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 Ronald Reagan, as a "triumph of the embalmer's art" communicated that Reagan's provincial worldview, and that of his administration's, was out of date and inadequate to the geopolitical realities of the world in the late twentieth century.In 1993, <mask> won the National Book Award for Nonfiction for the anthology United States: Essays 1952–92 (1993). In 2000, <mask> published the collection of essays The Last Empire, then such self-described "pamphlets" as Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace, Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta and Imperial America, critiques of American expansionism, the military–industrial complex, the national security state and the George W. Bush administration. <mask> also wrote a historical essay about the U.S. founding fathers, Inventing a Nation. In 1995, he published a memoir, Palimpsest, and in 2006 its follow-up volume, Point to Point Navigation. Earlier that year, <mask> had published Clouds and Eclipses: The Collected Short Stories. In 2009, he won the annual Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation, which called him a "prominent social critic on politics, history, literature and culture". In the same year, the Man of Letters <mask> was named honorary president of the American Humanist Association.Hollywood

In 1956, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer hired <mask> as a screenplay writer with a four-year employment contract. In 1958, the director William Wyler required a script doctor to rewrite the screenplay for Ben-Hur (1959), originally written by Karl Tunberg. As one of several script doctors assigned to the project, <mask> rewrote significant portions of the script to resolve ambiguities of character motivation, specifically to clarify the enmity between the Jewish protagonist, Judah Ben-Hur, and the Roman antagonist, Messala, who had been close boyhood friends. In exchange for rewriting the Ben-Hur screenplay, on location in Italy, <mask> negotiated the early termination (at the two-year mark) of his four-year contract with MGM. Thirty-six years later, in the documentary film The Celluloid Closet (1995), <mask> explained that Messala's failed attempt at resuming their homosexual, boyhood relationship motivated the ostensibly political enmity between Ben-Hur (Charlton Heston) and Messala (Stephen Boyd). <mask> said that Boyd was aware of the homosexual subtext to the scene and that the director, the producer and the screenwriter agreed to keep Heston ignorant of the subtext, lest he refuse to play the scene. In turn, on learning of that script-doctor explanation, Charlton Heston said that <mask> had contributed little to the script of Ben-Hur.Despite <mask>'s script-doctor resolution of the character's motivations, the Screen Writers Guild assigned formal screenwriter-credit to Karl Tunberg, in accordance with the WGA screenwriting credit system, which favored the "original author" of a screenplay, rather than the writer of the filmed screenplay. Two plays, The Best Man: A Play about Politics (1960, made into a film in 1964) and Visit to a Small Planet (1955), were theater and movie successes. <mask> occasionally returned to the movie business, and wrote historically accurate teleplays and screenplays about subjects important to him. Billy the Kid (1989) is one, about William H. Bonney, a gunman in the New Mexico territory Lincoln County War (1878), and later an outlaw in the U.S. Western frontier. Another is 1979's Caligula (based upon the life of the Roman Emperor Caligula), from which <mask> had his screenwriter credit removed because the producer, Bob Guccione, the director, Tinto Brass, and the leading actor, Malcolm McDowell, rewrote the script to add extra sex and violence to increase its commercial success. In the 1960s, <mask> migrated to Italy, where he befriended the film director Federico Fellini, for whom he appeared in a cameo role in the film Roma (1972). He also acted in the films Bob Roberts (1992), a serio-comedy about a reactionary populist politician who manipulates youth culture to win votes; With Honors (1994), an Ivy league comedy-drama; Gattaca (1997), a science-fiction drama about genetic engineering; and Igby Goes Down (2002), a coming-of-age serio-comedy directed by his nephew, Burr Steers.Politics

Political campaigns

<mask> began to drift towards the political left after he received his first paycheck, and realized how much money the government took in tax. He reasoned that if the government was taking so much money, then it should at least provide first-rate healthcare and education. As a public intellectual, <mask> was identified with the liberal politicians and the progressive social causes of the old Democratic Party. In 1960, <mask> was the Democratic candidate for Congress for the 29th Congressional District of New York, a usually Republican district on the Hudson River but lost to the Republican candidate J. Ernest Wharton, by a margin of 57 percent to 43 percent. Campaigning under the slogan of You'll get more with <mask>, <mask> received the most votes any Democratic candidate had received in the district in fifty years. Among his supporters were Eleanor Roosevelt and Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward, friends who spoke on his behalf. In 1982, he campaigned against Jerry Brown, the incumbent Governor of California, in the Democratic primary election for the U.S. Senate; <mask> forecast accurately that the opposing Republican candidate would win the election.That foray into senatorial politics is the subject of the documentary film <mask>: The Man Who Said No (1983), directed by Gary Conklin. In a 2001 article, "The Meaning of Timothy McVeigh", <mask> undertook to discover why domestic terrorist Timothy McVeigh perpetrated the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. He concluded that McVeigh (a politically disillusioned U.S. Army veteran of the First Iraq War, 1990–91) had destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building as an act of revenge for the FBI's Waco massacre (1993) at the Branch Davidian Compound in Texas, believing that the U.S. government had mistreated Americans in the same manner that he believed that the U.S. Army had mistreated the Iraqis. In concluding the Vanity Fair article, <mask> refers to McVeigh as an "unlikely sole mover," and theorizes that foreign/domestic conspiracies could have been involved. <mask> was very much against any kind of military intervention in the world. In Dreaming War: Blood for Oil and the Cheney-Bush Junta (2002), <mask> drew parallels about how the United States enters wars and said that President Franklin D. Roosevelt provoked Imperial Japan to attack the U.S. in order to justify the American entry to the Second World War (1939–45). He contended that Roosevelt had advance knowledge of the dawn-raid attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941).In the documentary Why We Fight (2005), <mask> said that, during the final months of the war, the Japanese had tried to surrender: "They were trying to surrender all that summer, but Truman wouldn't listen, because Truman wanted to drop the bombs ... To show off. To frighten Stalin. To change the balance of power in the world. To declare war on communism. Perhaps we were starting a pre-emptive world war". Criticism of George W. Bush

As a public intellectual, <mask> criticized what he viewed as political harm to the nation and the voiding of the citizen's rights through the passage of the USA Patriot Act (2001) during the George W. Bush administration (2001–2009). He described Bush as "the stupidest man in the United States" and said that Bush's foreign policy was explicitly expansionist.He contended that the Bush Administration and their oil-business sponsors, aimed to control the petroleum of Central Asia, after having gained hegemony over the petroleum of the Persian Gulf in 1991. <mask> became a member of the board of advisors of The World Can't Wait, a political organization which sought to publicly repudiate the foreign-policy program of the Bush Administration (2001–2009) and advocated Bush's impeachment for war crimes, such as the Second Iraq War (2003–2011) and torturing prisoners of war (soldiers, guerrillas, civilians) in violation of international law. In May 2007, while discussing 9/11 conspiracy theories that might explain the "who?" and the "why?" of the 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., <mask> said

Political philosophy

In the American Conservative article "My Pen Pal Gore Vidal" (2012), Bill Kauffman reported that <mask>'s favorite American politician, during his lifetime, was Huey Long (1893–1935), the populist Governor (1928–32) and Senator (1932–35) from Louisiana, who also had perceived the essential, one-party nature of U.S. politics and who was assassinated by a lone gunman. Despite that, <mask> said, "I think of myself as a conservative", with a proprietary attitude towards the United States. "My family helped start [this country] ... and we've been in political life ... since the 1690s, and I have a very possessive sense about this country".Based upon that background of populism, from 1970 to 1972, <mask> was a chairman of the People's Party of the United States. In 1971, he endorsed the consumer-rights advocate Ralph Nader for U.S. president in the 1972 election. In 2004, he endorsed Democrat Dennis Kucinich in his candidacy for the U.S. presidency (in 2004), because Kucinich was "the most eloquent of the lot" of presidential candidates, from either the Republican or the Democratic parties and that Kucinich was "very much a favorite out there, in the amber fields of grain". In a September 30, 2009 interview with The Times of London, <mask> said that there soon would be a dictatorship in the United States. The newspaper emphasized that <mask>, described as "the Grand Old Man of American belles-lettres", claimed that America is rotting away – and to not expect Barack Obama to save the country and the nation from imperial decay. In this interview, he also updated his views of his life, the United States, and other political subjects. <mask> had earlier described what he saw as the political and cultural rot in the United States in his essay "The State of the Union" (1975),

Feuds

The Capote–<mask> feud
In 1975 <mask> sued Truman Capote for slander over the accusation that he had once been thrown out of the White House for being drunk, putting his arm around the first lady Jacqueline Kennedy, and then insulting her mother.Said Capote of <mask> at the time: "I'm always sad about <mask>—very sad that he has to breathe every day." Mutual friend George Plimpton observed: "There's no venom like Capote's when he's on the prowl—and <mask>'s too, I don't know what division the feud should be in." The suit was settled in <mask>'s favor when Lee Radziwill refused to testify on Capote's behalf, telling columnist Liz Smith, "Oh, Liz, what do we care; they're just a couple of fags! They're disgusting." The <mask> feud

