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<mask>  (Jawi: عثمان بن ووك; b. 8 October 1924 – d. 17 April 2017), often known as <mask>, was a Singaporean politician. He was a minister in the Cabinet for 14 years. He was the Minister of Social Affairs from 19 October 1963 to 30 June 1977. After retiring from active politics, he was Singapore's ambassador to Indonesia and served on the boards of the Singapore Tourism Board and Sentosa Development Corporation. For his political, economic and social contributions to the nation building of Singapore, he was awarded the Order of Nila Utama (2nd Class) in 1983 by President Devan Nair. <mask> was born on 8 October 1924 in the then British colony of Singapore, to a family of Orang Laut origins.His father, <mask> Ahmad, had been a school teacher and principal. During the Japanese occupation of Singapore in the Second World War from 1942-1945, <mask> Ahmad enrolled <mask> in a Japanese school in the belief that doing so would prevent Othman from being conscripted into the Japanese Imperial Army. As a result, Othman would come to learn the Japanese language. Following the end of the occupation, Othman would go on to continue his education in Sekolah Melayu Telok Saga before proceeding to Raffles Institution for his secondary education. Othman's grandfather, a religious teacher, objected to <mask> Ahmad’s decision to send Othman to Radin Mas and later Raffles Institution, both of which are English-medium schools. He was afraid that Othman would waver in his religious beliefs in the course of his English-language education, converting him to Christianity. However, not only did Othman stay faithful to his religion, he became an important bridge between the Malay/Muslim community and the new People's Action Party Government from the 1950s.This affirmed <mask> Ahmad’s beliefs that an English-language and mainstream education is essential for a brighter future ahead. <mask>, on the other hand, did not hold the same worries as his grandfather. He sent one of his daughters to a Catholic school, CHIJ Katong Convent. His daughter received religious education outside school hours, and remains a Muslim today. Early career
Othman joined the local Utusan Melayu Malay-language newspaper as a clerk after finishing his education, and was offered a reporter position in 1946 by Yusof Ishak (founder of the newspaper who would also go on to become Singapore’s first president). In 1950, Othman pursued a Diploma in Journalism in London on a Colonial Development Scholarship, and rejoined Utusan Melayu as a news editor in 1951. Upon his return, <mask> was also elected as Honorary Secretary of the Singapore Printing Employees Union (SPEU), which sought to secure better wages and working conditions for its members.This was a significant period in <mask>’s early years as it marked the time when he would become acquainted with Lee Kuan Yew, who had been the legal adviser to Utusan Melayu as well as SPEU. This would mark the beginning of a long and enduring friendship between the two. He would stay in his role of news editor for 6 more years until his promotion to deputy editor of the newspaper in 1957. Political career
Days after the formation of the PAP in 1954, <mask> joined the political party as his ideology of a national policy of multi-racialism was aligned with what the PAP sought to achieve. He took on the role of producing the party’s Petir publication, and was a member of the bulletin’s editorial board. In 1959, he was asked by the then legislative assembly member Ahmad Ibrahim to be the elected chairman of the PAP Geylang Serai/Tampines branch. Minister
<mask> became Singapore’s first Minister for Social Affairs after his successful election in the General Elections of 1963, and was at that time the only Malay member in the Cabinet.<mask>. He also held the concurrent role of  Director of the Malay Affairs Bureau, and has been credited with implementing policies that continue to impact the Malay community today. Under his tenure, he oversaw the setting up of Singapore’s Pilgrimage Office, which was Singapore’s first formal system of registration for hajj activities. The system remains today, and continues to be built upon the foundations set in place by him then. The Singapore Pilgrimage Office would eventually evolve the Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS) entity, which continue to regulate and oversee hajj-related as well as other Muslim affairs. The Ministry for Social Affairs would also go on to implement the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) and Mosque Building Fund (MBF) under his leadership. Othman was branded a traitor to the Malay community for joining the PAP.At the time, they were being courted by the Kuala Lumpur-based United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to fight for Malay racial favouritism. As a result, <mask> lost in the 1959 elections when he was contesting as a PAP candidate for the electoral ward of Kampong Kembangan. He would go on to contest once more in the 1963 General Elections, when he would then succeed and become the elected representative of the Pasir Panjang constituency. Following his successful election, <mask> would go on to leave his job at the Utusan Melayu to focus on developing his political career full-time. On 7 August 1965, the Parliament of Malaysia successful voted for the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia. On 9 August, <mask>, along with 8 other Singapore ministers, signed the document of separation. On this day, Othman highlighted his concern regarding the communists to Lee Kuan Yew, and only upon assurance did he put pen to paper.<mask> was also known for his active involvement in the development of sports and recreation in Singapore. He was also once a famous tennis player, ranked number 28 in the world. <mask> was responsible for setting up a Sports Department within the purview of the Ministry of Social Affairs in 1966, and officiated the groundbreaking ceremony of the first National Stadium. Ambassador
Having served 14 years as Minister for Social Affairs, <mask> was appointed to serve as Singapore’s ambassador to Indonesia in 1977. His term would last three and a half years. He served as Member of Legislative Assembly (1963-1965) and Member of Parliament (1963 to 1980) for the Pasir Panjang Constituency retiring on 5 December 1980 when parliament dissolved on the same day for the 23 December 1980 general election. Post political career
<mask> continued to be active and served in the Presidential Council of Minority Rights as a permanent member.He was also appointed as a member of several companies' board of directors. Personal life
<mask> grew up in a humble family. In the first four years of his life, Othman lived with his Uncle, together with his grandparents and parents, in a kampong area dominated by Malays. He recounted that as a boy, different races lived together harmoniously, and he would have Chinese and Indian playmates whom he conversed with in Malay. In his mid-twenties, Othman went to London to receive further education in a polytechnic. <mask> was married with four children. His hobbies included reading and writing ghost stories, one of his books being Malayan Horror: Macabre Tales of Singapore and Malaysia in the 50s, a compilation of stories written by him.<mask> has also penned a biography titled: " Never in my Wildest Dreams", as a memoir of his life experiences. <mask> was considered as one of the 'Old Guard' - the first generation of leaders of independent Singapore. <mask> completed military service (called National Service in Singapore) with the People's Defence Force in 1980, holding the rank of major. He also retired from politics in the same year. On 17 April 2017, he died at 12.22pm local time at the Singapore General Hospital due to poor health. He was buried at Choa Chu Kang Muslim Cemetery the next day. References

External links
 <mask> Wok on ourstory.asia1.com.sg

1924 births
2017 deaths
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean diplomats
Ambassadors of Singapore to Indonesia
Singaporean Muslims
Singaporean people of Malay descent
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Singapore
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Nila Utama
Members of the Parliament of Singapore

masks:
Othman bin Wok
Othman Wok
Othman
Wok
Wok
Othman
Wok
Wok
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman
Othman


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<mask><mask> (September 26, 1913 – December 31, 2001) was a Kansas City businessman and philanthropist. Family history
<mask> was the son of <mask> and <mask>. His mother was a graduate of Wellesley College. <mask>'s maternal grandparents were Belle Lehman Cohen and <mask>. Cohen, who resided in Sioux City, Iowa, before coming to Kansas City in the early 1900s. <mask>, who was born in Bavaria, was the son of <mask> and <mask>. With his brothers Morris and Henry, he immigrated to the United States in the late 19th century. Sigmund and Morris worked for a department store in Sioux City prior to founding their own business.Sybil and Sigmund were married in Sioux City in June 1904. Following a honeymoon in Europe, they took up residence in Kansas City, where Sigmund was employed with the real estate firm of Wise & Stern. Sigmund and Morris founded Stern Brothers in 1917. Early life and education
<mask> was born on September 26, 1913, in Kansas City, Missouri. His sister, <mask>, who was born on December 25, 1905, was more than seven years his senior. (Years later, she would be a second-generation graduate of Wellesley College.) The <mask> family was Jewish, and Sigmund served as a member of the board of trustees of Congregation B’nai Jehudah from 1914 until 1929.According to the 1920 federal census, the family was then living at 3717 Harrison Street in Kansas City. The three-story house featured a front entrance with columns rising above the second story. By 1930, the <mask>s had moved to 236 West 54th Street, a three-story red brick house that was built in 1918. <mask> graduated from the Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, in 1930. Fencing was his sport both at Andover, (as it was known), and at Yale University. During his junior year at Yale University, <mask> was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated with honors in 1934.Two years later, <mask> earned a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard University. Career
As a young man, <mask> joined Stern Brothers. His work there was interrupted by World War II. <mask> served as a captain in the intelligence branch of the Army Air Corps. For a brief period, he wrote the daily newsletter for the U.S.S. Button Gwinnett. Following the war, he returned to the family business.His father died on December 31, 1955. <mask> then became president of Stern Brothers, with his uncle, Morris, as chairman. Morris died on June 7, 1958. <mask> succeeded him as chairman. The list of companies for which the firm completed securities offerings during <mask>’s years at the helm includes Rival Manufacturing, Russell Stover Candies, Cook Paint & Varnish, Employers Reinsurance, Gas Service, and Frank Paxton Lumber. In addition, municipal bonds formed a significant part of Stern Brothers business. The Kansas City International Airport, the Harry S Truman Sports Complex (which houses both Arrowhead Stadium, where the Kansas City Chiefs play football, and Kauffman Stadium, where the Kansas City Royals play baseball) and Kemper Arena were among the entities that the firm helped make possible.(Kemper Arena is now the Hy-Vee Arena.) In 1983, <mask> gave an interview to The Independent magazine, in which he stated, “I was always good at arithmetic and I always liked to play games, and this is one big game. I started out working summers as a kid, doing whatever … probably annoying others. Now I make the decisions.” Stern Brothers was sold in 1986. <mask> retained the title of chairman emeritus until his death in 2001. In its obituary of <mask>, The Bond Buyer reported, “Local market participants described Mr. <mask> as both generous personally, and tough and demanding professionally. When Kansas City was planning to build an overhaul base for TransWorld [sic; Trans World] Airlines, which would have entailed a complex financial transaction, it began by going to Wall Street.As the story goes, the ‘large Eastern bond firms got weak knees,’ [Leonard] Noah [a retired vice president of operations at Stern Brothers] said. ‘Stern Brothers stepped up and did the deal.’” As the Kansas City Star noted, “Although <mask> is remembered for working quietly, delegating authority adroitly and seldom closing the double doors to his downtown offices when working on key projects, he also was recalled as [a] forceful man when the occasion required.”

