texts:
<mask> (14 November 1856 – 1 February 1940) was a Norwegian-born South African shipowner and timber merchant who played a leading role in the public affairs of the South African town of Knysna. He was actively involved in the timber and shipbuilding industry of the region, and acquired Paarden Island in the Knysna Lagoon, on which he built a sawmill and shipyard. The island was later renamed Thesen Island, after him and his family. Biography

<mask> was born in Stavanger, the fifth son of <mask> (26 October 1816 – 24 June 1875), a wealthy and respected man in the town. The German-Danish War of 1864–67 caused a downturn in trade and shipping, and in 1868 caused the collapse of several companies in Stavanger, among which was A.L. Thesen & Co.

Arndt, together with his wife, Anne Cathrine Margreta Brandt, seven sons, two daughters, his brother <mask> (26 October 1813 – 18 June 1884), and his son, Hans Adolf (17 October 1843 – 5 March 1909), and a crew of seven, left Norway for New Zealand on 14 August 1869 in his 117-ton schooner, Albatros. The ship was loaded with timber to be sold on their arrival.They reached Cape Town on 16 November 1869 and after a week's stay for repairs and provisioning, the voyage to New Zealand was resumed. Storms at Cape Agulhas forced them to put about and return to Table Bay. In Cape Town, the Swedish-Norwegian consul, Carl Gustaf Åkerberg, told the Thesens about the shortage of cargo ships plying the South African coast. The plan to sail to New Zealand was at first postponed and later set aside. After several coastal cargo voyages, the Thesen family settled in Knysna. They started with shipping timber, a business they knew well from Norway, but soon ventured into saw-milling and acquiring forested land. From February 1872 <mask> worked as a clerk for William Anderson & Co in Port Elizabeth, but on his father's death in 1875, he joined and managed the family firm, adding new vessels to their fleet, buying more land and trying oyster farming.They also diversified into hardware stores, supermarkets, whaling, gold prospecting and mining, railway construction and road transport. Thesen did not forget his Norwegian roots and commissioned his freight ships such as "Outeniqua" in 1915 from "Porsgrund Mekaniske Værksted" in Porsgrund. He married Eliza Bessie Georgiana Harison (5 March 1863 – 6 August 1901), daughter of the first conservator of forests, Christopher Harison, an opportune joining of the two families. They produced ten children, 5 sons and 3 daughters surviving. After Bessie's death of pregnancy complications in 1901, he married Lucia Johanna <mask> (1875–1963), the daughter of his cousin Hans Adolf, and she bore one son and two daughters. <mask> was active in local politics, serving on the divisional and municipal councils, filling the offices of mayor, chairman of the Chamber of Commerce and a member of the Cape Provincial Council. In 1904 he bought Paarden Island, part of the Melkhoutkraal Estate of George Rex.Here the Thesens processed cut timber from 1922 and the island later became known as Thesen Island. <mask> died in Knysna, aged 83. One of <mask>' sisters, Blanka Thesen, married Francis William Reitz, president of the Orange Free State. <mask>'s other brothers were Hjalmar (14 February 1846 – 1923), Rolf (9 August 1850 – 18 October 1883), Ragnvald (9 August 1850 – 8 July 1936) and Nils (24 April 1853 – 23 November 1929). Vessels owned by the Thesen family

The vessel Albatros traded along the Southern African coast, sailing to Mauritius on one occasion, taking two months and ten days for the round trip. In March 1874, en route from Knysna to Cape Town and under captain Knud Thomasen, she struck a reef off Cape Agulhas and went down. The passengers and crew were stranded for three days on Dyer Island before being rescued by local fishermen and then travelling by wagon to Caledon.The Thesens' next vessel was the 191-ton brig Ambulant which, in 1883, was the first ship to take on cargo at the new Government Wharf off Thesen's Island, the cargo consisting of 3 000 railway sleepers to Cape Town. Competition from the Castle and Union Lines forced Thesen's to shut down this route and Ambulant was sold off in 1884. This was followed in 1895 by the 427-ton mail packet Agnar, a steamship nicknamed 'Agony' by the local school children she regularly carried to boarding schools in Cape Town. She stayed in service for some 40 years, as troop carrier for the British colonial government in the Boer War (1899–1902) and for the German government in the Herero Wars in German South-West Africa (1904–1907). She was taken over by a business in Madagascar in 1934 and was lost in a cyclone off Mauritius in 1938. The 706-ton Ingerid was taken into service in 1901 and the 600-ton Karatara in 1913. The 1019-ton Outeniqua joined the fleet in 1915, the 139-ton Clara converted from a sand barge and suction dredger and the 216-ton Nautilus in 1917.The Outeniqua was the company's flagship, could accommodate fifty passengers and remained in service until 1945. In 1916 the Thesen Line became the Thesen's Steamship Company, but the coastal shipping trade was languishing. Vessels which had been conscripted during World War I were free to ply commercial routes after the War, leading to keen competition. Improvements in the road and rail infrastructure, particularly the opening of the George-Knysna railway line in 1928, led to cheaper tariffs for travel by land. The Thesen family sold off four of its eight vessels, and in 1921 the entire company with the remaining Agnar, Ingerid, Outeniqua and Clara. The buyer was the English-based Houston Line, which continued to use Thesen's red swallowtail with white star. References

Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa

1856 births
1940 deaths
People from Stavanger
People from Knysna
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Norwegian emigrants to South Africa
South African businesspeople
Mayors of places in South Africa
Businesspeople in timber

masks:
Charles Wilhelm Thesen
Charles
Arndt Leonard Thesen
Mathias Theodore Thesen
Charles
Christine Thesen
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


type: original

texts:
Sir <mask>,  (12 January 1860 – 23 June 1946) was a British military historian. His reconstructions of medieval battles from the fragmentary and distorted accounts left by chroniclers were pioneering. Occasionally his interpretations have been challenged, especially his widely copied thesis that British troops defeated their Napoleonic opponents by firepower alone. Paddy Griffith, among modern historians, claims that the British infantry's discipline and willingness to attack were equally important. Early life
Oman was born in Muzaffarpur district, India, the son of a British planter, and was educated at Winchester College and at the University of Oxford, where he studied under William Stubbs. Here, he was invited to become a founding member of the Stubbs Society, which was under the patronage of Oman's don. Career
In 1881 he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at All Souls College, where he remained for the rest of his academic career.He was elected the Chichele Professor of Modern History at Oxford in 1905, in succession to Montagu Burrows. He was also elected to the FBA that year, and served as President of the Royal Historical Society (1917–1921), the Numismatic Society and the Royal Archaeological Institute. Among his teaching activities at Oxford, he taught the special subject in military history with C.T. Atkinson of Exeter College that focused on the Peninsular War. Oman's academic career was interrupted by the First World War, during which he was employed by the government's Press Bureau and the Foreign Office. Oman was the Conservative Member of Parliament for the University of Oxford constituency from 1919 to 1935, and was knighted KBE in the 1920 civilian war honours list. Honours
He became an honorary fellow of New College in 1936, and received the honorary degrees of DCL (Oxford, 1926) and LL.D (Edinburgh, 1911 and Cambridge, 1927).He was awarded the Medal of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1928. He died at Oxford aged 86. Children
Two of Oman's children became authors. His daughter Carola <mask> CBE was a writer of history, biography, and fiction for adults and children, including a retelling of the Robin Hood legend and biographies of Admiral Lord Nelson and Lieutenant-General Sir John Moore. His son <mask><mask> wrote several volumes on British silverware and similar houseware, worked as a Keeper of the Department of Metalwork in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and was active in the Folklore Society (and was in turn father to Julia Trevelyan <mask>). Works

1880s
 The Art of War in the Middle Ages (1885)
 "The Anglo-Norman and Angevin Administrative System (1100–1265)", in Essays Introductory to the Study of English Constitutional History (1887)
 A History of Greece From the Earliest Times to the Death of Alexander the Great (1888; 7th ed., 1900; 8th ed., rev., 1905)

1890s
 Warwick the Kingmaker (1891)
 The Story of the Byzantine Empire (1892)
 The Dark Ages 476–918, Period I of Periods of European History (1893; 5th ed. 1905)
 A History of England (1895; 2nd ed.1919)
 A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, Vol. I: A.D. 378–1278 (1898; 2nd ed. 1924)
 A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, Vol. II: A.D. 1278–1485 (1898; 2nd ed. 1924)
 England and the Hundred Years War, 1327–1485 A.D. (1898), No. III of The Oxford Manuals of English History, <mask>, ed. "Alfred as a Warrior", in Alfred The Great, Alfred Bowker, ed.(1899)
 Reign of George VI, 1900-1925. A Forecast Written in the Year 1763 (preface and notes) (1763; republished 1899)

1900s
 England in the Nineteenth Century (1900)
 A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. I: 1807–1809 (1902)
 Seven Roman Statesmen of the Later Roman Republic (1902)
 A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. II: Jan. 1809-Sep. 1809 (1903)
 "The Peninsular War, 1808–14", in The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. IX, Napoleon (1906)
 "The Hundred Days, 1815", in The Cambridge Modern History, Vol. IX, Napoleon (1906)
 "Inaugural lecture on the study of history" (1906), in Oxford Lectures on University Studies, 1906–1921 (1924)
 The Great Revolt of 1381 (1906) (See The Great Revolt of 1381.) The History of England from the Accession of Richard II.to the Death of Richard III. (1377–1485), Vol. IV of The Political History of England (1906), William Hunt & Reginald Poole, ed. A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. III: Sep. 1809 – Dec. 1810 (1908)

1910s
 A History of England Before the Norman Conquest (1910; 8th ed. 1937), Vol. I of A History of England in Seven Volumes (1904–), <mask>, ed.A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. IV: Dec. 1810 – Dec. 1811 (1911)
 Wellington's Army, 1809–1814 (1912)
 A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. V: Oct. 1811 – Aug. 1812 (1914)
 The Outbreak of the War of 1914–18: A Narrative Based Mainly on British Official Documents (1919)

1920s
 A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. VI: Sep. 1812 – Aug. 1813 (1922)
 The Unfortunate Colonel Despard & Other Studies (1922)
 Castles (1926)
 "The Duke of Wellington", in Political Principles of Some Notable Prime Ministers of the Nineteenth Century, Fossey John Cobb Hearnshaw, ed. (1926)
 Studies in the Napoleonic Wars (1929)

1930s
 A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. VII: Aug. 1813 – Apr. 1814 (1930)
 The Coinage of England (1931)
 Things I Have Seen (1933)
 "The Necessity for the Reformation" (1933) (public lecture)
 A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century (1937)
 The Sixteenth century (1937)
 On the Writing of History (1939)