In 1968, the ABC television network hired the liberal <mask> and the conservative William F. Buckley, Jr. as political analysts of the presidential-nomination conventions of the Republican and Democratic parties. After days of bickering, their debates degraded to vitriolic ad hominem attacks. Discussing the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests, the public intellectuals argued about freedom of speech, namely, the legality of protesters to display a Viet Cong flag in America, <mask> told Buckley to "shut up a minute."Buckley had likened violent left wing protesters to German National Socialists. <mask> stated, "As far as I'm concerned, the only sort of pro-crypto-Nazi I can think of is yourself." Buckley replied, "Now listen, you queer. Stop calling me a crypto-Nazi, or I'll sock you in the goddamn face, and you'll stay plastered." ABC's Howard K. Smith interjected, and the debate resumed without violence. Later, Buckley said he regretted having called <mask> a "queer," but still expressed some distaste for <mask> when he said that he was an "evangelist for bisexuality." In 1969, in Esquire magazine, Buckley continued his cultural feud with <mask> in the essay "On Experiencing <mask>idal" (August 1969), in which he portrayed <mask> as an apologist for homosexuality; Buckley said, "The man who, in his essays, proclaims the normalcy of his affliction [i.e., homosexuality], and in his art the desirability of it, is not to be confused with the man who bears his sorrow quietly.The addict is to be pitied and even respected, not the pusher." The essay is collected in The Governor Listeth: A Book of Inspired Political Revelations (1970), an anthology of Buckley's writings from the time. <mask> riposted in Esquire with the September 1969 essay "A Distasteful Encounter with William F. Buckley, Jr." and said that Buckley was "anti-black," "anti-semitic" and a "warmonger." Buckley sued <mask>

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 for libel. The feud continued in Esquire, where <mask> implied that in 1944, Buckley and unnamed siblings had vandalized a Protestant church in Sharon, Connecticut (the Buckley family hometown) after the wife of a pastor had sold a house to a Jewish family. Buckley again sued <mask> and Esquire for libel and <mask> filed a counterclaim for libel against Buckley, citing Buckley's characterization of Myra Breckinridge (1968) as a pornographic novel. The court dismissed <mask>'s counterclaim.Buckley accepted a money settlement of $115,000 to pay the fee of his attorney and an editorial apology from Esquire, in which the publisher and the editors said that they were "utterly convinced" of the untruthfulness of <mask>'s assertions. In a letter to Newsweek magazine, the publisher of Esquire said that "the settlement of Buckley's suit against us" was not "a 'disavowal' of <mask>'s article. On the contrary, it clearly states that we published that article because we believed that <mask> had a right to assert his opinions, even though we did not share them." In <mask>: A Biography (1999), Fred Kaplan said that, "The court had 'not' sustained Buckley's case against Esquire ... [that] the court had 'not' ruled that <mask>'s article was 'defamatory.' It had ruled that the case would have to go to trial in order to determine, as a matter of fact, whether or not it was defamatory. The cash value of the settlement with Esquire represented 'only' Buckley's legal expenses." In 2003, Buckley resumed his complaint of having been libeled by <mask>, this time with the publication of the anthology Esquire's Big Book of Great Writing (2003), which included <mask>'s essay "A Distasteful Encounter with William F. Buckley, Jr." Again, the offended Buckley filed lawsuit for libel and Esquire magazine again settled Buckley's claim with $55,000–65,000 for the fees of his attorney and $10,000 for personal damages suffered by Buckley.In the obituary "RIP WFB – in Hell" (March 20, 2008), <mask> remembered Buckley, who had died on February 27, 2008. Later, in the interview "Literary Lion: Questions for <mask>" (June 15, 2008), New York Times reporter Deborah Solomon asked <mask>, "How did you feel, when you heard that Buckley died this year?" <mask> responded:

The Mailer–<mask> feud
On December 15, 1971, during the recording of The Dick Cavett Show, with Janet Flanner, Norman Mailer allegedly head-butted <mask> when they were backstage. When a reporter asked <mask> why Mailer had knocked heads with him, <mask> said, "Once again, words failed Norman Mailer." During the recording of the talk show, <mask> and Mailer insulted each other, over what <mask> had written about him, prompting Mailer to say, "I've had to smell your works from time to time." Apparently, Mailer's umbrage resulted from <mask>'s reference to Mailer having stabbed his wife of the time. Views

Polanski rape case

In The Atlantic magazine interview "A Conversation with <mask>" (October 2009), by John Meroney, <mask> spoke about topical and cultural matters of U.S. society.Asked his opinion about the arrest of the film director Roman Polanski, in Switzerland, in September 2009, in response to an extradition request by U.S. authorities, for having fled the U.S. in 1978 to avoid jail for the statutory rape of a thirteen-year-old girl in Hollywood, <mask> said, "I really don't give a fuck. Look, am I going to sit and weep every time a young hooker feels as though she's been taken advantage of?" Asked for elaboration, <mask> explained the cultural temper of the U.S. and of the Hollywood movie business in the 1970s:

Asked to explain the term "American values," <mask> replied, "Lying and cheating. There's nothing better." In response to <mask>'s opinion about the decades-old Polanski rape case, a spokeswoman for the organization Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests, Barbara Dorris, said, "People should express their outrage, by refusing to buy any of his books," called <mask> a "mean-spirited buffoon" and said that, although "a boycott wouldn't hurt <mask> financially," it would "cause anyone else, with such callous views, to keep his mouth shut, and [so] avoid rubbing salt into the already deep [psychological] wounds of (the victims)" of sexual abuse. Scientology
In 1997, <mask> was one of thirty-four public intellectuals and celebrities who joined a publicity campaign waged by Scientologists against the German government, signing an open letter addressed to German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, published in the International Herald Tribune, alleging that Scientologists in Germany were treated "in the same way that the Nazi regime persecuted the Jews". Scientologists are free to operate in Germany; the Church of Scientology, however, is not recognized as a religious body but as a business with political goals and thus monitored by the German domestic intelligence service.Despite signing the letter, <mask> was critical of Scientology as a religion. Sexuality
In 1967, <mask> appeared in the CBS documentary CBS Reports: The Homosexuals, in which he expressed his views on homosexuality in the arts. Commenting on his life's work and his life, he described his style as "Knowing who you are, what you want to say, and not giving a damn." <mask> often rebutted the label of "gay." He maintained that it referred to sexual acts rather than sexuality. <mask> did not express a public stance on the HIV-AIDS crisis. According to <mask>'s close friend Jay Parini, "<mask> didn’t think of himself as a gay guy.It makes him self-hating. How could he despise gays as much as he did? In my company he always used the term 'fags.' He was uncomfortable with being gay. Then again, he was wildly courageous." Biographer Fred Kaplan concluded: "He was not interested in making a difference for gay people, or being an advocate for gay rights. There was no such thing as 'straight' or 'gay' for him, just the body and sex."In the September 1969 edition of Esquire, <mask> wrote:

Personal life

In the multi-volume memoir The Diary of Anaïs Nin (1931–74), Anaïs Nin said she had a love affair with <mask>, who denied her claim in his memoir Palimpsest (1995). In the online article "<mask>'s Secret, Unpublished Love Letter to Anaïs Nin" (2013), author Kim Krizan said she found an unpublished love letter from <mask> to Nin, which contradicts his denial of a love affair with Nin. Krizan said she found the love letter while researching Mirages, the latest volume of Nin's uncensored diary, to which Krizan wrote the foreword. <mask> would cruise the streets and bars of New York City and other locales and wrote in his memoir that by age twenty-five, he had had more than a thousand sexual encounters. <mask> also said that he had an intermittent romance with the actress Diana Lynn, and alluded to possibly having fathered a daughter. He was briefly engaged to the actress Joanne Woodward before she married the actor Paul Newman; after marrying, they briefly shared a house with <mask> in Los Angeles. <mask> enjoyed telling his sexual exploits to friends.<mask> claimed to have slept with Fred Astaire when he first moved to Hollywood and also with a young Dennis Hopper. In 1950, <mask> met Howard Austen, who became his partner for the next 53 years, until Austen's death. He said that the secret to his long relationship with Austen was that they did not have sex with each other: "It's easy to sustain a relationship when sex plays no part, and impossible, I have observed, when it does." In Celebrity: The Advocate Interviews (1995), by Judy Wiedner, <mask> said that he refused to call himself "gay" because he was not an adjective, adding "to be categorized is, simply, to be enslaved. Watch out. I have never thought of myself as a victim ... I've said—a thousand times?—in print and on TV, that everyone is bisexual."In the course of his life, <mask> lived at various times in Italy and in the United States. In 2003, as his health began to fail with age, he sold his Italian villa La Rondinaia (The Swallow's Nest) on the Amalfi Coast in the province of Salerno and he and Austen returned to live in their 1929 villa in Outpost Estates, Los Angeles. Howard Austen died in November 2003 and in February 2005 his remains were re-buried at Rock Creek Cemetery, in Washington, D.C., in a joint grave plot that <mask> had purchased for himself and Austen. Death
In 2010, <mask> began to suffer from Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, a neurological disorder. On July 31, 2012, <mask> died of pneumonia at his home in the Hollywood Hills at the age of 86. A memorial service was held for him at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre in New York City on August 23, 2012. He was buried next to Howard Austen in Rock Creek Cemetery, in Washington, D.C. Vidal said he chose his grave site because it is between the graves of two people who were important in his life: Henry Adams, the historian and writer, whose work <mask> admired; and his boyhood friend Jimmie Trimble who was killed in World War II, a tragedy that haunted <mask> for the rest of his life.Legacy
Postmortem opinions and assessments of <mask> as a writer varied. The New York Times described him as "an Augustan figure who believed himself to be the last of a breed, and he was probably right. Few American writers have been more versatile, or gotten more mileage from their talent." The Los Angeles Times said that he was a literary juggernaut whose novels and essays were considered "among the most elegant in the English language." The Washington Post described him as a "major writer of the modern era ... [an] astonishingly versatile man of letters." The Guardian said that "<mask>'s critics disparaged his tendency to formulate an aphorism, rather than to argue, finding in his work an underlying note of contempt for those who did not agree with him. His fans, on the other hand, delighted in his unflagging wit and elegant style."The Daily Telegraph described the writer as "an icy iconoclast" who "delighted in chronicling what he perceived as the disintegration of civilisation around him." The BBC News said that he was "one of the finest post-war American writers ... an indefatigable critic of the whole American system ... <mask> saw himself as the last of the breed of literary figures who became celebrities in their own right. Never a stranger to chat shows; his wry and witty opinions were sought after as much as his writing." In "The Culture of the United States Laments the Death of <mask>," the Spanish on-line magazine Ideal said that <mask>'s death was a loss to the "culture of the United States," and described him as a "great American novelist and essayist." In The Writer <mask> is Dead in Los Angeles, the online edition of the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera described the novelist as "the enfant terrible of American culture" and that he was "one of the giants of American literature". In <mask>idal: The Killjoy of America, the French newspaper Le Figaro said that the public intellectual <mask> was "the killjoy of America" but that he also was an "outstanding polemicist" who used words "like high-precision weapons." On August 23, 2012, in the program a Memorial for <mask> in Manhattan, the life and works of the writer <mask> were celebrated at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre, with a revival of The Best Man: A Play About Politics (1960).The writer and comedian Dick Cavett was host of the Vidalian celebration, which featured personal reminiscences about and performances of excerpts from the works of <mask> by friends and colleagues, such as Elizabeth Ashley, Candice Bergen, Hillary Clinton, Alan Cumming, James Earl Jones, Elaine May, Michael Moore, Susan Sarandon, Cybill Shepherd and Liz Smith. In popular culture
In the 1960s, the weekly American sketch comedy television program Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In featured a running-joke sketch about <mask>; the telephone operator Ernestine (Lily Tomlin) would call him, saying: "Mr. Veedul, this is the Phone Company calling! (snort! snort!)." The sketch, titled "Mr. Veedle", also appeared in Tomlin's comedy record album This Is a Recording (1972). <mask> provided his own voice for the animated-cartoon version of himself in The Simpsons episode "Moe'N'a Lisa". He also voices his animated-cartoon version in Family Guy.He was interviewed in the Da Ali G Show; the Ali G character mistakes him for <mask> Sassoon, a famous hairdresser. The <mask> debates, their aftermath and cultural significance, were the focus of a 2015 documentary film called Best of Enemies, as well as a 2021 play by James Graham, inspired by the film. A Netflix biopic titled <mask>, directed and co-written by Michael Hoffman, based on Jay Parini’s book Empire of Self, A Life of <mask>idal, starring Kevin Spacey was filmed in 2017, but after sexual misconduct allegations were made against Spacey, the film was cancelled and remains

