios, two of which were more significant than her Paramount films, with the exception of I Walk Alone. Typical of the Paramount years, in Sorry, Wrong Number (1948), she was cast as the wife of the investigating detective but was recast as the mistress of the physician, dropping from 3rd to 13th place in billing. Later that year, she moved on to a more substantial part, again opposite Lizabeth Scott, in Too Late for Tears (1949). In her third and last loan-out—this time to United Artists—<mask> played Kathy Palmer, the sister-in-law of Jane Palmer (Scott), whom she suspects has murdered her brother. As she is romanced by Don DeFore, the pair quietly investigate the shady dealings of Jane. Though shooting took place mid-September to mid-October 1948 at Republic Pictures, the film was released July 8, 1949. <mask> was 5th-billed after Arthur Kennedy.At the end of 1948, <mask> made a brief appearance in the "weepie" Paid in Full (1950). In the last film she would do for Paramount, <mask> was to play Nancy Langley, the younger modeling sister of Jane (Lizabeth Scott), a department store illustrator, who allows her younger sister to marry Bill Prentice (Robert Cummings), despite Jane's love for him. A few years later, Jane has an argument with Nancy, who catches Jane and Bill having an affair. Distraught, Jane backs up her car and accidentally kills her young niece. But as with I Walk Alone, <mask>'s role was given to another actress—Diana Lynn. <mask> ended up playing a bridesmaid at Nancy's

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 wedding, dropping from 3rd to 10th place in billing. Production ran mid-October–late November 1948.The film would not be released until March 1950. In February 1949, it was announced that <mask>'s contact with Paramount was dropped due to the post-war slump in the film industry. That December, <mask>'s marriage with William Schuyler was again announced, then again postponed. Freelancer

Undaunted by career setbacks, <mask> tried her hand with smaller studios such as Monogram and Republic Pictures, though she would still work for the occasional big studio. <mask> also made further incursions in the then-new medium of television, which she began before her contract with Paramount was dropped. Despite the demands of raising a family, the 1950s would be <mask>'s most prolific years, seeing her as a television regular. Throughout the '50s, she was able to display a broader acting range than when under Paramount and Hal Wallis.Although she missed out on playing Lizabeth Scott's character's younger sister in Paid in Full, she played a younger sister in the noirish Shadow on the Wall (1950), which also involved two sisters competing over the same man. The elder sister, played by Ann Sothern, discovers that her younger, married sister is having an affair with Sothern's fiancé, which leads to murderous results and short screen-time for <mask>.<ref> AFI (accessed May 29, 2014), "Shadow on the Wall, Catalog of Feature Films</ref> Production ran April 11–mid-May 1949. Though never leaving the noir genre, <mask> would begin her reputation for Westerns with Young Daniel Boone (1950), but as the female lead. Production ran mid-October–late October 1949. Later that year she would return to the Western genre with High Lonesome (1950). John Drew Barrymore plays a misunderstood teenager, Cooncat, who creates a rift between <mask>'s rancher father and her fiancé, who believes Cooncat murdered his parents. Shooting took place early January–mid-January 1950 on location in Texas.<mask> recalled the weather on the range being cold, not hot as the film depicted. In November 1950, after years of avoiding femme fatale roles, she finally played against type as Lady DeWinter in "The Three Musketeers", the pilot episode of Magnavox Theatre. It was released in the theaters as Sword of D'Artagnan. In the fall of 1951, <mask> was cast as an Eastern European in the Cold War thriller, The Steel Fist (1952), opposite Roddy McDowall. <mask> played Marlina, a young woman who hides a student protester (McDowall) from the communists. Production ran late August–September 4, 1951. Similar to the Swedish-American actress, Virginia Christine, <mask>'s familiarity with non-English languages enabled her to mimic foreign accents, which she used to various effect on television episodes where she played Europeans (Dangerous Assignment) or immigrants to America (The Millionaire).She was careful to avoid caricature. Production ran late August–September 4, 1951. In 1952, <mask> appeared in her second femme fatale role. In "The Iron Banner Story", an episode of Dangerous Assignment, an espionage series starring Brian Donlevy, she played Lilli Terrescu, a woman with a dark secret in post-war Greece. As with The Steel Fist, <mask> used her accent skills in two Dangerous Assignment episodes and later in The Millionaire episode, "The Anton Bohrman Story." Later in the year, <mask> was the second female lead in her first musical, Tropical Heat Wave (1952). Production ran May 31–mid-June 1952.In the spring of 1953, <mask> traveled to Hawaii and rejoined her I Walk Alone costar, Burt Lancaster. She spent 10 days in the islands. She was cast as Georgette, Donna Reed's roommate in From Here to Eternity. But most of her footage ended up on the cutting room floor: "'I don't even say I made that one; I'm hardly in it. I think you see my arm; that's about it' (laughs)." <mask> was more impressed by the performances of Frank Sinatra and Montgomery Clift, whom she watched working before the camera. Production ran March 7–May 5, 1953.On July 27, 1953, <mask> finally married William Schuyler in Santa Barbara. That October, it was announced that the Schuylers were expecting their first baby. Their daughter, Linda Elizabeth, was born on February 22, 1954. In 1954, <mask> appeared as the second leading lady in three films. Flight Nurse (1954), starring Joan Leslie, was a drama about US Air Force flight nurses in the Korean War. <mask> is a fellow officer of Leslie, involved in a romantic triangle with two pilots. Production ran May 14–mid-June 1953.Geraldine (1954) is a comedy starring Mala Powers. Production ran late June to mid-July 1953. In the noir Western Hell's Outpost, <mask> again costarred with Leslie. Production ran July 8–late July 1954. Hell's Outpost introduced <mask> to Jim Davis, who would be the male lead for the only television series that <mask> had a continuing role in. During the 1950s, both Joan Leslie and <mask>, by now friends, were involved with fundraising for St. Anne's maternity hospital in Los Angeles. During that year, <mask> made two appearances on the television series The Lone Wolf, starring Louis Hayward.In one episode, <mask> played an adulterous wife reminiscent of The Shadow on the Wall, but is shot by her cuckolded husband instead. She made a guest appearance as Mrs. Manning on Republic's first television series, Stories of the Century, starring Mary Castle and <mask>'s old Hell's Outpost costar, Jim Davis. Stories of the Century