1940s
 Memories of Victorian Oxford and of Some Early Years (1941)
 The Lyons Mail (1945)

References

External links

1860 births
1946 deaths
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British military historians
Historians of the Napoleonic Wars
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Fellows of New College, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Presidents of the Royal Numismatic Society
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the University of Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
Presidents of the Royal Historical Society
Chichele Professors of Modern History
People from Muzaffarpur district

masks:
Charles William Chadwick Oman
Oman
Charles C
. Oman
Oman
Charles Oman
Charles Oman


texts:
<mask> ((); born 2 December 1984) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays for Brazilian club Santos FC and the Uruguay national team. Mainly an attacking midfielder, he can also play as a right winger. <mask> is often nicknamed as "Pato" ("Duck") in his native country Uruguay. Early life
Born in Montevideo, <mask> was abandoned by his father at the age of eight, and lived with his mother and four brothers in his uncle's house; around that time, he also adopted his shaved hairstyle, after "not standing his loaded hair". With his mother working as a domestic employee and his uncle as a bricklayer, <mask> worked part-time on a bakery to help on providing food to the family. Club career

Liverpool Montevideo
<mask> began his career with lowly side Nueva Juventud Baby Fútbol, and had failed trials at Montevideo Wanderers, Fénix, Cerro and River Plate until joining Liverpool's youth setup after a recommendation from <mask>, and old coach of his at Salus FC. He was promoted to the main squad in 2003 by manager Julio Ribas, only six months after arriving at the club.While at Liverpool, <mask> played regularly for the club in the Uruguayan Primera División, and also overcame a serious injury which kept him sidelined for nearly two years. Godoy Cruz
On 31 December 2009, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Argentine Primera División side Godoy Cruz. He made his debut for the club the following 13 February, coming on as a second-half substitute for Leandro Torres in a 0–0 away draw against Huracán. <mask> scored his first goal for Godoy Cruz on 3 March 2010, netting the winner in a 2–1 home defeat of Lanús. He became an undisputed starter for the side during the 2010–11 season, contributing with four goals in 33 appearances. River Plate

On 20 July 2011, <mask> and Godoy Cruz teammate Martín Aguirre joined River Plate for a fee of US$ 2.9 million. River retained 50% of his federative rights.He made his debut for the club on 17 August by playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 Primera B Nacional home win against Chacarita Juniors, and scored his first goal three days later by netting the last in a 3–1 away defeat of Independiente Rivadavia. Bought outright in 2012, <mask> was an undisputed starter for the Millonarios in the following campaigns, and scored a brace in a 5–0 home routing of former side Godoy Cruz on 7 October 2012. On 9 August 2013, he was loaned to Liga MX side Puebla, mainly to free up a foreign player registration. <mask> returned to River in June 2014, and renewed his contract until December 2016 on 9 July. He scored a double in a 3–0 home success over Defensa y Justicia on 28 August, and finished the year as champions of the Copa Sudamericana. During the 2015 campaign, he was a regular starter in the Copa Libertadores winning run, scoring in the second leg of the Final against Tigres UANL (3–0 aggregate win). <mask> also scored one goal in the 2015 Suruga Bank Championship, netting the opener in a 3–0 win against Gamba Osaka.On 31 December 2015, he was named the South American Footballer of the Year, beating <mask> and Miller Bolaños and becoming the first Uruguayan to win the award after Enzo Francescoli in 1995. Monterrey
On 14 November 2015, Monterrey announced that they had reached an agreement River for the transfer of <mask>. He was presented on 22 December, signing a three-year contract with the club. Santos

On 23 July 2018, Brazilian Série A side Santos FC announced the signing of <mask> on a three-year deal. He made his debut on 4 August, starting in a 0–0 away draw against Botafogo. <mask> made his Libertadores debut for Peixe on 21 August 2018, starting in a 0–0 away draw against Independiente. He was, however, suspended for assaulting a ball boy during a Sudamericana match for River back in 2015, and Santos was given a 3–0 defeat; he was still declared free to play the second leg at the Pacaembu Stadium, which also ended in a 0–0 draw.<mask> was subsequently a regular starter for the club, but suffered a knee injury which kept him out for the remainder of the 2020 season in October. On 7 June 2021, he renewed his contract until July 2023. On 28 July 2021, <mask> scored a stoppage-time goal in a 4–0 Copa do Brasil home win over Juazeirense through a penalty kick, and took his tally at the club to 27 goals, becoming the foreigner who scored more goals for Santos, surpassing Jonathan Copete. International career
On 13 November 2014, <mask> made his debut for the Uruguay football team at the age of 29 against Costa Rica, starting in a 3–3 draw. <mask> was included in Uruguay's squad for the 2015 Copa América by coach Óscar Tabárez. He was also named among the 23-men for the Copa América Centenario. <mask> scored his first goal for the Celestes on 28 March 2017, netting the opener in a 2–1 loss against Peru.In May of the following year, he was named in Uruguay's provisional 26-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, being also included in the final list on 2 June. Personal life
<mask>'s half-brother Nicolás De La Cruz is also a footballer. He too was groomed at Liverpool, and represents River Plate. <mask> obtained Argentine citizenship in December 2014. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Uruguay's goal tally first. Honours

Club
River Plate
Primera B Nacional: 2011–12
Copa Libertadores: 2015
Copa Sudamericana: 2014
Recopa Sudamericana: 2015
Suruga Bank Championship: 2015

Monterrey
Copa MX: Apertura 2017

International
Uruguay
China Cup: 2018

Individual
South American Footballer of the Year: 2015
Copa Libertadores Best XI: 2015
Recopa Sudamericana Top Scorer: 2015
Copa MX Top Scorer: Apertura 2017

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Montevideo
Uruguayan footballers
Association football midfielders
Association football wingers
Liverpool F.C. (Montevideo) players
Godoy Cruz footballers
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Club Puebla players
C.F.Monterrey players
Santos FC players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Liga MX players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Uruguay international footballers
2015 Copa América players
Copa América Centenario players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Naturalized citizens of Argentina
Uruguayan expatriate footballers
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Expatriate footballers in Argentina
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Expatriate footballers in Brazil

masks:
Carlos Andrés Sánchez Arcosa
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Carlos Iglesias
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Carlos Tevez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez


texts:
<mask>'Rahilly (; 11 November 1883 – 16 November 1953) was an Irish scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly in the fields of historical linguistics and Irish dialects. He was a member of the Royal Irish Academy and died in Dublin in 1953. He is the creator of O'Rahilly's historical model, which has a mixed legacy. Early years and education
He was born in Listowel, County Kerry, Ireland to <mask> of Ballylongford, Co. Kerry and Julia Mary Rahilly (née Curry) of Glin, Co. Limerick. He was the seventh of his parents fifteen children. His younger sister was the scholar Cecile O'Rahilly.He received his secondary education at  St. Michael's College, Listowel, and later at Blackrock College in Dublin at the same time as future Irish politician Éamon de Valera. He took an interest in Irish and Celtic languages early in his life, buying Irish language newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis with his pocket money while still a school boy. De Valera commented on this unusual sight:If O'Rahilly had been reading Greek I would not have been too surprised; I could attempt that myself. But to be reading Gaelic from a newspaper - that was something extraordinary indeed in those days.He was educated at the Royal University of Ireland, and received his B.A. in Irish and Classics in 1905. He spent a year teaching Irish at University College Dublin, before taking up a permanent position as a clerk in the Four Courts in 1906, where he stayed until 1919. On 17 October 1918 he married Mary Buckley in Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork.They had no children. Academic career
O'Rahilly worked full-time in the Irish civil service as a clerk in the Four Courts. He founded and edited journal Gadelica: a Journal of Modern Irish Studies which "sought to pursue and promote investigation into the area of Celtic studies, including philology". The journal was short-lived due to a shortage of subscriptions and four issues were published between 1912-1913. He completed his MA thesis The Accentuation of Gaelic in 1916. Fellow Celtic languages scholar and lecturer of Trinity College, Dublin Eleanor Knott described his work during this period:His unsurpassed knowledge of modern Irish dialects and manuscript literature was acquired in his early manhood when as a civil servant his chosen studies had perforce to be relegated to evenings, weekends and vacations. Unceasing application during this period together with recurrent attacks of influenza brought about a definite decline in his health and this should be taken into account in considering a characteristic asperity in criticising the work of other scholars.In 1919 he entered academic life in a full-time capacity upon taking up his first professorship in Irish at Trinity College, Dublin (1919-1929).He was appointed research professor in Celtic languages in 1929 at University College Cork and stayed in this position until 1935. He returned to academic life in Dublin as professor of Celtic languages at University College Dublin (1935-1941). He was director of the School of Celtic Studies at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies from 1942 to 1947. He received an honorary degree in D.Litt.Celt. from the National University of Ireland in 1928 and D.Litt. from Trinity College, Dublin in 1948. O'Rahilly edited Celtica, a journal of the School of Celtic Studies at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, between 1946 and 1950.Other publications by O'Rahilly include a series of anthologies of Irish language poetry publish in the 1920s. Later years
O'Rahilly retired from academia in 1948. He suffered from poor health for many years and died suddenly on 16 November 1953 at his home. He was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. His wife believed that his death was due to overwork and burned many of his remaining papers at their home. Some of his surviving papers are held by School of Celtic Studies at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. His collection of books, correspondence, and Irish manuscripts, including an annotated draft of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland, were bequeathed to the Queen's University of Belfast.Controversies
O'Rahilly was known for his sometimes controversial theories of Irish history. In his book Early Irish History and Mythology, first published in 1946, O'Rahilly developed an influential model of Irish prehistory based on critical reading of early Irish literary sources, involving four waves of Celtic-speaking invaders. Although O'Rahilly's model was highly influential, it has been challenged in the following decades by Celtic scholars such as Kenneth H. Jackson and John T. Koch. In 1942 his lecture where he proposed that there were two Saint Patricks, was published. Irish author James Plunkett described the controversy caused by O'Rahilly's theory:I can still recall the great scandal of 1942, when a book called The Two Patricks was published by a learned Irish Professor who advanced the theory that there was one Patrick (Palladius Patrick) whose mission lasted from 432-461, and another who arrived in 462 and died about 490. The suggestion caused a national unheaval. If the careers of the two Patricks, through scholarly bungling, had become inextricably entangled, who did what?And worse still - which of them was the patron saint? If you addressed a prayer to one, might it not be delivered by mistake to the other? There was a feeling abroad that any concession to the two Patricks theory would lead unfailingly to a theory of no Patrick at all.His views on language contact and bilingualism were equally controversial. In Irish Dialects Past and Present (1932) he wrote the following about the Manx language:From the beginning of its career as a written language English influence played havoc with its syntax, and it could be said without much exaggeration that some of the Manx that has been printed is merely English disguised in a Manx vocabulary. Manx hardly deserved to live. When a language surrenders itself to foreign idiom, and when all its speakers become bilingual, the penalty is death.This view has more recently been challenged by Nicholas Williams, who suggests that Manx is Gaelic pidginized by early contact with Norse, long before there was any English spoken on the Isle of Man. Family
His sister Cecile O'Rahilly was also a Celtic scholar, and published editions of both recensions of the Táin Bó Cúailnge and worked with her brother in the School of Celtic Studies at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Their brother Alfred O'Rahilly, himself a noted academic, was President of University College Cork and Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork City. His first cousin Michael O'Rahilly (better known as <mask>'Rahilly) was a founding member of the Irish Volunteers and died in the Easter Rising.