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<mask> (born August 16, 1946) is an American actor, writer, director, and playwright. Born in Brooklyn, he studied at Carnegie-Mellon University and received his B.A. from St. Francis College. His stage debut was in a production of William Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew. A friend of Lucille Ball, he is known as the author of the unauthorized biography Lucy in the Afternoon, and in this capacity, appeared on an episode of MythBusters. He co-wrote the musical The Big Voice: God or Merman with Steve Schalchlin. <mask> wrote and starred Off-Broadway in Zero Hour in 2009–2010, a one-person play about the life and career of actor and comedian Zero Mostel.He won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance for this performance. Biography

<mask> is the only actor in America to win the New York Drama Desk Award, the Washington, DC Helen Hayes Award, the Los Angeles Ovation Award and the South Florida Carbonell Award as Best Actor in a Play, the play in question being Zero Hour about the actor/painter Zero Mostel. <mask> spent much of 2008 in New York City, starring in his Off-Broadway play, The Big Voice: God or Merman? which the New York Times called, "Triumphant - a hilarious and utterly enthralling evening of musical theatre." In 2005, he was nominated by the Los Angeles Ovation Awards as Best Actor in a Musical for The Big Voice, an honor he won from both the Palm Springs Desert Star Awards and the Valley Theatre League ADA Awards. The Big Voice: God or Merman? was also given the Ovation Award as Best Musical, presented to himself and composer-partner, Steve Schalchlin, by the legendary Jerry Herman.A native of Brooklyn, <mask> produced his first show, a charity revue featuring the Bay Ridge neighborhood kids, at the age of thirteen and four years later was working on Broadway - selling orange drink at the back of the St. James Theatre during intermissions of Hello, Dolly! After studying drama at Carnegie-Mellon University, where his classmate was Stephen Schwartz, he returned to New York, got his BA in English from St. Francis College (Brooklyn) and made his Broadway debut (on stage at Town Hall) as Christopher Sly in a very bad revival of The Taming Of The Shrew. His off-Broadway credits include Berkeley Square with Christopher Reeve at the Manhattan Theatre Club, Robert Lowell's Endicott And The Red Cross at the American Place Theatre, Ephraim Kishon's Unfair To Goliath at the Cherry Lane, Skye at Lincoln Center and Frank Loesser's Greenwillow for the Equity Library Theatre. While working as a stage actor, he appeared in two legendary television commercials - first as a dancing raisin for Post Raisin Bran and then as the "Lemon from Outer space" with Madge the Manicurist for Palmolive. His television work includes regular stints as Father James on All My Children, Judge Julius Weyburn on The Young and The Restless, Officer Jerry Chandler on Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman and the befuddled bailiff on NBC's Sirota's Court with Michael Constantine. He made his motion picture debut in The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight opposite another newcomer, Robert De Niro. His acting career has taken him to regional stages all over the United States, including the Washington Theatre Club in D.C., the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, two seasons at the Goodspeed Opera House where he originated the role of Flint in Something's Afoot, Theatre Building Chicago, Stages Repertory Theatre in Houston, the Trinity Arts Center in Dallas and the DejaVu Theatre in Los Angeles where he won the Backstage West Award as Best Actor for his performance as Marvin in Robert Patrick's T-Shirts.While playing Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof at the Waldo Astoria Dinner Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri he wrote his first play, Cookin' With Gus, which was published by Samuel French. It has since been performed across the United States and has been translated into several languages for productions around the world. A huge hit in Quebec, Canada, it was taped in French by HBO. One play led to another and soon <mask> was writing full-time. For the theatre, he has written the comedies The Lucky O'Learys with Kathleen Freeman, Fat Chance with Virginia Capers, The Lady Of The House with Rue McClanahan and the off-Broadway smash hit musical, The Last Session, which he also directed. After The Last Session'''s New York run (for which he received Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle nominations), the show was named by the Los Angeles Times as one of the ten best plays of the 1998-1999 Los Angeles season, garnering him the Oscar Wilde Award and the GLAAD Media Award. <mask> won another Backstage West Award for his direction of the show, along with the Los Angeles Drama Critic's Circle Award as playwright.In 1988 <mask> got a call from his idol, Lucille Ball, who had read The Lucky O'Learys and thought it would be perfect for herself and Audrey Meadows. By the time he finished writing the pilot for 20th Century Fox, however, Ball was not up to doing the project and it never developed. However, Ball and <mask> formed a close friendship that resulted in them spending almost every afternoon together until she died in 1989. <mask> chronicled Ball's life as she told it to him in his book, Lucy In The Afternoon, published by William Morrow and named as an alternate selection by The Literary Guild Book Club. <mask> lives in New York, where, between theatrical assignments, he travels on cruise ships around the world lecturing about Broadway, Hollywood and the stars with whom he has worked. He is a member of the Dramatists Guild, the Screen Actors Guild, Actors Equity Association and has been called by the New York Times a true "Man Of The Theatre". He has toured Zero Hour, in which he portrays Zero Mostel; one Los Angeles critic called it the best performance of the 2006 season.Zero Hour'' was also awarded the Best Play of 2006 by the L.A. Ovations. His caricature hangs on the wall of Sardi's restaurant in New York. Selected filmography

References

External links

Official site
Plays by <mask> at doollee.com
"<mask> at the Internet Off-Broadway Database listing

1946 births
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Male actors from New York City
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male stage actors
St. Francis College alumni
Living people

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<mask> (, ,, Mykola Ivanovych Kybalchych; 19 October 1853 – April 3, 1881) was a Russian revolutionary of Ukrainian-Serbian origin who took part in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II as the main explosive expert for Narodnaya Volya (the People's Will), and was also a rocket pioneer. He was a distant cousin of revolutionary Victor Serge. Early life
Born in Korop, Krolevetsky Uyezd, Chernigov Governorate (present-day Ukraine) in 1853 into a clerical family, Kibalchich was the son of an Orthodox parish priest. He entered a gymnasium in 1864 but was later admitted to a seminary. But he returned to secondary school and finishing it with a silver medal several years later. In 1871 he entered St Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers and in 1873 he entered Saint Petersburg Emperor Military Medical Academy to study medicine and worked on experiments into pulsed rocket propulsion. Biography
In October 1875, Kibalchich was arrested for lending a prohibited book to a peasant.He spent 3 years in prison before being sentenced to 2 months imprisonment. He went on to join Narodnaya Volya in 1878, becoming their main explosives expert. In March 1881, he was charged with taking part in the assassination of Alexander II. All through the night from February 28 to March 1, Mykolaj and his assistants - the Fleet Lieutenant Sukhnanov and Mikhail Grachvesky – worked without rest preparing the missile shells. The Peoples Will members had to be quick. Andrei Zhelyabov, who was to direct the missile throwers in an attempt on the life of the Emperor Alexander II, had been arrested on 27 February. If the Tsar survived the explosion, Zhelyabov was to kill him with a dagger.Zhelyabov's arrest on the eve of the assassination attempt came as a complete surprise, although alarming rumors had appeared in February that the police were up to something. The plan was in jeopardy. There was no one to warn the Narodnaya-Volya people. <mask>, assistant to the file clerk of the Third (Security) Department, bearer of a Saint Stanislav Order, who had often warned the Narodniks about the gathering dangers, had been arrested at the end of January. By the morning of March 1 four projectiles were ready. One of them killed Alexander II on March 1, 1881, on the embankment of the Yekaterininsky Canal in Saint Petersburg. <mask> was arrested on March 17."When his men came to see Kibalchich as his appointed counsel for the defense," said V.N Gerard in his statement to the special committee of the senate, "I was surprised above all by the fact that his mind was occupied with completely different things with no bearing on the present trial. He seems to be immersed in research on some aeronautic missile; he thirsted for a possibility to write down his mathematical calculations involved in the discovery. He wrote them down and submitted them to the authorities." In a note written in his prison cell, Kibalchich proposed a manned jet air-navigating apparatus. He examined the design of powder rocket engine, controlling the flight by changing engines angle, the pro note is dated March 23. He produced this scientific work truly at death's door. On March 26, General Komarov, Chief of the Gendarmery Department, informed the Police Department: "Pursuant to the request from <mask>, the son of the priest, who is accused of high treason, I have the honor to present hereby his design of an aeronautic device."The brief written in the report said: "To be filed with the March 1 dossier and to give this to
scientists for consideration now would hardly be expedient since this can only give rise to a lot of wanton talk. Kibalchich’s design was put in an envelope, sealed and filed. The inventor was told that his design would be handed over to scientists for examination. Kibalchich awaited for their answer. The month of March was at an end, with two days left before execution. On March 31 Kibalchich wrote this solicitation address to the Minister of Interior: “By instruction of your Excellency my design of an aeronautic apparatus has been submitted for the consideration of technical committee; could your Excellency direct that I be allowed to meet with any of the committee members on the matter of this design not later than tomorrow morning or at least to receive a written answer from the experts who have examined my design, also no longer than tomorrow. I also ask your Excellency for permission for me, before I die, to meet with all my comrades
in the trial or at least with Zhelyabov and Perovskaya."All the requests were ignored. Execution and legacy