In 1955, <mask> returned to Stories of the Century to star in her most famous role—Margaret "Jonesy" Jones. The series concerned a pair of railroad detectives dealing with cases from the 1850s to the first decade of the 20th century, "wrapping them around previously shot films and serials to save money." This gave the series the illusion of a much bigger budget. Typically, the Jones character would do reconnaissance before Matt Clark (Jim Davis) arrived, misleading everyone into thinking the two were not working together. Originally <mask> was to star in the series, but was unable due to her first pregnancy.As a result, Mary Castle, a Rita Hayworth lookalike, took her place for the first 26 episodes. Castle had portrayed Clark's fellow detective Frankie Adams. After Castle quit or was fired, <mask> replaced her, much to the disappointment of the then director, William Witney, who left after directing a few episodes with <mask>. Despite the change of leading lady and the replacement of Witney, Stories of the Century with <mask> went on to be the first Western to win an Emmy Award in 1955. Despite the award and excellent ratings, the series was cancelled. <mask>'s favorite episode is "Jim Courtright," in which her character poses as a seductive barmaid while infiltrating a protection racket. In <mask>'s last episode of the series, she and Davis investigate a horse theft by the outlaw L. H. Musgrove.After the cancellation of Century, <mask> changed genres with the first of four appearances on Science Fiction Theater. In "The Strange Dr. Lorenz" (1955), she played the wife of a physician, whose debilitating condition is cured by a miraculous royal jelly. But the jelly has an unexpected side-effect. In "Operation Flypaper" (1956) she and Vincent Price are scientists trying to catch a thief who can suspend time. During this period, <mask> would make three Western films in succession: Thunder over Arizona (1956), Domino Kid (1957) and The Persuader (1957), a religious Western starring William Talman. <mask> rejoined Jim Davis for the last time in an episode of M Squad — "The Case of the Double Face" (May 23, 1958), starring Lee Marvin. <mask> is married to a mild-mannered, bespectacled Davis, who is accused by the Chicago police of being a jewel thief.<mask>'s last film role was in The Heart Is a Rebel (1958), a religious drama starring Ethel Waters. <mask> appeared in two episodes of CBS's The Texan, starring Rory Calhoun as Bill Longley—"The Gunfighter" (1959) and "The Accuser" (1960). In "The Gunfighter," <mask> is a single mother with a rebellious teenage son, who challenges Longley to a gunfight. She rejoined Donna Reed in "Lucky Girl" (1959) and "Character Building" (1961) on the ABC sitcom, The Donna Reed Show. Her last television appearance was as Ruth Hudson in the 1961 episode "Prince Jim" of NBC's Tales of Wells Fargo'', starring Dale Robertson. Of the genres and cross-genres spanning her film career, <mask> participated in making five traditional noirs, one noir-thriller, four Westerns, two noir Westerns, one religious Western, three military dramas, two comedies, one comedy-drama, one soap opera, one religious drama and one musical. Seven of <mask>'s roles were walk-ons or deleted from the final film.Her television work involved similar genres. In contradistinction to being only a supporting actress as described by most film historians, she was leading lady in six of 22 films. Entrepreneur
Due to demands of family and her husband's business, <mask> retired from acting. The Schuylers left Los Angeles for the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 1960s. Previous to the move, her husband was setting up television stations throughout Northern California, such as Sacramento's KSCH and KTVU in Oakland. Together with William they founded two television stations in Monterey, KMST and the Spanish-language KSMS, the latter being of special interest to <mask>. The Schuylers eventually settled on the Monterey peninsula in 1969, where William became president of the Schuyler Broadcasting Corporation.Later years
The Schuylers later lived in Idaho during the 1990s, where they started two television stations. They returned to Monterey in June 2001. <mask> lectured on her experience in film and television in Monterey as well as participating in local charitable activities. On February 4, 2016 a family spokesperson announced that <mask> had died at the age of 90 in late 2015 at a hospital in Monterey, California. A memorial service for <mask> was held at St. Dunstan's Episcopal Church in Carmel Valley, CA, on February 13, 2016. Her remains were cremated and her ashes scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Performances