masks:
Thomas Francis O
Thomas Francis Rahilly
The O


texts:
<mask> (born 1949) is a Malawian medical doctor, writer, poet, researcher, publisher, and music producer. He is a published author and also a publisher of books and music. He was an honorary senior lecturer at the University of Glasgow Department of Primary Care until 2005. Lwanda did his history and social science PhD at the University of Edinburgh's Centre of African Studies. Education
<mask> was educated in Zimbabwe (1956–1958), Malawi (1958–1969) and Scotland at Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian schools and colleges. He spent a politically and musically influential elective year in the US in 1974. Though he had intended to pursue the arts, his father advised him to take up medicine.Graduating in medicine in 1976, he specialised in paediatrics before turning to adult general medicine. Career
He has worked as a Census Enumerator for the Malawi National Census 1966 and as a clerk in the Ministry of Education between  1967 and 1968 under Brian McLaughlin. At the University of Malawi (1969–1970) he was a Senior Laboratory Assistant working under Professors Peter Mwanza and Margaret Kalk. He has studied and worked in Scotland since 1970 and, briefly, Malawi as a government doctor and lecturer at the College of Medicine. He has also worked in various medical fields since. He is currently a general medical practitioner in Lanarkshire and is an honorary senior research fellow in the Institute of Health and Wellbeing, School of Politics and Social Science, Glasgow University. Although his first article was published in Moni magazine in 1965, he only began working regularly as a Freelance writer and journalist from 1981.He, by default, became a Music and Book Researcher and Publisher in 1988. Between 1991 and 1994 he was involved in the activism that led to a multiparty dispensation in Malawi  Lwanda describes music as his first love

Publishing career

Pamtondo
Pamtondo was set up in 1988 by <mask> and George Claver with the aim of recording and disseminating Malawi music. It recorded and issued a number of releases of Malawi music, including recordings by Kasambwe, Alan Namoko and Chimvu, Saleta Phiri and AB Sounds, CheChamba, Kamwendo Brothers Band, as well as co-operating on some compilations. Pamvision
Since 1994 Pamvision has been making Malawian music video recordings and films. The first recording was of Chief Chipoka Band (1994). Over twenty five different acts, ranging from gospel through popular music to traditional, have been video recorded, mostly for academic research. These include the Malawi National Dance Troupe, the Mount Sinai Choir (contemporary urban gospel), Sambangoma Dance Troupe (urban traditional dance and music troupe), Bondo Village Nyau Group (Chewa traditional dance and music), Kwandege Cultural Troupe, Chileka (traditional village ensemble), and the Mchinji Ingoma Troupe (Ngoni traditional dance and music).Dudu Nsomba Publications
Established in 1993, Dudu Nsomba Publications publishes books on Malawi and Africa. Dudu Nsomba supports the Copyright Society of Malawi. The first book was Kamuzu Banda of Malawi (1993). Books Edited and Published by Dudu Nsomba
Cry of the Fish Eagle by Wilfred Plumbe, 1997. Living my destiny by Austin C Mkandawire, 1997. Living dangerously by Patrick O'Malley, 1998
Yoranivyoto by Felix Mnthali, 1998  . Suffering in Silence by Emily Mkamanga, 2000.The state and the labour movement in Malawi by Almiton Zeleza Manda, 2000
Old Watering Holes: Mayo to Serabu by Hilary Lyons, 2001. Malawian choral compositions by Mjura Mkandawire, 2011. The trial of Jack Mapanje: a play by Steven Ndhlovu, 2009. Mistaken identity by Richard Duwa, 2009. Yuraia Chatonda Chirwa: the faithful servant by Austin Mkandawire

Published works

Books
Kamuzu Banda of Malawi: Promise, Power and Legacy (Kachere Publishing)-2010
The Rhino's Lament (Poetry, Dudu Nsomba) -2008. Music, Culture and Orature: Reading the Malawi public sphere, 1949–2006. (Kachere Publishing)- 2008.Colour, class and culture: A preliminary communication into the creation of doctors in Malawi, 2008. Dudu Nsomba
Politics, Culture and Medicine in Malawi (Kachere)-2005. Promises, Power Politics and Poverty: Democratic Transition in Malawi, 1961-1999 (Dudu Nsomba)- 1996. The second harvest (Novel, Dudu Nsomba)- 1994. Black thoughts from the Diaspora (Poetry, Dudu Nsomba)- 1994. Malawi: the state we are in? Montfort Media  This is a book that addresses the current state of politics in Malawi in 2019.Book Chapters
2019. Afroma, Mbumba, Kwasa kwasa, Ingoma, Malipenga, Gule wamkulu, Reggae, Jazz Band in Malawi. In Bloomsbury Encyclopaedia of Sub-Saharan Africa. "Music and Social Protest (Malawi)", In J. H. Downing (Editor) Encyclopaedia of Social Movement Media. Sage, 2010
 "The informal and traditional: education for brain drain in Malawi’"In M. Beveridge, K. King, R. Palmer and R. Wedgewood (Eds) Reintegrating Education, skills and work in Africa: towards informal or knowledge economics? : Centre of African Studies, 2005. "Changes in the Malawi Political landscape between 1994 and 2004: Nkhope ya Agalatia" in Ott, Immink and Bhatupe The power of the vote: Malawi's 2004 parliamentary and presidential Elections, Zomba: Kachere, 2004."Historical ruptures and continuities in the HIV/Aids story" In Kalipeni, E; Craddock, S.; Oppong, J. and Ghosh, J. eds. HIV/AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2004. "Tikutha: the political culture of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Malawi".2002 In Englund, H (Ed) Democracy of Chameleons. Zomba: Kachere. African Issues: The African "Brain Drain" to the North: Pitfalls and Possibilities, Vol. 30, No.1, 2002 (Published by: African Studies Association)
 "Malawi: Sounds Afroma". In World Music: the Rough Guide, London: Penguin, p 210 – 218, 2006. 2015 ‘Poverty, prophets and politics: ‘Marxist’ discourses in Malawi music, 1994 – 2012’. In Abiodun Salawu and Monica Chibita (eds). A Book of Readings: Indigenous language media, language politics and democracy in Africa. Basingstoke: Macmillan Palgrave. 2012.‘Memory and Music: memorializing the Malawi Martyrs’ In KM Phiri, J McCracken and WO Mulwafu (eds) Malawi in Crisis: the 1959/60 Nyasaland State of Emergency and its Legacy. Zomba: Kachere, Chapter 17. 2011. ‘Edzi ndi dolo: singing aids in Malawi 1980 – 2008’ In Gregory Barz and Judah M. Cohen, (eds) The Culture of AIDS in Africa: Hope and Healing Through Music and the Arts New York: Oxford University Press, chapter 31. 2011. ‘Music and Social Protest in Malawi’ In D. H. Downey (ed) Encyclopedia of Social Movement media London: Sage Publications, pages 347 - 351. 2004: Changes in the Malawi Political landscape between 1994 and 2004’: Nkhope ya Agalatia in ‘The power of the vote: Malawi’s 2004 parliamentary and presidential Elections, Zomba: Kachere, pages 49 -86.2004. ‘Historical ruptures and continuities in the HIV/Aids story’. In Kalipeni, E.; Craddock, S.; Oppong, J. and Ghosh, J. eds. HIV/AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pages 29 – 42. Journal Articles
"The [in]visibility of HIV/AIDS in the Malawi public sphere" at
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/ajar/2003/00000002/00000002/art00005
2006 "Kwacha: the violence of money in Malawi’s politics 1954–2004" at https://www.jstor.org/pss/25065121
2006 Mother's songs: male appropriation of women's music in Malawi and Southern Africa at https://www.jstor.org/pss/3559465
2008 Music advocacy, the media and the Malawi political public sphere, 1958–2007 in http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/doi/abs/10.1386/jams.1.1.135_1
Lwanda, J. and Chanika, E. 2017.’Democracy, Donors & Dependency: The Rises and Falls of Non-Governmental & Civil Society Organisations’ Agency in Malawi opposition Politics, 1992 – 2017. Society of Malawi Journal, 70 (1): 19 -54.2014. ‘Chattering classes: radio, rhythm and resistance in ‘multi-party’ Malawi, 1994 – 2012’. Society of Malawi Journal, 67 (2): 19 – 33
2014. ‘Diaspora, Domicile & Debate: a preliminary Artistic & Cultural Research for a Malawi identity from Pre-colonial times to 2014. Society of Malawi Journal, 67, (1): 16 – 45. Lizi, E., Lwanda, J. and Matiti, H. 2013. ‘Modern medical myth: “More doctors in Manchester than in Malawi”: A preliminary communication’ Malawi Medical Journal, Mar; 25 (1): 20–1.<mask>, J. and Kanjo, C. 2013. ‘Computers, culture and music: the history of the recording industry in Malawi ’, Society of Malawi Journal, 66 (1): 23 – 42
Chanika, E., Lwanda, J. and Muula, A. 2013. ‘Gender, Gays and Gain: the sexualised politics of donor aid in Malawi’. Africa Spectrum, 48, (1): 89 – 105). 2010 ‘The Public Health Relevance of Contagious Rhythm: Infectious Diseases of 20th Century Musicians: a commentary’, Clinical Medicine & Research, July 1, 8 (2): 82-83
2008. ‘The history of popular music in Malawi 1891 - 2007: a preliminary communication’.Society of Malawi Journal, 2008, 61 (1): 26 – 40. 2008. ‘Poets, culture and orature: A reappraisal of the Malawi political public sphere, 1953-2006’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 26 (1): 71 – 101. 2007. ‘Scotland, Malawi and Medicine: Livingstone’s Legacy, I Presume? An Historical Perspective’ Scottish Medical Journal 2007, 52 (3), 36 – 44. Clendennen, G and Lwanda J.2003. ‘David Livingstone and Africa’s first cases of Sickle Cell Anaemia’ in The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (History supplement), Volume 33, 2003 Supplement number 12. 2002: Paper Tigers: the rise and fall of the independent media in Malawi, 1961 – 2001, Society of Malawi Journal, 2002, 55, 1: 1 – 23. Family
Lwanda, who sometimes describes himself as a subsistence farmer, has three grand children: Evelyn Onani, Muliko, and Tazilwa. References