Civic and Philanthropic Activities
Many organizations in Kansas City benefited from <mask>’s time and talents. He was also extremely generous financially. In 1937, not long after he completed his studies, <mask> was listed as a committee member for the Beaux Arts Ball, a benefit for the Kansas City Art Institute. He became a trustee in 1964 and a life trustee in 1988. <mask> received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from KCAI at the 1998 commencement ceremony. <mask>’s father was a trustee of Kansas City University prior to his death.<mask> was elected to that position in 1958. (Kansas City University is now the University of Missouri – Kansas City.) He also served as a member of the board of directors of the Friends of the Library at UMKC when it was founded in the mid-1960s. In July 1967, there were concerns that Charlie O. Finley was planning to move the Kansas City Athletics to Milwaukee. <mask> announced that Stern Brothers was prepared to buy the team. The Kansas City Times quoted him as saying, “We would hope to have broad-based ownership of the club in Kansas City. The purpose of this would be to make sure that the Athletics remain permanently in Kansas City.” Nothing came of this offer.Finley moved the Athletics to Oakland, California, in 1968. A new baseball team, the Kansas City Royals, owned by Ewing Kauffman, began playing that year. “In a cultural vein, <mask> goes all out for the Philharmonic,” The Independent magazine noted in a 1967 profile. At that time, he was the chairman of the board. In March 1985, it became necessary to make difficult decisions about the Kansas City Philharmonic, which was then 49 years old. <mask> was on that committee. After the Philharmonic disbanded, the Kansas City Symphony was created.It was clear that the organization needed to be properly capitalized to avoid the woes that befell its predecessor. A list of pledges and donations from October 1985 included $250,000 from <mask>. His was one of the largest gifts. <mask> served as one of the 10 founding board members of the Kansas City Symphony, and the only one to have been a board member of the Philharmonic. During three decades on the board the Lyric Opera of Kansas City, <mask> served as vice chairman, president, and treasurer. According to its newsletter, Lyrical Notes, “When the Lyric Opera purchased the Lyric Theatre building in 1991, <mask> and foundations under his control provided a majority of the financial support for the purchase.” The Lyric Opera had been a tenant in the building, which was then owned by the Hearst Corporation, until structural issues forced the organization to move to the Music Hall, which proved to be a temporary solution. The Kansas City Star reported that the building cost $2.65 million dollars, with an additional $406,000 for roof repair.The newspaper listed the donors as “<mask><mask>, the Hall Family Foundation of Kansas, Yellow Freight Systems, the William T. Kemper Foundation-Commerce Bank Trustee, Jules and Doris Stein Foundation, H. Tony Oppenheimer, and United Telecommunications Foundation.<mask>’s interests ranged far beyond finance and management; he also had a tremendous fondness for the operettas of Gilbert & Sullivan. His preferred seat was in the middle of the third row, and he generally attended the Monday and Wednesday performances. In 1992, <mask> was honored, along with Adele Hall, Estelle Sosland, <mask>, and Robert P. Lyons, for service to the Kansas City chapter of Young Audiences. At that time, the organization was celebrating its 30th anniversary. Additional honors
<mask> received a Missouri Arts Award from the Missouri Arts Council in 1992. According to the council’s website, “[the] annual Missouri Arts Awards celebrate people, organizations, and communities that have made profound and lasting contributions to the cultural and artistic climate of the state.”

In 2001, <mask> was one of the 175 people whose contributions to the area were recognized on the Legacy List for Jackson County, Missouri. The number 175 was chosen because Jackson County had been founded in 1826, which was 175 years earlier.The honorees included men and women who were prominent in many different fields and who made a difference in the community in the 19th and 20th centuries. Among them were Lucille Bluford, the publisher of the Kansas City Call; Walt Disney, the creator of Mickey Mouse; George Kessler, who designed the parks and boulevards system for Kansas City; Charlie Parker, the jazz musician; and Harry S. Truman, former president. Personal life
<mask>’s interests included modern architecture. His parents were still living at the house on West 54th Street at the time of his father’s death. By then, <mask> was residing at 725 West 49th Terrace. The house, which had been built for him, was notable for the use of aluminum in its exterior and for its many windows. He sold it in 1963 and purchased the Sondern House at 3600 Belleview Avenue, which had been designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the late 1930s, with a substantial addition by the architect circa 1950.<mask> was the third owner. He did some renovations, and occupied the house until his death. Near the end of <mask>’s life, <mask>, a friend and former bond trader at Stern Brothers, lived in the house with him. <mask> had donated the house to The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, but maintained a life interest in it. After his death, the museum sold the house to Blair. Travel was an important part of <mask>’s life, with Europe and the Caribbean Islands as preferred destinations. He spent much time in Venice, Italy, and on the island of Capri in the summers and in St. Martin in the winter.Just as he returned often to places he loved, he had several restaurants where he was a regular: the Savoy, in Kansas City, and Harry’s Bar, in Venice. <mask> died on December 31, 2001, at his home in Kansas City. He was 88 years old. His death occurred 46 years to the day after the death of his father. Legacy

<mask> was predeceased by both of his parents, (his mother died in 1961), and by his sister, who died in May 2001. His survivors included a niece and a nephew. The Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has continued his charitable giving in the years since his death.At the time of his death, <mask> had been a Lyric Opera board member for approximately two-thirds of its 44-year history. On <mask>’s death, Evan Luskin, then the general director of the Lyric Opera, was quoted as saying, “In so many ways, he’s been Mr. Lyric Opera.” The production of Don Pasquale in the spring of 2002 was dedicated to him, as was the entire 2002-2003 season. Nearly a decade after <mask>’s death, the Richard J. Stern Opera Center, the headquarters of the Lyric Opera, opened in the Crossroads District. In 2021, the center includes the Beth Ingram Administration Building and the Ginger and Michael Frost Production Arts Building. The Richard J. Stern Ceramics Building at the Kansas City Art Institute received an award from the American Institute of Architects in 2002. The building was designed by Gould Evans Goodman Associates and erected by McCown Gordon Construction.The University of Missouri – Kansas City has a Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts Scholarship for Theatre, which is awarded to graduate students who are majoring in costume design. Faculty members at Phillips Academy Andover are eligible to receive the <mask> J. <mask> Instructorship. In recent years, the Richard J. Stern Foundation for the Arts has been a catalyst for the projects of a variety of organizations, in addition to the ones with which he was associated. These include (but are not limited to) ArtsKC Regional Arts Council, Charlotte Street Foundation, The Folly Theater, the Kansas City Ballet, Kansas City PBS, the Kansas City Repertory Theatre, the Mid-America Arts Alliance, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Spinning Tree Theatre, the Spire Chamber Ensemble, and the Unicorn Theatre. The foundation’s current assets are reported to be in excess of $64 million dollars. References

American patrons of the arts
People from the Kansas City metropolitan area
2001 deaths
Philanthropists from the Kansas City metropolitan area
1913 births
Yale College alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
20th-century American philanthropists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers

masks:
Richard J
. Stern
Stern
Sybil Cohen Stern
Sigmund Stern
Stern
Jacob M
Sigmund Stern
Rosa Feldenheimer Stern
Jacob Stern
Stern
Judith
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
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Richard J
. Stern
” Stern
Stern
Jerry Berkowitz
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Stern
Jim Blair
Stern
Stern
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Richard
Stern