Filmography

Titles in the public domain.* See cites for copyright renewal dates. Leading lady roles**

Television

Titles in the public domain. * See cites for copyright renewal dates. Leading lady roles**

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the American Film Institute

1925 births
2015 deaths
Actresses from San Francisco
American film actresses
American people of Danish descent
American Presbyterians
American television actresses
Paramount Pictures contract players
People from Buenos Aires
Date of death missing
People with acquired American citizenship
21st-century American

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<mask> (December 13, 1922 – August 19, 2013), also known as The Grand Mere, Absolute Empress I de San Francisco, and the Widow Norton, was an American political activist from San Francisco, California, who in 1961 became the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States. He is also remembered for performing as a drag queen at the Black Cat Bar and as the founder of the Imperial Court System. Family history
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, to Maria Dolores Maldonado and <mask>. His family was of Spanish and Colombian origin. His mother Maria was born in Bogotá to an upper class and politically active family. During the events of the Thousand Days War and following her mother's death, Maria sought out the protection of her mother's friend, General Rafael Uribe Uribe, to escape Colombia. The general located Maria's surviving uncle, who took her to the American consulate.There she was made a ward of the United States and relocated to Panama. "My mother got to Panama with directions to the home of a family called Kopp. He was the chairman of the big German beer company there", said Sarria. "She went to work for the Kopps. ... My mother was the upstairs maid and took care of the children." In 1919, she relocated to Guatemala City but remained there for just six months and, in 1920, sailed to San Francisco. As Sarria reported it, "Now on the boat is where my mother met my father, <mask>.He came from a large and very wealthy family, very well known. ... His grandparents came from Spain." Maria initially worked for the woman who sponsored her passage to the United States and then took a job as a maid with a family named Jost. Julio was the maitre d' at the Palace Hotel. Julio courted Maria until she realized she was pregnant. Their son <mask> was born on December 12. His birth certificate reads 1923 but Sarria believed he was born in 1922.Julio and Maria never married. Early life
<mask>'s mother continued to work for the Jost family, but it became increasingly difficult for her to fulfill her job responsibilities and care for an infant. Maria made arrangements for him to be raised by another couple, Jesserina and Charles Millen. Jesserina had recently lost her youngest child to diphtheria and suffered severe depression. Her doctor suggested she take in another child to raise and, after meeting with her, Maria agreed to let her raise <mask>. <mask> came to consider the Millens and their children to be his second family. Maria bought a house and moved the Millens and <mask> into it.Sarria did not have a relationship with his birth father, a man who showed no interest in him and failed to provide his family with financial support. <mask> was eventually arrested for failure to pay child support. A judge ordered that he pay $5 to be released; this money was then turned over for Jose's care. Julio was arrested each month until he returned to Nicaragua in around 1926 or 1927; each time he paid the $5 and was released. Julio died in Nicaragua in 1945. Years later, <mask> learned that his father had acknowledged him as his first-born. Sarria attended the Emerson School for kindergarten and then, because he spoke only Spanish, was sent to private schools until learning English.Sarria began dressing in female clothes at an early age and his family indulged him, allowing him occasionally to go on family outings dressed as a girl. In his youth, he studied ballet, tap dance, and singing. When Sarria was around ten years old, he asked his mother how much money they had in the bank. Maria, who gave her money to her employer Mr. Jost to invest, asked to see the books. She discovered that Jost had been embezzling from her and from the other women whom she had referred to him. Jost was arrested, convicted and deported. Maria sued Jost's corporate partners and received a settlement but never recovered the bulk of the money.Unable to afford her house payments, Maria moved <mask> and the Millen family to Redwood City in 1932. As a teenager, <mask> enrolled in Commerce High School, where he took advanced classes in French and German. With his Spanish and English, these brought his total languages to four. His facility with languages led to his first serious relationship with another man. Sarria tutored Paul Kolish, an Austrian baron who fled to Switzerland when the Nazis invaded Austria. He brought with him his wife and son Jonathan, each of whom suffered from asthma and tuberculosis. When his wife died, he brought Jonathan to America.Kolish found himself falling in love with his tutor and Sarria's family welcomed him and his son. Sarria graduated from high school and enrolled in college to study home economics. Military service