Malawian general practitioners
Malawian academics
Malawian historians
Malawian educators
Living people
1948 births
Malawian poets
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century Malawian writers
21st-century Malawian writers
Academics of the University of Glasgow

masks:
John Lloyd Chipembere Lwanda
Lwanda
John Lwanda
Lwanda


texts:
<mask>, known as <mask> or simply <mask> (31 May 1890 – 27 September 1967), was an abstract artist in the early 20th century and co-founder and first director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. She was a key figure in advising Solomon R. Guggenheim to collect non-objective art, a collection that would later form the basis of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum collection. She was also influential in selecting Frank Lloyd Wright to design the current Guggenheim museum, which is now known as a modernist icon in New York City. Early life and education
<mask> was born into a German aristocratic family in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, then part of the German Empire. She was the second child of Baron <mask>, an officer in the Prussian army, and his wife, <mask>. She showed an early aptitude for art and she studied at the Cologne Kunstgewerbeschule during the academic year 1908/09. She then attended the Académie Julian in Paris from 1909 until 1910, where she received traditional training in landscape, portraiture, genre and history painting.Under the influence of the German Jugendstil painter Fritz Erler, <mask> moved to Munich in 1910 where she lived until 1911. Here, she began to develop her interest in modern art. Invited by Dr. Arnold Fortlage, <mask> participated in her first exhibition at the Cologne Kunstverein in 1912. Fortlage was the author of the foreword to the 1911 Ferdinand Hodler exhibition in Munich, which inspired <mask> greatly to pursue her interest in modern art. In March 1913, <mask> was exhibited alongside Archipenko, Brâncuși, Chagall, Robert Delaunay, Gleizes, Diego Rivera and  at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris. This experience, however, was disheartening for <mask>, who seemed to judge her own work as inadequate. In 1915, <mask> met Hans (Jean) Arp in Zurich.This meeting was extremely influential upon <mask>'s artistic taste, since it was through Arp that she was introduced to the non-objective modern art works of Kandinsky, Klee, Franz Marc, Chagall and Rudolf Bauer. At this time, <mask> was also introduced to Herwarth Walden and the avant-garde Galerie Der Sturm in Berlin. Career in the United States
In January 1927, <mask> immigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. An avid art collector, she became a friend and confidante of Solomon R. Guggenheim, and helped advise his art purchases. In particular, she encouraged him to purchase non-objective art by Rudolf Bauer and Kandinsky. These purchases later founded the basis of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation's Museum of Non-Objective Painting, which opened in 1939 in a showroom located at 24 East 54th Street. The first exhibition, entitled Art of Tomorrow, opened on June 1, 1939.<mask> served as the director of the museum until 1952. The next director was James Johnson Sweeney, who had previously been a curator at the Museum of Modern Art. In June 1943, <mask> wrote to the noted architect Frank Lloyd Wright to commission a "museum-temple" to house the growing collection. While the new museum was being designed, the Museum of Non-Objective Painting moved to a townhouse located at 1071 Fifth Avenue, the intended location of the new building, where <mask> continued to organize exhibitions. When ground was finally broken in 1956, the collection was temporarily moved to a townhouse at 7 East 72nd Street. The new museum opened on October 21, 1959, as the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. <mask> was acknowledged to have excellent taste in modern art.She continued to paint and achieved some recognition for her abstract works. Although she was long a confidante to Solomon Guggenheim, others in the family found her personally difficult, especially his niece Peggy. After Solomon Guggenheim died in 1949, the family expelled her from the board of directors. When the museum was completed, <mask> was not invited for the opening. She never set foot in the museum she helped create. Embittered, <mask> retreated from public life and spent her final years at her estate in Westport, Connecticut. After her death in 1967, she was buried according to her wishes in her family grave in Teningen, Germany.Legacy and honors

<mask> Collection, which includes works by artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Albert Gleizes and Kurt Schwitters. In 2012 a Hilla von Rebay Association was founded in Teningen dedicated to the memory of <mask> and her work. It operates a museum in her parents' house, which they purchased in 1919 and which she donated to Teningen after their deaths, with the request that it be used for a good purpose. 2004, the German documentary filmmaker Sigrid Faltin made the film The Guggenheim and the Baroness: The Story of <mask> <mask> – Eine Deutsche Künstlerin in New York was published. In 2005, nearly forty years after her death, the Guggenheim Museum honored <mask> with a special exhibition dedicated to her role in the foundation and her collection, entitled Art of Tomorrow: <mask> <mask> and Solomon R. Guggenheim (May 20 – August 10, 2005). It opened in New York and traveled to Europe.The Hilla von Rebay Foundation was established in her name at the Guggenheim Museum to promote non-objective art. The Hilla Rebay International Fellowship was founded in 2001 to offer a current graduate student the opportunity to undertake a paid rotating position at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Peggy Guggenheim Museum in Venice. In 2014, <mask> was depicted in Bauer, a play about the life and art of Rudolf Bauer and his relationship with <mask>. The play had its world premiere at San Francisco Playhouse. In 2017, a selection of <mask>'s work was on view at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York as part of the Visionaries: Creating a Modern Guggenheim exhibition. Notes

References

External links

Guggenheim Museum | <mask> <mask> collection
Oral history interview with <mask> <mask>, 1966, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
<mask> <mask>, Memorial website, Teningen

1890 births
1967 deaths
Abstract painters
German baronesses
Modern painters
People from Strasbourg
19th-century German Jews
German women painters
People from Westport, Connecticut
American women painters
Painters from New York (state)
20th-century German painters
People from Alsace-Lorraine
Museum directors
Women museum directors
20th-century American painters
Alumni of the Académie Julian
20th-century American women artists
Painters from Alsace
20th-century German women
German emigrants to the United States

masks: Hildegard Anna Augusta Elisabeth Freiin Rebay von Ehrenwiesen


texts:
Rev<mask> (born 1608, Wiltshire, England – died 22 October 1656, Newbury, Massachusetts Bay Colony) was an English clergyman who emigrated to Massachusetts. He was a founder of Newbury, Massachusetts. Biography
<mask> was the fifth son of the Rev. <mask> of Cholderton, Wiltshire, and his wife Anne, and was born at Cholderton in 1608. He was the cousin, on his mother's side, of Thomas Parker (1595-1677), who had been left to the education of <mask> when his father Robert Parker fled into exile in the Netherlands in 1607. Educated under the guidance of his father, and receiving much instruction from Parker, he entered Brasenose College, Oxford in 1627, but did not proceed to a degree.After studying in Dublin, Oxford and Leyden, Parker returned to teach at Newbury in Berkshire, where he was assistant preacher to William Twisse: Parker summoned <mask> to assist him, and under their guidance <mask> found his vocation. In 1633 <mask> married Sarah, eldest daughter of Joseph Brown of Southampton and his wife Sarah Hibbert, and on March 1634 Parker and <mask>, together with his brother <mask> and nephew John Woodbridge, and their families, emigrated to New England. They sailed aboard the Mary and John of London, accompanied by the Hercules:  the ship was detained in the River Thames where all passengers signed the Oath of Allegiance to the King and the Church before they were allowed to sail from London. During the voyage Parker and <mask> preached or expounded every day, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon, and were "abundant in prayer". Arriving in May 1634, they made landfall at Nantaskut in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Thomas Parker went with around 100 others to the new plantation at Agawam (Ipswich, Massachusetts) where as Teacher he assisted Nathaniel Ward as Pastor. <mask> served at first in Medford, the settlement on the north side of the Mystic River laid out for Matthew Cradock.Parker and his company remained at Agawam through the winter, and in the following spring sought permission from the General Court to settle on the Quascacunquen River (now called the Parker River). This was granted in May 1635, only weeks before the revocation of the (Plymouth Council) Great Charter of New England, and the settlement of Newbury, Massachusetts proceeded. A church (the tenth in the Colony) being gathered, Thomas Parker became their Pastor, and <mask>, though also invited to a ministry at Watertown, preferred to join his dear friend at Newbury as Teacher. Both remained there for the rest of their lives. <mask> and Parker prepared students for Harvard, refusing all compensation for their services: twelve or fourteen pupils at a time were taught at the <mask> Noyes House, where both men lived. The following portrait of Noyes by Thomas Parker deserves quotation in full:"He was a man of singular qualifications: in piety excelling, an implacable enemy to all heresy and schism, and a most able warrior against the same. He was of a reaching and ready apprehension, a large invention, a most profound judgement, a rare, tenacious, and comprehensive memory, fixed and unmoveable in his grounded conceptions, sure in words and speech, without rashness, gentle and mild in expression, without all passion or provocative language; and as he was a notable disputant, so he never would provoke his adversary, saving by the short knocks and heavy weight of argument.He was of so loving and compassionate and humble carriage, that I believe never any were acquainted with him, but did desire the continuance of his society and acquaintance. He was resolute for the truth, and in defence thereof, had no respect for any persons. He was a most excellent counsellor in doubts, and could strike at a hair's breadth, like the Benjaminites, and expedite the entangled out of briars. He was courageous in dangers, and still was apt to believe the best, and made fair weather in a storm. He was much honoured and esteemed in the country, and his death was much bewailed. I think he may be reckoned amongst the greatest worthies of his age." The <mask> Noyes House, built ca.1646, is a historic First Period house at 7 Parker Street in Newbury, Massachusetts. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Writings
 The Temple Measured: or, a brief survey of the temple mystical, which is the instituted church of Christ (For Edmund Paxton, London 1647). A Short Catechism composed by Mr <mask>, Late Teacher of the Church of Christ in Newbury, For the use of the Children there (Printed by Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, Cambridge 1661). Moses and Aaron, or the Rights of Church and State (By T.R. for Emund Paxton, London 1661). Yale
His son, Rev.<mask> II of Stonington, Connecticut, was one of the first trustees of Yale College, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, now known as "The Founders". Their engraved names line the facade of Woodbridge Hall at Yale University. The building is named for Timothy Woodbridge, cousin to Rev. <mask> II and one of the other ten founding ministers of the college. The <mask> Family continues a long tradition at Yale with notable persons having contributed to the University. Rev. <mask> II was the first Senior Fellow (Chair) of the Board of Trustees, and his younger brother Rev.<mask> also served as a member of the Trustees. Dr. <mask> graduated Yale 1775. Rev. Daniel Parker <mask> graduated Yale 1840, as did his two sons Edward Parish <mask>, 1880, and Frederic A<mask>, 1862. Theodore R<mask> receive a Yale medical degree 1867. Haskell <mask> graduated Yale 1908. Herbert MacArthur <mask> graduated Yale 1914.Newbold <mask>, Jr. graduated Yale 1941. Herbert MacArthur <mask> Jr. graduated Yale 1949. Thomas E<mask> graduated Yale 1953. Professor Edward Simpson <mask>, PhD (1892-1967) graduated Yale 1913, was a professor of English at Yale for 40 years, and served as chairman of the Board of Admissions for 18 years, director of the Master of Arts in Teaching program, and received the Yale Medal of Honor in 1968. His son, Dr. Edward “Ted” MacArthur <mask> II (1919-1999), graduated Yale 1940 and was also presented with the Yale Medal of Honor for his lifetime service to Yale in 1996, and served as president of the Yale Club of New Haven. His son, Dr. Edward MacArthur <mask> III and daughter <mask> Foss were the first brother and sister to graduate together from Yale in 1971. Family
His son <mask> II (born 11 March 1640, Newbury – 30 December 1719, Stonington, Connecticut) was also a clergyman and founded Yale College.He graduated from Harvard in 1659, began to preach in 1664, and was pastor of the church in Stonington, Connecticut from 1674 until his death. A councilor in civil affairs in the critical periods of his colony, <mask> II also practiced medicine with success. Early Noyes descendants often were ministers and teachers, and sometimes distinguished – for example, the Salem Witch Trials (<mask>'s nephew <mask>) and the founding of Yale College. On 14 November 1692, during the Salem Witch Trials, 17-year-old Mary Herrick accused Noyes' daughter, <mask> Hale (wife of John Hale), and the ghost of executed Mary Eastey of afflicting her, but she was never formally charged with witchcraft or arrested. A later commentator on the trials, Charles Upham suggests that this accusation was one that helped turn public opinion to end the prosecutions, and spurred John Hale's willingness to reconsider his support of the trials. Rev <mask> I is also the ancestor of John Humphrey <mask>, leader of the Perfectionist movement and founder of the Oneida Community. The daughter of Rev.<mask> I, <mask>, is the great-grandmother of American hero Nathan Hale. See also
 <mask>yes House
 Thomas Parker (minister), his cousin, and co-founder of Newbury
 <mask>, his father
 Yale University