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<mask> (born 1934) is a French expert in geopolitics who has published widely on irregular warfare and military strategy. Chaliand analyses of insurgencies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, mostly based on his field experience with insurgent forces, have appeared in more than 20 books and in numerous newspaper articles. He has worked autonomously throughout his career, unconstrained by the perspectives of national governments and policy institutes. As a result, his work provides an independent perspective on many of the major conflicts characterized the 20th and 21st centuries. He is also a published poet. Early life and education
Born in Brussels to Armenian parents and raised in Paris, Chaliand attended the Lycée Henri IV in the Latin Quarter and spent nearly a year in London and the United Kingdom. He travelled North Africa before entering the School of Oriental Languages and Civilisations (INALCO) in Paris, where his studies focused on the history and culture of non-western societies.During his youth he hitchhiked across North Africa, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and India. He published his first book of poetry (La Marche Têtue, Gallimard) in 1959. In 1960 he joined the clandestine struggle for Algerian Independence. After the Algerian independence, he worked during 1963-64 as an editor at the Revolution Africaine, a weekly in Algiers where he met many of the leaders of the national liberation movements of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. He received his PhD from Sorbonne University in Paris in 1975. His dissertation Mythes révolutionnaires du tiers monde, was published in 1976 and quickly translated into English: Revolution in the Third World, Myths and Propects, Viking Press, Penguin Books, New York, 1977. Chaliand has been a participant-observer in various guerrilla conflicts:
 Guinea Bissau, 1966
 North Vietnam, 1967
 Colombia, 1968/91
 Palestine/Israel, 1969/70/75/ 98/99
 Eritrea, 1977/91
 Afghanistan, 1980/82/2006-2012
 Iranian Kurdistan, 1980
 Salvador, 1982
 Angola, 1985
 Peru, 1985
 Philippines, 1987
 Nagorno-Karabakh, 1993
 Georgia (Ossetia), 1994/2006/08
 Burma, 1990/95
 Kashmir, 1999
 Sri Lanka, 1987/99/2007
 Iraqi Kurdistan, 1999-2008/2012-2015
 Iraq, 2003-2008
 Syria, 2014
He has conducted field studies for over four decades in:
 Asia/Pacific
 Caucasus and Central Asia
 Central and South America
 Middle East
 Northern Africa
 Russia
 South and South East Asia
 West, East and Southern Africa

Teaching
He taught in Paris, France, at the École nationale d'administration (1980-1987) and at Ecole de Guerre (War College) from 1990 to 1995.<mask> Chavchavadze (Georgia). He was senior visiting fellow at the centre for Conflicts and Peace Studies, Kabul (Afghanistan) from 2005 to 2011.He taught a summer course at Nanyang University (Singapore) from 2004 to 2014 and Hawler University (Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan, since 2012). He has also lectured at Strategic Institutes in Washington D.C., London, Canberra, Beijing, Madrid, and Tokyo. Miscellaneous
He was Director of the European Centre for the Studies of Conflicts (Foundation for Strategic Research), Paris from 1997 to 2000. He was an independent adviser to the Centre for Analysis and Planning of the French Foreign Ministry from 1983 to 1994. He founded and was the Director of Minority Rights Group (France), from 1978 to 1987. He was the initiator of the cession of the Permanent People’s Tribunal that was dedicated to the genocide of the Armenian people whose jury comprised three Nobel Prize winners, including Mr. Sean Mc Bride, Founder of Amnesty International, and which took place at Sorbonne and saw the sentence towards the Turkish state delivered to the National Assembly. In addition, Chaliand has undertaken several maritime expeditions aboard La Boudeuse, a three mast.Selected bibliography
Chaliand is the author, the co-author or the editor of more than 50 books, over 20 of which have been translated into English. Books in English
 A World History of War, UC Press Berkeley, 2014. History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaïda (with Arnaud Blin), Berkeley, 2007. Mirrors of a Disaster. The Spanish conquest of America, Transaction, Rutgers University Press. N.J. 2005
 Nomadic Empires, From Mongolia to the Danube, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, N.J. 2003. The Penguin Atlas of Diasporas, New York, 1995.The Art of War in World History, Berkeley, 1994. The Kurdish Tragedy, Zed Press, London, 1994, Report to the sub-commission on Human Rights (UN) on the situation of the Kurds in the Middle East. Strategic Atlas: A Comparative Geopolitics of the World's Powers, with J.P. Rageau, Harper & Row, New York 1987, 1990, updated edition 1992. Minorities at the Age of Nation-States (ed) Pluto Press, London, 1988. Terrorism, Saqi Books, London: 1987. The Genocide of the Armenians, Zoryan Institute, Boston, Mass, 1986
 Guerrilla Strategy. A Historical Anthology From the Long March to Afghanistan, ed.Berkeley, 1982. The Struggle for Africa. Great Power Strategies, Macmillan, London 1982. Report from Afghanistan, Penguin Books, Baltimore, 1982. A People without a country, The Kurds and Kurdistan, (Ed), Zed Books 1980, Olive Branch Press, 1993
 Revolution in the Third World: Myths and Prospects, Viking, New York 1977; updated edition, Penguin Books, 1989. The Palestinian Resistance, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1972. Peasants of North Vietnam, Penguin Books, Baltimore 1970.Armed Struggle in Africa: With the guerrillas in Portuguese Guinea, Monthly Review Press, New York 1969. Chaliand has also written a cookbook, Food without Frontiers, Pluto Press, London 1981 and two books of poems The Stubborn March, Crane Books, Watercrown, MA. 1990, and Lone Rider, bilingual edition, translated by André Demir, Paris, 2015. Many of his books have been translated in more than twelve languages. Mémoires, Robert Laffont, 2011

Travel
 Los Angeles, Naissance d’un Mythe,  Stock, 1991. Aux confins de l’Eldorado, Le Seuil, 2006
 Le Guide du voyageur autour du monde (avec S. Mousset) Odile Jacob, 2007

<mask> has also published three plays, four books for children and translations of Kautiliya’s Arthashastra (book seven), Guevara's La guerra de Guerillas, and a book of popular Turkish poetry (bilingual).

masks:
Gérard Chaliand
Chaliandia
Gerard Chaliand


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<mask> (Born November 12, 1978) is a former Cameroonian mixed martial artist (MMA) and current MMA coach. He is best known for establishing MMA Factory, the biggest MMA gym in France, as well as being the former trainer of UFC Heavyweight Champion Francis Ngannou and current trainer of former UFC Interim Heavyweight Champion Ciryl Gane. Early life

<mask> was born in 1978 in a small village in Lekié and grew up in Yaoundé. His father was a college professor and his mother was a high school teacher. In his youth his father signed him up for lessons in combat sports such as Taekwondo, Boxing, Judo and Wrestling to defend himself from bullies. In 1997, <mask> immigrated to France where he worked as an Electrical Engineer. On the side he would attend sports science classes at INSEP while playing Rugby in the Pro D2 league.However a neck injury sidelined him in Rugby and he had to have surgery to treat it, rendering him unable to move his neck for three years. During this period, <mask> discover to Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) leading him to gain an interest in mixed martial arts. Mixed martial arts career
<mask> joined Mathieu Nicourt’s Free Fight Academy where he initially trained in BJJ. Once his neck recovered, he resumed training in other combat sports like Wrestling and Boxing. On 11 March 2006, <mask> made his professional MMA debut after a year of training. The bout took place at Xtreme Gladiators 2 where he submitted Cedric Deschamps via choke in the first round. <mask>'s professional MMA career lasted for four years from 2006 to 2010.He fought in various promotions such as M1 Global and Shooto, where his final record was ten wins and seven losses. Coaching career

After retiring as a professional fighter, <mask> became an MMA coach at Free Fight Academy for a few years before deciding to establish his own gym. In 2013 <mask> and his business partner, a police officer, opened a gym called 'Cross Fight' which was later renamed 'MMA Factory'. Initially this academy had two students, but grew very fast to become the biggest gym in France with over 600 students. MMA Factory was one of only three gyms to receive sponsorship from Reebok, with the other two being AKA and SBG. His most notable student was Francis Ngannou, who became the UFC Heavyweight champion in 2021 after defeating Stipe Miocic in a rematch at UFC 260. When Ngannou was 26, he moved from Cameroon to France in order pursue his dream of becoming a professional boxer.Didier Carmont met Ngannou and  then introduced him to <mask> and the MMA factory. <mask> saw the potential of Ngannou and convinced him to try MMA even though Ngannou originally wanted to do boxing. <mask> gave Ngannou some MMA gear and allowed him to train and sleep at the gym at no cost. <mask> and Ngannou worked very well together, with Ngannou having a successful winning streak in the UFC and eventually getting his first title shot. However <mask> was criticized after Ngannou lost to Stipe Miocic in a title bout at UFC 220. Since then the relationship between <mask> and Ngannou has deteriorated, with <mask> stating that Ngannou has ego problems and had refused to pay gym membership fees after he had achieved success. Ngannou moved to the United states to train at Xtreme Couture.<mask> has trained Ciryl Gane who won the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship after defeating Derrick Lewis on August 7, 2021 at UFC 265.

masks:
Fernand Lopez Owonyebe
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez


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<mask>  (3 August 1937 – 25 September 2021) was a Chilean singer, composer, author, poet, novelist, essayist, play writer and journalist. Life and career

Infancy and youth

<mask> was born in the rural town of Nacimiento, in central Chile, on 3 August 1937. He is the son of a primary school teacher of French descent and an agricultural engineer of German descent. Both of his parents played the piano: his father was a jazz aficionado but his mother studied classical piano. His mother was also central in cultivating his interest in literature. In his youth he took up a broad range of occupations: from coal miner in Lota to reporter for the daily newspaper La patria in Concepción. At the beginning of 1963 he moved to Santiago where he continued his journalistic work.Early music career