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Sarria became determined to join the military, despite being, at just under  tall, too short to meet the Army's height requirement. He seduced a major who was attached to the San Francisco recruiting station on the condition that the major approve Sarria's enlistment. <mask> was approved and entered the Army Reserve, continuing his studies as he waited to be called up to active duty. Shortly before he was scheduled for induction in the regular Army, his beloved second father, Charles Millen, died of a heart attack. Sarria's induction was delayed a month, then he was sworn in and ordered to Sacramento, California, for basic training with the Signal Corps.Because of his fluency in several languages, <mask> was assigned to Intelligence School. However, following a routine background check for security clearance, he was advised that he would no longer be in the program. Sarria assumed that it was because investigators discovered his homosexuality. "I mean I had no lisp, but I wasn't the most masculine guy in town ... So I think that they figured that I was a little bit gay." Sarria officially remained attached to the Signal Corps but was ordered to Cooks and Bakers School and trained as a cook. After graduating from cooking school, he was assigned to train as a scout, but deliberately failed the training because of the dangerous nature of the assignment.He was then assigned to the motor pool. Through his work at the motor pool, Sarria met a young officer named Major Mataxis. He became the major's orderly, eventually running an officers' mess in occupied Germany where he cooked for Mataxis and about ten other officers. He was discharged from the Army in 1947, at the rank of Staff Sergeant. Upon Sarria's return from overseas, Kolish began to worry about their future. The United States had no legal recognition for same-sex relationships and Kolish looked for a way to provide for Sarria after Kolish's death. He proposed marriage to Sarria's mother Maria.Maria was willing, but <mask> refused to allow it. Given no other choice, Kolish contacted his only remaining adult relative, a brother who lived in Hollywood, and left instructions for the care of Sarria and his family. On Christmas Day 1947, Kolish and his son were struck by a drunk driver while driving to spend the holiday with Sarria and his family. Both were killed. The coroner determined that Jonathan died first, meaning that Paul's brother inherited everything. The brother ignored Paul's wishes regarding Sarria. "I would have gotten one of the houses", Sarria claimed, "but he only gave me a little money and one ring.He claimed that was all Paul wanted me to have. He was so evil. He said afterwards, 'If you expect anything else, you're not going to get it.' "