At 7:50 am on the sunny spring morning of April 3 two “chariots of shame” with the
condemned prisoners rode out of the house of the detention to Shpalernaya Street. Zhelyabov was
in the first, and by his side was Rysakov, who had tossed the first bomb at the coach of
Alexander II and then betrayed his comrades during the interrogation. <mask>, Perovskaya and Mikhailov were in the second. The hands and feet of the condemned were tied to the seats. Each had on his chest a black plaque with the white colored inscription: “A regicide”. At 9:21 am the executioner removed the foot stool from under the feet of Kibalchich.Mikhailov, Perovskaya, Zhelyabov and Rysakov were executed after him. Thus, Kybalchych and other Narodnaya Volya plotters including Sophia Perovskaya, Andrei Zhelyabov, <mask> and Timofei Mikhailov were hanged on April 3, 1881. The fate of the invention, mentioned in Kybalchych's last letter, proved to be as tragic as that of its 27-year-old creator. <mask>'s
design was buried in the archives of Police Department, but the tsar authorities failed to consign
the name of the inventor and his idea to oblivion. The trial and execution of the Narodniks had wide
repercussions around the world. Much was said and written about Kibalchich's design abroad and all
kinds of conjectures were made about the essence of the invention and its subsequent fate. In 1917, <mask> rediscovered the manuscript in the archives and published an account of it 1918 in the historic magazine Byloye (Былое, The Past).In 1891, similar ideas were developed independently by the German engineer Hermann Ganswindt. After WWII, Stanislaw Ulam proposed a nuclear pulse propulsion scheme which was studied in Project ORION. The International Astronomical Union honoured the rocketry pioneer by naming a crater on the moon Kibalchich's crater(Kibal'chich). Located at 3.0° N 146.5° W, the Moon's far side. Final letter

The Dream of a propulsive device by a Scientist that was stolen by death

"I, <mask>, am writing down this design in prison with several days to go before my
execution. I believed in the practicability of my idea and this belief sustains me in my appalling situation by scientists and specialists who show my idea to be practicable, I will feel happy in the knowledge that I have rendered an immense service to my country and mankind. I will then calmly meet death, knowing that my idea will not die with me but will remain with mankind for which I prepared to sacrifice my life.That is why I pray to those scientists who will examine my design that they treat it with the utmost seriousness and good faith and let me know their answer as soon as possible. First and foremost I need it necessary to note that, when at large, I did not have time to
elaborate my design in details and prove its feasibility mathematically. Now it is, of course
impossible for me to obtain the materials necessary for that. Consequently, this task that of
substantiating my design with mathematical calculation will have to be done by those experts
into whose hands my design will find its way. Besides, I am not familiar with the mass of similar design which have, appeared lately; that is
to say I am aware of the idea behind those designs but I am not familiar with the way whereby the inventors hope to carry them out. As far as I know, however my idea has not yet been proposed by anyone else. In my thought about an aeronautic machine I have concentrated mainly on this question: what force has to be applied in order to set such machine in motion?In my opinion it is slowly burning explosive substances that can provide such a force. In fact, the combustion of explosive substance results with a comparative rapidity in large
quantity of gases possessing a huge energy at the instance of their formation. But can one use
the energy of gases, formed by explosive ignition, to perform work of any duration? This is
possible only if the huge energy of explosive combustion, rather than last instantaneously,
will be generated during a more or less prolonged period of time." Legacy
In the April 1918 issue of the Byloye magazine, <mask>
published <mask>'s description of a manned, rocket-propelled ship, from his final letter. The letter had been filed in police archives until Rynin fished it out, after hearing rumors of the design. References

External links

 Croft, Lee B. <mask> Kibalchich: Terrorist Rocket Pioneer.IIHS. 2006. .
 Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight
 Nikolai Rynin Interplanetary Flight and Communication Vol.2 No.4 pp36. Washington, D.C.: NASA and NSF, 1971
 Суд над цареубийцами. Дело 1-го марта 1881 года. Под редакцией В.В.Разбегаева. Изд. им.Н.И.Новикова. С-Пб том 1 и 2. 2014.,

1853 births
1881 deaths
People from Korop
People from Krolevetsky Uyezd
Narodniks
Narodnaya Volya
Russian scientists
Russian inventors
Early rocketry
Early spaceflight scientists
Executed Russian people
Executed revolutionaries
People executed by the Russian Empire by hanging
Russian people of Serbian descent

masks:
Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich
Nikolai Kletochnikov
Kibalchich
Nikolai Kibalchich
Kibalchich
Nikolai Rysakov
Kibalchich
Nikolai Rynin
Nikolai Kibalchich
Nikolai Rynin
Kibalchich
Nikolai Ivanovich


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<mask> (September 30, 1839 – May 24, 1919) was a controversial American soldier, attorney, and district attorney for New York County (a.k.a. the Borough of Manhattan) from 1898 to 1900. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the American Civil War in 1872 but it was  rescinded in 1917 when supporting documentation was not found. As a Judge Advocate in the United States Army, he prosecuted the case of Johnson Chesnut Whittaker, a black cadet at West Point. He was elected New York County District Attorney in 1897, but was put on trial for corruption, and despite acquittal, was removed from office by Theodore Roosevelt in 1900. He refused to prosecute the corrupt Tammany Hall bosses of New York City, proclaiming "The hell with reform!" (or "Reform be damned!").Early years
<mask> <mask> was born on September 30, 1839, in New York City. His birth name was <mask> <mask> – without the "i" which he added when he legally changed his name in 1884. He was born at Fraunces Tavern, where his father and uncle were innkeepers. His father later ran the Philadelphia Hotel. He graduated A.B. from the College of the City of New York in 1859 and a LL.B. from New York University School of Law in 1860.He was admitted to the New York City Bar Association and began private practice as an attorney. Civil War service
Shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War, <mask> was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 31st New York Infantry Regiment on May 27, 1861, and was mustered out of service on August 7, 1861. He was commissioned a captain in the 22nd National Guard Infantry (a.k.a. 22nd New York State Militia) on May 31, 1862, served in Baltimore, Maryland, and was honorably mustered out of service on September 5, 1862. He was again commissioned a captain in the same regiment when it was reactivated on June 18, 1863, due to the movement of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia towards Pennsylvania. <mask> saw action at Sporting Hill, Pennsylvania, on June 30 and at Carlisle on July 1, where he was wounded in action. <mask>'s wound was apparently minor, as there is no indication he suffered from a physical disability and he almost lived to the age of 80.Both actions were minor with the 22nd having no killed in action but it did have 9 and 12 soldiers wounded respectively on the 30th and the 1st. <mask> was mustered out of active service on July 24, 1863. On May 16, 1865, <mask> was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Veteran Reserve Corps to rank from February 11, 1865, and served as adjutant of the 7th Veteran Reserve Corps Regiment until he was honorably mustered out of service on August 13, 1866. <mask> was brevetted to the rank of captain on March 13, 1865, for "gallant and meritorious service during the war". Medal of Honor
For his actions at the Battle of Sporting Hill <mask> received the Medal of Honor on September 23, 1872, for "distinguished service performed during the war while serving as Captain 22nd New York State Militia". <mask>'s award of the Medal of Honor was rescinded in early 1917 after a review panel, led by retired Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles, found there was no evidence to support <mask> deserving the award.Although <mask>'s award was rescinded, he refused to return the medal. Post-Civil War military service

After the end of the Civil War, <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant of the 9th Infantry Regiment of the Regular Army, to rank from July 20, 1866, and was promoted to first lieutenant on February 14, 1868. He transferred to the 1st Artillery Regiment on April 3, 1869, and served for a time as aide-de-camp to Major General Irvin McDowell who was commander of the Department of the East with its headquarters on Governors Island in New York Harbor. On September 23, 1872, <mask> received the Medal of Honor for his services in action at Sporting Hill, Pennsylvania, on June 30, 1863, and the defense of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on July 1 and 2 of the same year. In February 1917, the Army revoked <mask>'s Medal of Honor on the grounds that there was no record in the archives of its having been issued. <mask> refused to return his medal and the matter was controversial until <mask> died in 1919. <mask> served as an aide de camp, presumably to Secretary of War William W. Belknap, from October 4, 1872, to August 19, 1873.<mask> was promoted to the rank of major on August 18, 1873, and served as a Judge Advocate for 15 years until he retired from the Army on December 8, 1888. By an act of Congress, the United States Military Academy at West Point established a Department of Law in 1874, with a senior Judge Advocate as its first professor of law. Secretary of War William W. Belknap appointed <mask> to the post, and he became the first lawyer to teach law at the Academy. <mask> initiated the entire law curriculum, including study of the Lieber Code and a textbook he himself wrote. <mask> served at West Point as Professor of Law from July 20, 1874, to August 28, 1878. Although his obituary in The New York Times stated that he held the rank of lieutenant colonel during this time, and that <mask> was usually referred to as "Colonel <mask>", the official Army Registers from this time period list <mask> as a major. Ironically, <mask>'s government issue headstone gives his rank as captain.Notable courts martial