Manns was initiated in the field of music when he composed Bandido in 1959, which was recorded in Argentina in 1962 by the folk group Los Travadores del Norte and in Chile by Los Cuatro Cuartos. But it was with the composition Arriba en la cordillera (Up in the Cordillera) in 1965 that he achieved national fame – especially when it was released in the album, Entre Mar y Cordillera (Between Sea and Cordillera) in 1966 on Vinyl format by the label "Demon" under the number LPD-021, all songs are credited to Manns, the song "Ya no canto tu nombre" is credited to Edmundo Vásquez, on track n ° 8 of the album, "Sirilla de la Candelaria" featured Rolando Alarcón, a singer-songwriter  Chilean. The album was a massive success, other  singles were added to the album, such as "Bandido" or "Vai Peti Nehe Nehe", a song with a title and lyrics in Pascuense language. Manns was a founding member (1965) of the New Chilean Song, with Rolando Alarcón and the Parras (the children of Violeta Parra: Isabel and Ángel Parra) and of the Peña of Carmen 340 (later known as the Peña of the Parras), Víctor Jara joined the Peña and the movement a few months later. Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement – for some a folkloric renaissance which led to a revolution in the popular music of the country. At the time of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état - which toppled the democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende - the Nueva Canción Chilena had acquired a nationwide mass following with Nueva Canción Chilena artists touring the world as cultural ambassadors. Manns would go on to actively participate in the extensive production of a series of travelling shows called Chile Rie y Canta (Chile Laughs and Sings) which were organized throughout Chile by René Largo Farías.In this early period of his career <mask> also composed the cantata El Sueño Americano (The American Dream) (1965), which he recorded with the folk group Voces Andina and that amalgamates distinctive rhythmic elements from different regions of the sub-continent. In this song, which has been traced as one of the firsts cantatas to be heard in Latin America, the historical birth of Latin America is told. Song XII of the cantata América Novia Mia (America My Bride) has been recorded by himself and Inti-illimani several times. During this period he also recorded ¡El Folclore No Ha Muerto, Mierda! (Folklore Hasn't Died, Dammit!) (1968) with Silvia Urbina which revived folkloric forms which were disappearing under the influence of foreign musical trends that were being popularized in Chile. From his multi-faceted role as singer, composer, writer and journalist he actively collaborated in the presidential campaigns of Dr. Salvador Allende in 1964 and in 1970, the latter being the campaign that led Salvador Allende to the presidency as the leader of the Unidad Popular government.During this time he recorded the album <mask> <mask> (1971) which included one of his best-known compositions Valdivia en la niebla (Valdivia in the fog) and the prophetic No Cierres los Ojos (Don't Close Your Eyes). In this recording, which was accompanied by Inti-illimani, the Symphony Orchestra of Chile and the Philharmonic Orchestra of Santiago, the musical arrangements were done by Luis Advis. Life in exile

The military coup of 11 September 1973 found him in Chile and it was only due to international diplomatic mediation that he was able to safely leave his country. Late in 1973, Manns settled in Cuba where he began a life in exile that was to last decades. During his period in the Caribbean island he composed and recorded accompanied by the Symphony Orchestra of Cuba Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País (When I Remember My Country, some years later recorded by Mercedes Sosa) and other songs that were featured in his LP Canción sin Limites (Songs with out limits). He collaborated with Humberto Solás with the script for the movie La Cantata de Chile (Cantata of Chile) (1976) and also wrote the text for the musical work of Leo Brouwer which the movie was named after. From Cuba he travelled to France where he settled and formed the ensemble Karaxú in 1974 with which he continued to musically collaborate with Cuban artists.From exile Manns launched his "struggle against the Pinochet dictatorship" becoming a spokesman of the Chilean resistance. This was also reflected in almost all his musical  productions: Chansons de la Résistence Chilienne (Songs of the Chilean Resistance) (1974). Canción sin limites (Songs without limits) (1977). In this stage of exile he met Alejandra Lastra (1979) to whom he composed the famous Balada de los Amantes del Camino de Tavernay (Ballad of the Lovers of Tavernay Road) (1981) – Manns had moved and settled with his partner in Chemin de Tavernay in Geneva in the course of 1979. As the musicologist Juan Pablo González has stated: "… in his 27 years of exile, Manns established with Horacio Salinas one of the most fruitful creative collaborations in the history of Chilean music". This collaboration began to take form in the works of Inti-illimani, in compositions such as Retrato (Portrait) or Vuelvo (I Return) – both from 1979. From this period of work with Salinas and Inti-illimani we find the grains of songs which with time would grow to become true emblems of the Latin America folk/popular music repertoire: such as El Equipaje del Destierro (The Baggage of Exile), Palimpsesto (Palimpsest) (1981), Cantiga de la Memoria Rota (Verses for a Shattered Memory) and Samba Landó (1985).Subsequently, other songs of this collaborative period included Medianoche (Midnight), Arriesgare mi piel (I'll Risk My Skin) (1996) and La Fiesta Eres Tú (You Are the Party) (1998). In 1984 he moved to Trez Vella in Échenevex, close to the French-Swiss border. In this stage of exile <mask> reached a high point in his creativity with the Concert of Trez Vella (1986), a piece that was arranged by Alejandro Guarello, also dedicated to Alejandra. He recorded it in Rome accompanied by Inti-Illimani in 1985 and was released in 1986 in Europe. This work with Inti-illimani appeared in his third album with them: La muerte no va conmigo. He had previously recorded in Rome with them Con la Razón y la Fuerza in early 1980. The re-encounter

After 17 years of exile in 1990 <mask> was allowed to enter Chile and began his return to Chile in August that year, touring and performing throughout the country.The tour started on 23 August in the Teatro Teletón and on the 24th in the Estadio Chile (now renamed Estadio Víctor Jara). On TVN, he performed for the first time in Chile his emotionally charged Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País (When I Remember My Country) before an anxious public in the studio and before a nationwide audience. From this tour of Chile, which included Santiago, Concepción, Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, Manns would comment: "… for now I have accomplished the basic priority of setting foot in my country again". However, since there were pending political trials against him he returned to Trez Vella in September the same year. The second step, the definitive return was only to be in 2000, when he decided to return and settle in Chile in the area of Concón. 21st century
The creative and artistic collaboration between Manns and Horacio Salinas continued with works interpreted by Inti-illimani such as La Rosa de los Vientos (Rose of the Winds) (1999) and Cantares del Mito Americano (Songs on the American Myth) an unrecorded work that was performed in the Teatro Municipal of Viña del Mar in 2001. Horacio Salinas collaborated with <mask> <mask> in the production of his first record as a soloist Remos en el Agua (Oars on the Water) released in November 2003.Manns also participated in Inti-Illimani's DVD Lugares Comunes (Common Places) recorded live in the Estadio Nacional de Chile. Manuel Meriño put music to Manns now famous poem Vino del Mar (She Came from the Sea) dedicated to Marta Ugarte one of the victims of the Chilean military dictatorship, song which was recorded by Inti-Illimani's Lugares Comunes (Common Places) in 2003. During the four century celebration of the city of Nacimiento in December 2003, Manns was named an "illustrious son" of this city. In September 2003 he launched his work Allende: la Dignidad Se Convierte en Costumbre (Allende: When Dignity Becomes a Custom) in the Estadio Nacional in homage to President Salvador Allende. In 2005 he recorded with the Ulli Simon Ensemble in Germany; in 2006 he collaborated in composing songs for Inti-Illimani's album Pequeño Mundo (Small World) and Esencial (Essential). He also recorded a CD with Mexican rancheras and corridos for a musical production of the Banco del Estado (Chile's State Bank). He also recorded a CD of ballads and boleros titled Porque Te Amé (Because I Loved You) which was highly received in countries like Mexico and Peru.In 2010 he released La tierra entera. In 2011 La tierra entera won the Altazor Award as the best record of popular music of 2010. In 2011, his song The Pascua Lama won the Viña del Mar Music Festival as the best song of folk-roots. Manns lived in Central Chile where he has focused on the development of his literary career while he continued performing and creating music. Death
Manns died of heart failure at the Clínica Bupa de Reñaca in Viña del Mar on 25 September 2021, at the age of 84. Discography

Studio albums
 1965: Entre Mar y Cordillera
 1966: El Sueño Americano (with Voces Andinas)
 1967: ¡El Folclore No Ha Muerto, Mierda! (with Silvia Urbina)
 1968: La Hora Final
 1971: <mask> Manns
 1974: Chants de la Résistance Populaire Chilienne (with Karaxú)
 1977: Canción Sin Límites (with the EGREM Orchestra of Cuba)
 1983: Con la Razón y la Fuerza o la Araucana (with Inti Illimani)
 1986: La Muerte No Va Conmigo (with Inti Illimani)
 1998: Porque Te Amé
 2003: Allende: La Dignidad Se Convierte en Costumbre
 2010: La tierra entera
 2016: La emoción de vivir

Live albums
 1975: Karaxú Live (live with Karaxú)
 1983: Itinerario de un Retorno (in Mexico)
 1990: <mask> Manns en Chile (in Chile)
 2000: América, Novia Mía

Compilation albums
 1983: Cuando Me Acuerdo de Mi País
 1999: Arriba en la Cordillera
 2015: Legado de Trovadores (Arriba en la Cordillera, 50 años)

Literature

Manns is one of the most prolific writers in Chile.His literary creations embrace various genres, from novels with historical themes to essays and plays and he has published more than 30 works. The unique structures of his textual constructs and the seamless conductive literary technique he uniquely employs have made him the subject of scholarly study in various European and Latin American schools of literature and universities. Bibliography