Notes

References

 It is asserted that the "Additional Corrections and Additions," page 3, of Wheeler's "History of Stonington" has the following: "Miss Harriet E<mask> of New Hampshire says: 'From recent investigations in England the name of Rev. <mask>'s wife was proven to be Anne Stephens, daughter of Nicholas Stephens of Burdrop Manor, and sister of Dorothy Stephens, mother of Rev. Thomas Parker'." (This does not appear in the online edition (Internet Archive).) External links

1608 births
1656 deaths
American Christian clergy
Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
People of colonial Massachusetts
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Yale University founders
People from Newbury, Massachusetts
Noyes family

masks:
. James Noyes
James Noyes
William Noyes
William Noyes
James
James
James
Noyes
Nicholas Noyes
Noyes
James Noyes
James Noyes
Noyes
James
James
James Noyes
James Noyes
James Noyes
Noyes
James Noyes
Moses Noyes
John Noyes
Noyes
Noyes
. Noyes
. Noyes
Noyes
Noyes
Noyes
Noyes
. Noyes
Noyes
Noyes
Noyes
Nancy Noyes
James Noyes
James Noyes
James
Nicholas Noyes
Sarah Noyes
James Noyes
Noyes
James Noyes
Sarah Noyes
James No
William Noyes
. Noyes
William Noyes


texts:
Captain <mask>  (31 August 1948 – 15 May 1977) was a British Army officer in 14 Intelligence Company who was abducted from a pub in Dromintee, south County Armagh, during an undercover operation and killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) on his fourth tour of duty in Northern Ireland as a Military Intelligence Liaison Officer. <mask> is alleged to have colluded with loyalist paramilitaries in the murder of the Miami Showband, amongst other killings. Several men have been imprisoned for his death. His body has never been found. Early life
<mask> was born in Mauritius, then a British Crown colony, to an English mother and a father of French Mauritian origin. His mother was Anglican and his father a Catholic who worked as an eye surgeon. <mask> was the youngest of four children; he had two sisters and a brother.David died of myocarditis in 1962, aged 24. He attended preparatory school at Gilling Castle, a feeder school for Ampleforth College, a Catholic public school, which he attended a year later. Whilst at Ampleforth he academically excelled, was head of his house and played rugby for the school. He became friends with the sons of Lord Killanin and went to stay with the family in Dublin and in Spiddal in Connemara, County Galway. <mask> read medieval and military history at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he excelled in sport; he played for the Oxford University Rugby 2nd XV and revived the Oxford University boxing club, with which he won four blues in bouts with Cambridge. He was also a falconer, keeping in his rooms a bird that was used in the film Kes. He left Oxford in 1971 and entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst under the sponsorship of the Grenadier Guards, into which he was commissioned on graduation.After Sandhurst, he undertook postgraduate studies at the University of Dublin, before joining the regiment. Military service in Northern Ireland
<mask>'s first tour of duty in Northern Ireland was with No.1 Company, the Second Battalion of the Grenadier Guards. The Battalion was stationed in Belfast from 5 July 1973 to 31 October 1973. The Grenadiers were given responsibility first for the Protestant Shankill Road area and the predominantly Catholic Ardoyne area. This was a time of high tension and regular contact with paramilitaries. Ostensibly, the battalion's main objectives were to search for weapons and to find paramilitaries. <mask> was frequently involved in such activity on the streets of Belfast and was a community relations activist at the Ardoyne sports club.The battalion's tour was adjudged a success with 58 weapons, 9,000 rounds of ammunition and 693 lbs of explosives taken and 104 men jailed. The battalion had no casualties and did not shoot anyone. After his tour had ended he stayed on as liaison officer for the replacement battalion, the 1st Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. On their first patrol, <mask> narrowly avoided the impact of the explosion of a car bomb on the Crumlin Road. Rather than returning to his battalion, which was being transferred to Hong Kong, <mask> volunteered for military intelligence duties in Northern Ireland. Following the completion of several training courses, he returned to Northern Ireland in 1974, attached to 4 Field Survey Troop, Royal Engineers, one of the three subunits of a Special Duties unit known as 14 Intelligence Company (14 Int). Posted to South County Armagh, 4 Field Survey Troop was given the task of performing surveillance duties.<mask> was the liaison officer for the unit, the local British Army brigade and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). He assumed duties outside his official jurisdiction as a liaison officer, including undercover operations. He apparently claimed to have visited pubs in Irish republican strongholds, sung Irish rebel songs and acquired the nickname "Danny Boy". He was driven to pubs by the future Conservative MP Patrick Mercer, who was then an army officer. Former SAS Warrant Officer Ken Connor, who was involved in the creation of 14 Int, wrote of him in his book, Ghost Force, p. 263:

<mask> finished his tour with 14th Int in mid-1975 and returned to his regiment in London, having been promoted to Captain on 4 September 1975. Following a rise in violence culminating in the Kingsmill massacre, the British Army increased their presence in Northern Ireland, and <mask> accepted a post as a liaison officer. On his fourth tour, <mask> was a liaison officer in Bessbrook Mill.Death
On the evening of 14 May 1977, <mask> drove alone to 'The Three Steps' pub in Dromintee, a village in south County Armagh. He is said to have told regulars of the pub that he was Danny McErlaine, a motor mechanic and member of the Official IRA from the Irish Republican Ardoyne area in North Belfast. The real McErlaine, on the run since 1974, was killed by the Provisional IRA in June 1978 after stealing arms from the organisation. Witnesses say that <mask> got up and sang a republican folk song, "The Broad Black Brimmer", with the band who were playing that night. At around 11.45 p.m., he was abducted, following a struggle in the pub's car park and taken across the border into the Republic of Ireland to a field in the Ravensdale Woods in the north of County Louth. Following a violent interrogation, during which <mask> was allegedly punched, kicked, pistol-whipped and hit with a wooden post, he was shot dead in a field. He did not admit to his true identity.Terry McCormick, one of Nairac's abductors, posed as a priest in order to try to elicit information by way of <mask>'s confession. <mask>'s last words according to McCormick were: "Bless me, Father, for I have sinned". Claims that his body was disposed of by being put through a meat grinder have been dismissed as a myth. His disappearance sparked a large-scale search throughout Ireland. The hunt in Northern Ireland was led by Major H. Jones, who, as a lieutenant colonel in the Parachute Regiment, was to be awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross in the Falklands War. Jones was Brigade Major at HQ 3rd Infantry Brigade. Nairac and Jones had become friends and <mask> would sometimes eat supper at the Jones household.After a four-day search, the Garda Síochána confirmed to the RUC that they had reliable evidence of <mask>'s killing. An edition of Spotlight, broadcast on 19 June 2007, claimed that his body was not destroyed in a meat grinder, as alleged by an unnamed IRA source. McCormick, who has been on the run in the United States for thirty years because of his involvement in the killing (including being the first to attack <mask> in the car park), was told by a senior IRA commander that he was buried on farmland and reburied elsewhere. The location of the body's resting place remains a mystery. <mask> is one of three IRA victims whose graves have never been revealed and who are among those known as 'The Disappeared'. The cases are under review by the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains. In May 2000, allegations were made claiming that <mask> had married and fathered a child with a woman named Nel Lister, also known as Oonagh Flynn or Oonagh Lister.In 2001, her son sought DNA testing and revealed the allegations to be untrue. Criminal prosecutions
In November 1977, Liam Townson, a 24-year-old IRA member from the village of Meigh outside Newry, was convicted of Nairac's murder. Townson was the son of an Englishman who had married a County Meath woman. He confessed to killing Nairac and implicated other members of the unit involved. Townson made two admissible confessions to Garda officers. The first was made around the time of his arrest, it started with "I shot the British captain. He never told us anything.He was a great soldier." The second statement was made at Dundalk police station, after Townson had consulted a solicitor. He had become hysterical and distressed and screamed a confession to the officer in charge of the investigation. Townson was convicted in Dublin's Special Criminal Court of Nairac's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. He served 13 years before his 1990 release. In 1998, he was part of Conor Murphy's election campaign team. In 1978, the RUC arrested five men from the South Armagh area.Three – Gerard Fearon, 21, Thomas Morgan, 18, and Daniel O'Rourke, 33 – were charged with <mask>'s murder. Michael McCoy, 20, was charged with kidnapping, and Owen Rocks, 22, was accused of withholding information. Fearon and Morgan were convicted of <mask>'s murder. O'Rourke was acquitted, but found guilty of manslaughter and jailed for ten years. McCoy was jailed for five years and Rocks for two. Morgan died in a road accident in 1987, a year after his release. O'Rourke became a prominent Sinn Féin member in Drumintee.Two other men, Terry McCormick and Pat Maguire, wanted in connection with this incident, remain on the run. Maguire has been reported as living in New Jersey in the US. On 20 May 2008, 57-year-old IRA veteran Kevin Crilly of Jonesborough, County Armagh was arrested by officers of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). He had been on the run in the United States but had returned to Northern Ireland under an alias. He was charged the following day with the kidnapping and false imprisonment of <mask>. In November 2009, Crilly was also charged with the murder of <mask> at Newry magistrates' court during a bail hearing on the two counts on which he had been charged in 2008. Crilly was cleared on all counts in April 2011, as the judge considered that the prosecution had failed to prove intention or prior knowledge on his part.<mask>'s killing is one of those under investigation by the PSNI's Historical Enquiries Team (HET). George Cross Award
On 13 February 1979, <mask> was posthumously awarded the George Cross. Collusion allegations
Posthumous claims have been made about <mask>'s involvement in the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, the killing of an IRA member in the Republic of Ireland and his relationship with Ulster loyalist paramilitaries. Hidden Hand documentary
<mask> has been accused of involvement in the murder of an IRA member and of collusion with loyalist paramilitaries. Allegations were made concerning <mask> in a 1993 Yorkshire Television documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings of May 1974 entitled Hidden Hand. The narrator states:

According to the documentary, support for this allegation was said to have come from various sources:

Geoff Knupfer of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains stated that <mask> was in Ashford, Kent, England at the time of the bombings. Holroyd
It was alleged by a former Secret Intelligence Service operative, Captain Fred Holroyd, that <mask> admitted involvement in the assassination of IRA member John Francis Green on 10 January 1975 to him.Holroyd claimed in a New Statesman article written by Duncan Campbell that <mask> had boasted about Green's death and showed him a colour Polaroid photograph of Green's corpse taken directly after his assassination. These claims were given prominence when, in 1987, Ken Livingstone MP told the House of Commons that <mask> was quite likely to have been the person who organised the killing of three Miami Showband musicians. The Barron Report stated that:

Holroyd's evidence was also questioned by Barron in the following terms:

Geoff Knupfer of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains states <mask> was 80 miles away in Derry at the time. Barron Report
<mask> was mentioned in Mr. Justice Henry Barron's inquiry into the Dublin and Monaghan bombings when it examined the claims made by the Hidden Hand documentary, Holroyd and Colin Wallace

Former RUC Special Patrol Group member John Weir, who was also a UVF member, claimed he had received information from an informant that Nairac was involved in the killing of Green:

In addition, "Surviving Miami Showband members Steve Travers and Des McAlee testified in court that an Army officer with a crisp English accent oversaw the Miami attack", the implication being that this was Nairac. Travers was uncertain whether or not Nairac was the man overseeing the attack, stating that his distinct impression was that the man had fair hair, in contrast to <mask>'s dark hair. Fred Holroyd and John Weir also linked <mask> to the Green and Miami Showband killings. Martin Dillon, however, in his book The Dirty War, maintained that <mask> was not involved in either attack.Geoff Knupfer of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains states <mask> was in either London or Scotland at this time. Colin Wallace, in describing <mask> "seems to have had close links with the Mid-Ulster UVF, including Robin Jackson and Harris Boyle". According to Wallace, "he could not have carried out this open association without official approval, because otherwise he would have been transferred immediately from Northern Ireland". Wallace wrote in 1975; <mask> was on his fourth tour of duty in 1977. Robin Jackson was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of May 1974, and Harris Boyle was blown up by his own bomb during the Miami Showband massacre. The Barron Inquiry found a chain of ballistic history linking weapons and killings under the control of a group of UVF and security force members, including RUC Special Patrol Group members John Weir and Billy McCaughey, that is connected to those alleged to have carried out the bombings.This group was known as the "Glenanne gang". Incidents they were responsible for "included, in 1975, three murders at Donnelly's bar in Silverbridge, the murders of two men at a fake Ulster Defence Regiment checkpoint, the murder of IRA man John Francis Green in the Republic, the murders of members of the Miami showband and the murder of Dorothy Trainor in Portadown in 1976, they included the murders of three members of the Reavey family, and the attack on the Rock Bar in Tassagh." According to Weir, members of the gang began to suspect that Nairac was playing republican and loyalist paramilitaries off against each other, by feeding them information about murders carried out by the "other side" with the intention of "provoking revenge attacks". In fiction
Eoin McNamee's 2004 novel The Ultras contains a fictionalized, but factually-based account of <mask>'s life. McNamee has said that he had had "the idea of Nairac in my head for a long time, but I wasn't able to find a way into the whole subject. In the end, I used him as a conduit to the covert and psychic infrastructure of the time, to the gripping physical and moral texture of what was going on." See also
British Military Intelligence Systems in Northern Ireland
Columba McVeigh
Disappearance of Peter Wilson
The Troubles in Forkhill
Special Reconnaissance Unit
Peter Wilson (Disappeared)
Gerard Evans
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases
Murder of Jean McConville
Murder of Gareth O'Connor
Internal Security Unit

Further reading
 Bradley, Anthony.Requiem for a Spy: The Killing of <mask>. Cork: Mercier Pres, 1993. Kerr, Alistair. Betrayal: The Murder of <mask> GC. Cambridge Academic, 2017. References

External links
The killing of Frank Green
Captain Fred Holroyd
Sunday Mirror article on <mask>'s death 7 May 2000
2003 Interim Barron Report into the Dublin & Monaghan Bombings
Shadow Man investigative article by Eamonn O'Neill in Esquire magazine

1948 births
1970s missing person cases
1977 crimes in the Republic of Ireland
1977 deaths
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Assassinated military personnel
British manslaughter victims
British military personnel killed in The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
British military personnel of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
British recipients of the George Cross
Deaths by firearm in the Republic of Ireland
English people of French descent
English people of Mauritian descent
English Roman Catholics
Enforced disappearances in Northern Ireland
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Grenadier Guards officers
History of County Louth
Intelligence Corps officers
Kidnapped British people
Male murder victims
Military history of County Armagh
Missing person cases in Ireland
Murder convictions without a body
People educated at Ampleforth College
People killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army
People murdered in the Republic of Ireland
Torture victims from Northern Ireland

masks:
Robert Laurence Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairac
Nairacac
Nairac
Nairac
Robert Nairac
Robert Nairac
Nairac


texts:
Samuel S<mask> (September 8, 1895 – August 2, 1948) was a twentieth-century American artist, most noted for his black & white monotypes. A native of Philadelphia, <mask> studied at Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1914-1920) with Philip Hale, Emil Carlsen, Daniel Garber, Charles Grafly, and Henry McCarter, and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris. <mask> moved to New York, where he became a member of the Woodstock Artists Association and taught art at the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, Locals 22 and 91, in New York City. By profession painter, etcher, and teacher, his work was exhibited at Pepsi-Cola, 1945; National Academy of Design, 1940; solo shows: Macbeth (Feb. & Nov. 1930, Feb. 1932), Grand Central (1935), Milch Galleries, NY; Casson Gallery, Boston; O'Brien Gallery, Chicago; Tilden & Thurber Gallery, Providence; Milwaukee Art Institute; Detroit Institute of Arts; Grand Rapids Art Gallery; Westchester Center, White Plains, NY. As a WPA artist, <mask> was commissioned to create a series of monotypes set in Westchester for the county's offices and libraries, which he completed in 1934. <mask>'s monotypes can be found in the permanent collections of Addison Gallery of American Art  at Phillips Academy, Andover, MA; Springville Museum of Art, Springville City, UT; the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.; and National Gallery of Art Washington, D.C.; as well as in the currently touring Sigmund R. Balka Collection of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion Museum, New York, NY. Two oil paintings are in the Nazario Renzoni & Vilma Valencia collection in Florence, Italy.<mask> was born on the 8th of September in 1895 in Philadelphia. He was married in Philadelphia in 1920 to Molly Gaylburd, known also as Marie "Molly" Gilbert, and they had one son, Henry G<mask>, born in Philadelphia in 1927. In New York, <mask> lived in Lake Mohegan, Westchester (1935); Peekskill, Westchester (1940); and  New York City. He died after a long illness on the 2nd of August in 1948 in Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, at the age of 52. References

Other sources
 Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle "Balka exhibit reflects Jewish life in 19th-, 20th-century America" by Hilary Daninhirsch, January 23, 2013, 4:18 pm
 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette "Collector searches for Jewish aesthetic in art" by Mary Thomas, February 20, 2013, 5:00 am
 The Painterly Print: Monotypes from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980. Guide to the ILGWU. David Dubinsky Memorabilia.(1942.1., p. 252. Google Books:New Deal for Art: The Government Art Projects of the 1930s With Examples from New York City & State, Marlene Park, Gerald E. Markowitz, Gallery Association of New York State, 1977, p.90
 Specific Object/David Platzker:New Deal for Art: The Government Art Projects of the 1930s With Examples from New York City & State, Marlene Park, Gerald E. Markowitz, Gallery Association of New York State, 1977: Cover and description. Google Books:Treasury Department Art Projects, Painting and Sculpture for Federal Buildings, November 17th to December 13th, 1936, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, Part 3 by  United States Procurement Division Treasury Department, p.16: List of prints acquired. Smithsonian Archives of American Art: Federal Art Project, Photographic Division collection, circa 1920-1965, bulk 1935-1942
 Smithsonian Archives of American Art: Macbeth Gallery records, 1838-1968, bulk 1892-1953