While serving as a judge advocate, <mask> was involved in several high-profile legal proceedings. In 1875, while still at West Point, <mask> was chosen by President Ulysses S. Grant to be the presiding judge advocate general at the Whiskey Ring court-martial of Brevet Brigadier General Orville E. Babcock, Grant's personal secretary. The civilian grand jury that had already convened refused to turn over its evidence, however, and the court-martial adjourned; Babcock was later acquitted. In 1878, a commission reviewed the court-martial of Major General Fitz John Porter, who had been dismissed from the Army in 1863 for his actions at the battle of Second Bull Run. The commission chairman, General John M. Schofield, appointed <mask> as recorder, but he "took upon himself the role of a judge advocate in a court-martial," contesting evidence favorable to Porter. The commission ultimately re-instated Porter. <mask>’s unethical conduct on the board angered Schofield to the point that Schofield lodged an official complaint with the War Department and prepared court-martial charges against him.In 1880, one of the first black cadets at West Point, Johnson Chesnut Whittaker, was assaulted by three fellow cadets, but administrators at the Academy said he had faked the attack. After a year of inquests and hearings including the attention of the United States Congress, Whittaker was court-martialed, with <mask> as prosecutor, resulting in Whittaker's expulsion. The verdict was overturned in 1883 by President Arthur on the ground of faulty evidence, but the expulsion was immediately reinstated by the Secretary of War on the grounds that Whittaker had failed an exam. In 1995, acting on a request from Congress, President Clinton awarded Whittaker a posthumous commission as second lieutenant. In 1884, <mask> was selected for another high-profile prosecution, that of his superior, Brigadier General David G. Swaim, the Judge Advocate General of the Army. Swaim was convicted of financial improprieties and suspended from duty. Later military career
On July 11, 1884, <mask> legally changed the spelling of his last name from "Gardner" to "<mask>".This was, according to a letter he wrote The New York Times, to conform to the spelling of the last name by his ancestors who lived in Rhode Island. In 1887 <mask> was appointed Acting Assistant Secretary of War and held the position until he retired from the Army on December 8, 1888, for "disability in the line of duty". On April 23, 1904, Gardner was promoted, along with numerous other retired officers, to the rank of lieutenant colonel on the Army Retired List in recognition of his service in the Union Army during the Civil War. New York politics
After his retirement from the Army, <mask> pursued the private practice of law in New York City. He became active in the Tammany Hall political machine, the major faction of the New York City Democrats. A history of the society calls him a "simon-pure Democrat" who followed his father and grandfather's participation in the Tammany Society, where in 1901 he was elected a sachem. <mask> was allied with Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker and, in November 1897, was elected on the Democratic ticket as New York County District Attorney.During the campaign <mask> said, "Reform be damned!" when confronted with calls to confront the corruption of Tammany Hall. He took office on January 1, 1898, together with the first elected officers of the newly consolidated City of New York (which added the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island to Manhattan and the Bronx). In December 1900 formal charges were brought against <mask> for "interfering with deputies of the Attorney General in presentation of election cases to the Grand Jury and the prosecution thereof". Governor Theodore Roosevelt removed <mask> from office later that month after Garidner chose not to contest the charges. Among the beneficiaries of <mask>'s anti-reform attitude was saloonkeeper Frank J. Farrell, who is said to have opened three hundred pool halls (in reality fronts for bookmakers) after his friend took office, building a fortune that he would use to bring the New York Yankees to town in 1903. In 1908 <mask> was hired by the State of New York to represent the state in opposing the extradition of Harry K. Thaw to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to testify in a bankruptcy case.Thaw had been judged insane in his trial for murdering architect Stanford White in 1906. <mask> argued that, as Thaw had been adjudicated as insane, Thaw could not be called to testify in court. The state offered a fee to <mask> of $2,000 but <mask> presented the state with a bill for $15,000. <mask>'s rationalization of the high fee was that he had spent five months on the case while Thaw's mother spent $100,000 in legal fees. On September 10, 1913, he was the orator at the centennial commemoration of the Battle of Lake Erie in Newport, Rhode Island. He wore the uniform of the Veteran Corps of Artillery and spoke in his capacity as the Commandant of the Military Society of the War of 1812. A contemporary newspaper article described <mask> as "one of the ablest orators Newport has ever heard".Military and hereditary societies
<mask> was active in several military and hereditary societies including the Society of the Cincinnati (Secretary General and President of the Rhode Island Society), the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (elected November 6, 1867, insignia number 586), the Grand Army of the Republic (member of James Monroe Post), the Sons of the Revolution (founding member in 1883, insignia number 83), the  Military Society of the War of 1812 (vice president in 1890 and president in 1908), the Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York (vice commandant with rank of lieutenant colonel in 1890 and commandant with rank of colonel in 1908) and the General Society of the War of 1812 (elected to membership in 1892). <mask> was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the New York State Militia when he was elected vice commandant of the Veteran Corps of Artillery in 1890 and was promoted to colonel when he was elected commandant in 1908. This is why <mask> was frequently referred to as "<mask>". <mask> was also a member of the Union Club, the Metropolitan Club and the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Society of the Cincinnati
In 1877 <mask> joined the Society of the Cincinnati, a military society founded by officers who had served in the American Revolution and perpetuated by their descendants. <mask> was a key figure the re-establishment of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati – which had been dormant since 1835. In 1878, <mask> was elected as the Rhode Island Society's Assistant Secretary.<mask> joined the Society by right of his descent from his great uncle, Lieutenant Jonathan Willard (1744–1832). Although Lieutenant Willard was a veteran of the 1st New Hampshire Regiment, and the Society has a tradition of members joining the state Society which their ancestor was eligible to join, the Rhode Island Society had an exception in its membership requirements to admit members who were descendants of officers whose state did not have an active society. As New Hampshire did not have an active society in 1877, <mask> was permitted to join the Rhode Island Society. <mask> was elected Secretary General of the National Society in 1884 and, in the same year, authored Precedents and Ordinances of the General Society of the Cincinnati. Through his efforts to recruit new members, define policies and establish administrative procedures, he was probably the single person most responsible for the rejuvenation for the Society of the Cincinnati in the late 19th century. <mask> was elected president of the Rhode Island Society following at a special meeting of the Rhode Island Society on December 14, 1899, which was called as a result of the death of President Nathanael Greene, M.D. (b.1809) (the grandson of General Nathanael Greene) on July 8, 1899. <mask> remained president of the Rhode Island Society, as well as Secretary General of the national Society, until his death in 1919. In the 41 years that <mask> was active in the Society, it grew greatly both in membership and prestige and all of the dormant state societies were rejuvenated. In March 1901 <mask> traveled, on behalf of the Rhode Island Society, to Savannah, Georgia, and located the grave of Major General Nathanael Greene, a native of Rhode Island and hero of the American Revolution. <mask> was able to locate General Greene's grave and although some thought was given to moving Greene's remains to Rhode Island, but it did not come to fruition. <mask> was highly involved in the planning for the dedication of a statue of the French nobleman Rochambeau in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., on May 24, 1902. The ceremony involved an official delegation from France, senior officers the United States Army and Navy, as well as the Society of the Cincinnati.President Theodore Roosevelt gave the keynote address at the ceremony. In 1905 the Rhode Island Society published The Order of the Cincinnati in France, which <mask> wrote. The 243 page volume contains detailed biographies of all the senior officers of the French Army who served in America during the revolution. <mask> was succeeded in the Society by his son <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1872–1936). His nephew, Norman Bentley <mask>, II, became a member of the Rhode Island Society in 1945 and was a member until his death in 1982. <mask> married Mary Austen of Baltimore, Maryland, on October 18, 1865. They had three sons: <mask> <mask>., Philip and Norman.Mary Austen <mask> died in June 1900. <mask>'s son Philip served as a major in the Army Judge Advocate General Corps during the First World War. <mask> <mask> Jr. was a prominent milk distributor in Baltimore and succeeded his father in the Society of the Cincinnati. On November 5, 1902, at the age of 63, <mask> married Harriet Isabelle Lindsay, by whom he had two sons, John and William. Death
<mask> <mask> died of a stroke of apoplexy at his home, Orrell Manor, in Suffern, New York, on May 24, 1919, at the age of 79. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. His headstone shows his rank as "CAPT", despite the fact he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel after his retirement from the Army.In popular culture
<mask> was portrayed by actor John Glover in the 1994 television movie Assault at West Point: The Court-Martial of Johnson Whittaker which portrays the experiences of African-American Cadet Johnson Chesnut Whittaker. <mask> was also featured in Douglas Jone's alternate history novel The Court Martial Of George Armstrong Custer as the military prosecutor who tries General Custer for negligence after he survives the Battle of Little Big Horn. See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

Further reading
 Roger D. Cunningham. Always a Storm Centre: The Trials and Tribulations of Lt. Col. <mask> <mask>. Journal of America's Past. Fall 2006. External links

1839 births
1919 deaths
American legal writers
American military writers
New York County District Attorneys
Purged Medal of Honor recipients
City College of New York alumni
New York University School of Law alumni
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Union Army officers
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy faculty
People acquitted of corruption
People from Suffern, New York
New York (state) Democrats
19th-century American politicians

masks:
Asa Bird Gardiner
Asa
Bird Gardiner
Asa
Bird Gardner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Colonel Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Asa
Bird Gardiner
Gardiner
Family Gardiner
Asa
Bird Jr
Gardiner
Gardiner
Asa
Bird Gardiner
Gardiner
Asa
Bird Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Asa
Bird Gardiner