Fiction
 De noche sobre el rastro  (1967)
 Buenas noches los pastores (Goodnight shepherds) (1973)
 Actas de Marusia (1974)
 Actas del alto Bío Bío (1985)
 Actas de muerteputa (1988)
 De repente los lugares desaparecen (Suddenly places disappear) (1991)
 El corazón a contraluz (Cavalier seul in France) (1996)
 Memorial de la noche (Night Memorial) (1998)
 El desorden en un cuerno de niebla (1999)
 A traveller's Literary Companion (2003, several authors). La vida privada de Emile Dubois (The private life of Emile Dubois) (2004)
 Diversos instantes del reino (Diverse instants of the kingdom) (2006)
 El lento silbido de los sables, Editorial Catalonia (2010)
"La conjetura  escita" Editorial Catalonia, (2013). "Música prohibida" Editorial  El Tabo, (2014). Plays
 2000 - La lámpara en la tierra (The Lamp on Earth) (France). Puesta en escena por Esequiel García Romeu.2011 - Memorial de la noche (Chile). Puesta en escena por Adrian Montealegre, grupo de teatro Manos a la obra. 2011 - La matanza (Chile). Puesta en escena por Iván Insuza, grupo de teatro Kapital. Poetry
 Memorial de Bonampak (Bonampak Memorial) (2003) (Brosquil, Spain). Cantología (2004) (updated in April 2012), Editorial Catalonia, Chile. "Los dolores del miembro fantasma" LOM 2014.Film
The 1975 movie Letters from Marusia directed by Miguel Littin was based on a novel by the same name that Manns published in 1974. The movie – which featured Gian Maria Volonté in the principal role - caused great controversy and unease among conservative circles in Chile at the time of its release. This movie won several awards and was also nominated for an Oscar in 1976 in the Best Foreign Language Film category.www.manns.cl

Awards and recognition

Manns is broadly recognized for his multi-faceted prolific career as a musician and literary figure. He is a founder of the movement of neo-folkloric popular music that emerged in Chile in the 1960s and constituted a fundamental nexus between the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement and more current musical developments. As a literary figure he has developed in the field of poetry, as a non-fiction writer, in novels and in theatre. Manns has been awarded numerous prizes - both national and international – for recognition in his fields, among them are:
 His first song "Bandido", written in 1956 and interpreted by the Chilean group from Concepción "Los Andinos", won the Cosquin Festival, Argentina in 1959 and it was one of the first awards Manns received. (Alerce Prize) from the SECH (Society of Chilean Writers) organization and the University of Chile (1967)
 Santiago Municipal Literature Award (1973).This prize was officially awarded 25 years later in 1998. Guggenheim Fellowship (1988)
 Prix Rhône-Alpes: The French edition of his novel El Corazón a Contraluz (Cavalier Seul) was selected as one of the best novels published in France in 1996. Premio del Consejo Nacional del Libro y la Lectura (2001) for the anthology of short stories in his Corre Hasta los Arboles (Run to the trees), which was published by Editorial Sudamericana as La Tumba del Zambullidor. Premio Municipal de Literatura de Valparaíso (2003). Prize given to him for the sum of his literary work. The Chilean Society of Writers (SCD) officially recognizes him as a Fundamental Figure of Chilean music (2006). In 2009 his song "Arriba en la cordillera" was awarded as the best popular song ever made, and Manns was awarded as the best interpreter of the Olmue Musical Festival competing for the best song of all time.In 2011 his song De Pascua Lama won the Viña del Mar International Music Festival as the best song of popular music. In 2011 he obtained the Altazor Award given by his peers for La tierra entera considered the best record of popular music recorded in 2010. References

External links

Songs and Discographie in CANCIONEROS.COM

 Arriba en la Cordillera''

1937 births
2021 deaths
21st-century Chilean poets
21st-century Chilean male writers
Chilean male poets
Chilean communists
Chilean male composers
Chilean singer-songwriters
Chilean folk singers
20th-century Chilean male singers
Chilean people of German descent
Chilean people of French descent
Nueva canción musicians
People from Bío Bío Province
21st-century Chilean male singers
Chilean expatriates in Cuba
Chilean expatriates in France

masks:
Iván Patricio Eugenio Manns de Folliot
Patricio Manns
Manns
Patricio
Manns
Manns
Manns
Patricio
Manns
Patricio
Patricio


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<mask> (9 November 1962 – 9 June 2021) was an Indonesian politician and the vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency from 2017 until his sudden death on 9 June 2021 during a flight from Denpasar to Makassar. He had previously served two terms as representative in the regency's parliament from 2009 to 2017. He opposed a plan to develop a gold mine in the regency and issued a formal letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to lift the license of the mining company on 21 April 2021. Helmund travelled with his adjutant on a Lion Air transit flight between Denpasar to Makassar on his way to Manado. After taking off, he coughed and started bleeding from his mouth and nose. When the plane arrived in Makassar, he was declared dead by a medical team at the airport. Early life
<mask> was born on the island of Mahengetang in the Sangihe Islands on 9 November 1962.He spent most of his childhood and education in Tahuna. He finished senior high school in 1982 and continued his education, earning a Bachelor of Economics in Manado in 2004. Helmud worked as a barber; he opened a small barbershop that he later expanded to become his primary business. Political career
<mask> started to take an interest in politics when he was recruited as a hairdresser for the wife of a member of the provincial parliament in Manado, who encouraged him to run in the legislative election. In 2009, he was elected as a representative in the Sangihe Islands' parliament and re-elected in 2014 for a second term, both times for the Golkar Party. When his second term ended, <mask> decided to run as a vice-regent in 2017. Vice Regency
In 2017, <mask> was elected vice-regent of the Sangihe Islands Regency.Opposition to gold mine
<mask> was strongly opposed to a proposed gold mine in the islands that was proposed by PT Tambang Mas Sangihe. According to government mapping of the potential mineral resource, the mine would cover  of the Sangihe Islands, more than half of their area. An exploration permit had been granted in 1987 using karya () contract, which was a product of Suharto's New Order. On 29 January 2021, the company was granted a 33-year-long permit for production in the region. Jabes Gaghana, however, said the mine would only cover around  of land. According to the Save Sangihe Islands Movement, which Indonesians organized to oppose the mining permit, <mask> delivered a letter to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources arguing the mine was against Law Number 1 of 2014 regarding mining permits in small islands and coastal regions. Jabes stated he had never seen the letter himself while confirming he was opposed to the mining permit.In an interview on 21 April 2021, <mask> stated he strongly rejected any mining activity in the region for any reason. Two days after Helmund's death, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources confirmed to the public his rejection letter but stated they would continue to permit the mine with government surveillance. Death

According to an official statement from Lion Air, <mask> and his adjutant boarded transit flight JT-740 from Denpasar to Makassar en route to Manado at 15:08 Central Indonesian Time on 9 June 2021. Previously, he attended an annual meeting between all regents and vice-regents in Indonesia. He was tested negative for COVID-19 and boarded the plane. At 15:40, not long after the take-off, the flight crew were told Helmud needed emergency medical help. <mask> suddenly coughed and bled from both his mouth and nose; having earlier asked for a drink of water after feeling discomfort in his neck, The crew obtained assistance from a licensed doctor on the flight.<mask> was given a portable oxygen tube while the crew loosened his clothes and cleaned his face, which had blood on it. The pilot was instructed to land at the nearest airport, which was the original destination Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport. At 16:17, the plane landed and he was quickly evacuated to a waiting medical team, who declared him dead. Investigation
<mask>'s adjutant refused to allow an autopsy and asked for the vice-regent's body to be taken into a nearby hospital and put into a coffin. The medical team stated, according to Suara.com, while he may have died from a heart attack, the cause of death was not clear yet and it was possible other factors were involved. Police said <mask>'s family also rejected a request for autopsy in Makassar and instead asked that his body be taken right away to Manado. According to <mask>'s nephew Engel Hontong, <mask> had no history of illness and routinely checked his health; he described <mask>'s death as "very sudden".Police eventually stated the suspected cause of death was a sudden heart attack. <mask>'s body arrived in Manado a day later and was returned to Tahuna by ship. The Sangihe Islands' regency government ordered the national flag to be flown at half mast a day after his death. According to CNN Indonesia, the police did not explain the process conducted to conclude he died because of a heart attack. Indonesian netizens quickly speculated about <mask>'s sudden death in relation to his opposition to the gold mine. Mining Advocation Network, an Indonesian NGO that advocates for the effects of the mining industry and communities and the environment, pleaded with the Indonesian government to investigate his death. The organization described his death as "unusual and suspicious".<mask>'s death became a trending topic on Indonesian Twitter, with many netizens comparing his death to that of Munir Said Thalib, an Indonesian human rights activist who was poisoned during a flight. Following <mask>'s death, issues regarding the mining permit also trended with Indonesian netizens. Commission II of the People's Representative Council also urged police to investigate his death. On 12 June 2021, North Sulawesi Regional Police and the Sangihe Islands Regency Resort Police formed a special team to investigate <mask>'s death. Police chief of Sangihe Islands Regency said according to his early investigation, <mask> had a history of diabetes and asthma but stated further investigation was needed. The National Commission on Human Rights urged the police to investigate his death to clear up speculation. Greenpeace declared support for <mask>'s initiative to reject the mine and offered condolences.On 13 June 2021, police announced an autopsy team would arrive at Tahuna and would start work the next day. The following day, police announced the autopsy found <mask> had died from disease complications but refused to comment any further, saying the forensic team would explain in a press conference. Later, according to Kompas.tv and Liputan6, the forensic team said they found no trace of toxic substances in <mask>'s body. References