The Nightingale of Montgomery Street
Following his military service, Sarria returned to San Francisco. He enrolled in college with plans of becoming a teacher. He and his sister Teresa began frequenting the Black Cat Bar, a center of the city's beat and bohemian scene. Sarria and Teresa both became smitten with a waiter named Jimmy Moore and bet as to which of them could get him into bed first.<mask> won the bet and soon Moore and he were lovers. Sarria began covering for Moore when he was unable to work and soon Black Cat owner Sol Stoumen hired him as a cocktail waiter. At around this time, Sarria was arrested for solicitation in a sting operation at the St. Francis Hotel. Sarria maintained his innocence, stating that the arresting officer knew him personally. "But they had to make an example of somebody ... I was in the wrong place at the wrong time." Nonetheless, he was convicted and subjected to a large fine.Sarria, understanding that his conviction meant he could never become certified as a teacher, dropped out of college. Unsure of how to find work, he took the advice of a drag performer named Michelle and entered a drag contest at an Oakland bar called Pearl's. Sarria took second place, winning a two-week performance contract at the bar at $50 a week. "I decided then to be the most notorious impersonator or homosexual or fairy or whatever you wanted to call me–and you would pay me for it." Returning to San Francisco, he picked up some small singing jobs while still cocktail waiting at the Black Cat. One night at the Black Cat, Sarria recognized the piano player's rendition of Bizet's opera Carmen and began singing arias from the opera while he delivered drinks. This quickly led to a schedule of three to four shows a night, along with a regular Sunday afternoon show.Sarria was billed as "The Nightingale of Montgomery Street". Initially he focused on singing parodies of popular torch songs. Soon, however, Sarria was performing full-blown parodic operas in his natural high tenor. His specialty was a re-working of Carmen set in modern-day San Francisco. Sarria as Carmen would prowl through the popular cruising area Union Square. The audience cheered "Carmen" on as she dodged the vice squad and made her escape. Sarria encouraged patrons to be as open and honest as possible."People were living double lives and I didn't understand it. It was persecution. Why be ashamed of who you are?" He exhorted the clientele, "There's nothing wrong with being gay–the crime is getting caught", and "United we stand, divided they catch us one by one". At closing time he would call upon patrons to join hands and sing "God Save Us Nelly Queens" to the tune of "God Save the Queen". Sometimes he would bring the crowd outside to sing the final verse to the men across the street in jail, who had been arrested in raids earlier in the night. Speaking of this ritual in the film Word is Out, gay journalist George Mendenhall said:

It sounds silly, but if you lived at that time and had the oppression coming down from the police department and from society, there was nowhere to turn ... and to be able to put your arms around other gay men and to be able to stand up and sing 'God Save Us Nelly Queens' ... we were really not saying 'God Save Us Nelly Queens.'We were saying 'We have our rights, too.' Sarria fought against police harassment, both of gays and of gay bars. Raids on gay bars were routine, with everyone inside the raided bar taken into custody and charged with such crimes as being "inmates in a disorderly house". Although the charges were routinely dropped, the arrested patrons' names, addresses and workplaces were printed in the newspapers. When charges were not dropped, the arrested men usually quietly pleaded guilty. Sarria encouraged men to plead not guilty and demand a jury trial. Following Sarria's advice, more and more gay men began demanding jury trials, so many that court dockets were overloaded and judges began expecting that prosecutors have actual evidence against the accused before going to trial.One favored harassment technique, employed especially on Halloween after midnight, was to arrest drag queens under an old city ordinance that made it illegal for a man to dress in women's clothing with an "intent to deceive". In consultation with attorney Melvin Belli, Sarria countered this tactic by distributing labels to his fellow drag queens (hand-made, in the shape of a black cat's head) that read "I am a boy". If confronted, the queen would simply display the tag to prove that there was no intent to deceive. Sarria's actions helped bring an end to Halloween police raids. Along with Guy Strait, Sarria formed the League for Civil Education (LCE) in 1960 or 1961. The LCE, like other homophile organizations, ran educational programs on the topic of homosexuality and provided support for men being ostracized for being gay and for those caught in police raids. Political candidacy

During an intensive period of police pressure after the 1959 San Francisco mayoral election, in which the supposed leniency of city government toward homosexuals became an issue, <mask> ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1961, becoming the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States.Although <mask> never expected to win
he almost did win by default. On the last day for candidates to file petitions, city officials realized that there were fewer than five candidates running for the five open seats, which would have guaranteed <mask> a seat. By the end of the day, a total of 34 candidates had filed. LCE co-founder Strait began printing the LCE News in part to support <mask>'s candidacy. <mask> garnered some 6,000 votes in the citywide race, finishing ninth. This was not enough to win a seat but was enough to shock political pundits and set in motion the idea that a gay voting bloc could wield real power in city politics. "[He] put the gay vote on the map", said Terence Kissack, former executive director of the GLBT Historical Society."He made it visible and showed there was a constituency." As Sarria put it, "From that day on, nobody ran for anything in San Francisco without knocking on the door of the gay community." In 1962, Sarria along with bar owners and employees

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Julio Sarria
José
Sarria
José
José
José
Julio Sarria
José
José
Sarria
Jose Sarria
Sarria
José
José
Sarria
Sarria
Sarria
Sarria
Sarria