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<mask> (; born 8 May 1981), known professionally as Potap, is a Ukrainian producer, songwriter, composer, performer, director, scriptwriter, TV presenter, master of sports at water polo, coach and mentor of The Voice of Ukraine. He has been involved as a performer and/or producer of such iconic music acts as Potap i Nastya, Vremya i Steklo, MOZGI and many more, releasing over 300 songs, the vast majority of which became international hits. Biography
<mask> was born May 8, 1981 in Kyiv, Ukraine. His father – <mask> (born Jan. 17, 1956) served in the military. His mother, <mask> (born Feb. 9, 1958) is a world fin swimming race champion. Oleksii has been practicing swimming and water polo, where he’d accomplished the title of Master of Sports. Obtains two degrees.The first one is a PE instructor and water polo coach (National University of Ukraine on Physical Education and Sport). The second one is a Master of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Audit (Kyiv National Economic University). Music career
Between 2000 and 2006, <mask> was performing as a part of a rap band called “VuZV” (Vhid u Zminnomu Vzutti – Re-shoe upon Entry). The song written by <mask> “Na Svoey Volne” (“On its own”) became the official soundtrack to a movie “Odin za vseh” (“One for all”) while his other song co-written in collaboration with bands New’Z’Cool and XS became a main theme for an iconic horror movie produced in Ukraine, “Shtolna” (“The Adit”). In 2006 the artist teamed up with NK to create the duo “Potap & Nastya” where Oleksii acted as a producer, performer, songwriter, composer, video director and scriptwriter. The duo debuted with the song “Ne Para” (“Don’t Match”)  that turned into an international hit. In 2008, the duo released their debut album with the same title.The artists released their second album titled “Ne Lubi Mne Mozgii” (“Don’t Love my Brain”) that included songs “Na Rayone” (“Down the neighbourhood”), “Novii God” (“New Year”), “Chipsi, Chicksi, Lavandos” ("Chips, Chicks and Money”). The most popular song on the album though was a hit with a name “Chumachechaya Vesna” (“Krazy Spring”). The duo kept moving towards new accomplishments, literally collecting wards one by one. Few years after the creation, the artist were already renowned with every single award on post-Soviet territories including: “Zolotoi Gramophon” (“Gold Gramophone Awards”), “Pesnya Goda” (“Song of the Year”), “RU.TV”, “Premia Muz-TV” (“Muz TV Awards”) and many more. Songs “Esli Vdrug tebya ne stanet” (“If you’re suddenly gone”) and “Mi Otmenyaem Konets Sveta” (“We Cancel the Apocalypse”) played in the TV show “Dnevnik Doctora Zaytsevoy” (The Diary of Zaytseva M.D.”). In 2013 Potap & Nastya produced the third album “Vse Puchkom” (“Everything’s Cool”). The song with the same title  received “Gold Gramophone” award and remained for a while on top of the most highly rated charts across countries along with another track from the album “Udi udi” (“Udi-udi”).The duo created by Oleksii and NK was officially the most popular touring duo in the country. The joint activity of the artists was followed by an incredible success and achievements as well as setting bars as high as no one have done it before. “Potap & Nastya” became awardees of various international music festivals owing over 50 rewards that include: “M1 Music Awards”, “Song of the Year”, “Gold Gromophone”, “Muz TV Award”, “Sharmanka” (“Music Box”) and “RU.TV”. In 2017, the duo was recognized for “Contribution to the development of the National Scene”. In 2014 Oleksii launches the band MOZGI, where he acts as a producer, performer, songwriter, composer, director, scriptwriter till current days. Between 2015 and 2018 MOZGI was 5 times nominated for Yearly Ukrainian National Awards and 4 on M1 Music Awards winning twice in the latter one. In 2014, Potap and Kamenskih were criticized in Ukraine for continuing to attend award ceremonies in Russia, while many Ukrainians believed their country was a victim of Russian aggression.On this they responded: "It's a shame that we have to collect the journalists to tell that we are from Ukraine and love our country!" In 2016 "Potap and Nastya" concerts were disrupted in Ukraine in protest of them continuing to tour in Russia. In 2017 one of the most popular duos among Russian speaking communities worldwide announced the pause of their activity to start solo projects: PTP and NK respectively. The first solo album by PTP “Spelie Slivi EP” (“Ripe Plums EP”) was released on November 3, 2017. Yet, Oleksii and Nastya’s collaborative work wasn’t over. Potap kept on writing songs for NK. With the support from his side NK presented such hits as “#etomoyanoch” (“#thatmytypeofnight”), co-written Ukrainian song “Trimay” (“Hold it”), “Dai Mne” (“Gimme”), international hit in Spanish and English “Peligroso” (“Dangerous”), LOMALA and “Popa Kak U Kim” (“Ass Like Kim’s”).“Hold it” has taken over national top charts remaining on top for over the year and being recognized at YUNA Awards 2019 as a Pop Hit of the Year while Peligroso for 6 weeks remained in Billboard top charts under Tropical Songs ranking. Production
Today Potap is a head of “MOZGI Entertainment” – the label he established himself that is responsible for managing bands MOZGI, Vremia I Steklo (Time and Glass), singers Michelle Andrade and Ingret. In 2012 MOZGI Entertainment launched a new branch MOZGI Production. The company gathered the best specialists on the market who previously were involved in making videos for Potap’s artists development company. In 2019 a music video for song “Polube” (“Anyway”) by MOZGI was nominated for Berlin Music Video Awards. In 2015 music projects managed under MOZGI Entertainment participated in the following nominations: “Hit of the Year” (Vremya I Steklo – Imya 505 (Name 505) and Potap & Nastya – “Boomdiggibai” (“Boomdiggibai”), “Band of the Year” (Vremya I Steklo and Potap & Nastya), “Project of the Year”: “MOZGI”, Potap & Nastya feat. Bianca), “Music Video of the Year” (Vremya I Steklo – “Name 505”, Potap & Nastya – “Boomdiggibai”).The awards were assigned the following way: “Hit of the Year” to Vremya I Steklo for “Name 505”, while “Band of the Year” with top charts awards “Gold Gramophone” and M1 were given to Potap & Nastya. Moreover, that year Oleksii was renowned the Best Producer of the Year. The same year, a director Dimitri Archipovich, who worked цшер MOZGI Production at that time was announced the Best Director of the Cut. Soundtracks
In 2011 Oleksii <mask> wrote the main theme song for the movie “Vikrutasi” (“Monkey Business”). The track performed by “Potap & Nastya” became the key element of the promo campaign to the movie. In 2014 NK and Oleksii featured in an animated movie “The Seventh Dwarf”. They also performed to soundtracks to the movie as well.One of those “Ver’ v svoi sily” (“Believe in yourself”) was greatly welcomed by the audience and gained an impressive airplay on the radio. In 2018 a movie “Bezumnaya Svad’ba” (“Crazy Wedding”) was released. Upon the release the movie set the record on box office sales among all Ukrainian premieres by collecting 50 664 000 UAH. Oleksii <mask> not only featured in the movie, but wrote entirely wrote and produced an original motion soundtrack album that included 2 songs nominated for M1 Music Awards. Those are “Naikrashii Den’” (“The Best Day”) performed together with Male Artist of the Year Oleg Vinnyk, and “Promin’” (“Gleam”) written and performed in collaboration with all MOZGI Production stars”. Personal life
Media and fans of the artist suggest that Oleksii is in love with his former duo partner NK. On May 23, 2019 <mask> and Nastya Kamenskih were married.TV
TV carrier of Oleksii Potapenko started with a TV-Show “Karaoke against People” on M1 Music Channel. For over ten years by now Oleksii, have actively participated in the most popular TV shows in Ukraine that include: The Voice Ukraine and a comedy show Laughter League on the biggest channel in Ukraine 1+1. At both shows Potap is an honored judge and mentor who’s been helping out a lot of emerging artists to unleash potential to the full. The full list of shows, Oleksii has been involved at:

-      “Karaoke protiv naroda” (Karaoke Against People on M1) – TV host (2008-2009)

-      Guten Morgen (M1) - TV host (2009-2010)

-      Ya lublu Ukrainu (I Love Ukraine on 1+1) – TV host (2010)

-      Superzveda (Superstar o 1+1) – a judge (2010)

-      Telezvezda (TV-star on TRK Ukraine) - TV host (2010)

-      15thAnniversary of 1+1 - TV host (2010)

-      “GPU” (1+1) - TV host (2010-2011)

-      Zvezda + Zvezda (Star + Star on 1+1) – a judge (2010 – 2011)

-      The Voice. Potap – Sleza (“A Tear”, 2012)

-      Arkady Laikin feat Pozitiff – Seksualnii (“Sexy”, 2013)

-      Arkady Laikin – Malimenya (“Begme”, 2013)

-      Potap & Nastya – RuRuRu (2013)

-      Potap & Nastya – Vmeste (“Together”, 2013)

-      Potap & Nastya – Vse Puchkom (“Everything’s Cool”, 2013)

-      Potap & Nastya – Udi-udi (2014)

-      Mozgi – Ayabo (2014)

-      Mozgi – Hlam (“Trash”, 2014)

-      Mozgi – Nozhompo (2015)

-      Potap & Nastya – Bumdigibai (2015)

-      Mozgi - Hit moego leta (“Hit of my Summer”, 2015)

-      Potap & Nastya feat. Bianka – Stil Sobachki (“Doggy Style”, 2015)

-      Mozgi – Vertolet (“Helicopter”, 2015)

-      Potap & Nastya – U mami (“At Mom’s”, 2016)

-      Potap & Nastya – Ya…ya (“Poisonous”, 2017)

-      Mozgi – Atyatya (2017)

-      PTP feat. Potap – Sleza (“A Tear”, 2012)