1962 births
2021 deaths
People from Sangihe Islands Regency
Indonesian politicians

masks:
Helmud Hontong
Helmud Hontong
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
Helmud
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<mask> (June 2, 1817 – February 21, 1888) was an American mechanical engineer and inventor, who developed the Corliss steam engine, which was a great improvement over any other stationary steam engine of its time. The Corliss engine is widely considered one of the more notable engineering achievements of the 19th century. It provided a reliable, efficient source of industrial power, enabling the expansion of new factories to areas which did not readily possess reliable or abundant water power. <mask> gained international acclaim for his achievements during the late 19th century and is perhaps best known for the Centennial Engine, which was the centerpiece of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Early life

<mask> was born June 2, 1817, the second child of Dr. Hiram and Susan (Sheldon<mask>, at Easton, New York, near the Vermont border. The son of a physician, he attended local schools until age 14, when he began working in a general store in the town of Greenwich, New York. In 1834 he entered the academy at Castleton, Vermont and graduated in 1838.<mask> displayed early signs of his mechanical abilities in 1837, after a flood washed away a bridge over the Batten Kill in Greenwich. He organized other local builders in erection of a replacement structure. After graduating from Castleton in 1838, he established his own general store in town of Greenwich where he remained for three years. In January 1839 he married Phebe F. Frost, a native of Canterbury, Connecticut. Together they had two children, Maria and <mask>, Jr.

During this time, <mask> became more interested in mechanical endeavors. Around 1841, he decided to give his whole attention to these new tasks, and in 1842 obtained a patent on a machine for sewing boots, shoes and heavy leather. <mask> moved to Providence, Rhode Island in 1844 with hopes of finding funding to perfect his sewing machine.In Providence, he found work in the shop of Fairbanks, Bancroft & Company as a draftsman. However, he soon abandoned work on sewing machines to focus on a new endeavor, improving the stationary steam engine, which at the time was an innefficient or supplemental alternative to water power. Career

In 1848, Corliss entered into a partnership with John Barstow and E.J. Nightingale under the name Corliss, Nightingale & Company. During the same year, the company built the first engine utilizing <mask>' improvements, which except for various technical improvements later on, was essentially the Corliss steam engine of years later. <mask> and his associates erected a new factory at the junction of Charles Street and the railroad in Providence, where the company would expand greatly in the years to follow. By the time of <mask>' death in 1888, the plant would cover about  and the company would employ over 1,000 people.On March 10, 1849, <mask> was granted US Patent #6162 for his valve gear. In 1856 the Corliss Steam Engine Company was incorporated with <mask> as president, and his younger brother, William, as treasurer. By 1859, Corliss engines were being exported to Scotland for use in cotton mills. By 1864, valves for the engines were being made at B. Hick and Son, Bolton, England. <mask> directed both the business and research sides of this company, and over the years invented many assembly line improvements such as a bevel-gear cutter. Europe eventually became a great purchaser of the Corliss engine and it was copied by the engine builders who placed upon their imitations the name of the American builder. The dramatic improvement in fuel efficiency of the Corliss engine was a major selling point to manufacturers, particularly during the early years.Similar to other engine makers of the day, the Corliss Steam Engine Company often negotiated the selling price of their machines on the projected savings in coal. <mask>' first wife Phebe died on March 5, 1859. In December, 1866, he married Emily Shaw. The Corliss Steam Engine Company supplied the United States Government with machinery during the Civil War. When Monitor was being constructed in 1861, it was found a large ring must be made, upon which the turret of Monitor would revolve, and the Corliss Engine Works was one of the very few plants in the country with the necessary machinery to 'turn' up the large ring. When <mask> found out what the tooling was for, he put aside other business and worked his plant day and night to get this important ring completed and on time and delivered to New York. By the late 1860s, <mask> began to be recognized internationally for his accomplishments.At the 1867 World's Fair held at Paris, he won the first prize in a competition of the one hundred most famous engine builders in the world. One of its commissioners to the exposition, John Scott Russell, proclaimed of the Corliss valve gear, "A mechanism as beautiful as the human hand. It releases or retains its grasp on the feeding valve, and gives a greater or less dose of steam in nice proportion to each varying want. The American engine of <mask> everywhere tells of wise forethought, judicious proportions and execution and exquisite contrivance." On January 11, 1870, one hundred years after James Watt patented his first steam engine, Corliss was awarded the Rumford Prize by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. It was on this occasion Dr. Asa Gray, the president of the academy, remarked, "No invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine as this for which the Rumford medal is now presented." Centennial Exposition

In 1872 the State of Rhode Island appointed <mask> its commissioner to take charge of the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and he was chosen one of the executive committee appointed to look after the preliminaries.Upon the great task of arranging the exposition, he worked with his usual indefatigable energy and it was his suggestion that the Centennial Board of Finance be organized, a body which had no little to do with the insurance of the financial success of the exhibition. It was also in his own department as engineer that <mask> contributed largely to the success of the great fair, and it was he that supplied, after the plans of all other competitors proved inadequate, the great fourteen hundred horsepower engine which supplied the power used in Machinery Hall. This engine, unequaled in size at that time, was installed by <mask> at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars to himself and without additional expenditure to the exposition. The great engine was afterwards used to operate the Pullman Car Works at Chicago until 1910, when it was sold for scrap. Late career and legacy

<mask> was also active within the community. He was elected three consecutive times to the Rhode Island General Assembly as the Representative from North Providence, his term of service including the three years 1868-69-70. In 1876 he was chosen presidential elector, casting his vote for President Hayes.In the matter of his religious belief he was a Congregationalist. He attended Central Congregational Church in Providence until he joined the Charles Street Church at its founding in 1865. He was keenly interested in the cause of religion and gave liberally both to his own and to other churches. Corliss' 1849 patent expired in 1870 after it was extended by U.S. Patent reissue 200 on May 13, 1851 and U.S. Patent reissues 758 and 763 on July 12, 1859. After 1870, numerous other companies began to manufacture Corliss engines. Among them, the William A. Harris Steam Engine Company, the Worthington Pump and Machinery Company, and the E.P. Allis Company, which eventually became Allis-Chalmers.In general, these machines were referred to as "Corliss" engines regardless of who made them. The "Corliss-type" engine became particularly popular in Europe. Amusingly, <mask> received the Grand Diploma of Honor by the Vienna Exposition at Vienna in 1873, although he was not even an exhibitor. Another honor, perhaps the greatest of all was given to him by the Institute of France by public proclamation, March 10, 1879, of the Montyon prize for the year 1878, the most coveted prize for mechanical achievement awarded in Europe. He received this honor by a peculiar coincidence, on the thirtieth anniversary of the granting of his first patent. In 1886, the King of Belgium made <mask> an officer in the Order of Leopold. Despite the competition, <mask> would continue to remain active within his company, directing changes to his basic design as market or customer needs dictated.<mask> died on February 21, 1888 at the age of 70. He is buried at Swan Point Cemetery in Providence, with his second wife Emily. The Corliss Steam Engine Company was purchased by the International Power Company in 1900. In 1905 it was purchased by the American and British Manufacturing Company. In 1925 the company merged into Franklin Machine Company. The house he built in 1875 on the east side of Providence, is now known as the Corliss-Brackett House and is part of Brown University. Corliss Street in Providence, located near the former site of the Corliss factory, is also named in his honor, as is Corliss High School in Chicago, Illinois.<mask> was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. See also

Corliss-Brackett House

References

External links

 The Corliss engine at the New England Wireless and Steam Museum
 Corliss Steam Engine Info
 1918 Biographical Sketch

1817 births
1888 deaths
American Civil War industrialists
American steam engine engineers
People from Easton, New York
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
19th-century American inventors
Engineers from New York (state)