1895 births
1948 deaths
Artists from Philadelphia
American printmakers
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Artists from New York (state)
Federal Art Project artists

masks:
. Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman
Hoffman
. Hoffman
Hoffman


texts:
<mask> (born 23 September 1981) is a German singer and television presenter, best known for being the lead singer of the Eurodance group Cascada. Early life and family

<mask> was born in Bonn, West Germany, to English parents. They had moved to (then) West Germany from the United Kingdom in 1980. Her father, David Horler, is a jazz musician and her mother, Christine, is a foreign languages teacher. Horler grew up with her two siblings, Sally and Victoria. <mask> soon began singing jazz songs in her father's studio as well as songs from Disney films. Musical career

Beginnings
Horler began her musical career by singing in bars and casino bar.At 18, she started to work with different DJs, and recording a number of tracks. This is how she met future bandmembers Manian and Yanou. Her most notable song of her pre-Cascada era is "Piece of Heaven" as Akira. In addition, Horler appeared on the German adaptation of Star Search in 2004. Breakthrough with Cascada

In 2004, she formed the group Cascada with DJ Manian and Yanou (the latter known for his track with DJ Sammy and Dominique van Hulst, "Heaven", released in 2002), and began touring with her dancers Essa and Falk. Originally Cascade, the group name was soon changed to Cascada due to legal issues. On 21 February 2006, Cascada's 14-track album titled Everytime We Touch was released in the United States.Her most successful song in the U.S remains the band's U.S. debut single "Everytime We Touch". It was a worldwide hit, peaking at No. 10 on the US Hot 100. In addition, it peaked at No. 2 in the UK Charts, No. 1 in Israel for 2 weeks and No. 1 in Ireland for an impressive six weeks.Horler has stated that at that time that they were overwhelmed at their success, suggesting they came along at the right time, and were very lucky (particularly in the American market, where Eurodance music hardly accomplishes mainstream chart-success). The success of the album gained them a World Music Award, winning them World's Best Selling German Artist in 2007. Other well-known Cascada songs include "Bad Boy", "Miracle", "Evacuate the Dancefloor", and covers such as "Truly Madly Deeply" and "What Hurts the Most". The band's second album, Perfect Day, was released on 3 December 2007. The album charted across Europe, peaking at No. 9 in the UK Album Charts. The single "What Hurts the Most" was a success in Canada, Germany and the U.S.It climbed to No. 10 in the UK Charts and did even better in the Swedish charts, peaking at No. 5. But its highest peak was in France at No. 2, the same position it first entered. It also peaked at No. 3 in the Austria Singles Charts.Other singles from the album include "Faded", "What Do You Want From Me? ", and "Because the Night". Cascada's third studio album, Evacuate the Dancefloor, was released in the United Kingdom in July 2009. It spawned one of their most successful singles "Evacuate the Dancefloor", which was number one in the UK and Netherlands. The album itself made it to No. 8 in the UK Albums Chart and No. 7 in the U.S.Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums. Other singles from this album include "Fever", which probably failed to chart in the UK due to no physical release. However, the single reached No. 18 in the Slovak Airplay Chart and did reach No. 3 in the UK Dance Chart, and the final single from this album was "Dangerous" which made it to No. 2 in the Dutch Tipparade (Bubbling Under) Chart and No. 10 in the Finnish Singles Chart, the song also had minor success in the UK charting at No.67 in the UK Singles Chart. Cascada released a new single, "Pyromania", on 19 March 2010; it was the group's least successful lead single to date, failing to reach the top 40 in the UK. It did, however, reach the top 20 in France. "San Francisco" was the next single from the upcoming album, and continued the group's new electropop direction. The single made the top 20 in Austria, Germany and the Netherlands. The release of these two singles was preceded by the release of their fourth studio album, Original Me, which was released on 20 June 2011, their lowest selling album ever, reaching No. 24 in the UK Albums Chart.The next single from the album was "Au Revoir" which failed to make much impact on any major chart, as did the final single, "Night Nurse". On 20 March 2012, Cascada released a new single, "Summer of Love". This single was a return to Cascada's earlier dance sounds, and already improve declining record sales, reaching the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland. The group then released a compilation album called Back on the Dancefloor. Cascada released a new single on 22 July 2012, a cover of "The Rhythm of the Night" of Italian Eurodance group Corona which was thought to be the lead single from their fifth studio album in 2013. Cascada's It's Christmas Time was released on 30 November 2012. Voice

Horler has a mezzo-soprano voice with a spanning vocal range of three octaves.Television work
In late 2006, Horler made her first foray into television as the guest host of the viewer request show Back @ Ya on bpm:tv, a Toronto-based cable channel that broadcasts all across Canada and some parts of the United States. bpm:TV specializes in playing dance and electronica music videos. Also in 2006, she appeared on Live with Regis and Kelly to promote her album, Everytime We Touch. She's also presented The Clubland Top 50, exclusively to the music channel, 4Music and has performed on countless television shows, mainly in Europe, one of which was promoting the UK version of Perfect Day on the UK breakfast show GMTV in 2007, performing Last Christmas live. Horler then returned to GMTV on 28 July 2008, performing "Because the Night" live. She returned to the GMTV studios in June 2009 to perform her new single "Evacuate the Dancefloor" with Carlprit. Horler has also made numerous appearances on The Dome, mostly to perform Cascada's latest singles although she did a one-off performance with her co-stars during the 52nd installment where she covered Heal the World.In 2012, Horler was one of the new judges of the ninth season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar. Personal life
Horler is bilingual and speaks German and English fluently. Horler is the daughter of the English jazz trombonist David Horler and the niece of the English jazz pianist John Horler. Horler currently resides in Bonn, Germany. Relationships
Since 11 May 2011, Horler has been married to the banker Moritz Raffelberg; they were privately married in Italy, with Horler wearing a dress she had designed herself. She appeared on the cover of the German August 2011 issue of Playboy magazine. On 28 May 2015, Horler's management revealed that she would be expecting her first child.On 23 September 2015, her 34th birthday, Horler announced she had given birth two days before to her daughter, Jamie. Health
On 23 March 2020, Horler revealed in a video on the Cascada Facebook page that she had been diagnosed with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) amidst the COVID-19 pandemic after testing positive earlier that day, but gave fans an update five days later, saying she was "much better". References

External links

1981 births
Living people
English-language singers from Germany
English women pop singers
German dance musicians
German women pop singers
German mezzo-sopranos
German people of English descent
German television presenters
Mass media people from Bonn
Synth-pop singers
Dance-pop musicians
Eurodance musicians
Feminist musicians
21st-century German women singers
German women television presenters
Musicians from Bonn

masks:
Natalie Christine Horler
Natalie Horler
Natalie


texts:
<mask> (24 March 1908 – 29 June 1984) was a neo-Impressionist painter based in France, winner of the Grand Prix des Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps in 1972. He is considered one of the postwar group of artists referred to as “La Nouvelle Ecole de Paris.”

Biography
<mask> was born in 1908 in Neuilly-sur-Seine. His father, <mask>, was a military man from Alsace; his mother, Marie Odette Collot, came from a Parisian family. She died when <mask> was six years old, at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. <mask> was brought up largely by his grandmother, Madeleine Collot and his great-aunt Huguette. He began to draw and paint at an early age. In the 1920s he took classes at the Atelier Julien in Paris, but stopped painting in his late teens and early twenties – the period during which he was required to complete his military service.After finishing his tour of duty, he went to work for an insurance company, Mutualité Agricole, where he had a successful career and was able to travel during his vacations. In about 1933 he started to paint again and by 1935 had rented a studio in Montmartre (91, rue Caulaincourt). He continued to work for the insurance company and to travel. His work appeared in newspapers and magazines. He first exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants in 1935, and as part of a group at the Galerie Rotgé. He later destroyed much of his earliest work, so few paintings from this period survive. <mask> married Marie-Rose Salvatori, whose family came from Trinidad, in July 1938, and the couple spent four months in Trinidad not long after the wedding.In 1939 he moved his studio to 30 quai de Passy (later the avenue President Kennedy). When World War II broke out, he became a liaison officer for a British regiment. He was taken prisoner at Dunkirk and sent to Camp Oflag IV-D near Dresden. He spent his time sketching his fellow prisoners and the events in the camp. He was later transferred to an outpost of Stalag IV-A, at Zittau, near the Czech frontier. After at least one failed attempt at escape, he succeeded in 1942 and returned to France, where he turned his sketches into a book Une Vie de Camp, published in 1943. He spent the remainder of the war in Trinidad with his wife’s family.During this period (1943–45), he worked on his painting technique, which had been interrupted by his earlier military service and professional career. He and his wife moved to New York City after the war, where their only son, Jean-François, was born. The family returned to France in 1947, and <mask> took a studio at 10, rue des Batignolles. During the late 1940s, he produced illustrations for various journals, including Cavalcade, Paysage, La Pensée Française, Lisez-moi, Champs-Elysées, Paris-Dimanche, and Fantasia. La Galerie Doucet arranged a solo exhibition for <mask> in 1950. Thereafter, he exhibited more and more frequently: the Salon d'Automne, the Salon de la Peinture à l’Eau, the Salon des Indépendants, the Salon du Dessin. His work became increasingly well-known and in 1956, he was invited to do a portrait of the composer Jacques Ibert.He was also commissioned to paint frescos for several institutional clients. He spent most summers in the south of France, and created a large body of work depicting boats, beaches, bathers, and southern towns. A fall from a horse in March 1961 led to a spell in hospital, but he recovered and continued to paint. A monograph on his work by Gerard Mourgue was published later that year. He exhibited in the Salon des Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps in 1963. In 1966 he moved to a studio at 74, rue des Plantes, in the 14th arrondissement. As abstract art became more popular, he wrote articles defending figurative art, including “Pourquoi je suis figuratif” in Connaissance des Hommes in 1971.He received the Grand Prix of the Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps in 1973 after a successful exhibit at the Galerie Minet. A retrospective of his work was mounted in Nice in 1974 at the Palais de la Méditerranée. His last major exhibition was at the Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau in 1980, a series of works depicting the city of Paris. His health began to fail the following year and he died on 29 June 1984. Six months later, his only son was killed in a car accident in Morocco. Examples of books illustrated by <mask>
Une vie de camp, preface by Henri Curtil, Presses Victor Michel, 1943. Les cent nouvelles, special edition produced for the Cercle des Professeurs Bibliophiles de France, 1962.L’Amour, edition prepared for Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps, 1964. Les Français, edition prepared for Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps, 1966. La Bruyère de Septembre, Yves Frontenac, SNPMD Publishers, 1972. L’Escalier de la Nuit, Yves Frontenac, SNPMD Publishers, 1973. L’Art d’Aimer, Ovid, Moulin de Vauboyen–<mask> Tartas. 1973. L’Art d’Aimer, Ovid, translation by Pirault des Chaumes, Editions Roissard, 1979.Awards
Prix des Beaux Arts, 1945. Prix Othon Friesz, finalist, 1952. Prix Portier, 1955. Prix de la Biennale de Menton, 1957. Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur, 1959. Grand Prix des Peintres Témoins de Leur Temps, 1972. Solo exhibitions
Galerie Maurice Deuillet, Paris, 1958.Galerie Carlier, Paris, 1959. Leicester Galleries, London, 1960. Galerie Carlier, Paris, 1961. Galerie Walter, New York, 1967. Galerie Mirage, Montpellier, 1968. Galerie Carlier, Paris, 1969. Galerie Walter, New York, 1970.Distelheim Galleries, Chicago, 1971. Galerie Squarcifichi, Tokyo, 1972. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1972. Galerie 65, Cannes, 1973. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1973. Retrospective, Palais de la Méditerranée, Nice, 1974. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1976.Galerie de Noyers, Yonne, 1977. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1978. Galerie Squarcifichi, Tokyo, 1979. Galerie d’art de la Place Beauvau, Paris, 1980. Galerie Triade, Barbizon, 1987. References