-      Potap & Nastya – RuRuRu (2013)

-      Arkady Laikin feat Pozitiff – Seksualnii (“Sexy”, 2013)

-      Potap & Nastya – Vmeste (“Together”, 2013)

-      Vremya I Steklo - #kAroche (“#kEeoitshort”, 2013)

-      Aleksandr Kogan – Kto pridumal mir (“Who invented the world?”, 2013)

-      Potap & Nastya – Udi-udi (2014)

-      Mozgi – Ayabo (2014)

-      Mozgi – Hlam (“Trash”, 2014)

-      Zara – Schastie nad zemlei (“Happiness larger than the Earth”, 2014)

-      Vremya I steklo – Imya 505 (“Name 505”, 2015)

-      Vremya I steklo – Pesnya 404 (“Song 404”, 2015)

-      Mozgi – Nozhompo (2015)

-      Potap & Nastya – Bumdigibai (2015)

-      Mozgi - Hit moego leta (“Hit of my Summer”, 2015)

-      Potap & Nastya feat.Bianka – Stil Sobachki (“Doggy Style”, 2015)

-      Mozgi – Vertolet (“Helicopter”, 2015)

-      Vremya I Steklo – Naverno potomu chto (“Maybe Because”, 2016)

-      Potap & Nastya – U mami (“At Mom’s”, 2016)

-      Potap & Nastya – Ya…ya (“Poisonous”, 2017)

-      Vremya I Steklo – Na stile (“Stylish”, 2017)

-      PTP feat.

masks:
Oleksii Andriiovych Potapenko
Oleksii Potapenko
Andrii Potapenko
Liudmyla Potapenko
Potapenko
Potap
Potapenko
Potapenko
Potap


texts:
Dr <mask> (CPsychol), DPsych, MBPsS, MBACP, BA (Hons), MSc, (; born 28 November 1964) is a Welsh journalist and current affairs presenter, best known for her work with the BBC. She is also a Chartered Counselling Psychologist registered with the Health & Care Professionals Council. From 2001 until 2012, <mask> regularly presented weekday editions of BBC Breakfast as well as all main news bulletins on BBC One. She presented two series of BBC One's discussion programme Sunday Morning Live from 2014 until 2015. Since January 2016, she has been the main presenter of 5 News at 5. In 2012 she began training in Psychology and was awarded a Doctorate of Counselling Psychology in 2021, after working in the NHS and elsewhere. Early life
<mask> was born in Paddington, London, to Welsh parents and was brought up in Eastbourne, East Sussex.Her mother, Katherine Rees, was from Llanelli and had moved to London to become a nurse. <mask>' father was from Swansea, and his family had been farmers in Glamorgan. He was a journalist, working first in print and later in radio. She gained a BA in English and History from Oxford Polytechnic (now Oxford Brookes University), studied critical journalistic writing at the University of Rhode Island, and graduated with a first-class MSc in Psychology from the University of Westminster. In 2012 <mask> began training in Psychology and was awarded a Doctorate of Counselling Psychology in 2021 from City, University of London, after working in the NHS and elsewhere. Career
<mask> joined the BBC in 1985 and began working as a reporter and producer for BBC Local Radio stations in Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester. From 1990 to 1997, she was editor for BBC Radio 4's The World at One and PM programmes.<mask> was also a programme editor for a number of news and election specials across Radio 4 and BBC Radio 5 Live. Prior to the channel's launch in 1997, <mask> joined BBC News 24 as an output editor. During screen tests for potential presenters, one applicant became unwell and <mask> was asked to step into the role. Producers were impressed with her performance and they offered her the prime presenting slot of 4:00 pm to 7:00 pm alongside Gavin Esler. She remained with the channel for nearly two years before joining BBC One's Six O'Clock News in 1999 as Special Correspondent. She became a relief presenter of the bulletin and in 2001 she became its main Friday presenter during Fiona Bruce's maternity leave. <mask> also became a main presenter of the BBC One weekend news bulletins.<mask> joined BBC Breakfast on 12 January 2001 as a relief presenter, initially presenting on Friday–Sunday alongside Darren Jordon, to cover for main presenter, Sarah Montague, and then later with Jeremy Bowen, to cover for Sophie Raworth. She also regularly deputised on both the Six O'Clock News and the One O'Clock News during this period. In 2004, <mask> covered for Raworth on the Six O'Clock News during her maternity leave, co-presenting with George Alagiah, and the following year, reported from Sri Lanka and Thailand on the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and from Pakistan on the Kashmir earthquake. In May 2005 she was confirmed as the main female presenter of BBC Breakfast, presenting initially with Dermot Murnaghan and then Bill Turnbull from 2008. <mask> left BBC Breakfast on 15 March 2012 after the programme's production team was relocated to Salford. In 2012 she rejoined BBC Radio 4 to co-present Saturday Live. <mask> has presented programmes outside of news and current affairs including The One Show, Big Welsh Challenge, Now You're Talking and City Hospital.In 2010, <mask> was a reporter for Watchdog. In 2013, she hosted Your Money, Their Tricks with Nicky Campbell and Rebecca Wilcox. <mask> also presented a three-part interview series for BBC One Wales titled The Sian <mask> Interview featuring Tanni Grey-Thompson, Suzanne Packer and Siân Phillips. In June 2014, <mask> became the new presenter of Sunday Morning Live, BBC One's religious and ethical debating programme. She presented the programme for two series before stepping down and being replaced by Naga Munchetty in June 2016. On 5 November 2015, <mask> announced she would be leaving the BBC to become the new main presenter of 5 News. She presented her first 5 News bulletin on 4 January 2016.From 2017 to 2021 she co-presented Save Money: Good Health alongside Ranj Singh on ITV. and 'Secrets of your Supermarket Food on C5. Since 2021 <mask> has presented a dedicated weekly mental health slot on 5 News called ‘Mind Matters with Dr <mask>’, bringing positive awareness to issues like autism, ADHD, anxiety and depression. Other work
<mask> was president of TRIC (Television and Radio Industries Club) for 2008–09 and won the title of Best Presenter in 2012 and 2013. She became an Honorary Fellow of the University of Cardiff in July 2012. and was awarded the title of Doctor of Arts of Oxford Brookes University in 2017 in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the pursuit of academic excellence. In 2012, she began studying for a master's degree in Psychology at the University of Westminster, specialising in the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on journalists and reporters and graduated with Distinction in 2014. In 2016, <mask> wrote a critically acclaimed book on dealing with adversity; Rise: Surviving and Thriving after Trauma.In 2018, she began studying for a Doctorate in Counselling Psychology at City, University of London. She completed this training in 2021 after working for the NHS and elsewhere. From 2021 she has also been referred to in the media as 'Dr Sian'. Personal life
In February 1991, <mask> married Neale Hunt, a former director of advertising firm McCann Erickson, with whom she had two sons. Following the couple's divorce, <mask> married Paul Woolwich in 2006 and gave birth to her third son in October 2006, later disclosing in an interview that she received two litres of blood following complications. <mask> gave birth to a daughter in March 2009. <mask> ran the 2001 New York City Marathon and spent several days recovering in hospital from hyponatraemia.After several years not participating in running, she completed the Virgin London Marathon in 2013 and 2018. During filming for the BBC's Coming Home in November 2010, <mask> discovered she was the first member of her family to have been born outside Wales in 350 years of her known family tree. Health
In May 2016, <mask> revealed she had undergone a double mastectomy after being diagnosed with breast cancer. The Channel 5 newsreader told Woman and Home magazine that she was diagnosed in 2014, a week after her 50th birthday. She said she had always thought she was healthy as she "did all the right things - I was a green tea drinker, a salmon eater, a runner". She said her main fear was not seeing her two youngest children grow up. Filmography
City Hospital
BBC Breakfast (2001–2012) – Co-presenter
Watchdog (2010) – Reporter
Crimewatch (2012, 2015) – Stand-in presenter
Your Money Their Tricks (2013) – Co-presenter
The <mask> <mask> Interview – Presenter
Sunday Morning Live (2014–2015) – Presenter
5 News at 5 (2016–present) – Anchor
Save Money: Lose Weight (2017) – Co-presenter
Save Money: Good Health (2017–present) – Co-presenter
Secrets of Your Supermarket Food (2018–present) - Presenter

References

External links
 Official website

<mask> <mask> at BBC News Online

1964 births
5 News presenters and reporters
Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University
Alumni of Oxford Brookes University
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Living people
People from Paddington
People from Southwark
Welsh journalists
Welsh-speaking journalists
Psychotherapists
British psychologists

masks:
Sian Mary Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Sian
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Sian
Williams
Sian
Williams


texts:
<mask> (born ) is an American author, songwriter and record producer who is best known as a historian of U.S. popular music. He is the author of 28 books, most of them related to country music; they include biographies of performers like Eddy Arnold, Roger Miller, Merle Haggard and Gene Autry. He is a special correspondent for Billboard magazine, a book reviewer for  MusicRow magazine, and editor for trade magazines Record World and Cashbox . <mask> was a consultant for Ken Burns' documentary miniseries Country Music. He is a Curb Professor of Music Industry History at Belmont University in Nashville, where his former students include Brad Paisley and Chris Young. He is a frequent contributor of liner notes for prominent recording artists and has contributed various encyclopedia entries, magazine articles, and  book chapters. Early life
<mask> was born in the southern Maryland town of Leonardtown, the county seat of St. Mary's County, and attended Chopticon High School.He said he loved country music since he was a small boy and at age 16 he played country music in a local band. His first job was working for a local weekly newspaper in Maryland called The Enterprise . He attended St. Mary's College and graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1972. He had started there as a business major but changed to journalism. After college, he moved to Nashville with hopes of being a songwriter but became frustrated by his lack of success in the first couple of years. In a 1974 newspaper interview, <mask> recounted the difficulties was having at the time, saying "My plans haven't worked out like I thought they would, but at least I've got a foot in the industry and who knows what could happen". His "foot in the industry" was a reference to his landing a job in public relations in 1973 at the Country Music Association.Ironically, one of his duties there was returning tapes and lyrics of songs submitted by hopeful songwriters. Career