masks:
George Henry Corliss
Corliss
George Henry Corliss
) Corliss
Corliss
George
Corliss
Corliss
Corliss
Corliss
Corliss
Corliss
George Corliss
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Corliss
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Corliss
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<mask> "<mask><mask> (born Nellie Walker; April 13, 1891 – March 30, 1964) was an American novelist. Working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels, Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929), and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries. A revival of interest in her writing has occurred since the late 20th century, when issues of racial and sexual identity have been studied. Her works have been the subjects of numerous academic studies, and she is now widely lauded as "not only the premier novelist of the Harlem Renaissance, but also an important figure in American modernism." Early life
<mask> was born Nellie Walker, in a poor district of south Chicago known as the Levee, on April 13, 1891. Her mother was Pederline Marie Hansen, a Danish immigrant, born 1868 in Brahetrolleborg parish on the island of Fyn (Funen).Her mother, who went by <mask> (sometimes misspelled Larson) in the U.S., worked as a seamstress and domestic worker in Chicago. She would die in 1951 in Santa Monica, Los Angeles County. Her father was Peter Walker, believed to be a mixed-race Afro-Caribbean immigrant from the Danish West Indies. He was probably a descendant on his paternal side of Henry or George Walker, white men from Albany, New York who were known to have settled in the Danish West Indies in about 1840. In that Danish colonial society, racial lines were more fluid than in the former slave states of the United States. Walker may never have identified as "Negro." He soon disappeared from the lives of Nella and her mother; she said he had died when she was very young.At this time, Chicago was filled with immigrants, but the Great Migration of blacks from the South had not begun. Near the end of Walker's childhood, the black population of the city was 1.3% in 1890 and 2% in 1910. Marie married again, to <mask> aka Peter Larson (b. 1867), a fellow Danish immigrant. In 1892 the couple had a daughter Anna Elizabeth aka Lizzie (married name Gardner) together. Nellie took her stepfather's surname, sometimes using versions spelled Nellye Larson and Nellie <mask>, before settling finally on <mask> <mask>. The mixed family moved west to a mostly white neighborhood of German and Scandinavian immigrants, but encountered discrimination because of Nella.When Nella was eight, they moved a few blocks back east. The American author and critic Darryl Pinckney wrote of her anomalous situation:
as a member of a white immigrant family, she [<mask>] had no entrée into the world of the blues or of the black church. If she could never be white like her mother and sister, neither could she ever be black in quite the same way that Langston Hughes and his characters were black. Hers was a netherworld, unrecognizable historically and too painful to dredge up. From 1895 to 1898 <mask> visited Denmark with her mother and her half-sister. While she was unusual in Denmark because of being of mixed race, she had some good memories from that time, including playing Danish children’s games, which she later wrote about in English. After returning to Chicago in 1898, she attended a large public school.At the same time as the migration of Southern blacks increased to the city, so had European immigration. Racial segregation and tensions had increased in the immigrant neighborhoods, where both groups competed for jobs and housing. Her mother believed that education could give <mask> an opportunity and supported her in attending Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. A student there in 1907-08, for the first time <mask> was living within an African-American community, but she was still separated by her own background and life experiences from most of the students, who were primarily from the South, with most descended from former slaves. Biographer George B. Hutchinson found that <mask> was expelled for some violation of Fisk's strict dress or conduct codes for women. <mask> went on her own to Denmark, where she lived for a total of three years between 1909 and 1912. After returning to the United States, she continued to struggle to find a place where she could belong.Nursing career
In 1914, <mask> enrolled in the nursing school at New York City's Lincoln Hospital and Nursing Home. The institution was founded in the 19th century in Manhattan as a nursing home to serve black people, but the hospital elements had grown in importance. The total operation had been relocated to a newly constructed campus in the South Bronx. At the time, the hospital patients were primarily white; the nursing home patients were primarily black; the doctors were white males; and the nurses and nursing students were black females. As Pinckney writes: "No matter what situation <mask> found herself in, racial irony of one kind or another invariably wrapped itself around her." Upon graduating in 1915, <mask> went South to work at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, where she soon became head nurse at its hospital and training school. While at Tuskegee, she was introduced to Booker T. Washington's model of education and became disillusioned with it.As it was combined with poor working conditions for nurses at Tuskegee, <mask> decided to leave after a year or so. She returned to New York in 1916, where she worked for two years as a nurse at Lincoln Hospital. After earning the second-highest score on a civil service exam, <mask> was hired by the city Bureau of Public Health as a nurse. She worked for them in the Bronx through the 1918 flu pandemic, in "mostly white neighborhoods" and with white colleagues. Afterwards she continued with the city as a nurse. Marriage and family
In 1919, <mask> married Elmer Imes, a prominent physicist; he was the second African American to earn a PhD in physics. After her marriage, she sometimes used the name <mask> <mask> in her writing.A year after her marriage, she published her first short stories. The couple moved to Harlem in the 1920s, where their marriage and life together had contradictions of class. As Pinckney writes:

By virtue of her marriage, she was a member of Harlem's black professional class, many of them people of color with partially European ancestry. She and her husband knew the NAACP leadership: W.E.B. Du Bois, Walter White, James Weldon Johnson. However, because of her low birth and mixed parentage, and because she did not have a college degree, <mask> was alienated from the black middle class, whose members emphasized college and family ties, and black fraternities and sororities. Her mixed racial ancestry was not itself unusual in the black middle class.But many of these individuals, such as Langston Hughes, had more distant European ancestors. He and others formed an elite of mixed race or people of color, some of whom had ancestors who had been free people of color well before the American Civil War. This had given many families an advantage in establishing themselves and gaining educations in the North. In the 1920s, most African Americans in Harlem were exploring and emphasizing their black heritage. Imes's scientific studies and achievement placed him in a different class than <mask>. The Imes couple had difficulties by the late 1920s, when he had an affair with a white woman at Fisk University, where he was a professor. Imes and <mask> would divorce in 1933.Librarian and literary career

In 1921 <mask> worked nights and weekends as a volunteer with librarian Ernestine Rose, to help prepare for the first exhibit of "Negro art" at the New York Public Library (NYPL). Encouraged by Rose, she became the first black woman to graduate from the NYPL Library School. It was run by Columbia University and opened the way for integration of library staff. <mask> passed her certification exam in 1923. She worked her first year as a librarian at the Seward Park Branch on the Lower East Side, which was predominantly Jewish. There she had strong support from her white supervisor Alice Keats O'Connor, as she had from Rose. They, and another branch supervisor where she worked, supported <mask> and helped integrate the staff of the branches.<mask> transferred to the Harlem branch, as she was interested in the cultural excitement in the African-American neighborhood, a destination for migrants from across the country. In October 1925, <mask> took a sabbatical from her job for health reasons and began to write her first novel. In 1926, having made friends with important figures in the Negro Awakening (which became known as the Harlem Renaissance), <mask> gave up her work as a librarian. She became a writer active in Harlem's interracial literary and arts community, where she became friends with Carl Van Vechten, a white photographer and writer. In 1928, <mask> published Quicksand, a largely autobiographical novel. It received significant critical acclaim, if not great financial success. In 1929, she published Passing, her second novel, which was also critically successful.It dealt with issues of two mixed-race African-American women who were childhood friends and had taken different paths of racial identification and marriage. One identified as black and married a black doctor; the other passed as white and married a white man, without revealing her African ancestry. The book explored their experiences of coming together again as adults. In 1930, <mask> published "Sanctuary", a short story for which she was accused of plagiarism. "Sanctuary" was said to resemble the British writer Sheila Kaye-Smith's short story, "Mrs. Adis", first published in the United Kingdom in 1919. Kaye-Smith wrote on rural themes, and was very popular in the US. Some critics thought the basic plot of "Sanctuary," and some of the descriptions and dialogue, were virtually identical to Kaye-Smith's work.The scholar H. Pearce has disputed this assessment, writing that, compared to Kaye-Smith's tale, "Sanctuary" is ' ... longer, better written and more explicitly political, specifically around issues of race - rather than class as in "Mrs Adis"." Pearce thinks that <mask> reworked and updated the tale into a modern American black context. Pearce also notes that in Kaye-Smith's 1956 book, All the Books of My Life, the author said she had based "Mrs Adis" on a 17th-century story by St Francis de Sales, Catholic bishop of Geneva. It is unknown whether she knew of the <mask> controversy in the United States. <mask> herself said the story came to her as "almost folk-lore," recounted to her by a patient when she was a nurse. No plagiarism charges were proved. <mask> received a Guggenheim Fellowship even in the aftermath of the controversy, worth roughly $2,500 at the time, and was the first African-American woman to do so.She used it to travel to Europe for several years, spending time in Mallorca and Paris, where she worked on a novel about a love triangle in which all the protagonists were white. She never published the book or any other works. Later life

<mask> returned to New York in 1937, when her divorce had been completed. She was given a generous alimony in the divorce, which gave her the financial security she needed until Imes's death in 1941. Struggling with depression, <mask> stopped writing. After her ex-husband's death, <mask> returned to nursing and became an administrator. She disappeared from literary circles.She lived on the Lower East Side and did not venture to Harlem. Many of her old acquaintances speculated that she, like some of the characters in her fiction, had crossed the color line to "pass" into the white community. Biographer George Hutchinson has demonstrated in his 2006 work that she remained in New York, working as a nurse. Some literary scholars have engaged in speculation and interpretation of <mask>'s decision to return to nursing, viewing her decision to take time off from writing as "an act of self-burial, or a "retreat" motivated by a lack of courage and dedication.". What they overlooked is that during that time period, it was difficult for a woman of color to find a stable job that would also provide financial stability. For <mask>, nursing was a "labor market that welcomed an African American as a domestic servant". Nursing had been something that came naturally to <mask> as it was "one respectable option for support during the process of learning about the work."During her work as a nurse, <mask> was noticed by Adah Thoms, an African-American nurse who co-founded the