1984 deaths
1908 births
Impressionist artists
20th-century French artists

masks:
Pierre Emile Gabriel Lelong
Pierre Emile Lelong
Albert Lelong
Pierre
Pierre
Pierre Lelong
Lelong
Pierre Lelong
Pierre Lelong
Pierre de


texts:
<mask> (雷電爲右衞門), born Seki Tarōkichi (January 1767 – February 11, 1825), was a Japanese sumo wrestler from Tōmi, Nagano Prefecture. He is considered one of the greatest rikishi in history, although he was never promoted to yokozuna. To date, he holds the record for best top division win ratio of all time. Early life
<mask> was born to a farming family in a village in rural Shinano Province. He is said to have possessed great physical strength even in childhood. His father Hanemon, who enjoyed sumo as much as sake, allowed 14-year-old <mask> to attend sumo classes at Nagaze (today called Murokocho), the neighbouring village. When Raiden was 17, the Urakaze-beya stablemaster noticed him when he came through the area while on jungyō (regional tour) with his wrestlers.He was especially impressed with the young man's physique, which was extraordinary at the time. Young Raiden was  tall, which was three head lengths taller than most of his contemporaries. He also had matching long arms and large hands; a handprint at the Shofukuji temple near Okayama, which is said to be of Raiden's hand, measures  from the wrist to the tip of the middle finger. When Raiden trained as a wrestler, he developed a weight of . When Urakaze Kazuki invited him to Edo and started training him, it turned out that Raiden possessed not only the body of a giant (by 18th-century Japanese standards), but also a talent for sumo wrestling. He was especially talented in oshi-sumo techniques and was able to move at a high speed considering his size. Soon Raiden left his stable and unofficially joined Isenoumi-beya, where yokozuna Tanikaze became his coach.Professional sumo career
In 1789, the shikona (wrestler name) "Raiden", which means "thunder bolt", appeared in the banzuke ranking, although Raiden did not have his debut until fall 1790. Raiden was ranked as a sekiwake, as was common practice then. He had the best record in the basho (tournament) without a defeat. After Tanikaze's death, Raiden was promoted to ōzeki in March 1795, a rank he retained for nearly 17 years. Between November 1793 and April 1800, Raiden finished with the best record in all tournaments he participated in, ahead of the other great fighters of his time, Tanikaze and Onogawa. After 1800, he remained dominant, and sumo officials even disallowed him to use his favourite techniques in order to keep his matches interesting. Of the 35 tournaments in which he participated (there were only two basho a year at the time), Raiden had the best record in no fewer than 28.In seven of those, he won without suffering a single defeat or draw. In total, he achieved 254 victories and only ten defeats, a winning percentage of 96.2, an all-time record. His longest winning streaks were eleven consecutive tournaments, or 44 bouts. Raiden's championships are, however, regarded as unofficial by the Japan Sumo Association, as before the current yūshō system was established in 1909, there was no prize given for individual performances in tournaments. Retirement from sumo
Finally, in spring 1811, <mask> retired from sumo at the age of 43. He became chairman of the sumo association of Izumo Province (in today's Shimane Prefecture), where his sponsor daimyō resided. In 1816, he moved to Edo and finished his diary Shokoku Sumo Hikae-cho ("journal of sumo in various regions"), which describes his time as an active wrestler since 1789.After his death, he was buried in Akasaka in Edo. Two locks of his hair are buried in other graves which are located in his home village and in Matsue in Shimane. When <mask> was still an active wrestler, his home village's residents built monuments honoring his parents. Raiden himself contributed a sake barrel made of stone in memory of his father. Since his death, Raiden has appeared not only as subject of a number of statues, but also on postage stamps and beer labels. Lack of yokozuna promotion
Despite his dominance at the time, Raiden never was promoted to yokozuna, the highest rank in sumo. The exact reason for this remains a mystery in the history of the sport.Journalist Masahiko Nomi theorized that the 19th Yoshida Oikaze granted yokozuna licences to only two wrestlers, Tanikaze and Onogawa, and had not intended to honour any more in the future. Decades later, the 20th Yoshida Oikaze attempted to defeat the Gojo family, which wanted to promote Kashiwado and Tamagaki to yokozuna, by awarding a yokozuna licence to Ōnomatsu Midorinosuke. Ōnomatsu became the first new yokozuna in nearly 40 years. Another theory has suggested that the reason for the snub may have been due to clan politics. Raiden's sponsor, Daimyo Matsudaira Harusato, was a descendant of Yūki Hideyasu, a son of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The Yoshida family, who held the privilege of awarding the yokozuna licenses, supported the Hosokawa clan, who had a history of supporting Ishida Mitsunari. Yokozuna was not formally recognized as rank on the banzuke until the beginning of the 20th century.When Jinmaku Kyūgorō erected the yokozuna memorial monument at Tomioka Hachiman Shrine in 1900, he included <mask>'s name as a "peerless rikishi", in spite of his never having been officially promoted. Top division record
The actual time the tournaments were held during the year in this period often varied. *Championships for the best record in a tournament were not recognized or awarded before the 1909 summer tournament and the above unofficial championships are historically conferred. For more information see yūshō. See also

List of sumo record holders
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers

References

External links
Raiden's basho results

1767 births
1825 deaths
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Ōzeki
Sumo people from Nagano Prefecture
Japanese diarists
18th-century diarists
19th-century diarists

masks:
Raiden Tameemon
Raiden
Raiden
Raiden
Raiden
Raiden


texts:
Rabbi Dr. <mask> (born June 17, 1967; Hebrew: יעקב מאיר נגן) is an Israeli Rabbi and author. Nagen teaches at Yeshivat Otniel and has written extensively about Jewish philosophy and Talmud. He is a leader in interfaith peace initiatives between Judaism and Islam and in encounters between Judaism and Eastern religions. Nagen is also the Director of the Blickle Institute for Interfaith Dialogue and the Beit Midrash for Judaism and Humanity. Biography

Early life
Nagen was born in Manhattan, New York to Azriel and Ahuva Genack. After completing high school in the United States, he studied in Israel at Yeshivat Shaalvim. Nagen returned to the US to study at Yeshiva University where he received a bachelor's degree in Judaic studies and a master's degree in Jewish history in addition to rabbinic ordination.In 1993 he moved to Israel and studied at Yeshivat Har Etzion and in 1997 joined the faculty at Yeshivat Otniel. In 2004 Nagen received a doctoral degree in Jewish philosophy at the Hebrew University. His dissertation dealt with the interplay  between Halacha and Aggada, Kabbala and philosophy in the context of the holiday of Sukkot. Nagen's interdisciplinary approach towards Talmudic literature is developed his books: "Water, Creation and Revelation – Sukkot in the philosophy of halacha (Geloy, 2008) and "The Soul of the Mishna - a literary reading and search for meaning" (Dvir, 2016)

Interfaith activity
In 2006, Nagen traveled to India in the context of his research about the relationship between Judaism and eastern spirituality. Nagen see Judaism as incorporating elements both of Eastern and Western philosophy, as he presents in his book "Waking up to a new day – a renewed reading of Torah and life" (Maggid, 2013). In 2019 the book appeared in English as "Be, Become, Bless – Jewish Spirituality between East and West" (Maggid). Nagen is a leader in interfaith encounters in Israel and the Palestinian Authority between Jewish and Muslim leaders.In wake of his colleague, Rabbi Menachem Froman, Nagen believes that as religion is at the heart of the problem in the conflicts in the Middle East, religion must also be part of the solution. Through the Interfaith Encounter Association (IEA) he coordinates a group of West Bank Rabbis that meet regularly with Muslim Sheiks and Imam's, mostly from the Hebron and Ramallah areas. He is the co-chairman of the board of the Abrahamic Reunion. The Abrahamic Reunion composes of representatives of the four Abrahamic religions - Jews, Muslims, Christians and Druze dedicated to promoting peace in the Middle East. <mask> was a representative of the organization at the World Parliament of Religions in 2015 at Salt Lake City. Nagen is also active in the URI, United Religions Initiative, and was one of Israel's representatives at the annual conference for the Middle East, held in Jordan in November 2017. After the murder of the Dawabsheh family in Duma, Nagen was an organizer of the prayer vigil for the victims and outcry against the violence.In March 2016 <mask> visited Al-Azhar University in Cairo and Fayuum to promote mutual respect between Islamic and Judaism. In 2016 <mask> was profiled in Tablet Magazine as one of the 10 "Israeli Rabbis You Should Know". <mask> is active in spreading Judaism in China in the context of the "Shofer from Zion" organization. Many of his writings have been translated into Chinese and in 2017 he gave lecture series in Beijing and Shanghai. In 2020 <mask> was appointed as the director of the Ohr Torah Stone network's Blickle Institute for Interfaith Dialogue and the Beit Midrash for Judaism and Humanity. <mask> is also a member of the Tzohar and Beit Hillel organizations, Rabbinical organizations that focus on the relations between the Religious and secular communities in Israel. Personal life
In 1993 Nagen married Michal, head of the pre-army seminary Tzahali and daughter of Professor Uriel Simon.The couple lives in the Israeli settlement Otniel in the West Bank  and have seven children.

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Yakov Meir Nagen
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