As a staff writer at the Country Music Association in 1973, he became immersed in Nashville's music scene. He eventually became country and gospel editor for two trade magazines, Record World and later Cashbox. <mask> said, "The trade magazines were really important at that time as a connection to the gatekeepers...you come in off the street knowing nobody and, when you're with a trade magazine, you're talking to the heads of [record] labels the next day...that's how I learned the music industry, really". He became a book reviewer for  MusicRow Magazine and a special correspondent for Billboard. In 1977 he became head of artist development and international liaison for Monument Records and partnered with Dan Beck as an artist manager for Riders In The Sky and Dickie Lee. By the early 1980s he felt himself drying up as a writer and enrolled in graduate courses at Middle Tennessee State University obtaining a Master's degree (1982) and a Doctor of Arts degree (1988).He accepted a faculty position at Middle Tennessee State University's Recording Industry Management Program in 1982 and in 1987 hosted a television show called "The Music Biz " as a part of the university's curriculum. His first book (1988) was a biography of Sandi Patty, a Christian music artist. <mask> subsequently wrote biographies of country artists Eddy Arnold, Roger Miller, Elvis Presley, Gene Autry, Riders in the Sky, Randy Travis and Reba McEntire. His 2008 book, Discovering Country Music , is a history of the genre as well as an overview of the industry. He wrote biographical essays and edited books of the lyrics of Hank Williams, Merle Haggard, Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson. <mask> wrote The Beatles and Country Music, Baseball and Country Music, and Winston Churchill's Love of Music in addition to America and the American Recording Business, an overview of the recording industry. His book, Saved by Song: A History of Gospel and Christian Music (2012), was one of the first historical overviews of contemporary Christian music.In addition to his works about music, Cusic wrote  biographies of two African-Americans, James Weldon Johnson: Songwriter and The Trials of Henry Flipper, First Black Graduate of West Point. He has written two novels, Sharecropper's Son and a historical novel Dressed in Grey & Blue. Cusic wrote liner notes on albums by Dolly Parton, Willie Nelson, George Jones, Ray Stevens, Bobby Bare,  Eddy Arnold, The Oak Ridge Boys,  Sonny James, Gary Paxton, George Beverly Shea, Sheb Wooley, Floyd Cramer, Skeeter Davis,  Roy Drusky and others. He has also written liner notes for Sun Records 60th Anniversary Box Set ; Word Gold: Five Decades of Hits ; and Lift Every Voice: A Historical Collection of James Weldon Johnson Songs. Cusic's songs have been recorded by Bobby Bare, Jeannie Seely, Chris LeDoux, Ray Stevens, Jim Ed Brown and others. He produced the Bobby Bare Album, Darker Than Light  and a collection of James Weldon Johnson songs performed by Melinda Doolittle. In his career as a record Producer Cusic produced albums by Jim Ed Brown and Jeannie Seely and recordings by Peter Noone and Mandy Barnett.In 1994, he accepted a position as Professor of Music Business at Belmont University in Nashville. Two of his former students there were Chris Young and Brad Paisley. In 2006 he received a Curb Professorship endowed by the Mike Curb Foundation. <mask> was a consultant on Ken Burns' documentary miniseries Country Music. In this role, <mask> and other country music scholars, working over several days, sat with Burns and viewed the preliminary footage critiquing what should be included and verifying the material. <mask> appeared a number of times on CMT programs, including the "Controversy" series, "Greatest Patriotic Songs," "Waiting in the Wings: African-Americans in Country Music " and others; he appeared on a number of TNN shows, including "Life and Times of Eddy Arnold" and the A&E Biography Series (on Hank Williams). He also appeared on the BBC series "Lost Highway: The History of Country Music" and “White Gospel.”  He has appeared in three films, Country Gold, Wish Me Away, the story of Chely Wright and Country: Portrait of a Music.<mask>, along with Shannon Pollard and Cheetah Chrome is the founder of Plowboy Records, which began in 2012 as a heritage label as well as contemporary rock. <mask> served as the label's director of special projects. <mask> is the founder of the Belmont Book Award, given annually for the best book on country music. It is presented during the International Country Music Conference which has been held at Belmont University since 1998. Previous recipients include Robert Helman (2014) for Johnny Cash: The Life ; and Peter Guarlnick (2016) for Sam Phillips: The Man Who Invented Rock 'n' Roll. <mask> is co-host of the conference and  is editor of the International Country Music Journal. As of 2018, his latest book is Nashville Sound: An Illustrated Timeline.It is an extensively illustrated work that follows the development of the music industry in Nashville from the nineteenth century until modern times. Writings

Books
2018: Nashville Sound: An Illustrated Timeline  Reedy Press
2018: America and the American Record Business  Brackish Publishing
2018:  Winston Churchill's Love of Music Brackish Publishing
2017:  Living the Business by Mike Curb with <mask>, Brackish Publishing
2016: Hank Williams: The Singer and The Songs  Brackish Publishing
2016: Buried Roots of Early Days: Bluegrass and Old Time Country Music (editor). Brackish Publishing
2014: Ray Stevens Nashville (editor)
2013: James Weldon Johnson: Songwriter. Brackish Publishing. 2012: Roger Miller: Dang Him. Brackish Publishing. 2012: Elvis and Nashville.Brackish Publishing. 2012: Saved by Song: A History of Gospel and Christian Music. University Press of Mississippi
2012: Dress in Grey & Blue: Walter Duncan's Memoirs and History of Nashville During the Civil War. Brackish Publishing. 2011: Sharecropper's Son (Novel). Brackish Publishing. 2011: The Cowboy in Country Music: An historical Survey with Artist Profiles.Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 2010: Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship (Editor). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. 2009: The Trials of Henry Flipper. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 2008: Discovering Country Music. New York: Praeger.2007: Gene Autry: his life and career. Jefferson, North Carolina:  McFarland & Company
2004: Johnny Cash: the Songs. New York: Thunder's Mouth, a division of Avalon. 2003: Baseball and Country Music. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 2003: It's the Cowboy Way: the amazing true adventures of Riders in the Sky. Lexington, KY:  University Press of Kentucky.2002: Merle Haggard: Poet of the Common Man. New York: Hal Leonard. 2002: The Sound of Light: a history of Gospel and Christian music. New York: Hal Leonard. 1997: Eddy Arnold: I'll Hold You in My Heart. Nashville, Tennessee: Rutledge Hill. 1996: Music in the Market.Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. 1995: Willie Nelson: Lyrics 1957-1994. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1994: Cowboys and the Wild West: an A-Z guide from the Chisholm Trail to the Silver Screen. New York: Facts on File. 1993: Hank Williams: the Complete Lyrics. New York: St. Martin's Press.1991: The Poet as Performer. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. 1991: Reba: Country Music's Queen. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1990: Randy Travis: the King of the New Country Traditionalists. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1988: Sandi Patti: the Voice of Gospel.New York: Doubleday. Book Chapters
2019: "Rubes, rednecks, and Novelty Songs: The Comedic Tradition in Country Music." In The Routledge Companion to Popular Music and Humor ed by Thomas Kitts and Nick Baxter-Moore, Routledge Press
2008: "Cowboys in Chicago". In: Chad Berry (ed.) The Hayloft Gang: the story of the National Barn Dance. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 2007: "Music".In: Gary Hoppenstand, gen. ed. ; Michael Schoenecke, vol. ed. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Popular Culture', Westport, CT: Greenwood; (p. 25). 2007: "Johnny Cash and C. S. Lewis". In: Bob Batchelor (ed.)Literary Cash, Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books; (pp. 179–187). 2006: "Loretta Lynn". In: Dennis and Susan Hall (eds.) Icons. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2006: "Johnny Cash".In: Dennis and Susan Hall (eds.) Icons. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 2005: "Gene Autry in World War II". In Charles Wolfe and James Akenson (Ed.) Country Goes to War. Lexington, KY:  University Press of Kentucky.2002: "The Development of Gospel Music". In: Allan Moore (ed.) Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1999: "Baseball and Country Music". In: Peter M. Rutkoff and Alvin Hall (eds.) The Cooperstown Symposium: 1999.Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 1998: "Country Green: the money in Country Music". In: Cecelia Tichi (ed.) Reading Country Music: steel guitars, Opry stars, and honky tonk bars. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. Selected Articles

2015: "Richard Weize and Bear Family Records: A History." International Country Music Journal.2016: "Country Music and Progressive Politics: Singing Cowboys, FDR and the New Deal." International Country Musical Journal. 2016: "A Brief History of Music Row." International Country Music Journal. 2017: "Kris Kristofferson: Soldier of Song." International Country Music Journal. 2017: "<mask> and Country Music.International Country Music Journal. 2019: "Chicago Country: Country Music in Chicago 1924-1971." International Country Music Journal. Encyclopedia entries
2006: The American Gospel Music Encyclopedia. ed. William K. McNeil. Routledge Press.2004: Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, ed. David J. Wishart, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
2003: Encyclopedia of Protestantism; ed. Hans J. Hillerbrand. New York: Routledge. 2001: Guide to United States Popular Culture; ed. Ray B. Browne and Pat Browne. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.1998: The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History & Culture; a project of the Tennessee Historical Society, ed. Carroll Van West. Nashville, Tenn.: Tennessee Historical Society; Rutledge Hill Press. 1998: Encyclopedia of Country Music; ed. Paul Kingsbury. New York: Oxford University Press. References

External links
Official Website
Michigan State University profile
Credits at Allmusic.com
Selections at MusicRow.com
<mask> Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2018)

Living people
American country singer-songwriters
Music historians
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Don Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Cusic
Don Cusic
Donald Trump
Don Cusic