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 National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. Thoms had seen potential in <mask>'s nursing career and helped strengthen <mask>'s  skills. Once <mask> graduated in 1915, it was Adah Thoms who had made arrangements for <mask> to work at Tuskegee Institute's John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital. <mask> draws from her medical background in Passing to create the character of Brian, a doctor and husband of the main character. <mask> describes Brian as being ambivalent about his work in the medical field. Brian's character may also be partially modeled on <mask>'s husband Elmer Imes, a physicist. After Imes divorced <mask>, he was closely associated with Ethel Gilbert, Fisk Director of public relations and manager of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, although it is unclear if the two married.<mask> died in her Brooklyn apartment in 1964, at the age of 72. Legacy
In 2018, the New York Times published a belated obituary for her. <mask> <mask> was an acclaimed novelist, who wrote stories in the midst on the Harlem Renaissance. <mask> is most known for her two novels, Passing and Quicksand; these two pieces of work got much recognition with positive reviews. Many believed that <mask> was a rising star as an African American novelist, until she soon after left Harlem, her fame, and writing behind. <mask> is often compared to other authors who also wrote about cultural and racial conflict such as Claude Mckay and Jean Toomer. <mask> <mask>’s works are viewed as strong pieces that well represent mixed-race individuals and the struggles with identity that some inevitably face.There have been some arguments that <mask>’s work did not well represent the “New Negro” movement because of the main characters in her novels being confused and struggling with their race. However, others argue that her work was a raw and important representation of how life was for many people, especially females, during the Harlem Renaissance. <mask>’s novel Passing was adapted as a 2021 film of the same name by Rebecca Hall. Works

1928: Quicksand

Helga Crane is a fictional character loosely based on <mask>'s experiences in her early life. Crane is the lovely and refined mixed-race daughter of a Danish white mother and a West Indian black father. Her father died soon after she was born. Unable to feel comfortable with her maternal European-American relatives, Crane lives in various places in the United States and visits Denmark, searching for people among whom she feels at home.As writer Amina Gautier points out, "in a mere 135 pages, <mask> details five different geographical spaces and each space Helga Crane moves to or through alludes to a different stage in her emotional and psychological growth." <mask> <mask>'s early life is similar to Helga's in that she was distant from the African-American community, including her African-American family members. <mask> and Helga did not have father figures. Both of their mothers decided to marry a white man with the hope of having a higher social status. <mask> wanted to learn more about her background so she continued to go to school during the Harlem Renaissance. Even though <mask>'s early life parallels Helga's, in adulthood, their life choices end up being very different. <mask> <mask> pursued a career in nursing while Helga married a preacher and stayed in a very unhappy marriage.In her travels she encounters many of the communities which <mask> knew. For example, Crane teaches at Naxos, a Southern Negro boarding school (based on Tuskegee University), where she becomes dissatisfied with its philosophy. She criticizes a sermon by a white preacher, who advocates the segregation of blacks into separate schools and says their striving for social equality would lead blacks to become avaricious. Crane quits teaching and moves to Chicago. Her white maternal uncle, now married to a bigoted woman, shuns her. Crane moves to Harlem, New York, where she finds a refined but often hypocritical black middle class obsessed with the "race problem." Taking her uncle's legacy, Crane visits her maternal aunt in Copenhagen.There she is treated as an attractive racial exotic. Missing black people, she returns to New York City. Close to a mental breakdown, Crane happens onto a store-front revival and has a charismatic religious experience. After marrying the preacher who converted her, she moves with him to the rural Deep South. There she is disillusioned by the people's adherence to religion. In each of her moves, Crane fails to find fulfillment. She is looking for more than how to integrate her mixed ancestry.She expresses complex feelings about what she and her friends consider genetic differences between races. The novel develops Crane's search for a marriage partner. As it opens, she has become engaged to marry a prominent Southern Negro man, whom she does not really love, but with whom she can gain social benefits. In Denmark she turns down the proposal of a famous white Danish artist for similar reasons, for lack of feeling. By the final chapters, Crane has married a black Southern preacher. The novel's close is deeply pessimistic. Crane had hoped to find sexual fulfillment in marriage and some success in helping the poor Southern blacks she lives among, but instead she has frequent pregnancies and suffering.Disillusioned with religion, her husband, and her life, Crane fantasizes about leaving her husband, but never does. "She sinks into a slough of disillusionment and indifference. She tries to fight her way back to her own world, but she is too weak, and circumstances are too strong." The critics were impressed with the novel. They appreciated her more indirect take on important topics such as race, class, sexuality, and other issues important to the African-American community rather than the explicit or obvious take of other Harlem Renaissance writers. For example, the New York Times reviewer found it "an articulate, sympathetic first novel" which demonstrated an understanding that "a novelist's business is primarily with individuals and not with classes." The novel also won <mask> a bronze prize (second place) for literature in 1928 from the William E. Harmon Foundation.1929: Passing
 <mask>'s novel Passing  begins with Irene receiving a mysterious letter from her childhood friend Clare, following their encounter at the Drayton Hotel, after twelve years with no communication. Irene and Clare lost contact with each other after the death of Clare's father Bob Kendry, when Clare was sent to live with her white aunts. Both Irene and Clare are of mixed African-European ancestry, with features that enable them to pass racially as "white" if they choose. Clare chose to pass into white society and married John Bellew, a white man described as a racist. Unlike Clare, Irene passes as white only on occasion, for her convenience in negotiating some segregated spaces. Irene identifies as a black woman, and married an African-American doctor named Brian; together they have two sons. After Irene and Clare reconnect, they become fascinated with the differences in their lives.One day Irene meets with Clare and Gertrude, another of their childhood African-American friends; during that meeting Mr. Bellew meets Irene and Gertrude. Bellew greets his wife with a racial comment as if he did not know she was half black. Irene becomes furious that Clare did not tell her husband about her full ancestry. Irene believes Clare has put herself in a dangerous situation by lying to a person who hates blacks. After meeting Clare's husband, Irene does not want anything more to do with Clare but still keeps in touch with her. Clare begins to join Irene and Brian for their events in Harlem, New York while her husband is traveling out of town. Because Irene has some jealousy of Clare, she begins to suspect her friend is having an affair with her husband Brian.The novel ends with John Bellew learning that Clare is mixed race. At a party in Harlem, she falls out of a window from a high floor of a multi-story building, to her death, under ambiguous circumstances. <mask> ends the novel without revealing if Clare committed suicide, if Irene or John pushed her, or if it was an accident. The novel was well received by the few critics who reviewed it. Writer and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois hailed it as the "one of the finest novels of the year." Some later critics described the novel as an example of the genre of the tragic mulatto, a common figure in early African-American literature after the American Civil War.In such works, it is usually a woman of mixed race who is portrayed as tragic, as she has difficulty marrying and finding a place to fit into society. Others suggest that this novel complicates that plot by playing with the duality of the figures of Irene and Clare, who are of similar mixed-race background but have taken different paths in life. The novel also suggests attraction between them and erotic undertones in the two women's relationship. Irene's husband is also portrayed as potentially bisexual, as if the characters are passing in their sexual as well as social identities. Some read the novel as one of repression. Others argue that through its attention to the way "passing" unhinges ideas of race, class, and gender, the novel opens spaces for the creation of new, self-generated identities. Since the late 20th century, Passing has received renewed attention from scholars because of its close examination of racial and sexual ambiguities and liminal spaces.It has achieved canonical status in many American universities. Bibliography

Books
 Quicksand (1928)
 Passing (1929)

Short stories
 "Freedom" (1926)
 "The Wrong Man" (1926)
"Playtime: Three Scandinavian Games," The Brownies' Book, 1 (June 1920): 191–192. "Playtime: Danish Fun," The Brownies' Book, 1 (July 1920): 219. "Correspondence," Opportunity, 4 (September 1926): 295. "Review of Black Spade," Opportunity, 7 (January 1929): 24. "Sanctuary," Forum, 83 (January 1930): 15–18. "The Author's Explanation", Forum, Supplement 4, 83 (April 1930): 41–42.Notes

References
 Hutchinson, George (2006), In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line, Harvard University Press. Pearce, H. (2003), "Mrs Adis & Sanctuary", The Gleam: Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society, No. 16. Pinckney, Darryl, "Shadows", The Nation, July 17/24, 2006, pp. 26–30. Review: Hutchinson's In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line. Further reading

 Thadious M. Davis (1994), <mask> <mask>, Novelist of the Harlem Renaissance: A Woman's Life Unveiled.(Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press). George Hutchinson, In Search of <mask> <mask>: A Biography of the Color Line (Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006). Deborah E. McDowell, "Introduction" in Deborah E. McDowell (ed. ), Quicksand and Passing: <mask> <mask>, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986). ix-xxxv. Martha J. Cutter, "Sliding Significations: Passing as a Narrative and Textual Strategy in <mask> <mask>'s Fiction," in Elaine Ginsberg (ed. ), Passing and the Fictions of Identity, Duke University Press, 1996, pp.75–100. Nikki Hall, "Passing, Present, Future: The Intersectional Prescience of <mask> <mask>'s 1929 Classic," in B*tch magazine, (Re)Vision issue, Winter 2015. Sheila Kaye-Smith (1956), All the Books of My Life, London: Cassell, 1956. Charles R. Larson (1993), Invisible Darkness: Jean Toomer and <mask> <mask>. Bonnie Wertheim, "<mask> <mask>, 1891-1964," New York Times, March 8, 2018. External links

 Quicksand, Public domain audiobook, Librivox
 Quicksand, scanned original edition at Hathi Trust
Passing at the Internet Archive (scanned book original edition)
 "Nella <mask>", links, secondary bibliography, Washington State University

1891 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American novelists
African-American novelists
African-American women writers
African-American librarians
African-American nurses
American nurses
American women nurses
American people of Danish descent
American women novelists
American women short story writers
American librarians
American women librarians
Fisk University alumni
Harlem Renaissance
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from Chicago
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Novelists from Illinois
People involved in plagiarism controversies
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American

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